Monografía de La Fermentación Láctica

 

 

PECY@Z]CHKH EKMCAEKO KPXÝEAGK KOXAKEHCEK H@ XKZGK   IKMPOXKH H@ CEB@EC@ZÇK @]MP@OK VZAI@]CAEKO H@ CEB@EC@ZÇK KBZACEHP]XZCKO GAEABZKIÇK

I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK

Kscbekturk4 Jcaquçgcmk H` Vrahumtas Kbracehustrcko`s Ham`et`4 Gb. Zkik`o Duocëe Gkopkrtchk Skpcks Kutar4 Skg`oy S`rkohce` Mkdkmnkbuk Psmumnkbuk   Dnuockek Gcokbras Khkgk Kst`t`   Okhy ]kgketnk Mýrhavk Tkmkrçks   Dasã Csrnk`o [ucemna @stkr`s   H`ysc J`ktrcz G`ehazk Y`bk   R`ehy Oýp`z Vugkook  Das`oye M`ocek Ncokrca Vkumkr Xkrgk - V`rô Hcmc`gjr`, :6:6

 

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@stk gaeabrkiçk `stë h`hcmkhk k eu`stras pkhr`s par kpaykreas hurket` tahas `stas kûas, k oas ham`et`s qu` eas `stëe buckeha `e eu`stra mkgcea k s`r prai`scaeko`s y Hcas par hkreas skouh pkrk s`bucr kh`oket`   

 

ÇEHCM@ CEXZAHPMMCÝE ...................................................................................................................................... ;  ;  MKVÇXPOA C4 I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK............................................................................................. :  :  ;.;. H`icecm H`icecmcýe cýe ...................................................................................................................................... ::   ;.:. Y`etkdks y h`sv`etkdks ............................................................................................................... =  =  MKVÇXPOA CC4 GCMZAAZBKEC]GA] @E OK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK ........ .............. ............ ............. ............. ............ ........ 8  8  :.;. H`smrcpmcýe h` oks jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks ....................................................................................... 8  8  MKVÇXPOA CCC4 ZPXK] G@XKJÝOCMK] VKZK AJX@E@Z PEK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE............. ................... ............ ........ 9  9  =.;. Nagai`rg`etktcvk ....................................................................................................................... 9  9  =.:. N`t`rai`rg`etktcvk ...................................................................................................................... 9  9  MKVÇXPOA CY. I@ZG@EXKMCAE@] OËMXCMK] @]V@MÇICMK] ......................................................... >  >  8.;. I`rg`etkmcýe h` ok o`mn` ........................................................................................................... >  >  8.:. I`rg`etkmcýe `e nartkoczks ........................................................................................................ 3  3  8.=. I`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk h` o`bugjr`s........................................................................................ ;6  ;6  8.8. I`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `e mkre`s y p`smkhas ......................................................................... ;6  ;6  MKVÇXPOA Y. MPZYK H@]MZCVXCYK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK. ................................................ ;;  ;;   0.;. Murvk h` mr`mcgc`eta ................................................................................................................ ;;  ;;  0.:. Murvk h` Kmchcicmkmcýe. ............................................................................................................. ;; ;;   MKVÇXPOA YC. MKGJCA H@ VN @E OK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE ................................................................. ;=  ;=   9.;. @o pN `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk. ............................................................................................. ;=  ;=   9.:. Xao`rkemck h` mkgjcas h` pN .................................................................................................. ;8  ;8   MAEMOP]CAE@] ................................................................................................................................... ;0  ;0  Z@MAG@EHKMCAE Z@MAG @EHKMCAE@] @]........................................................................................................................... ;9 ;9   Z@I@Z@EMCK] JCJOCABZËICMK]  JCJOCABZËICMK]  KE@^A] .................................................................................................................................................. ;2  ;2 

 

 

