Monografia Del Romero

 

‘JÚL KBH KNÊHLEL ^ HJ ]BGLIGNHNJGN×I ]BGLIGNHNJGN×I IJGNLIJH– 

RIN_B]WNKJK IJGNLIJH FL]EB MJWJK]B E]LACJII OJGRH[JK KB GNBIGNJW JE]LTBGRJ]NJW BWGRBHJ T]LOBWNLIJH KB JE]LILCÃJ

CLILE]JOÃJ

‘CJIÖ (  JJ r jgan jganss

ayple ay ple jb jbj) j) 

Trbsbitjkj plr6 [L]]BW WJ]VLVL, Kjinbh Flsî Klgbitb6

Hng. Zc. ]uky Bsglmbkl Wnhvj [jgij- Tbrö =4:1

nikn b

KBKNGJ[L]NJ ............................................. ..................................................................... ............................................... ............................................... ............................ .... ; 

 

NI[]LKRGGNLI .............................................. ...................................................................... ............................................... ............................................... ........................ 2  :.  :. GJ]JG[B]NW[NGJW ................................................................ ....................................................................................... ........................................... .................... ?   :.:  Ebibrjhnkjkbs ..................... :.: ............................................ ............................................... ............................................... ............................................... ........................ ?   :.=  [jxlilcãj ..................... :.= ............................................. ................................................ ............................................... ............................................... ............................ .... 5   :.7  Clrolhleãj ..................... :.7 ............................................. ................................................ ............................................... ............................................... ............................ .... 1  :.;  ]bqunsntls ghncêtngls ..................... :.; ............................................ ............................................... ................................................ ................................... ........... >  :.2 ]bqunsntls kbh ]lcbrl y Trbpjrjgn÷i kbh Wubhl  ............................................................ ........................................................... :4  :.?  Glcplsngn÷i quãcngj kbh rlcbrl ..................... ............................................. ................................................ ..................................... ............. ::  :.5  [jmhj kb glcplsngn÷i kb ]LCB]L ..................... ............................................. ................................................ ................................. .........:7 :7  :.1  Gjpjgnkjk jitnlxnkjitb kbh rlcbrl .......................................................... :.1 ............................................................................... ...................... ::  =

BW[RKNL OJ]CJGLHLENGL ^ [B]JTBR[NGL ...............B r r lr ! M ll`c `cj jr ` ilt kbon ib ibk k. 

7 R[NHNVJGNLI KBH ]LCB]L BI

HJ NIKRW[]NJ JHNCBI[NGNJ ....................... ................................ ......... :2 

; _BIBILW ........................ ................................................ ............................................... ............................................... ................................................ ................................. ......... :5  

2 B_JHRJGNLI KBH HJML]J[L]NL ...................... .............................................. ................................................ ..................................... ............. :>  ..................................................................... ................................................ ................................. ......... :>  ‘Jijhnsns kb ]LCB]L– .............................................

2.:  CRBW[]BL .......................................... 2.: ................................................................. .............................................. ............................................. ...................... :>   2.:.=  JIJHNWNW KB ARCBKJK .............................................. 2.:.= ...................................................................... ..................................... ............. 74  2.:.7 JIJHNWNW 2.:.7  JIJHNWNW KB GBINVJ GBI NVJ....................... ............................................... ................................................ ......................................... ................. 7:  2.:.;JIJHNWNW 2.:. ;JIJHNWNW KB TA ...................................................... .............................................................................. ............................................. ..................... ==  2.=  JIJHNWNW KB GJHGNL, CJEIBGNL ^ ONB]]L BI BH ‘]LCB]L–  .......... 2.=  ................... ......... 77 

2.=.: gjhguhl kb cjeibsnl ............................................ .................................................................... ............................................... ........................... =7  2.=.= Gjhguhl kb gjhgnl ..................................... ............................................................ ............................................... ......................................... ................. =;  2.=.7  Gjhguhl kb anbrrl ......................................... 2.=.7 ................................................................. ............................................... .................................... ............. =2 

 

?  GLIGHRWNLIBW ............................................. .................................................................... .............................................. ......................................... .................. 72

5 MNMHNLO]JENJ……………………………………………………………………..7?  

KBKNGJ[L]NJ

BI T]NCB] HREJ], J KNLW TL] AJMB]CB TB]CN[NKL HHBEJ] AJW[J BW[B TRI[L ^ AJMB]CB KJKL WJHRK, WB] BH CJIJI[NJH KB _NKJ ^ KJ]CB HL

 

 IBGBWJ]NL TJ]J WBERN] JKBHJI[B KÃJ J KÃJ, TJ]J HLE]J] CNW LMFB[N_LW,

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J CN CJK]B TL] AJMB]CB JTL^JKL BI [LKL CLCBI[L, TL] WRW GLIWBFLW, WRW _JHL]BW, TL] HJ CL[N_JGN×I GLIW[JI[B ZRB CB AJ TB]CN[NKL WB] RIJ TB]WLIJ KB MNBI, TB]L CÊW ZRB IJKJ, TL] WR JCL] ^ J [LKLW JZRBHHLW ZRB J^RKJ]LI KN]BG[J L NIKN]BG[JCBI[B J ]BJHNVJ]

BW[B

KLGRCBI[L

NI[]LKRGGNLI

Bh cjiã l cjiã bs ltrj ncplrtjitb oubitb kb jgbntb vbebtjh bi hjs zlijs trlpngjhbs y sumtrlpngjhbs.

Bs ijtnvl kb hj pjrtb trlpngjh kb Jcîrngj kbh Wur, prlmjmhbcbitb Mrjsnh. Jui gujikl jheuils pjãsbs jsnêtngls, prnignpjhcbitb Ganij b Niknj, prlkugbi gbrgj kb hjs kls

 

tbrgbrjs pjrtbs kb hj glsbgaj cuiknjh, bi hj jgtujhnkjk bh cjiã bs uij oubitb ncplrtjitb kb jgbntb pjrj glgnijr bi hls tr÷pngls jcbrngjils, lgupjikl slhjcbitb bh

sbeuikl

huejr

rbspbgtl

j

hj

pjhcj

kb

jgbntb

bi

Êorngj.

[jcmnîi sb glisucbi erjikbs gjitnkjkbs kb orutls, tlstjkls l glgnkls y prbpjrjkls bi ui snioãi kb olrcjs. Hj pjrtb vbebtjtnvj sb utnhnzj glcl olrrjfb l bisnhjkl pjrj olrrjfb. Hj prlkuggn÷i sbeöi bh jiujrnl bstjkãstngl kb hj OJL, bi :>5?, oub kb :1 cnhhlibs kb tlibhjkjs, prlkugnkjs bi :> cnhhlibs kb abgtêrbjs, gli ui rbikncnbitl cbknl kb >,2 Zc/aj.

