Monografia de La Petroquimica

 

IF \G]ZBVWÃCÃOF Vuë

gs

if

pgtr pgtrbquã bquãckof ckof

If

\gtr \gtrbquã bquãckof ckof

obcprgd obcprgdmg mg

if

gifj gifjbrfo brfokÿd kÿd

mg

tbmb tbmbs s

fqugiibs prbmuotbs prbmuotbs quãckobs qug sg mgrkvfd mg ibs `kmrbofrjurbs mgi pgtrÿigb y gi

hf hfs s

dft dfturf urfi. i.

obcjus obc justkj tkjigs igs, , obdskmgr obds kmgrfd fd cuo`bs cuo` bs mg prkcfs.

\b \br r

ib

hgd hgdgrf grfi i

iu iujrk jrkof ofdtg dtgs, s,

obcb ud giib giibs s

ogr ogrfs fs

tkpb b

`fd skmb

oifsg oifsg y

gi dk

tër tërck ckdb db

pfrt pfrtkoui kouifr fr

obdt obdtkdþf kdþfd d

db

fsa fsafit fitbs. bs. skgd skgdmb mb

mg

kdoiu kdoiuyg yg Ibs

ibs

`km `kmrbo rbofrj frjurb urbs s

pg pgtrb trbqu quãck ãckobs obs

prbm prbmuotb uotbs s

afjrkofm afjrkofmbs bs

quãc quãckobs kobs, ,

db

sg

yf

qug

obd btrfs cftgrkfs cftgrkfs

GDGZHKF_ ZGDBJFJIG_ > Gst _fifzfr @uæduob Nbgi Gmhfr

 

If \gtrbquãckof

\rgsgdtfokÿd  _g ob obdb dbog og qug qug if ab abrc rcfo fokÿ kÿd d mg mgii pgtrÿigb  pgtrÿigb  gs gstæ tæ fsbo fsbokf kfmf mf fi mgsfrrbiib  mgsfrrbiib  mg rbofs sgmkcgdtfrkfs mgpbsktfmfs gd fcjkgdtgs cfrkdbs b prÿxkcbs fi cfr, y qug gs gi rgsuitfmb mg prbogsbs mg prbogsbs mg mgsobcpbskokÿd mg brhfdkscbs mg brkhgd vghgtfi y fdkcfi, qug gd gcpbs rgcbtbs qugmfrbd kdobrpbrfmbs gd gsbs mgpÿsktbs. Gi pgtrÿigb db pgtrÿigb db sg gdougdtrf mkstrkjukmb mg cfdgrf udkabrcg gd gi sujsugib, mgjgd obdukr pbr ib cgdbs ouftrb obdmkokbdgs jæskofs pfrf qug ëstg sg foucuig> udf rbof pgrcgfjig, mg abrcf tfi qug jfnb prgskÿd gi prgskÿd gi pgtrÿigb pugmf cbvgrsg f trfvës mg ibs pbrbs ckorbsoÿpkobs mg if rbof5 udf rbof kcpgrcgfjig, qug gvktg if auhf mgi fogktg  fogktg  y hfs `fokf hfs  `fokf if supgrokg5 gi yfokckgdtb mgjg obcpbrtfrsg obcb udf trfcpf, yf qug ifs rbofs rbo fs kcpgrc kcpgrcgfj gfjigs igs mgjgd mgjgd gdobdt gdobdtrfr rfrsg sg mkspug mkspugstf stfss mg tfi tfi abr abrcf cf qug qug db gxkstf gxkstfd d cbvkck cbv kckgdt gdtbs bs iftgrfig iftgrfigss mg auhf mg `kmrbofrjurbs5 `kmrbofrjurbs5 y mgjg mgjg gxksr gxksr cftgrk cftgrkfi fi brhædk brhædkob ob suokgdtg y dgogsfrkb pfrf obdvgrrsg gd pgtrÿigb pbr gi gagotb mg if prgskÿd y tgcpgrfturf qug tgcpgrfturf  qug prgmbckdg gd gi yfokckgdtb. Gd su gstfmb dfturfi gstfmb dfturfi sg ig ftrkjuyg ud vfibr ckdgrfi5 vfibr ckdgrfi5 gs susogpjig mg hgdgrfr, f trfvës mg prbogs prbogsbs bs mg trfdsa trfdsabrc brcfok fokÿd ÿd kdmust kdmustrkf rkfi, i, prbmuotbs  prbmuotbs  mg fitb vfibr, obcb sbd ibs obcjusjigs, iujrkofdtgs, ogrfs, sbivgdtgs y mgrkvfmbs pgtrbquãckobs.

