Monografia de Rocas

 

 

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MCMJAK]BPJK5

 

Cstc trk`keb mc jhvcsokajñh sc gb mcmjakdbs

 

k hucstrb prblcsbr, qujch pbr su orkh kpbyb y mcmjakajñh ch akmk uhk mc sus agkscs, fby  

pbmcdbs schrhbs scourbs y mcajmjmbs mc scoujr ch cg akdjhb mc scr Jhochjcrbs mc  

]rkhspbrtc.

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JHMJAC

;. Agksjljakajñh mc gks Pbaks5………………..………………………… Pbaks5………………..…………………………3 3   J. Pbaks Äohcks5…………………………………………………..3    

JJ. Pbaks Dctkdbrljaks5………………………………………….< JJJ. Pbaks Qcmjdchtkrjks5……………………………………..…?

 

JJJ.J Kgouhks rbaks scmjdchtkrjks abduhcs sbh5………….6

1

 

AGKQJLJAKAJBH H MC GKQ PBAKQ AGKQJLJAKAJB

Pbaks äohcks Cg cgcdchtb agkvc pkrk gks rbaks äohcks cs cg dkodk> cg dkodk cs uhk dczagk mc rbak luhmjmk b scdjdbgmckmk, ksä abdb kgouhbs okscs y btrbs cgcdchtbs vbgëtjgcs. Aukhtb dës prbluhmb vks `keb tjcrrk, dës akgjchtc sc pbhc, y sj vks gb suljajchtcdchtc prbluhmb, prbluhmb, ggcoks kg dkhtb quc cs dës b dchbs abdb abdb uhk chbrdc akpk mc dkodk quc rbmck cg hõagcb mc gk ]jcrrk. Abdb prb`k`gcdchtc sk`cs, aukhmb cg dkodk sc chlräk, sc abhvjcrtc ch rbak> sj sc chlräk ch cg su`sucgb, k tcdpcrkturks dës kgtks (pcrb kõh dës `keks quc gks mcg dkodk), cg prbacsb mc chlrjkdjchtb tkrmkrë su tjcdpb, y gbs arjstkgcs, ch abhscauchajk, tkrmkrëh tjcdpb ch mcskrrbggkrsc. Cs pbr cstb quc sc vch rbaks abdb cg orkhjtb abh orkhmcs arjstkgcs, pbrquc cg dkodk tkrmñ duafb tjcdpb ch chlrjkrsc. Gbs arjstkgcs tkd`jêh sc mjlcrchajkh, abdb pucmcs vcr k abhtjhukajñh. Qjh cd`krob, sj cg dkodk chtrk ch crupajñh b sc chlräk rëpjmkdchtc, chtbhacs sc b`tjchch gks rbaks quc sc abhbach abdb rbaks vbgaëhjaks, hb sbh abhsjmcrkmks rckgdchtc äohcks, äohcks, sjhb dës prbpjkdchtc brjojhkrjks mc gk gkvk. Cg cecdpgb agësjab kquä cs cg `kskgtb, quc sbh pcqucûbs arjstkgcs, b duy pbabs arjstkgcs orkhmcs. Gks rbaks vbgaëhjaks tkd`jêh sc mchbdjhkh rbaks äohcks cxtrusjvks, ch abhtrkpbsjajñh k gks rbaks äohcks jhtrusjvks. Kgouhks rbaks vbgaëhjaks (abdb gk b`sjmjkhk) hb tjchch arjstkgcs. Hb tbmbs gbs dkodks sbh joukgcs ‑ mjlcrchtcs dkodks pucmch tchcr mjlcrchtcs abdpbsjajbhcs quädjaks, mjlcrchtcs akhtjmkmcs mc okscs y mjlcrchtcs tcdpcrkturks> mjlcrchtcs dkodks mjlcrchtcs rbaks. Ybr csb abhsjoucs cstk jharcä`gc vkrjcmkm. Fky dës mc ?99-8tjpbs mc rbaks r baks äohcks, y sbh ochcrkgdchtc gks dës murks y pcskmks mc tbmks gks rbaks. Qjh cd`krob, gks rbaks vbgaëhjaks pucmch scr jharcä`gcdchtc gjocrks ‑ gk pjcmrk pñdcz, pbr cecdpgb, pucmc jhagusb lgbtkr, y luc ggkdkmk pbr gbs dkrjhcrbs khtjoubs ‗gk cspudk mcg dkr—. Cstb suacmc aukhmb uh vbgaëh crupajbhk vjbgchtkdchtc, arckhmb `bgsks mc kjrc ch gk rbak. Gbs tjpbs dës abduhcs mc rbaks äohcks sbh5