 

:.GJ]JG[B]NW[NGJW

:.: Ebibrjhnkjkbs

Bs uij anbrmj jiujh, brbgtj l gli tjhhl jsgbikbitb kb 74-14 gc kb jhturj, gli tjhhls pumbsgbitbs kb glhlr jcjrnhhbitl, ehjmrbsgbitbs. Bstãpuhjs ehjmrbsgbitbs. Bstãpuhjs kb =-; gc, pnhlsjs. Alfjs ebibrjhcbitb sli kb gujtrl olhnlhjkjs gli pbgãlhl gli  pbgãlhl kb ; j :4 gc, gumnbrtjs gli trnglcjs gli  trnglcjs ohbxulsls hjrels, kb cjrebi gnhnjkl y êpngb. Ohlrbs kb 1 j :4 cc gli tuml kbh gêhnz bstrbgal kb ; j ? cc. Glrlhj cc. Glrlhj kb glhlr jcjrnhhl klrjkl0 bstjikjrtb jmnbrtl y jhjs knstnitjs, lmhliejs j lvjkjs0 qunhhj knstnitj, cuy lvjkj, cês glrtj qub hjs jhjs, gli êpngb jgucnijkl j pngukl. Lvjrnl pngukl.  Lvjrnl lmhliel gli bh bstnhl tbrcnijkl plr ui bstnecj pbqubúl, bsgjsjcbitb pumbsgbitbs. Bh orutl bs uij hbeucmrb, uij  hbeucmrb,   pbrl glisnkbrjkj ui orutl sbgl, kb kbsjrrlhhl sumtbrrêibl, lmhliej, niohjkj, kb =-2 Õ ::,7 gc, kb pjrbkbs erubsjs, rbtnguhjkjs y vbtbjkjs, gli kb uij j gujtrl (cbils kb sbns) sbcnhhjs. Bstjs öhtncjs tnbibi ui tbeucbitl ui tbeucbitl kb glhlr rlfnzl lsgurl, sli lmhliejs y kb uils 2-:4 cc kb knêcbtrl. 

 

:.= [jxlilcãj

]bnil6   ]bnil6

Thjitjb

 

Knvnsn÷i6   Knvnsn÷i6

Cjeilhnlpaytj

Ghjsb6   Ghjsb6

Cjeilhnlpsnkj

Lrkbi6   Lrkbi6

Ojmjhbs

 

Ojcnhnj6   Ojcnhnj6

Ojmjgbjb

 

Wumojcnhnj6

Ojmlnkbjb

[rnmu6   [rnmu6

 Jbsgayilcbibjb

Eîibrl6   Eîibrl6

 Jrjgans

Bspbgnb6   Bspbgnb6

 J rjg rjgan anss ay ayple ple jbj 

 

 

 

 

 

 

:.7 Clrolhleãj Bh cjiã (Jrjgans ayplejbj H.), bs uij phjitj onmrlsj qub pukb hhbejr j cbknr kb 74 j 24 gbitãcbtrls kb jhturj, sus orutls grbgbi mjfl tnbrrj kbitrl kb uij vjnij hbúlsj rbklikbjkj qub glitnbib kb uij j gnigl sbcnhhjs. Bs lrnenijrnl kb hj rben÷i jiknij kbh Ilrlbstb kb Jrebitnij y Mlhnvnj, y kbh Cjtl Erlsl bi Mrjsnh. Jkbcês bs ui guhtnvl lhbjenilsl y jhncbitngnl, jgtujhcbitb sb guhtnvj bi hjs rbenlibs trlpngjhbs y tbcphjkl gêhnkjs kbh cuikl. (_jhhjkjrbs, =4:2). WNW[BCJ ]JKNGRHJ] BH CJIÃ6 Bs cuy tãpngl kb hjs hbeucnilsjs, plsbbi uij rjãz prnignpjh pnvltjitb y rjãgbs hjtbrjhbs. Hj prlouiknkjk qub jhgjigb j pbibtrjr kbpbikbrê kb hjs gjrjgtbrãstngjs kbh subhl, ghncj, bitrb ltrjs. Tubkbi olrcjrsb rjãgbs jkvbitngnjs kbh tjhhl, rjcjs qub tlgji jh subhl y ajstj kbskb bh pbköiguhl kb hj ohlr. Hj sncmnlsns bs kbgnr glivnvbignj kb kls bspbgnbs qub sb jyukji hj uij j hj ltrj bs neujh qub bi hjs ltrjs hbeucnilsjs. [JHHL6 Bi su fuvbituk bstj phjitj prbsbitj ui tjhhl kb sbggn÷i jieuhhlsj y sb tlriji gnhãikrngls jh bivbfbgbr, bh tjhhl pubkb hhbejr j jhgjizjr ajstj 14 gbitãcbtrls kb jhturj, ebibrjhcbitb bs kb glhlr vbrkb y subhb »prbsbitjr pbhls bi hj supbrongnb. ALFJW6 Wli pniijkjs gli kls pjrbs kb olhnlhls sustbitjkls plr ui pjr kb pbgnlhls kb ; j > gbitãcbtrls kb hlientuk0 hls olhnlhls sli lpubstls kb cjibrj cês l cbils bhãptngj. Hls olhnlhls bstêi rlkbjkls bi hj mjsb plr kls bstnpuhjs jigajs, hjrejs y hjigblhjkjs. Hjs vjrnjgnlibs kb hj lrejinzjgn÷i olhnjr kji gnigl, kls l trbs olhnlhls b nighusl kb uil slhl. NIOHL]BGBIGNJ6 Hj niohlrbsgbignj kbh cjiã sb prbsbitj pr bsbitj gli uijs bspnejs kb trbs j gujtrl ohlrbs, ijgbi bi hjs rjcnhhjs vbebtjtnvjs, bi hj jxnhjs kb uij ohlr glcphbtj l rukncbitjrnj y pbrcjibgb bi gjkj uil kb sus iukls uij alfj rukncbitjrnj bi guyj jxnhj sb kbsjrrlhhj uij rjcj ohlrjh cuy glrtj, qub j su vbz hhbvj uij alfj rukncbitjrnj. Bi hj jxnhj kb bstj öhtncj sb bigubitrj hj ybcj ohlrjh.

Ebibrjhcbitb hjs ohlrbs sb sntöji bi hjs jxnhjs kb hjs alfjs niobrnlrbs, pbrl il bi hj pjrtb tbrcnijh kb hj phjitj. Hjs ohlrbs sli kb glhlr jcjrnhhl y sli abrcjorlkntjs, y su tjsj kb obguikjgn÷i bs kb jhrbkbklr kb >5 %.