²Vuë gs gi pgtrÿigb2 Gi pgtrÿigb gs udf cgzoif gd if qug obgxkstgd gd afsgs sÿikmf, ikqukmf y hfs, obcpugstbs mgdbck mgd bckdfm dfmbs bs `kmrbo `kmrbofrj frjurb urbs, s, obdst obdstukm ukmbs bs pbr ætbcb ætbcbss mg ofrjbdb  ofrjbdb  g `kmrbhgdb  `kmrbhgdb  y pgqugöfs pgqug öfs prbpbrokb prbpbrokbdgs dgs mg `gtgrbobcpu `gtgrbobcpugstbs gstbs obd prgsgdokf prgsgdokf mg dktrÿhgdb, dktrÿhgdb, fzuarg, bxãhgdb   y fih bxãhgdb fihudbs cgtfigs, cgtfigs, bour bourrk rkgd gdmb mb gd ab abrc rcf f dftu dfturf rfii gd mgpÿ mgpÿsk sktb tbss mg rb rbof of sgmkcgdtfrkf. _u obibr vfrãf obibr vfrãf gdtrg æcjfr y dghrb. If pfifjrf pgtrÿigb skhdkof fogktg mg pkgmrf.

 

If \gtrbquãckof

KDMKOG

6. Cfrob tgÿrkob - if \gtrbquãckof :. Mg qug sg gdofrhf if pgtrbquãckof> ?. \gtrbquãckof> trfdsabrcfokÿd mg prbmuotbs mgrkvfmbs.

?.6 If ob obdv dvgr grsk skÿd ÿd mg `kmrbofrjurbs `kmrbofrjurbs   gd prbmuotbs quãckobs sg iifcf pgtrbquãckof ?.: Kdmustrkf tgxi> ?.? Kdmustrkf mgi ofuo`b =. Ib prbogsbs pfrf if bjtgdokÿd mg ibs prbmuotbs pgtrbquãckobs 7. If \gtrbqu \gtrbquãckof> ãckof> cgmkmfs mg sghurkmfm

1. G]F\F_ MGI MG_FZZBIIB \G]ZBVWÃCKOB

8. Cftgrkfs mg Jfsg 0. \Z \ZBM BMWO WO]B ]B__ ]GZC ]GZCKD KDFM FMB_ B_ ;. \iæsobs 6 Gs if kdmustrkf mgmkofmf f bjtgdgr mgrkvfmbs quãckobs mgi pgtrÿigb y mg ibs hfsgs fsbokfmbs. Ibs prbmuotbs pgtrbquãckobs kdoiuygd tbmfs ifs sustfdokfs quãckofs qug mg f`ã sg mgrkvfd. If kdmustrkf pgtrbquãckof cbmgrdf mftf mg dfigs mgi skhib PKP. PKP. If cfybr pfrtg mg ibs prbmuotbs pgtrbquãckobs sg afjrkofd f pfrr mg ud dþcgrb rgifvfcgdtg pgqugöb mg `kmrbofrjurbs, gdtrg giibs gi cgtfdb, gi gtfdb, prbpfdb, jutfdb y ibs frbcæobs qug mgrkvfd mgi jgdogdb, gdtrg btrbs.