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Khmcsjtk

]JYB5 JOHCK-\BGAËHJAK ]CV]SPK5 LJHB QCPJC ÄOHCK5 QS@KGAKH QS@KGAKHJAK JAK ABGBP5 OPJQ BQASPB, OPJQ JH]CPDCM JH]CPDCMJB JB DJHCPKGCQ CQCHAJKGCQ5 YGKOJBAGKQK, FBPH@GCHMK DJHCPKGCQ KAACQBPJBQ5 KAACQBPJBQ5 BGJ\JHB, @JB]J]K, ASKPUB

Gk khmcsjtk cs uhk rbak äohck äohck  vbgaëhjak mc vbgaëhjak mc abdpbsjajñh jhtcrdcmjk jhtcrdcmjk.. Qu abdpbsjajñh djhcrkg djhcrkg abdprchmc  abdprchmc ochcrkgdchtc pgkojbagksk pgkojbagksk y  y vkrjbs btrbs djhcrkgcs lcrrbdkohêsjabs lcrrbdkohêsjabs abdb  abdb pjrbxchb, pjrbxchb, `jbtjtk y `jbtjtk y fbrh`gchmk fbrh`gchmk.. ]kd`jêh pucmc fk`cr akhtjmkmcs dchbrcs mc skhjmjhk y skhjmjhk y aukrzb aukrzb.. Gbs djhcrkgcs dës orkhmcs abdb gk pgkojbagksk sucgch scr vjsj`gcs k sjdpgc vjstk djchtrks quc gk dktrjz dktrjz sucgc  sucgc cstkr abdpucstk mc orkhbs djhcrkgcs ljhbs b vjmrjb. Cg dkodk khmcsätjab dkodk khmcsätjab cs cg dkodk dës rjab ch kouk kuhquc kg crupajbhkr sc pjcrmc cstk kouk abdb vkpbr. Qj cg dkodk khmcsätjab arjstkgjzk ch prbluhmjmkm sc lbrdkpksk cg cqujvkgchtc cqujvkgchtc   pgutñhjab mc pgutñhjab  mc gk khmcsjtk mjbrjtk mjbrjtk.. ch Chgkcstc aksb cg kouk k lbrdkr pkrtc mc khlä`bgcs khlä`bgcs, , djhcrkgquc quccscsgkcsaksb khmcsjtk. ]rks cg `kskgtb, gk khmcsjtk cs gk rbak vbgaëhjak dës abdõh mc gk ]jcrrk ]jcrrk.. Cg hbd`rc khmcsjtk mcrjvk mc su baurrchajk ch Khmcs ch  Khmcskuhquc kuhquc ykac k gb gkrob mcg Ajhturñh mc Lucob mcg Ykaäljab Ykaäljab y  y ch btrks gbakgjmkmcs abdb ]rbhmfcjd ]rbhmfcjd ch  ch Hbrucok y Hbrucok y ch Jsgkhmjk Jsgkhmjk,, ksä abdb gks lbrdkajbhcs mcg Ak`b mc Oktk, Oktk, ch ch Kgdcräk  Kgdcräk,, Cspkûk Cspkûk.. Euhtb abh cg `kskgtb cs uhk mc gks rbaks dës abduhcs mc abrtczk mc Dkrtc. Dkrtc. Gk pkgk`rk khmcsjtk luc uskmk pbr prjdcrk vcz ch ;61< pbr Gcbpbgm \bh @uaf pkrk @uaf  pkrk rclcrjrsc k ‗trkqujtks ‗ trkqujtks—— khmjhks quc ch vcz mc abhtchcr skhjmjhk skhjmjhk y  y fbrh`gchmk pbscäkh kg`jtk y kg`jtk y fbrh`gchmk. Djhcrkgboäk y quädjak5 Gks khmcsjtks sc pucmch agksjljakr ch trcs tjpbs5 gks mkajtks, mkajtks, gks khmcsjtks abh fbrh`gchmk y fbrh`gchmk y `jbtjtk `jbtjtk,, y gks khmcsjtks abh pjrbxchb. pjrbxchb. Gks mkajtks sbh khmcsjtks abh aukrzb y k vcacs hb sbh abhsjmcrkmks khmcsjtks sj hb uhk lkdjgjk kpkrtc. Gks khmcsjtks abh pjrbxchb sbh gks dës abduhcs mc tbmks.  Qbh dës bsaurks, mchsks y dëljaks dëljaks quc  quc gks btrks vkrjcmkmcs. Djhcrkgñojakdchtc sc mchbdjhk khmcsjtk `ksëgtjak k kqucggks khmcsjtks quc pbscch djhcrkgcs lcrrbdkohêsjabs lcrrbdkohêsjabs täpjabs  täpjabs mcg `kskgtb, abdb cg bgjvjhb, bgjvjhb, pcrb pbscch lcgmcspktbs abh abdpbsjajbhcs quädjaks täpjaks mc gks khmcsjtks. Gk Shjñh Jhtcrhkajbhkg mc Ajchajks Ocbgñojaks rcabdjchmk Ocbgñojaks  rcabdjchmk gk agksjljakajñh mc gks khmcsjtks `ksëgtjaks k trkvês mc su quädjak ch cg mjkorkdk ]KQ. ]KQ. Shk abdpbsjajñh quädjak täpjak mc gks khmcsjtks cxprcskmk ch pbrachtkec mc dksk mc ñxjmbs cs ñxjmbs cs55 QjB0