CEXZAHPMMCÝE Oas kocg`etas prahumchas par i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk nke `xcstcha h`sh` nkm` gumnas kûas. Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `s ue pram`sa m`ouokr kek`rýjcma haeh` ok boumask s` axchk pkrk pah`r ajt`e`r `e`rbçk y haeh` `o h`s`mna `s ëmcha oëmtcma, pkrk r`koczkr `st` pram`sa s` utcoczke jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks, mãouoks gusmuokr`s h` kecgko`s y naebas (Gkrtce `t ko., :6;2). @e maes`mu`emck, ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `s utcoczkhk tkgjcãe pkrk ok maes`rvkmcýe h` kocg`et kocg`etas. as. Oas kocg`etas qu` pkske par ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk sae4 oks v`rhurks ir`smks, nartkoczks, o`mn`, m`r`ko`s y ok mkre`. Oas gcmraarbkecsgas qu` s` utcoczke, tc`e`e hcv`rsks kpocmkmcae`s brkmcks k ok pkrtcmcpkmcýe h` `ooks s` ajtc`e`e prahumtas maga `o yaburt, qu`sa, `emurtchas, `gjutchas, `tm. (Zkgçr`z `t ko., :6;;). Oks jkmt`rcks maga oas okmtajkmcoas, `str`ptamamas s` h`skrraooke `e ok o`mn` utcoczkeha ok okmtask maga iu`et` h` `e`rbçk y ko i`rg`etkr ok `e`rbçk `s kprav`mnkhk par oks jkmt`rcks y `o ëmcha oëmtcma s` `ocgcek. @o ëmcha oëmtcma kmtôk `e ok makbuokmcýe h` ok o`mn` haeh` oks prat`çeks s` pr`mcpctke y amurr` ue h`sm`esa h` pN kyuhkeha ksç `e ok `okjarkmcýe h`o qu`sa. Kh`gës, `o ëmcha oëmtcma `s ue `xm`o`et` maes`rvket` h` kocg`etas, taha `sta brkmcks br kmcks k ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk. @o ajd`tcva h` `st` trkjkda `s jrcehkr ceiargkmcýe t`ýrcm t`ýrcmkk sajr` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk, su kpocmkmcýe `e ok cehustrck, v`etkdks y h`sv`etkdks. h`sv`etkdks. @e `o pr`s`et` trkjkda g`emcaekr`gas `e `o mkpçtuoa ;4 maem`ptas, v`etkdks y h`sv`etkdks, `e `o mkpçtuoa :4 oas `o`g`etas pkrk ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk, `e `o mkpçtuoa =4 oks rutks g`tkjýocmks pkrk ajt`e`r ok i`rg`etkmcýe y `e `o mkpçtuoa 8 y 0 g`emcaekr`gas ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `sp`mçicmk y ok h`smrcpmcýe h` ok murvk h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk.

 

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MKVÇXPOA C4 I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK ;.;. H`icecmcýe Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `s ue pram`sa m`ouokr kek`rýjcma qu` amurr` `e `o mctasao h` ok mãouok, tkgjcãe s` `gpo`k pkrk ok maes`rvkmcýe h` oas kocg`etas. ]u `i`mtcvchkh `stë r`okmcaekhk mae ok iargkmcýe h` ëmchas arbëecmas, hcýxcha h` mkrjaea, `tkeao, y jkmt`rcamceks mae ue h`sm`esa h` ok kmtcvchkh h`o kbuk h` g`tkjaoctas haeh` s` utcoczk boumask pkrk ajt`e`r `e`rbçk y haeh` `o prahumta h` h`s`mna `s `o ëmcha oëmtcma. @o ëmcha oëmtcma s` iargk k pkrtcr h`o ëmcha Vcrôvcma, mukeha `o ëmcha oëmtcma s` kmuguok `e oks mãouoks gusmuokr`s prahum` sçetagks ksamckhas mae ok iktcbk gusmuokr (Jaurhcmnae `t ko., :6;:).  :6;:).   @st` pram`sa oa r`koczke gumnks jkmt`rcks ookgkhks (jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks), oks jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks s` `emu`etrke `e jkdk praparmcýe (: k 8 oab uim/b) `e ok gcmrajcatk kutýmtaek h` v`b`tko`s. @st` brupa pu`h` iartko`m`rs` mae uek kprapckhk ceamuokmcýe. Oas bãe`ras gës magôeg`et` `emaetrkhas sae O`umaeastam, Okmtajkmcoous y V`hcamammus  (Hc Mkbea `t ko., :6;=). Oas t`dchas kecgko`s, kobueas pratazaas y naebas. Kobueks mãouoks, maga oas `rctramctas, mkr`m`e h` gctamaehrcks h` gke`rk qu` s` v`e ajocbkhks k ajt`e`r `e`rbçk par g`hca h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk y tkgjcãe par kobueks mãouoks kecgko`s kecgko`s mukeha `o A: `s `smksa a `stë kus`et`.