 

If \gtrbquãckof

Obd if pgtrbquãckof pgtrbquãckof pfrf if gxtrfookÿd gxtrfookÿd mg sustfdokfs sustfdokfs quãckofs quãckofs f pfrr mg ibs obcjusjigs aÿskigs. If hfsbikdf, gi hfsbki, gi qugrbsëd, gi prbpfdb, gi cgtfdb y gi jutfdb sbd fihudbs mg ibs obcjusjigs aÿskigs qug pgrcktgd gi mgsfrrbiib mg prbmuotbs mg if pgtrbquãckof.

Gs ok okgd gdok okf f tf tfcj cjkëd këd pbsk pbskjk jkik iktf tf if prbm prbmuo uook okÿd ÿd mg ag agr rik ikzf zfdt dtgs gs,, pgs pgsok okmf mfss y `grjkokmfs, if bjtgdokÿd mg fsafitb y jrfs skdtëofs y if afjrkofokÿd mg mksdtbs piæso piæ sobs. bs. Ibs hufdtg hufdtgs, s, ibs jbrrfm jbrrfmbrg brgss y ifs pkdtur pkdturfs, fs, gdt gdtrg rg cuo`bs cuo`bs btrbs btrbs frouibs mg usb obmkfdb, abrcfd pfrtg mg if prbmuookÿd pgtrbquãckof.

 

If \gtrbquãckof

?. \gtrbquãckof> trfdsabrcfokÿd mg prbmuotbs mgrkvfmbs.

Mgi pgt pgtrÿi rÿigb gb sg bj bjgdg gdgd d mgt mgtgrc grckdf kdfmbs mbs obc obcpug pugstb stbss qug sbd if jfs jfsg g mg mkvgrsfs ofmgdfs prbmuovfs, qug fofjfd gd udf fcpikf hfcf mg prbmuotbs mgdbckdfm mgdbck dfmbs bs pgtrbq pgtrbquãc uãckob kobs, s, qug mgspuë mgspuëss sg uikzf uikzfd d gd ifs kdmust kdmustrkf rkfss mg agrikzfd agri kzfdtgs, tgs, piæsobs, piæsobs, fikcgdokf, afrcfoëuof, quãckof y tgxi, gdtrg btrfs.

?.6 If obdvgrskÿd mg `kmrbofrjurbs  `kmrbofrjurbs  gd pr prbm bmuo uotb tbss qu quãc ãcko kobs bs sg iifc iifcff pgtrbquãckof  gs udf mg ifs pkgmrfs fdhuifrgs mg if kdmustrkf y if tgodbibhãf fotufi. Gstf kdmustrkf `f `go`b pbskjig cuo`bs mg ibs prbmuotbs qug `by sg obdskmgrfd dbrcfigs y dgogsfrkbs, obcb obcpbdgdtgs gigotrÿdkobs, tgnkmbs,  nuhugtgs krrbcpkjigs, If uikzfokÿd mgi pgtrÿigb y gi hfs dfturfi obcb dfturfi obcb augdtgs mg prbmuotbs pgtrbquãckobs `f skmb pbskjig hrfokfs fi mgsfrrbiib mg tëodkofs mg trfdsabrcfokÿd mg su gstruoturf cbigouifr. Gi orgokckgdtb mg if mgcfdmf mg cfdmf mg ibs prbmuotbs pgtrbquãckobs

 

If \gtrbquãckof

?.: Kdm Kdmust ustrkf rkf tgx tgxi i> Akjrfs skdtëofs qug supigd f if ifdf, gi fihbmÿd y dugvbs dtgs qug pgrcktgd cfybrgs pbskjkikmfmgs qug ibs pkhcgdtbs obdbokmbs fdtgrkbrcgdtg.

?.?. Kdmustrkf mgi ofuo`b > dugvbs prbmuotbs obd khufigs prbpkgmfmgs y f vgogs supg supgrk rkbr brgs gs f ifs ifs mgi mgi ofuo ofuo`b `b dftu dfturf rfi. i. Kdmu Kdmust strk rkf f mg gdvf gdvfsg sgss y gcjf gcjfif ifng ngs> s> gi pbikgigdb obcb fitgrdfvf fi orkstfi y fi ogibaæd mg if obdstruookÿd, piæsobs pfrf if obdstruookÿd, pbr su hrfd rgskstgdokf f if obrrbskÿd y f ifs kdoigcgdokfs mgi gcpb, pbr su ikhgrgzf y gxkjkikmfm.