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AkB Hk0B N0B Y0B3 3

 

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gbs abhogbdcrkmbs cstëh abdpucstbs prcmbdjhkhtcdchtc prcmbdjhkhtcdc htc mc orkvk rcmbhmckmk, djchtrks quc gks `rcafks cstëh abdpucstks mc orkvk khougkr (dës kljgkmk). krchjsaks> abdb su hbd`rc gb mjac, cs uhk rbak fcafk mc djhcrkgcs mc duafbs tkdkûbs y orkhbs mc rbak. Cg djhcrkg dës mbdjhkhtc ch gks krchjsaks cs cg aukrzb, pbrquc cs cg djhcrkg dës abdõh ch gk abrtczk tcrrcstrc. rbaks mc lkhob> uhk vcz dës, cg hbd`rc gb mjac tbmb5 rbaks fcafks mc `krrb sbgjmjljakmb. ]äpjakdchtc abhtjchch pkrtäaugks duy ljhks y sbh trkhspbrtkmks abdbuhk pkrtäaugks pbr lgueb tur`ugchtb ch kouk b kjrc, mcpbsjtkhmb vcz qucsuspchmjmks cg lgueb sc ksjchtk. rbaks `jbquädjaks> prb`k`gcdchtc sc sbrprchmcrë kg mcsau`rjr quc gk dkybr pkrtc mc gk akgjzk ch gk lkz mc gk ]jcrrk prbvjchc mc luchtcs `jbgñojaks. Ch btrks pkgk`rks, gk dkybräk mc gk pjcmrk akgjzk quc sc vc fby ch mäk prbvjchc mc gbs csqucgctbs mc brokhjsdbs abdb abrkgcs, dbgusabs y lbrkdjhälcrbs. Cg akr`ñh cs btrb cecdpgb mc rbak `jbquädjak. rbaks quädjaks> cstks rbaks jhaguych ycsb y skg (fkgjtk) ‑ lbrdkmks prjhajpkgdchtc k trkvês mc gk cvkpbrkajñh mcg kouk.

]kd`jêh fky btrb tjpb mc rbaks scmjdchtkrjks cspcaäljaks, abdb pbr cecdpgb gks quc sc lbrdkh ch gks kouks tcrdkgcs. Gk dkybr pkrtc mc gk supcrljajc sñgjmk mc hucstrb pgkhctk (duy kprbxjdkmkdchtc cg ?9%) cstë rcprcschtkmk pbr rbaks scmjdchtkrjks ‑ pcrb sj scycdpjczk k prbluhmjzkr gb suljajchtc, êstks sbh rccdpgkzkmks pbr rbaks äohcks dctkdñrljaks. 01

 

Abdb dchajbhkdbs khtcrjbrdchtc abh gks rbaks `jbquädjaks, gbs g bs lñsjgcs pucmch abhvcrtjrsc ch rbaks abh cg tjcdpb. Mc fcafb, cxjstch dbhtkûks chtcrks fcafks mc krrcajlcs, abdb pucmcs vcr k`keb.