 

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Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk tkgjcãe s` v`rcicmk `e `o t`dcha gusmuokr k mkusk h` uek cet`esk kmtcvchkh gatark, ea s` prahum` uek kpartkmcýe kh`mukhk h` axçb`ea qu` p`rgctk `o h`skrraooa h` ok r`spcrkmcýe k`rýjcmk. @e `o pram`sa h` `okjarkmcýe `o kjarkmcýe h`o yaburt, `st` tcpa h` i`rg`etkmcýe `s ok jks`, pu`s `o ëmcha oëmtcma prahumcha, pr`mcpctk oks prat`çeks h` ok o`mn` y ok maevc`rt` `e mukdkhk y kh`gës ko hkro` kmch`z ko g`hca, scrv` maga maes`rvket` ekturko. ekturko.   ;.:. Y`etkdks y h`sv`etkdks @e `o pram`sa h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk tc`e` uek brke v`etkdk, prahum` brke mketchkh h` vctkgceks, sajr` taha h`o brupa J y M. Ok i`rg`etkmcýe h`struy` brke pkrt` h`o ëmcha içtcma h` ok mart`zk h` oas m`r`ko`s, `sta cgpch` ok kjsarmcýe h`o nc`rra, zcem y mkomca. Ko mkgjckr oks prapc`hkh`s h`o prahumta, su`o`e kokrbkr su vchk ôtco, yk qu` `s guy hciçmco qu` eu`vas arbkecsgas s` ksc`et`e sajr` `o `strap`ëehaoa a prahumc`eha `ei`rg`hkh`s. @e oks h`sv`etkdks h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk mkgjcke mkgjcke a kûkh`e h` skjar y h` t`xturk h` oas kocg`etas, kuequ` kobueas b`e`rke ue skjar kbrkhkjo` maga oas qu`sas i`rg`etkhas.

 

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MKVÇXPOA CC4 GCMZAAZBKEC]GA] @E OK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK Oas kocg`etas kh`gës h` s`r uek iu`et` h` eutrc`et`s ir`mu`et`g`et` maestct maestctuy`e uy`e ue g`hca h` muotcva ch`ko pkrk ok guotcpocmkmcýe gcmrajckek. Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk tc`e` oubkr `e t`dchas kecgko`s, `e ue brupa h` arbkecsgas `umkrcýtcmas p`rt`e`mc`et`s k oas naebas y k oas pratazaas y `e vkrcas brupas jkmt`rckeas, eatkjo`g`et` `e oks jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks (JKO) qu` komkezk `sp`mc`s mae uek brke hcv`rschkh h` mukochkh`s i`eatçpcmks, jcaquçgcmks jcaquçgcmks y icscaoýbc icscaoýbcmks. mks.   :.;. H`smrcpmcýe h` oks jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks @e b`e`rko, `stks jkmt`rcks ëmcha oëmtcmks sae gcmraarbkecsgas Brkg pasctcvas, gcmrak`raiçocmas, ea `sparuokhas, mae `xcb`emcks eutrctcvks jkstket` `sp`mcko`s, yk qu` e`m`sctke pkrk su h`skrraooa hcstcetks vctkgceks h`o magpo`da J y kobueas kgceaëmchas. Oks JKO s` pu`h`e mokscicmkr `e4 Nagai`rg`etktcvks, qu` i`rg`etke pr`hagceket`g`et` pr`hagceket`g`et` oks n`xasks `e ëmcha oëmtcma y oks i`rg`etkmcae`s oëmtcmks cehustrcko`s utcoczke iuehkg`etkog`et` iuehkg`etkog`et` `stks jkmt`rcks (nagaoëmtcmks) tko`s maga Okmtajkmcoous h`ojru`mlcc. O. juoqkrcmus. O. p`etasus, O. mks`c, O. o`cmngkecc, V`hcamammus y ]tr`ptamammus okmtcs < y N`t`rai`rg`etktcvks (n`t`raoëmtcmks), qu`

i`rg`etke oks n`xasks k ëmchas oëmtcma y atras prahumtas maga `tkeao y ëmcha kmãtcma qu` s` `emu`etrke `e oks `sp`mc`s h` O`umaeastam  y  y h` vkrcks `sp`mc`s h` Okmtajkmcoous  (Ke`xa ;).  ;). 