 

  O]R[L6 Kbspuîs kb hj obguikjgn÷i, hj mjsb kbh lvjrnl sb jhjrej, pjrj pbrcntnr hj jpjrngn÷i b enilolrl, qub bs uij pjrb kbh cnscl orutl bi hj qub bi uij pjrtb kb su bxtrbcls sb kbsjrr÷hhjhj vjnij kbspuîs kb ajmbr pbibtrjkl bh subhl. Glcl sb cbignli÷ jitbrnlrcbitb, hjs hbeucmrbs sb kbsjrrlhhji mjfl tnbrrj, y gjkj uij kb bhhj pubkb hhbejr j lmtbibr ajstj gnigl sbcnhhjs l cês. Bh glhlr kb hj gumnbrtj kb hj sbcnhhj pubkb sbr mhjigl, kbpbikb cugal kb hjs vjrnbkjkbs

 

 

:.;  ]bqunsntls ghncêtngls y kb subhl :.;  Hls cjiãs prlerbsji mnbi bi ui ghncj gêhnkl, yj qub sli susgbptnmhbs j hjs abhjkjs. Hj vjrnjgn÷i kb tbcpbrjturjs, jhtntuk y ibgbsnkjkbs kb aucbkjk, sli sbcbfjitbs j hjs qub rbqunbrb bh cjãz. Bi ebibrjh sb guhtnvji kbskb uij hjtntuk ilrtb kb jprlxncjkjcbitb ;4¶ j uij hjtntuk sur kb jprlxncjkjcbitb ;4¶. ]bqunbrbi plr hl cbils kb ; cbsbs pjrj su cjkurbz. Hjs hhuvnjs qub sb prbsbitji j nitbrvjhls orbgubitbs kurjitb bh pbrãlkl kb su kbsjrrlhhl vbebtjtnvl, sli mbiîongjs, pbrl pubkbi sbr pbrfukngnjhbs sn sb prbsbitji gujikl hjs vjnijs sb bstêi kbsjrrlhhjikl l cjkurjikl. Bi cugals pjãsbs trlpngjhbs hls cjiãs sb snbcmrji kurjitb hj bstjgn÷i kb hhuvnjs bi subhl sbgl, l kurjitb hj bstjgn÷i kb sbquãj bi subhls qub pubkbi rbejrsb, glcl plr bfbcphl bi gjcpls kb jrrlz, bi klikb yj sb aj bobgtujkl hj glsbgaj. Wni bcmjrel, sn bh subhl bs kbcjsnjkl aöcbkl sb pubkb prbsbitjr pukrngn÷i y glistntunr ui prlmhbcj sbrnl (Tsbuklclijs (Tsbuklclijs slhjijgbjruc  slhjijgbjruc B. O. W.).

 J knobrbignj kb ltrjs hbeucnilsjs, bh cjiã bs cuy pjrtnguhjr bi hl qub rbspbgtj j sus rbqubrncnbitls kbh subhl. Bstb kbmb sbr kb bstrugturj subhtj, oîrtnh , mnbi krbijkl, gli jhtl glitbinkl bi gjhgnl, (pA supbrnlr j jsã glcl bi o÷solrl y pltjsnl. Hjs phjitjs sli jeltjklrjs, kb tjh cjibrj qub bs ibgbsjrnl obrtnhnzjr hls guhtnvls sneunbitbs glcl pjrtb kb uij mubij prêgtngj kb prlkuggn÷i, hl gujh sb kbmb tbibr cuy bi gubitj bi hj sbhbggn÷i kb hls subhls pjrj su guhtnvl.

 

 

:.5 [jmhj kb glcplsngn÷i iutrngnlijh kbh cjiã

 

  G lc lcpub pubss tls mnlj mnljgtnvls gtnvls l ontlq ontlquãcngls uãcngls  

Hj nivbstnejgn÷i aj nkbitnongjkl iucbrlsls glcpubstls bi hls gjgjaujtbs y bi sus pnbhbs, tbeucbitl gjoî qub rbgumrbi hjs sbcnhhjs, qub pubkbi rbkuikjr bi mbibongnls pjrj hj sjhuk cês jhhê kb hj iutrngn÷i mêsngj. Tlr bsl hls gjgjaujtbs aji snkl rbglilgnkls plr hj cjylrãj kb hls bxpbrtls glcl jhncbitls ouignlijhbs gli iucbrlsls glcplibitbs ouignlijhbs. Bstls glcplibitbs mnl jgtnvls aji snkl rbglilgnkls plr tbibr prlpnbkjkbs prbvbitnvjs kb biobrcbkjkbs y jheuils sli jitnlxnkjitbs, cnbitrjs ltrls sb grbb qub pubkbi prlclvbr hj hliebvnkjk. _nbibi jslgnjkls j hjsqub vntjcnijs, cnibrjhbs y erjsjs sjhukjmhbs, prltbãijs y onmrj. Bh gjgjaujtb bs ui jhncbitl vbebtjh glcphbfl, guyls mbibongnls sli cugal cês qub hj sucj kb sus pjrtbs y qub prlcubvb hj sjhuk gli gjkj mlgjkl. Bi plgjs pjhjmrjs, bh gjgjaujtb y su grbcj sli jhncbitls mnl jgtnvls kb hls qub cugal ils plkbcls mbibongnjr.  Jreninij    Jreninij Wn qunsnîrjcls jsbeurjr uij cbflr gnrguhjgn÷i sjieuãibj y hj prbvbign÷i kb niojrtls, hj bstrjtbenj sbrãj jucbitjr hj gligbitrjgn÷i kb jreninij bi hj knbtj. ^ bs qub bstb jcnilêgnkl, prbgurslr kbh ÷xnkl iãtrngl, bs ui vjslknhjtjklr gli kbclstrjkls bobgtls gjrknl prltbgtlrbs y prbvbitnvls kb niojrtls y hls gjgjaujtbs, sni kukj, pubkbi sus jcnilêgnkl invbhbs bi hnmrb iubstrl tlrrbitb sjieuãibl yj qub tnbibijyukjr bh cês jjhtljucbitjr invbh kb bstb kb bitrb tlkls hls jhncbitls (l plr hl cbils kb tlkls hls qub aji snkl bstuknjkls). Bh ÷xnkl iãtrngl jyukj j cjitbibr hjs jrtbrnjs rbhjfjkjs, cbflrjikl bh ohufl kb sjierb y bs rbglilgnkl plr su gjpjgnkjk kb cbflrjr bh tnbcpl kb gngjtrnzjgn÷i kb tbfnkls bi bh gubrpl. ]bsvbrjtrlh   Bi ui nitbitl plr jhjrejr hj fuvbituk jheuijs pbrslijs aji jucbitjkl su glisucl kb vnil y uvjs, qub aji snkl rbglilgnkjs glcl plkbrlsls jitnlxnkjitbs plr su bhbvjkj gligbitrjgn÷i kb rbsvbrjtrlh y ltrjs sustjignjs jslgnjkjs. Hl qub plgls sjmbi bs qub bh gjgjaujtb plkrãj gucphnr ouignlibs sncnhjrbs yj qub glcpjrtb glcpjrtb gli tlkls bhhls u uij ij cnscj gjrjgtbrãstngj6 gjrjgtbrãstngj6 tjitl hjs uvjs, glcl hls gjgjaujtbs gjgjaujtbs y bh vnil tnitl glitnbibi ui glcpubstl glcpubstl nkbitnongjkl glcl gjpjz kb jucbitjr hj rbsnstbignj gbhuh gbhuhjr jr y su gjpjgnkjk kb rbprlkuggn÷i rbprlkuggn÷i ilrcjh y jsã glitrnmunr j hj hliebvnkjk. Bstb Bstb glcpu glcpubstl bstl bs bh rbsv rbsvbrjtrlh. brjtrlh. Bh rbsvbrjtrlh bs glilgnkl glcl ui glcpubstl mnl jgtnvl qub rbkugb bh rnbsel kb biobrcbkjk gjrknlvjsguhjr y tjcmnîi bh rnbsel kb gêigbr pubs prltbeb hls prlgbsls rbprlkugtnvls kb hjs gîhuhjs. [nbib prlpnbkjkbs jitnlxnkjitbs plkbrlsjs y tjcmnîi rbkugb hj niohjcjgn÷i snstîcngj qub sb aj jslgnjkl gli cugajs biobrcbkjkbs gr÷ingjs y gli bh slmrbpbsl. [lkls hls prlkugtls y glcplibitbs kbh gjgjaujtb glitnbibi rbsvbrjtrlh, kbskb hjs sbcnhhjs y hj grbcj ajstj hj pnbh l tbeucbitl b nighusl hj gjsgjrnhhj (Gabi, =44=0 Orjignsgl, =441).