 Kgouhks rbaks scmjdchtkrjks abduhcs sbh5

Krojgjtk5 Gk krojgjtk cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk scmjdchtkrjk  krajggbsk usukgdchtc krajggbsk usukgdchtc abdpucstk pbr djak djak,, scrjajtk y scrjajtk y aukrzb. aukrzb. sc utjgjzk pkrk kgouhks csaugturks

@rcafk5 scmjdchtkrjk  mcträtjak abdpucstk mcträtjak abdpucstk kprbxjdkmkdchtc ch uh `rcafk cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk 39 % mc lrkodchtbs khougkrcs mc rbak rbak mc  mc tkdkûb supcrjbr k 0 djgädctrbs uhjmbs pbr uh acdchtb hkturkg. acdchtb hkturkg. Qcoõh uhk vcrsjñh gk pkgk`rk mcrjvk mcg orjcob orjcob quc  quc sjohjljak ‖rbtb‚, ch tkhtb pkrk btrbs prbvjchc mcg lrkhaês  lrkhaês `ræafc, quc k su vcz mcrjvk mcg lrëhajab  lrëhajab `rcnk ‖rbtb‚, ‖fchmjmurk‚, fcrdkhb mcg hccrgkhmês`rcnch, mc joukg sjohjljakmb, mcg kgcdëh  kgcdëh `rcafch ‖rbdpcr‚; y mcg jtkgjkhb `rcaajk ‖pjcmrk rbtk‚. Gbs lrkodchtbs abhstjtutjvbs mc gbs abhogbdcrkmb y abhogbdcrkmb y mc gks `rcafks sbh dkybrcs quc gbs mc gk krchjsak, krchjsak, b sck dës mc 0 djgädctrbs, pcrb gk `rcafk sc mjstjhouc mc gbs abhogbdcrkmbs pbrquc sus lrkodchtbs abhstjtutjvbs sbh khougkrcs. Yucmch mjstjhoujrsc `rcafks dbhboêhjaks, abdpucstks mc cgcdchtbs mc gk djsdk hkturkgczk, y `rcafks pbgjoêhjaks, abdpucstks mc cgcdchtbs mc mjlcrchtc hkturkgczk.

0=

 

]jzk5 Gk tjzk, tkd`jêh abhbajmk abdb ycsb y ojs (Dêxjab) b pkstcg, cs uhk krajggk krajggk `gkhak  `gkhak quc, prcpkrkmk ch `krrjtks, scyusk pkrk csarj`jr ch mc lëajg gks pjzkrrks pjzkrrks y,  y, pugvcrjzkmk, pkrk gjdpjkr dctkgcs pkrk fkacr pjhturks gkvkmb. Ykrk gks pjzkrrks jhmjvjmukgcs sc usk`k uh 'pjzkrräh ' pjzkrräh'.'. Gk achjzk y kouk fk sjmb utjgjzkmk abdb pjhturk pbr vkrjks augturks dcsbkdcrjakhks. dcsbkdcrjakhks. Qucgc ggkdkrsc tkd`jêh ksä kg abdpucstb mc ycsb ycsb quc  quc sc usk ch cg eucob mc `jggkr   pkrk pkrk lrbtkr gbs tkabs k ljh mc quc hb rcs`kgch kg obgpckr gks `bgks. Ch gk jsgk mc Dchbrak Dchbrak sb`rcvjvc  sb`rcvjvc gk mchbdjhkajñh 'xba' pkrk gk tjzk y quc prbacmc mc gk jhogcsk 'afkgn' uskmk murkhtc cg mbdjhjb jhogês mc gk g k jsgk. Gk tjzk sc cgk`brk ochcrkgdchtc dczagkhmb ycsb abh kouk y kgouhbs btrbs dktcrjkgcs tkgcs abdb akbgäh, akbgäh, y sc cspcrk k quc lrko÷c mchtrb mc uh dbgmc cspcajkg. Shk vcz quc fk lrkoukmb lrkoukmb gk  gk dczagk, sc mcsdbgmk y sc scak.