 

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@stas gcmraarbkecsgas gcmraarbkecsgas kh`gës h` s`r guy cgpartket` cgpartket`ss `e ok cehustrck kocg`etkrck, `s `e ok cehustrck h` oas h`rcvkhas oëmt`as haeh` s` nk komkezkha `o gëxcga h`skrraooa t`meaoýbcma ma h` `stks jkmt`rcks. Oks prcemcpko`s iuemcae`s h` oks jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks `e prahumtas oëmt`as sae4 ok prahummcýe h` ëmcha , ok cencjcmcýe h` gcmraarbkecsgas ceh`s`kjo`s, ok r`hummcýe h` rc`sbas ncbcãecmas, ok makbuokmcýe h` ok o`mn`, sceãr`scs h`o okmtasu`ra, ok r`hummcýe h`o maet`echa h` kzômkr`s, iargkmcýe h` kragks maga oas prahumchas par `o hckm`tcoa y km`tkoh`nçha `e ok gket`qucook, ok prahummcýe h` bks r`qu`rchk pkrk ok iargkmcýe h` nayas `e mc`rtas tcpas h` qu`sas y ok prat`ýocscs e`m`skrck hurket` ok gkhurkmcýe h` oas gcsgas (Zkgçr`z `t ko., :6;;). :6;;).  

 

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MKVÇXPOA CCC4 ZPXK] G@XKJÝOCMK] VKZK AJX@E@Z PEK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE @e ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `emaetrkgas has rutks g`tkjýocmks, oks muko`s sae ok nagai`rg`etktcvk y ok n`t`rai`rg`etktcvk, `e ok prcg`rk `o prahumta i`rg`etkha ôecmkg`et` `s `o okmtkta a `o ëmcha oëmtcma, gc`etrks qu` `e ok s`buehk s`b uehk kpkrt` h` oa ket`rcar s` arcbcek tkgjcãe hcýxcha h` mkrjaea y ëmcha kmãtcma a `tkeao (Tërkt`, :6:6). =.;. Nagai`rg`etktcvk @s Xkgjcãe ookgkha rutk h` @gjh`e-G`y`rnaii, `e `stk rutk ok bkekemck `s h` : KXV y : okmtktas, `sta s` ajtc`e` mukeha ok boumask cebr`sk ko boumýocscs, haeh` `o : EKH (Ecmatcekgchk Kh`ecek Hceumo`ýtcha) s` trkesiargk `e : EKHN E KHN (Ecmatkgchk Kh`ecek Hceumoãtcma) y qu` tkgjcãe k pkrtcr h`o : KHV s` tc`e` ue r`suotkha h` : KXV. Ko icekoczkr `o boumýocscs s` khquc`r` : pcruvktas, `st` s`rë trkesiargkha g`hcket` ok `ezcgk okmtkta h`snchrab`eksk qu` `s haeh` oks : EKHN sae h`snchrab`ekha pkrk oabrkr t`e`r : EKH, mae `st` `o pram`sa h` boumýocscs vk s`bucr iuemcaekeha y oas Vcruvktas s`rëe trkesiargkhas `e : Okmtkta (Ke`xa :). @e `o brupa `stë magpu`sta h` Okmtamammus, V`hcamammus, V`hcamammus, @et`ramamus y ]tr`ptamammus (Nu`rtks, :6;6).  :6;6).  =.:. N`t`rai`rg`etktcvk Xkgjcãe ookgkha rutk h` iasiam`taoksk, `e `stk atrk rutk `s ok bkekemck h` ; okmtkta, ; `tkeao, ; KXV y ; MA:, ko cbuko qu` ok nagai`rg`etktcvk nagai`rg`etktcvk s` r`koczk mae ok boumask, qu` ko pkskr `o KXV pc`rh` ue iasikta qu`hkeha KHV pkrk ksç t`e`r Boumask-9-V, `st` utcoczk : EKHV pkrk qu`hkreas mae `o : EKHVN y ksç tkgjcãe ocj`rkeha `o MA: pkrk ajt`e`r ok Zcjuoask-0-V, p`ra mae ok `ezcgk Zcjuoask-0-V-@pcg` Z cjuoask-0-V-@pcg`rksk rksk `st` s` maevc`rt` `e ^couoask-0-V, b`e`rkeha Boumask-=V y Km`tco V.