 

If \gtrbquãckof

=. Ib prbogsbs pfrf if bjtgdokÿd mg ibs prbmuotbs pgtrbquãckobs  _g iigvfd f ofjb gd rgdgrãfs g kcpikofd ofcjkbs skobs y quãckobs mg ibs `kmrbofrjurbs. Gi prbogsb jæskob, qug mkvkmg fi pgtrÿigb y fi hfs dfturfi gd mkvgrsbs obcpugstbs cæs ikhgrbs, sg obdbog obcb orfoekdh (sg mgsmbjifd ifs cbiëouifs). If obcjkdfokÿd gdtrg ibs pgtrbquãckobs jæskobs y mksdtbs kdsucbs quãckobs pgrckt pgr cktgd gd bjtgdgr bjtgdgr pgtrbq pgtrbquãc uãckob kobss kdtgrc kdtgrcgmk gmkbs bs obcb obcb ifs rgskdf rgskdfss gd jfsg jfsg fi cgtfdb cgt fdbii (uikz (uikzfmf fmfss pfrf pfrf if afjrko afjrkofok fokÿd ÿd mg hbcfs hbcfs,, piæso piæsobs, bs, mgtgrh mgtgrhgdt gdtgs gs y iujrko iuj rkofdt fdtgs) gs),, ibs pbikur pbikurgtf gtfdbs dbs (gcpig (gcpigfmb fmbss gd if afjrko afjrkofo fokÿd kÿd mg ob obio` io`bdg bdgss y piæsobs) y ibs fogtfimg`kmbs (qug mgrkvfd gd pgraucgs, sfjbrkzfdtgs y btrbs).

7. If \gtrbquãckof> cgmkmfs mg sghurkmfm pfrf gvktfr ibs mföbs fcjkgdtfigs yf qug sus prbogsbs sbd pbtgdokficgdtg obdtfckdfdtgs y mg fitb kcpfotb cgmkbfcjkgdtfi. Fsã pbr gngcpib, gi jgdogdb, gi cgtfdbi y gi fogigdb sg pugmgd prbmuokr f pfrr mgi ofrjÿd mg `uiif. Gi hikogrbi sg bjgdg mg ifs hrfsfs, hrfsfs, gi gtfdbi pbr agrcgdtfokÿd  agrcgdtfokÿd  mg if oföf mg fzþofr,, gi fzuarg mg ibs mgpÿsktbs ckdgrfigs. fzþofr ckdgrfigs.

 

If \gtrbquãckof

1. G]F\F_ MGI MG_FZZBIIB \G]ZBVWÃCKOB 16.)) Af 16. Afjrk jrkofo ofokÿd kÿd mg cftgrk cftgrkfs fs mg jfsg jfsg b prbmuo prbmuotbs tbs mg prkcgr prkcgrf f hgdgrf hgdgrfokÿ okÿd. d. \frgdmb mgi pgtrÿigb y mgi hfs dfturfi dfturfi,, sg bjgdgd mkvgrsbs prbmuotbs jæskobs qug sbd ibs pkifrgs mg if pgtrbquãckof. Ibs mbs hrupbs cæs hrupbs cæs kcpbrtfdtgs sbd ifs bigdfs y ibs frbcæobs. 1:. 1:.) Kdtrbmuookÿd  Kdtrbmuookÿd  mg ætbcbs mg okgrtbs obcpbdgdtgs (bxkhgdb ( bxkhgdb,, dktrÿhgdb y fz fzua uarg rg)) gd ibs ibs prbm prbmuo uotb tbss jæsk jæskob obs, s, pfrf pfrf bj bjtg tgdg dgrr prbm prbmuo uotb tbss mg sghu sghudm dmf f hgdgrfokÿd (prbmuotbs kdtgrcgmkbs). 1?.) Gifjbrfokÿd mg prbmuotbs mg obdsucb. obdsucb. Obdnuhfdmb ibs prbmuotbs jæskobs g kdtgrcgmkbs. _u mkvgrskmfm gs fsbcjrbsf y fiofdzf udf ofsk kddktf vfrkgmfm mg prbmuotbs prbmu otbs `fjktufigs `fjktufigs mg obdsucb obdsucb (jrfs, (jrfs, ofuo`bs, ofuo`bs, piæsobs, piæsobs, mgtgrhgdtg mgtgrhgdtgs, s, pkdturfs pkdt urfs,, jfrdkogs, jfrdkogs, fjbdbs, fjbdbs, fdobdhgi fdobdhgifdtgs fdtgs,, pgraucgs, pgraucgs, gxpibskvbs gxpibskvbs,, fksifdtgs, fksifdtgs, fikcgdtbs,, gto.). fikcgdtbs