03

 

Krajggk5 Gk krajggk cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk scmjdchtkrjk mcsabdpucstk  mcsabdpucstk abhstjtujmk pbr korcokmbs mc sjgjaktbs  mcabhtjchch kgudjhjb fjmrktkmbs, kgudjhjb fjmrktkmbs, mc.gkYrcschtk mcsabdpbsjajñh mc sjgjaktbs mc rbaks quc rbaks quc lcgmcspktb lcgmcspktb,, prbacmchtcs abdb cg orkhjtb orkhjtb. mjvcrsks abgbrkajbhcs scoõh gks jdpurczks quc abhtjchc, mcsmc cg rbeb khkrkhekmb fkstk cg `gkhab aukhmb cs purk. Läsjakdchtc sc Läsjakdchtc  sc abhsjmcrk uh abgbjmc, abgbjmc, mc pkrtäaugks cxtrcdkmkdchtc pcqucûks y supcrljajc gjsk. Cg mjëdctrb mc gks pkrtäaugks mc gk krajggk cs jhlcrjbr k 9,991: dd dd.. Ch gk lrkaajñh tcxturkg krajggk pucmc fk`cr pkrtäaugks hb djhcrkgcs, gbs ljtbgjtbs ljtbgjtbs.. [uädjakdchtc [uädjakdchtc cs  cs uh sjgjaktb fjmrktkmb mc kgõdjhk, kgõdjhk, auyk lñrdugk cs5 lñrdugk cs5 Kg  Kg0B1 ¿ 0Qj 0QjB B0 ¿ 0F 0F0B. Qc akrkatcrjzk pbr kmqujrjr pgkstjajmkm kg pgkstjajmkm kg scr dczagkmk abh kouk, kouk, y tkd`jêh sbhbrjmkm y murczk murczk kg  kg akgchtkrgk pbr chajdk mc 699 ¹A ¹A.. Gk krajggk chmurcajmk dcmjkhtc gk kaajñh mcg lucob luc gk prjdcrk acrëdjak cgk`brkmk acrëdjak cgk`brkmk pbr gbs scrcs fudkhbs, y kõh cs uhb mc gbs dktcrjkgcs dës `krktbs y mc usb dës kdpgjb. Gkmrjggbs Gkmrjggbs,, utchsjgjbs mc abajhk abajhk,, b`ectbs mc krtc c jhagusb jhstrudchtbs dusjakgcs abdb gk bakrjhk bakrjhk sbh  sbh cgk`brkmbs abh krajggk. ]kd`jêh sc gk utjgjzk ch duafbs prbacsbs jhmustrjkgcs, tkgcs abdb ch gk cgk`brkajñh mc pkpcg, pkpcg, prbmuaajñh mc acdchtb acdchtb y  y prbacsbs quädjabs.

0<

 

Akr`ñh5 Cg akr`ñh b akr`ñh djhcrkg cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk scmjdchtkrjk brokhñochk  brokhñochk mc abgbr hcorb, duy rjak ch akr`bhb akr`bhb y  y abh akhtjmkmcs vkrjk`gcs mc btrbs cgcdchtbs, prjhajpkgdchtc fjmrñochb, fjmrñochb, kzulrc, kzulrc, bxäochb bxäochb y  y hjtrñochb, hjtrñochb, utjgjzkmk abdb abd`ustj`gc abd`ustj`gc   lñsjg lñsjg.. Gk dkybräk cxpgbtkmb sc lbrdñ pkrtjr mc gbs vcoctkgcs quc arcajcrbh murkhtc mcg gbs akr`ñh pcräbmbs pcräbmbs   Akr`bhälcrb Akr`bhälcrb (fkac  (fkack13: k 0:: djggbhcs mc kûbs) y Arctëajab Arctëajab,, kg scr kd`bs pcräbmbs mc orkh cxtchsjñh tcdpbrkg y sjtukrsc orkh pkrtc mc gbs dcmjbs scmjdchtkrjbs lkvbrk`gcs scmjdchtkrjbs lkvbrk`gcs pkrk su kaudugkajñh y abhscrvkajñh ch gktjtumcs jhtcrtrbpjakgcs. Cs uh rcaursb hb rchbvk`gc.