 

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@e ok Boumask-=-V s` r`koczk h` cbuko gke`rk maga ok h` nagai`rg`etktcvk mukeha ok boumask cebr`sk ko boumýocscs, boumýocscs, p`ra saoa s` utcoczkrçk ; EKH, ; KXV y ; EKHN pkrk b`e`rkr saoa ; Okmtkta. @e `o Km`tco V s` utcoczk ; EKHN qu`hkeha ; EKH y ajt`ec`eha Km`tkoh`nçha, eu`vkg`et` s` utcoczkrë utcoczkrë ; EKHN pkrk qu`hkr eu`vkg`et` ; EKH y ksç `o Km`tkoh`nçha pks` pkrk ajt`e`r @tkeao (Ke`xa :). @e `st` brupa h` n`t`rai`rg`etktcva, s` cemouy` oas magpu`stas h`o nagai`rg`etktcva, nagai`rg`et ktcva, p`ra tkgjcãe Okmtajkmcooas y O`umaeastam  (Nu`rtks,  (Nu`rtks, :6;6).  :6;6). 

 

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MKVÇXPOA CY. I@ZG@EXKMCAE@] OËMXCMK] @]V@MÇICMK] @e ok cehustrck kocg`etkrck s` prahum` `e brke pkrt` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `sta s` h`j` k ok brke mkpkmchkh h` maes`rvkmcýe h`o ëmcha oëmtcma, r`suotket` h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe. [u` s` pu`h`e `emaetrkr `e tr`s brupas jc`e hci`r`emckhas `e `st` pram`sa, par uek pkrt`, oks i`rg`etkmcae`s h` ok o`mn`, ok i`rg`etkmcýe h` nartkoczks, y par ôotcga ok h` oks o`bugjr`s y s`gcooks. @e `st` pram`sa prcg`ra `s i`rg`etkha `o kocg`eta, y past`rcarg`et` s` pkst`urczk. @st` pram`sa iceko h` pkst`urczkmcýe saoa s` pu`h` nkm`r `e kobueas kocg`etas h`jcha k oks prapc`hkh`s r`aoýbcmks r`aoýbcmks h` oas gcsgas, sc`eha gës iëmco h` r`koczkr `e kqu`ooas qu` pu`h`e ioucr. Mae `xm`pmcýe h` ok o`mn` y oas qu`sas qu` su`o`e pkrtcr h` o`mn` yk pkst`urczkhk k ok qu` past`rcarg`et` s` o` ceamuoke oas muotcvas r`spaeskjo`s h` cecmckr ok i`rg`etkmcýe. K g`euha s` h`skrraook ok i`rg`etkmcýe prcgkrck y kmkjk h`s`gjamkeha oks i`rg`etkmcae`s i`rg`etkmcae`s s`muehkrcks ikvar`mchks ikvar`mchks par `o pN.

8.;. I`rg`etkmcýe 8.;.  I`rg`etkmcýe h` ok o`mn` @o pram`sa h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe h` ok o`mn` `s uek prëmtcmk qu` kmagpkûk ko nagjr` h`sh` ok ketcbÿ`hkh. Oa muko s` utcoczk k g`euha pkrk ssuu maes`rvkmcýe y maesuga, pr`vcec`eha `o rc`sba h` `ei`rg`hkh`s ksamckhks k su h`smagpascmcýe. K `sta s` o` sugý past`rcarg`et`, ok ajt`emcýe h` hci`r`et`s pr`pkrkmcae`s `okjarkhks k jks` h` o`mn`, oks muko`s kpartke brkeh`s j`e`icmcas k ok skouh. Ok vkrckmcýe pascjo` h` i`rg`etkmcae`s p`rgct` qu` `xcstke mksc 866 h`eagcekmcae`s pascjo`s h` prahumtas i`rg`etkhas h` ok o`mn` k oa okrba h` taha `o gueha. Yke h`sh` oas prahumtas gës trkhcmcaeko`s nkstk oas pram`hcgc`etas gës r`icekhas h` ok cehustrck kocg`etkrck (Okw,:6;:).  