 

 

Cugajs phjitjs prlkugbi ijturjhcbitb rbsvbrjtrlh gujikl bstêi mjfl jtjqub plr pjt÷ebils glcl hjs mjgtbrnjs. Bstls jtjqubs sli uij olrcj kb bstrîs pjrj hj phjitj qub hj ajgb hnmbrjr bstjs sustjignjs. Glcl hls gjgjaujtbs prlvnbibi kb phjitjs qub vnvbi bi glikngnlibs cuy bxtrbcjs, hj prlkugbi bi erjikbs gligbitrjgnlibs, y hls bstuknls bstêi kbclstrjikl qub nighuybikl gjgjaujtbs bi hj knbtj kb cjibrj ajmntujh y bi knstnitjs cjibrjs, glcl bi bh rbornebrnl jglcpjújkl jh yleurt y orutj bi bh kbsjyuil, glcl sêikwnga l bisjhjkj gli grbcj kb gjgjaujtb l kb ltrjs cugajs knvbrsjs cjibrjs, bh glitbinkl kb rbsvbrjtrlh bi bh gubrpl, y sus mbibongnls, pubkbi jucbitjr (]uklho, =442). Bi gujitl j hj gjitnkjk kb rbsvbrjtrlh prbsbitb bi bh gjgjaujtb, tnbib hj cjylr gligbitrjgn÷i gujikl sb prbpjrj abrvnkl bi jklmls y clhbs, nighusl cês qub bh vnil tnitl y bh fuel kb uv uvj j rlfj, bi uij mjsb kb pjrtbs plr cnhh÷i (Wjikbrs, =444). Hj grbcj kb gjgjaujtb il bstê cuy hbfls kbtrês kbh fuel kb uvj, gli gbrgj kb trbs vbgbs cês rbsvbrjtrlh qub hls gjgjaujtbs tlstjkls gli pnbh (Wlmlhbv, :>>>0 Nmbri-E÷cbz, =444). Ontlbstbrlhbs   Ontlbstbrlhbs Bh gjgjaujtb y hj grbcj kb gjgjaujtb bstêi tlkls hhbils kb ontlbstbrlhbs qub mhlqubji hj jmslrgn÷i kbh glhbstbrlh kb hj knbtj. Hj bvnkbignj bcbrebitb bstê kbclstrjikl qub tjcmnîi sli gjpjgbs kb knscniunr hj niohjcjgn÷i y rbkugnr bh grbgncnbitl kb vjrnls tnpls kb gêigbr (Ulybiel, =44>). Bi ui bstuknl, hls nivbstnejklrbs kb hj Rinvbrsnkjk Bstjtjh kb Iubvj ^lr` bi Muoojhl biglitrjrli uij rbkuggn÷i kbh kbh grbgncnbitl kb hls tuclrbs kb pr÷stjtj bi cê cêss kbh ;4 plr gnbitl y gjsn uij rbkuggn÷i kbh 24 plr gnbitl bi hj jpjrngn÷i kb hj prlpjejgn÷i j ltrjs pjrtbs kbh gubrpl gubrpl gujikl sb trjtjmj trjtjmji i knrbgtjcbitb gli ontlbstbrlhbs, hl qub pjrbgb nikngjr uij rbhjgn÷i plsntnvj bitrb bh glisucl kb jhncbitls rngls bi ontlbstbrlhbs, glcl bh gjgjaujtb, gli hj prlmjmnhnkjk kb pjkbgbr gêigbr y gli hj vbhlgnkjk kbh grbgncnbitl kbh cnscl (Jwjk, =444). Hls ontlbstbrlhbs prnignpjhbs bi bh gjgjaujtb nighuybi bh mbtj-sntlstbrlh, gjcpbstbrlh y bstnecjstbrlh, pbrl hj iubvj nivbstnejgn÷i aj biglitrjkl qub glitnbibi jöi cês tnpls kb ontlbstbrlhbs o ntlbstbrlhbs kb hls qub sb pbisjmj. Jkbcês kb hjs erjsjs sjhukjmhbs, prltbãijs y onmrj bi bh gjgjaujtb, hl hlss ontlbstbrlhbs tjcmnîi pubkbi bstjr glitrnmuybikl j hj knscniugn÷i kbh rnbsel kb biobrcbkjkbs kbh glrjz÷i qub aji kbclstrjkl hjs knbtjs jhtjs bi gjgjaujtb bi hls erupls kb plmhjgn÷i qub glisucbi ajmntujhcbitb uij gjitnkjk pbqubúj, kb gbrgj kb 74 erjcls (Jwjk, =44:).  Êgnkls Obi÷hngls  Obi÷hngls  Hls êgnkls obi÷hngls aji kbclstrjkl tbibr uij ouign÷i jitnlxnkjitb y ui pjpbh prltbgtlr glitrj bh glrlijrnjs, kjúl lxnkjtnvl, y bstjr rbhjgnlijkls gli biobrcbkjkbs glcl hjs gjrknjgjs hls jggnkbitbs gbrbmrlvjsguhjrbs y vjrnls tnpls

 

 

kb gêigbr. Hls gjgjaujtbs tlstjkls tnbibi invbhbs glcpjrjmhbs j ltrls jhncbitls glcuibs glilgnkls plr su jplrtb kb bstjs sustjignjs, glcl bh tî vbrkb y bh vnil tnitl, pbrl gujikl hls gjgjaujtbs sb glisucbi gli tlkl y su pnbh l tbeucbitl, hls invbhbs slmrbpjsji j hls kb hjs sbcnhhjs slhjs. Tlr bsl, glisucnr hls gjgjaujtbs gli tlkl y su pnbh bs uij mubij nkbj (Orjignsgl, =44>).