0?

 

Kogbdcrkmb5 Sh kogbdcrkmb  cs uhk rbak äohck äohck  vbgaëhjak lbrdkmk vbgaëhjak lbrdkmk aksj tbtkgdchtc mc trbzbs khougkrcs b rcmbhmckmbs mc gkvk, gkvk, mc vkrjkmks lbrdks y lbrdks y tkdkûbs tkdkûbs>> cstëh ksbajkmbs abh gbs lguebs mc gkvk quc gkvk quc sbh cxpugskmbs murkhtc gks crupajbhcs vbgaëhjaks vbgaëhjaks.. Kgouhbs ocñgbobs ocñgbobs agksjljakh  agksjljakh gbs kogbdcrkmbs abdb `bd`ks `bd`ks,, `gbqucs `gbqucs y  y `rcaajk `rcaajk.. Ykrcach abhogbdcrkmbs abhogbdcrkmbs scmjdchtkrjbs,  scmjdchtkrjbs, pcrb su brjoch cs abdpgctkdchtc mjlcrchtc. Gks `bd`ks vbgaëhjaks sbh cxpcgjmks ch cstkmb gäqujmb, gäqujmb, vbgvjêhmbsc cslêrjaks ch gk sbgjmjljakajñh sbgjmjljakajñh y  y gbs `gbqucs vbgaëhjabs `rbtkh abdb pjczks sñgjmks. Murkhtc gk kogbdcrkajñh kogbdcrkajñh y  y gk sbgjmjljakajñh mc gbs lrkodchtbs khougbsbs, abhbajmbs tkd`jêh abdb pjrbagëstjabs, pjrbagëstjabs, cs quc sc lbrdkh gbs kogbdcrkmbs.

Mbgbdjtk5 Gk mbgbdäk mbgbdäk cs  cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk scmjdchtkrjk mc  mc brjoch quädjab quädjab abdpucstk  abdpucstk `ësjakdchtc mc mbgbdjtk mbgbdjtk,, auyk abdpbsjajñh quädjak cs akr`bhktb mc akgajb akgajb y  y dkohcsjb dkohcsjb ^AkDo(AB  ^AkDo(AB1)0T. Luc mjstjhoujmk mc gk akgjzk akgjzk pbr  pbr cg ocñgbob ocñgbob  lrkhaês lrkhaês  Mbgbdjcu Mbgbdjcu ch  ch cg sjogb V\JJJ V\JJJ.. Gk mbgbdäk mc`c abhtchcr kg dchbs 39% mc mbgbdjtk> sj abhtjchc dchbs cs uhk akgjzk mbgbdätjak. Qc abhsjmcrk purk aukhmb csc pbrachtkec pksk mcg :9%. Euhtb k gks akgjzks akgjzks y  y gks dkroks dkroks,, gks mbgbdäks lbrdkh pkrtc mc gb quc sc abhbach abdb rbaks akr`bhëtjaks b akgaërcks akgaërcks.. Cs uhk rbak rbak  orjsëack orjsëack (tkd`jêh  (tkd`jêh pucmc scr `gkhak ñ rbskmk) y pbrbsk pbrbsk,, duy abdõh. Qc chauchtrk ch akpks cspcsks mc achtchkrcs mc dctrbs y pucmc tkd`jêh lbrdkr dkajzbs dkajzbs chtcrbs,  chtcrbs, abdb gbs gbs Kgpcs  Kgpcs Mbgb Mbgbdätjabs dätjabs (  (]jrbg ]jrbg). ). Qucgc scr cg rcsugtkmb mcg rccdpgkzkdjchtb dctksbdëtjab mc akgajtks akgajtks hb  hb acdchtkmks ch kouks kouks pbab  pbab prbluhmks. Hb mbgbdäk prjdkrjksc fk lbrdkmb pbr prcajpjtkajñh mjrcatk mc gk b`stkhtc, ggkdkmk mbgbdjtk.gkQc brjojhkh tkd`jêh pbr gk scmjdchtkajñh scmjdchtkajñh mc  mc csqucgctbs mc csqucgctbs mc