8. Cftgrkfs mg Jfsg Ifs prkdo prkdokpf kpfigs igs cftgrk cftgrkfs fs mg jfsg jfsg b ofmgdf ofmgdfss pgtrbq pgtrbquãc uãckof kofss sbd ifs mgi hfs dfturfi, ifs bigdfs ikhgrfs (gigdb, prbpkigdb y jutgdbs) y if mg ibs frbcæobs. \frf bjtgdgr gstfs cftgrkfs if kdmustrkf pgtrbquãckof uikzf ibs prbogmkckgdtbs mgi "orfoe "orfoekdh kdh"" b mgsmbj mgsmbjifc ifckgd kgdtb tb mg cbiëou cbiëouifs ifs pgsfm pgsfmfs fs gd cbiëou cbiëouifs ifs cæs ik ikhg hgrf rfs, s, y gi "rga "rgabr brcf cfmb mb"" b cbmk cbmko ofo fokÿ kÿd d mg if gstr gstruo uotu turf rf cb cbig igou ouif ifrr mgi mgi `kmrbofrjurb.

 

If \gtrbquãckof

0.\ZBMWO]B__ ]GZCKDFMB_ 0.\ZBMWO]B If kd kdcg cgds dsf f vf vfrk rkgm gmfm fm mg prbm prbmuo uotb tbss tg tgrc rckd kdfm fmbs bs mg if \g \gtr trbq bquã uãck ckof of pugm pugmg g oifskofrsg gd okdob hrupbs>



 Ibs piæsobs.



Ifs jrfs skdtëofs.



Ibs ofuo`bs skdtëobs b gifstÿcgrbs.



Ibs mgtgrhgdtgs Ibs fjbdbs dktrbhgdfmbs



 

.; \iæsobs Gi dbcjr dbcjrg g obcþ obcþd d mg piæs piæsob obss sg mgjg f if prbpkgmfm  prbpkgmfm  qug gdgd mg sgr mgabrcfjigs pbr pifsokmfm (argdtg f if gifsokmfm), gifsokmfm), jfnb if kdugdokf mgi ofibr, ofibr, if prgskÿd b prgskÿd b mg fcjbs f if vgz. Gstg tërckdb fjfrof prbmuotbs qug mkgrgd gdtrg sã pbr su gstruoturf quãckof, sus prbpkgmfmgs skofs, sus fpikofokbdgs præoofs y sus prbogsbs mg prbogsbs mg afjrkofokÿd.

@fy

trgs

hrfdmgs

afckikfs

mg

tgrcbgdmurgokjigs y ibs pbikurgtfdbs.

piæsobs>

ibs

tgrcbpiæsobs,

ib ibss

 

If \gtrbquãckof

6//www.cbdbhrffs.obc/trfjfnbs?7/pgtrbigb/pgtrbigb:.s`tci#kxzz:gGwf  `p>//www.cbdbhrffs.obc/trfjfnbs;=/pgtrbqukckof-