Ohjvlilnkbs   Ohjvlilnkbs Hls ohjvlilnkbs sb bigubitrji bi tlkls hls glcplibitbs kb hj phjitj kb gjgjaujtb y plr supubstl bi hj sbcnhhj tlstjkj u alribjkj y bi hj grbcj kb gjgjaujtb. Jgtöji glcl ui pbstngnkj ijturjh y jheuils lorbgbi pltbitbs lhlrbs l sjmlrbs jcjrels glcl ui snstbcj kb kbobisj kb hj phjitj, cnbitrjs qub ltrls sli jitncngrlmnjils. Bi hls jhncbitls, hls ohjvlilnkbs sli rbsplisjmhbs kbh glhlr, sjmlr y hj prltbggn÷i kb vntjcnijs, bizncjs y hj lxnkjgn÷i kb erjsj. Wb grbb qub uij jhtj niebstn÷i kb ohjvlilnkbs pubkb prltbebrils glitrj hjs biobrcbkjkbs gjrknjgjs y bh gêigbr plr vjrnls cbgjinscls. [jcmnîi pubkbi  fuejr ui pjpbh bi hj gnrguhjgn÷i sjieuãibj, slmrb tlkl bi bh pbrnlkl plst pjikrnjh, l sbj kbspuîs kb glcbr. Il ajy jöi uij rbglcbikjgn÷i pjrj bh glisucl kb ohjvlilnkbs, pbrl hj nivbstnejgn÷i sb bstê gbitrjikl bi nkbitnongjr hj olrcj bi qub bstls glcpubstls mnl jgtnvls pubkbi mbibongnjr hj sjhuk. Hls gjgjaujtbs y hj grbcj kb gjgjaujtb sb glisnkbrji uij oubitb ncplrtjitb kb ohjvlilnkbs y glitnbibi hls cnscls tnpls qub sb bigubitrji bi bh tî vbrkb y iberl, hjs cjizjijs, bh vnil tnitl y hj slyj (Orjignsgl, =441). Gjpjgnkjk Jitnlxnkjitb  Jitnlxnkjitb  Hls iucbrlsls glcplibitbs mnl jgtnvls bi hls gjgjaujtbs glitrnmuybi j su gjpjgnkjk jitnlxnkjitb. Bi glcpjrjgn÷i gli ltrls glilgnkls jhncbitls glcl bh tî vbrkb y bh vnil tnitl, hls gjgjaujtbs tnbibi uij cjylr gjpjgnkjk jitnlxnkjitb (Ajhvlrsbi, =44?) y gujikl sb glisucbi gli su pnbh, su gjpjgnkjk jitnlxnkjitb sb kuphngj. ^ pjrbgb qub jsjrhls, glcl sb ajgb bi jheuijs rbgbtjs trjkngnlijhbs kb clhbs y jklmls, pubkb jucbitjr bstj gjpjgnkjk. (Mjrgl, =4:4).  Jsã, gujikl glisucncls ui puújkl kb gjgjaubtbs glcl mltjij l j hj alrj kbh rbornebrnl, plkbcls bstjr sbeurls kb qub iubstrl gubrpl sb bstê mbibongnjikl kb uij erji vjrnbkjk kb glcpubstls öingls pjrj jyukjr bi hj prbvbign÷i kb biobrcbkjkbs.

 

 

7 Rtnhnzjgn÷i kbh kbh cjiã hj nikustrnj jhncbitngnj Hls cjiãs sb utnhnzji tlstjkls l glgnkls, gli tlkl y vjnij, pjrj hubel sbr glisucnkls plr hjs ebitbs0 tjcmnîi sni gêsgjrj y tlstjkls y sjhjkls0 hls erjils bitbrls l orjggnlijkls sb utnhnzji bi kuhgbs, pjstbhbs, ejhhbtjs y ltrjs gliobggnlibs0 bi cjitbqunhhj kb cjiã0 jgbntb kb cjiã, pjibs kb cjiã, btg.

Hls erjils orbsgls glitnbibi kb 72 j 7=% kb prltbãijs y kb ;4-24% ;4 -24% kb erjsj y jkbcês gnstnij, tnjcnij, rnmlohjvnij y injgnij. Wli jhtjcbitb iutrntnvls y bi glisbgubignj tnbibi uij pjrtb kb ncplrtjignj bi hj knbtj kb cnhhlibs kb ebitbs qub il pubkbi jkqunrnr prltbãijs y erjsjs jincjhbs.

Bh jgbntb kb cjiã sb ajgb glgnbikl hls cjiãs orjggnlijkls bi rbgnpnbitbs bspbgnjhbs l cbknjitb su bxtrjggn÷i b j uij prbsn÷i ankrêuhngj kb 7 ÷ 7 tlibhjkjs. Wb pubkbi utnhnzjr pjrj hj glgnij bi su bstjkl ijturjh l sb pubkb prlgbsjr bi uij erji vjrnbkjk kb prlkugtls.

]bgnbitbs bstuknls aji trjtjkl kb biglitrjr hj rbhjgn÷i bitrb uij bhbvjkj prlkuggn÷i kb jgbntb, bi hjs knobrbitbs vjrnbkjkbs bisjyjkjs, y su mjsb clhbguhjr. Jheuijs vjrnbkjkbs kb cjiã cutjitbs glitnbibi ajstj ui 14% kb erjsjs, prnignpjhcbitb clilnisjturjkjs. Hls invbhbs ilrcjhbs jhgjizji bitrb ui 7?-?5%. Hls lmfbtnvls kb bstls trjmjfls oub nivbstnejr cutjgnlibs qub oubrji hj gjusj kb bsls jhtls invbhbs kb erjsjs bi hls cjiãs. [lkjs bstjs nivbstnejgnlibs sb bigjcniji aj biglitrjr cjrgjklrbs clhbguhjrbs pjrj kngajs vjrnbkjkbs jsã glcl cbflrjr ebiîtngjcbitb hjs vjrnbkjkbs bxnstbitbs. Hls kjtls lmtbinkls suenbrbi qub hls obiltnpls rngls bi jgbntbs bstêi

 

 

glrrbhjgnlijkls gli hj bxprbsn÷i l il kb kbtbrcnijkls ebibs.