06

 

brokhjsdbs mcg pgkhatbh pgkhatbh dkrjhb  dkrjhb ch gbs baêkhbs baêkhbs.. Gk mbgbdäk kpkrcac ch vctks djhcrkgcs fjmrbtcrdkgcs. djhcrkgcs fjmrbtcrdkgcs. Gks mbgbdäks sc utjgjzkh abdb dktcrjk prjdk prjdk ch  ch mjvcrsks jhmustrjks jhmustrjks,, prjhajpkgdchtc abdb kgtcrhktjvk k gk dkohcsjtk dkohcsjtk ch  ch gk dctkgurojk dctkgurojk y  y ch gk prbmuaajñh mc dbrtcrbs dbrtcrbs y  y acdchtbs cspcajkgcs. acdchtbs cspcajkgcs.

Akgjzk5 Gk akgjzk cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk scmjdchtkrjk abdpucstk  abdpucstk dkybrjtkrjkdchtc pbr akr`bhktb mc akgajb (AkAB akgajb (AkAB1), ochcrkgdchtc akgajtk akgajtk,, kuhquc lrcauchtcdchtc prcschtk trkzks mc dkohcsjtk (DoAB dkohcsjtk (DoAB1) y btrbs akr`bhktbs. akr`bhktbs.; ]kd`jêh pucmc abhtchcr pcqucûks akhtjmkmcs mc djhcrkgcs abdb krajggk, krajggk, fcdktjtk fcdktjtk,, sjmcrjtk sjmcrjtk,, aukrzb, aukrzb, cta., quc dbmjljakh (k vcacs schsj`gcdchtc) cg abgbr y cg orkmb mc abfcrchajk mc gk rbak. Cg akrëatcr prëatjakdchtc dbhbdjhcrkg mc gks akgjzks pcrdjtc rcabhbacrgks lëajgdchtc orkajks k mbs akrkatcrästjaks läsjaks y quädjaks luhmkdchtkgcs mc gk akgajtk5 cs dchbs murk quc cg ab`rc (su ab`rc (su murczk ch gk csakgk mc Dbfs Dbfs cs  cs mc 1) y rckaajbhk abh clcrvcsachajk ch prcschajk mc ëajmbs tkgcs ëajmbs tkgcs abdb cg ëajmb agbrfämrjab agbrfämrjab.. Ch cg ëd`jtb mc gks rbaks jhmustrjkgcs b jhmustrjkgcs b mc ërjmbs pkrk abhstruaajñh abhstruaajñh rcaj`c  rcaj`c tkd`jêh cg hbd`rc mc pjcmrk akgjzk. Euhtb k gks mbgbdäks mbgbdäks y  y gks dkroks dkroks,, gks akgjzks lbrdkh pkrtc mc gb quc sc abhbach abdb rbaks akr`bhëtjaks b akgaërcks.. akgaërcks

0:

 

 Zcsb5 Cg ycsb, pjcmrk mc ycsb, ycsb arumb , ycsb hkturkg b kgecz, cs uh djhcrkg abdpucstb djhcrkg abdpucstb mc suglktb mc akgajb fjmrktkmb> akgajb fjmrktkmb> tkd`jêh, uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk mc scmjdchtkrjk  mc brjoch quädjab. Cs uh djhcrkg duy abdõh y pucmc lbrdkr rbaks scmjdchtkrjks dbhbdjhcrkgcs. Cg ycsb djhcrkg arjstkgjzk ch cg sjstcdk dbhbagähjab, dbhbagähjab, ch arjstkgcs mc fë`jtb prjsdëtjab> tk`ugkr pkrkgcgb kg scouhmb pjhkabjmc> mc lbrdk rñd`jak abh krjstks `jscgkmks ch gks akrks. = Qc prcschtk ch arjstkgcs, k vcacs orkhmcs, dkagkmbs dkagkmbs ch  ch puhtk mc lgcafk y ch puhtk mc gkhzk> tkd`jêh ch dksks y korcokmbs cspëtjabs. Abh lrcauchajk lëajgdchtc cxlbgjk`gc ( cxlbgjk`gc (scgchjtk scgchjtk)> )> pucmc scr skakrbjmcb y trkhsgõajmb (kgk`kstrb (kgk`kstrb), ), jhabgbrb, `gkhab, b mc mjstjhtbs abgbrcs, orjsëacb, kdkrjggchtb, rbejzb b jhagusb hcorb, mcpchmjchmb mc gks jhagusjbhcs quc abhtchok.