Hj pjstj kb cjiã bs ui bxgbhbitb jhncbitl suphbcbitjrnl pjrj bh ejijkl qub glitnbib kb ;4 j 24% kb prltbãijs, kb ? j =4% kb erjsj, gnstnij y vntjcnijs kbh glcphbfl M. Bstj pjstj tjcmnîi sb utnhnzj pjrj bh glisucl aucjil bi jheuils pjãsbs trlpngjhbs, kbspuîs kb qub hjs prltbãijs ajyji snkl pjrgnjhcbitb kbsglcpubstjs cbknjitb cbknjitb hj jggn÷i kb aliels. Hj pjstj bi hj olrcj qub sb lmtnbib kb hj oêmrngj kb jgbntb sb puhvbrnzj, sb aucbkbgb plr ui kãj bi jeuj, sb bhncnij bh jgbntb kb hj supbrongnb, sb hjvj vjrnjs vbgbs, sb slcbtb j vjplr, y sb hb glcprncb bi clhkbs gujkrjkls l rbgtjieuhjrbs. Hjs jphngjgnlibs kb cngbhnl kb ]anzlpus ]anzlpus (  (]anzlpus ]anzlpus lryzjb Ubit) lryzjb Ubit) bi cbzghj gli hj ajrnij kb jrrlz, kji j hj pjstj kb hls clhkbs uij jpjrnbignj mhjigl ernsêgbj, l mhjigj, bi tjitl qub hjs jphngjgnlibs kb Clinhnj  (Clinhnj linhnj ( Clinhnj sntlpanhj Wjgg) sntlpanhj Wjgg) bi cbzghj gli ajrnij kb cjãz, hbs kji uij glhlr ijrjifj. Wb kbfj kbf j qub hls aliels sb nigumbi kurjitb vjrnls kãjs bi hj pjstj bi ui huejr mnbi slcmrbjkl. Gujikl hj pjstj bstê hnstj pjr usjrsb bi hj jhncbitjgn÷i sb lmtnbibi trlzls qub hubel sb orãbi l sb utnhnzji bi slpjs. Bs uij jhncbitl kb cuy oêgnh knebstn÷i y jhtjcbitb iutrntnvl, jsã glcl kb mubi sjmlr.

Gli orbgubignj hls cjiãs sb guhtnvji pjrj utnhnzjrsb glcl olrrjfb, o lrrjfb, abil, pjsturj l bisnhjkl, bi guyl gjsl hjs phjitjs kbmbi glsbgajrsb jitbs kb su ohlrjgn÷i. Hls pbqubúls mrltbs tjcmnîi pubkbi utnhnzjrsb bi hj jhncbitjgn÷i glcl hbeucmrbs. Wli rngls bi prltbãijs y gjhgnl, pbrl sn sb glisucbi bi erjikbs gjitnkjkbs, pubkbi gjusjr kbsjrrbehls bi hj knebstn÷i.

 

 

; _bibils

Wb aji kbsgrntl plsnmhbs bobgtls sbguikjrnls kjúnils kb jgbntb kb rlcbrl. Hbclingj bt jh. (:>>?) niolrcjrli kb ui bobgtl jitn-ncphjitb kbh rlcbrl y kbh bxtrjgtl jgulsl kb alfjs kb rlcbrl bi rjtjs Unstjr. Bh jgbntb kb rlcbrl, niebrnkl plr vãj lrjh, pubkb kbsbigjkbijr kbsbigjkb ijr glivuhsnlibs, hls pjgnbitbs bpnhîptngls kbmbi tbibr prbgjugn÷i bi bh usl kb bstb jgbntb, y iuigj sb kbmb niebrnr gjitnkjkbs supbrnlrbs j hjs utnhnzjkjs bi hls jhncbitls, bspbgnjhcbitb kurjitb bh bcmjrjzl. Hjs prbpjrjgnlibs t÷pngjs qub glitnbibi jgbntb kb rlcbrl sli pltbignjhcbitb ilgnvjs pjrj hjs pbrslijs anpbrsbisnmhbs anpbrsbisnmhbs qub  pubkbi sbr sbr jhîrengjs j jhgjiol jhgjiolr. r. [binbikl bi gubitj bh jhtl gli glisucl sucl kb jgb jgbntb ntb bsbignjh kb rlcbrl, hls niolrcbs kb jheuils bobgtls sbguikjrnls ilgnvl ilgnvls, s, y hj ojhtj kb bvjhujgnlibs ni vnvl ebilt÷xngl y cutjeîingl kb bstb jgbntb, sb ajgb ibgbsjrnl bxjcnijr hj ebiltlxngnkjk / pltbignjh cutjeîingl kb hj jkcninstrjgn÷i jeukj kb jgbntb kb rlcbrl bi gîhuhjs kb rlbklrbs r lbklrbs utnhnzjikl bisjyls kb cngrliöghbls y jmbrrjgnlibs grlcls÷cngjs, tjh glcl hl angnbrli Cjnstrl bt jh. (=4:4). Mjrin bt jh. (=44>) nivbstnejrli hls bobgtls sbguikjrnls kjúnils kbh jgbntb kb rlcbrl y bi bspbgãongl su  pltbignjh ebiltlxngl ebiltlxngl y cutjeîing cutjeîingll bi rjtjs Unstjr. Hjs Hjs rjtjs oubrli trjtj trjtjkjs kjs plr slikj gli klsns kb jgbntb kb rlcbrl kb 744, :444 l =444 ce/`e, pjrtnguhjrcbitb hj klsns cês jhtj clstr÷ ui jucbitl bi bh iöcbrl kb gîhuhjs cngrl cn grl iughbjkjs, cnerjgn÷i kbh JKI kbh aãejkl y kb hls hbuglgntls y bh grlclslcj bi hjs gîhuhjs kb hj cîkuhj ÷sbj bi hjs rjtjs Unstjr. Brkbyn bt jh. (=441), rbplrtjrli hj tlxngnkjk y uij rjrj nignkbignj kb bcmrnlibs ji÷cjhls bi rjtjs trjtjkjs gli =?4 ce/`e kb bxtrjgtl btji÷hngl kb rlcbrl. Rij klsns cês jhtj kb :4;4 ce/ `e tuvl bobgtls ebilt÷xngls y cutjeîingls, yj qub rlcpb hls grlclslcjs y bs rbsplisjmhb kb jmlrtl bi hls sbrbs aucjils y jincjhbs

 

  Ujeejs & Mjhjwn (=441), kbtbrcnijrli hj tlxngnkjk kbh jgbntb kb rlcbrl jh nikugnr ebiltlxngnkjk bi sjierb pbrnoîrngj y bi aãejkl kb rjtlibs. Cjbstrl bt jh. (=4:4), kbtbrcnijrli qub bh jgbntb kb rlcbrl, jh sbr niebrnkl pubkb kbsbigjkbijr glivuhsnlibs bi pjgnbitbs bpnhîptngls, jsã glcl bi pbrslijs anpbrsbisnmhbs, puknbikl sbr glitrjprlkugbitb glitrjprlkugb itb su utnhnzjgn÷i bi pbrslijs jhîrengjs jh jhgjiolr. Kb hl jitbrnlrcbitb bxpubstl, sb kbkugb qub il glivnbib j pbrslijs gli ejstrntns jeukjs, öhgbrj ejstrlkulkbijh, ejstrlkulkbi jh, abpjtlpjtãjs, bpnhbpsnj y Tjr`nisli. Kbmbrê bvntjrsb kurjitb bh bcmjrjzl y hj hjgtjignj. Hls bxtrjgtls kb rlcbrl, nighuybikl bh jgbntb bsbignjh plr hl ebibrjh sli mnbi tlhbrjkls bi jincjhbs y aucjils. Bh jgnkl rlscjrãingl aj kbclstrjkl uij mjfj tlxngnkjk. Wb pltbignji sus prlpnbkjkbs jitnsîptngjs y jitn niobggnlsjs sn sb glcmnij gli sjhvnj, bquniêgbj, hhjitîi cjylr y tlcnhhl. Tjrj mbibongnjrsb kb sus  prlpnbkjkbs jpbrntnvjs jpbrntnvjs y knebs knebstnvjs tnvjs sb pubkb tlcjr bi niousn÷i cb cbzghjkl zghjkl gli hjvjikj, hjvjikj, cbhnsj, glhj kb gjmjhhl0 y glcpjrtb prlpnbkjkb prlpnbkjkbss glhbrîtngls y glhjelejs gli hj mjrkjij y hj sjhvnj. Tlr su gjrêgtbr bstncuhjitb slmrb bh snstbcj gnrguhjtlrnl y ibrvnlsl sb pubkb glcplibr bi niousn÷i gli bhbutbrlglgl, enisbie, tî vbrkb b anpîrngl. Jphngjkl slmrb abrnkjs y hhjejs, pjrj qub îstjs gngjtrngbi sb pubkb jphngjr uij kbglggn÷i kb rlcbrl glcmnijkl gli glhj kb gjmjhhl y knbitb kb hb÷i.

 

 

2 B_JHRJGNLI KBH HJML]J[L]NL

‘Jiêhnsns kb ]LCB]L–   2.: CRB CR B W[] B L

H j bspbgnb prbvnl jiêhnsns bs kb hj ojcnhnj (h (hjcnjgbjb) jcnjgbjb) glcöicbitb glilg glilgnkj nkj glcl rlcbrl mhjigl

  Bh huejr kb cubstrbl sb rbjhnzl bi 6

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  Tjãs

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  Kbpjrtjcbitl

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  Trlvnignj

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6 Tbrö 6 [jgij 6 [jgij

 

  Knstrntl

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6 kb hj yjrjkj- hls pjhls

Gjrjgtbrãstngjs Gjrjgtbrãs tngjs kb hj zlij kb cubstrbl6   Wubhl jrgnhhlsl

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  ]lkbjkl kb vbebtjgn÷i

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  [bcpbrjturj =2 erjkls gbitãerjkls

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  Hj cubstrj sb trjfl bi uij mlhsj kb jhucninl , hj gjitnkjk kb cubstrj

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bxtrjãkj oub kb =44 e

  Hj obgaj kb bxtrjggn÷i oub6 =/:=/:1

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 2.:.=  2.: .= JIJH JI JH N WN W KB A RCB KJ K

Tjrj bstb prlgbsl , prncbrl cbkã uij gjitnkjk kb cubstrj prl jiêhnsns kb = e Bi ui bivjsb kb cbtjh cbtjh nilxnkjmhb, hhbvb j hj bstuoj sbgjklrj sbgjklrj plr ui tnbcpl kb := alrjs hj knobrbignj kb pbsls bs hj gjitnkjk kkbb aucbkjk glitbinbitb bi = e .

Kjtls6

-  Tbsl hjtj 3:.7?77e -  Tbsl rlcbrl cjs hjtj 3 :7.7??5 -  Tbsl rlcbrl 3 (:.7?77-:7.7??5)3= (:.7?77-:7.7??5)3=.447; .447;

 

 

-  Kjtls kbspuîs kb :=a bi hj bstuoj sbgjklrj -  Tbsl rlcbrl cjs hjtj 3=.:5=4 -  Tbsl rlcbrl kbsankrjtjkl3 (=.:5=4-:.7?77)3 4.1415 -  Tbsl kb aucbkjk bi =.47;e 3 (=.47;-4.1415)3:.==27 -  Aucbkjk bi :44 e kb cubstrj3 (:.==27/=.47;)*:443 (:.==27/=.47;)*:443 ?4.=;4>4;?= kb jeuj jeuj  

 2.:.7  2.: .7 JIJH JI JH N WN W KB GB IN VJ

Tjrj bh jiêhnsns kb gbinzj , prncbrl pbsl bh cjtbrnjh bi bh qub jijhnzjrb hj cubstrj Hubel jerbel jerbel hj gjitnkjk kb :4 e , plstbrnlrcbitb hhbvl j ui alril pjrj gjhgnijrhl , hj onrbibgnj kb pbsls nikngj hj gjitnkjk kb gbinzj glitbinbitb bi = e kb cubstrj Gêhguhls6 -  Tbsl grnslh3 24.75=7e -  Tbsl grnslh cjs rlcbrl 3?4.75=: -  Tbsl rlcbrl 3>.>>>1 e -  Gêhguhls kbspuîs kb hj nignibrnzjgnli -  Tbsl grnslh cjs gbinzj3 24.?==:

 

  -  Tbsl gbinzj324.?==:-24.75=73 gbinzj324.?==:-24.75=734.=;>1 4.=;>1 e -  Tbsl gbinzj bi :44 e 3 (4.=;>1*:44)/:4 (4.=;>1*:44)/:43 3 =.;>1 e kb gbinzj gbinzj  

 2.:.;  2.: .; JI JH N WN W KB TA TA

Kjtls6 prncbrl pbsb 2 e kb cubstrj, plstbrnlrcbitb jújkã j uij mltbhhj kb vnkrnl gli 24ch kb jeuj ibutrj kb obilhotjhbãij obilhotjhbãij kbfb cjgbrjr plr ui tnbcpl prlhliejkl kb kb ; alrjs bh jolrl tltjh oub kb 14 ch ajstj rbgumrnr glcphbtjcbitb hj cubstrj y kb jhãgultj bxtrjfb ;4ch bh ejstl bi tntuhjgn÷i oub kb ? ch kb hj slhug slhugn÷i n÷i kb IJ(LA) ( ankr÷xnkl kb slknl 4.4: I)

Gêhguhls6 -  jgnkl hnmrb bi cubstrj

 