19

 

Orkuvkak5 Gk orkuvkak  cs uhk rbak rbak  mcträtjak lbrdkmk mcträtjak lbrdkmk pbr gk abhsbgjmkajñh mc gbs djhcrkgcs djhcrkgcs quc  quc rcsugtkh mc gk mjsorcokajñh mcg orkhjtb orkhjtb.. Gks orkuvkaks abhstkh mc djak, djak, lcgmcspktbs lcgmcspktbs y  y btrbs abhstjtuychtcs mcg orkhjtb, jhaguychmb cg aukrzb (kuhquc aukrzb (kuhquc ch prbpbrajbhcs duafb dchbrcs)> tbmbs csbs cgcdchtbs sc fkggkh uhjmbs pbr uhk dktrjz, dktrjz, tkd`jêh mcträtjak, y uh acdchtb. acdchtb. Qu tcxturk tcxturk cs  cs krchbsk y krchbsk y su abgbr orjsëacb orjsëacb.. Qc gc abhsjmcrk abdb uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk jhdkmurk, y fk sjmb ochcrkgdchtc chabhtrkmk ch cstrktbs  cstrktbs pkgcbzbjabs pkgcbzbjabs.. Qus orkhbs orkhbs dës  dës orkhmcs tjchch cg tkdkûb jhtcrdcmjb chtrc gbs orkhbs mc krchk y gbs mc orkvk orkvk..  K`uhmkh ch Okgcs Okgcs,, cg sur mc Csabajk Csabajk,, Jrgkhmk Jrgkhmk y  y cg hbrtc mc Jhogktcrrk Jhogktcrrk..

1;

 

Csqujstb5 Gbs csqujstbs abhstjtuych uh orupb mc rbaks akrkatcrjzkmbs pbr gk prcpbhmcrkhajk mc djhcrkgcs gkdjhkrcs quc lkvbrcach su lrkodchtkajñh ch akpks mcgokmks. Gbs csqujstbs dctkdñrljabs sbh rbaks dctkdñrljaks dctkdñrljaks mc  mc orkmb dcmjb, hbtk`gcs prjhajpkgdchtc pbr gk prcpbhmcrkhajk mc djhcrkgcs gkdjhkrcs djhcrkgcs gkdjhkrcs tkgcs abdb gk djak, djak, gk agbrjtk agbrjtk,, cg tkgab tkgab,, gk fbrh`gchmk fbrh`gchmk,, orkljtb orkljtb y  y btrbs. Cg aukrzb aukrzb sc  sc fkggk abh lrcauchajk ch orkhbs cstjrkmbs kg cxtrcdb quc sc prbmuac uhk lbrdk pkrtjaugkr ggkdkmk aukrzb csqujstb. Ybr mcljhjajñh, cg csqujstb abhtjchc dës mc uh 39% mc djhcrkgcs pgkhbs y kgkrokmbs, k dchumb ljhkdchtc jhtcrakgkmb abh aukrzb y lcgmcspktb lcgmcspktb.. Gbs csqujstbs scmjdchtkrjbs b csqujstbs krajggbsbs sc rcljcrch k rbaks agëstjaks mc orkhb ljhb y hb dctkdbrljzkmks quc prcschtkh gk djsdk prbpjcmkm mc gkdjhkajñh. Cs ch cstc tjpb mc rbak, abharctkdchtc ch cg csqujstb `jtudjhbsb sc `jtudjhbsb  sc lbrdk cg oks cxpgbtkmb dcmjkhtc cg lrkanjho lrkanjho..

10

 

Gutbgjtk5 Gk gutbgjtk cs uhk rbak scmjdchtkrjk orkhugbsk ljhk auybs abdpbhchtcs brjojhkgcs crkh krajggks b lkhobs. Cg tkdkûb mc orkhb cs fkstk 9.9