  -  jgnkl hnmrb 3 ejstl* tntuhl(7?4.7:*4 tnt uhl(7?4.7:*4.4:/2) .4:/2) -  jgnkl hnmrb 3 ?ch *4.4445=4?=e *4.4445=4?=e34.44;7=75 34.44;7=75=e =e -  hby l plrgbitjfb

-  (4.44;7=75=e (4.44;7=75=e*:444 *:444 ch)/;434.:414>7 -  gjhguhl kb TA -  clhjrnkjk

-  (:C*4.:414>7)/7?4.7:34.4447C -  TA -  TA3-(hle4.4447)37.2==1515;2 TA3-(hle4.4447)37.2==1515;2  

2.=. Jiêhnsns kb gjhgnl cjeibsnl y onbrrl

J hj cubstrj kb gbinzj hl hhbvl j ui vjsl prbgnpntjkl jerbel jerbel : ch pjrj qub hj cubstrj il sb pnbrkj jh clcbitl kb jerbejr bh jgnkl gligbitrjkl, hubel jerbel :4 eltjs kb jgnkl ghlraãkrngl gligbitrjkl y jerbeub jerbeub ajstj 74 ch , hhbvb j abrvnr y sb bvjplrl 2 ch , hubel jjerbeub erbeub 2 ch cjs ^ onhtrb , cbkã hj h j slhugn÷i bi uij prlmbtj y cnkn÷ 74 ch (jolrl) ( jolrl) y knel qub gjkj cnhnhntrl qub tlcl bs :/74

2.=.: gjhguhl kb cjeibsnl Trlgbkncnbitl 6

 

  Trncbrl tlcb :ch kb hj cubstrj , jerbeub := := eltjs kb ouoobr pA3:4 , hubel jerbeu jerbeubb =4 4.4= erjcls kb nikngjklr IB[( iberl kb kngrlcl [) , hubel tntuhb gli glcphbx 7 , ajstj ui gjcmnl kb glhlr j jzuh ilgab -  [ntuhl kb gjhgnl cjs cjeibsnl3 :4.>ch -  [ntuhl kb gjhgnl 3 7.?ch -  [ntuhl kb cjeibsnl 3:4.>-7.?35.7 -  [ltjh kb cjeibsnl 3(5.7ch*4.=;742ce 3(5.7ch*4.=;742ce)3 )3 :.55;=?2

- 

Bi :ch \\\\\\\\:.55;=?2 \\\\\\\\:.55;=?2 ce 74 ch \\\\\\\\\\ x 327.=:5ce

-  Bi hj cubstrj Bi =4e\\\\\\\\\ 27.=:5ce :44e\\\\\\\\\\ x 3 3=??.412 =??.412 ce cjeibsnl cjeibsnl  

2.=.= Gjhguhl kb gjhgnl Trlgbkncnbitl6 Jújkã :ch kb cubstrj, hubel jerbeub 7ch kb muoobr pA3:= , hubel jerbeub 4.4=e kb nikngjklr kb curbxnkj curbxnkj ajstj ui gglhlr lhlr rlsjkl y tntuhl gli glcphbx 7. -  [ntuhjgn÷i kb gjhgnl 3 7.? ch -  [ltjh kb gjhgnl 37.?*4.;4451 37.?*4.;44513 3 :.;;=141 - 

Bi : ch \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ :.;;=141 Bi 74 ch \\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\\\\\\\\\\ \\ x 3 ;7.=1;=; ce

-  bi 74 ch ajy ;7.=1;==; ce kb gjhgnl -   pjrj cubstrj bi =4 e \\\\\\\\\\\\\ ;7.=1;=; ce kb gjhgnl

 

  :44 e \\\\\\\\\\\\\\ Q 3 =:?.;= ce kb gjhgnl

2.=.7 Gjhguhl kb anbrrl Trlgbkncnbitl6

Trncbrl cnkl :ch kb cubstrj y hb jerbel j ui tuml t uml kb bisjyl y jerbel uij eltj kb jgnkl iãtrngl iãtrn gl gligbitrjkl, hubel jerbel uij eltj kb jeuj lxnebijkj y uij eltj eltj kb tnlgnjijtl kb pltjsnl y bi ltrl tuml kb bisjyl sb jerbej : ch kb uij slhugn÷i qub vjhlrj (:ch---- 4.:ce kb onbrrl) j bsb tuv tuvll sb hb jerbej uij eltj kb jgnk jgnkll jeuj lxnebijkj lxnebijkj , uij eltj kb jgnkl iãtrngl y uij eltj eltj kb tnlgnjijtl kb pltjsnl jcmjs slhugnlib slhugnlibss sb hb jerbej jeuj ajstj qub sus glhlrbs sbji neujhbs [ãtuhls6

-  cubstrj pjtr÷i3 :=.2 ch -  cubstrj prl jiêhnsns 3:.= ch gêhguhls6

-  :/74 34.477777 bs bh onbrrl qub glcpjrjcls :=.2 ch \\\\\\\\\\ 4.4777777 e :ch\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ :ch\\\\\\\\\\ \\\\ Q 3 4.44=??????

-  4.44=????*:.=34.447=ce -  4.447=ce ajy bi :ch 4.447=ce\\\\\\\\:ch Q \\\\\\\\\ 74ch Q 34.4>? ce

-  4.4>? ce \\\=4 e kb cubstrj Q \\\\\:44e kb cubstrj

 

  Q3 4.;1 ce  ce 

? Glighusnlibs Kjtls glcpjrjtnvls6 Aucbkjk Gbinzjs

 pA

Gj

Ce

Ob

(ce)

(ce)

(ce)

(e)

(e)

?5

=.;

?

7:2

=24 =24

?.?2

?4.=;

=.;>1

7.2=

=:?.;=

=??.412

4.;1

[jmhj kb jhncbitls ]bsuhtjkls lmtbinkls

5 MNMHNLE]JONJ (wn`npbknj, bignghlpbknj hnmrb)

Mnmhnlerjoãj ]jöh Jvnhj-Wlsj*, J. ].-G.-H. (Gnbignj y Cjr =4::, Q_ (;7)6 =7-7?). ]lcbrl (]lscjrnius loongnijhns H.)6. ]bgupbrjkl bh 5 kb kngnbcmrb kb kbh =4:1, kb

attp6//www.ucjr.cx/rbvnstjs/;7/4;74:47.pko

 

  wn`npbknj. (Bstj pêenij sb bknt÷ plr öhtncj vbz bh = ilv =4:1 j hjs ==671. kb bignghlpbknj hnmrb). ]lscjrnius loongnijhns. ]bgupbrjkl bh 5 kb kngnbcmrb kb =4:1, kb rlcbrl 6 attps6//bs.wn`npbknj.lre/wn`n/]lscjrnius\loongnijhns attps6//bs.wn`npbknj.lre/wn`n/]lscjrnius\loongnijhns

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