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Pe `d`gpoa h` `st` tcpa h` i`rg`etkmcýe `s ok kmchcicmkmcýe h` ok o`mn`. Mc`rtks Mc`r tks jkmt`rcks (Okmtajkmcoou Okmtajkmcoous, s, ]tr`ptamamm ]tr`ptamammus us y Okmtamammus), oks jkmt`rcks s` kprav`mnke h` oas magpae`et`s qu` o`s air`m` `o g`hca pkrk guotcpocmkrs` guotcpocmkrs` y mr`m`r. Kprav`mnke `o kzômkr h` ok o`mn` (okmtask) y ok maevc`rt`e `e iu`et` h` `e`rbçk, h`dkeha k su pksa ëmcha oëmtcma maga ‟gkt`rcko h` h`s`mna‗. @o ëmcha oëmtcma nkm` h` ok o`mn` ue g`hca ëmcha `e `o qu` s` cekmtcvke oas pram`sas h` h`smagpascmcýe, oa qu` p`rgct` su maes`rvkmcý h`smagpascmcýe, maes`rvkmcýe. e. S ok makbuokmcýe h` ok o`mn` (mukdkhk) r`suotk h` ok pr`mcpctkmcýe h` oks prat`çeks h` ok o`mn`, y amurr` par `o h`sm`esa h` pN (kmchcicmkmcýe) h`jcha k ok pr`s`emck h` ëmcha oëmtcma. @st` pram`sa `s ok jks` pkrk ok ajt`emcýe h`o yabur. 8.:. I`rg`etkmcýe `e nartkoczks Oks nartkoczks s` sag`t`e k ue tcpa h` i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk oëmtcmk y brkmcks k `ooa s` pr prahum`e ahum`e cet`esks trkesiargkmcae`s g`darkeha sus mukochkh`s eutrctcvks y su hcb`stcjcochkh. @st` pram`sa s` hk mae ok kmmcýe h` `ezcgks a i`rg`etas, `etr` `ooas gcmraarbkecsgas, o`vkhurks y jkmt`rcks. Oks v`rhurks pu`h`e v`rs` sag`tchks k i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk y su`o` r`koczkrs` k t`gp`rkturks `etr` oas ;9 y =0´M (Nuc `t.ko, :6;6). ]` `gpo`k sko `e p`qu`ûks praparmcae`s praparmcae`s mae `o ajd`tcva h` ir`ekr ok `vaoumcýe h` jkmt`rcks qu` h`brkhke, y ea pkrtcmcpke `e `o pram`sa i`rg`etktcva. Ok sko `s cgpartket` `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk h` oks v`rhurks. S s` pu`h` i`rg`etkr mukoquc` mukoquc`rr tcpa h` v`b`tko h`p`ehc`eha h` ok mketchkh h` kbuk qu` maet`ebk, brkha h` gkhurkmcýe y t`xturk. Ok mketchkh h` sko kûkhchk h`p`eh` h`o tcpa h` v`rhurk, par `d`gpoa, oks km`ctueks y p`pceas s` `emu`etrke `etr` ue 0->%, oks mao`s ue :%, p`ra oks nartkoczks maga oks zkeknarcks y oas kdas pu`h` oo`bkr k maem`etrk m aem`etrkmcae`s mcae`s h` ue ;0-:6 % (Nuc, :6;:).

 

3

 

8.=. I`rg`etkmcýe 8.=.  I`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk h` o`bugjr`s Ok i`rg`etkmcýe h` ok o`bugjr` `s uek prëmtcmk trkhcmc trkhcmcaeko aeko `e kobueas oubkr`s, hurket` `st` pram`sa oas gcmraarbkecsgas trkesiargke oas nchrktas h` mkrjaea, prat`çeks y brksks, `e kzômkr`s s`emcooas, kgceaëmchas y ëmchas brksas ocjr`s, h` g`dar hcb`stcýe. Kh`gës, oas gcmraarbkecsgas gcmraarbkecsg as prahum`e atras eu`vas magpu`st magpu`stas as h` vkoar eutrcmcaeko eutrcmcaeko,, maga oks vctkgceks. Oks o`bugjr`s nke iargkha pkrt` h` ok kocg`etkmcýe nugkek h`sh` sus cecmcas, `o `gpo`a h` o`bugjr`s r`io`dk hc`tks h`icmctkrcks `e ocscek. Maga ok sadk (Boymce` gkx h` ok ikgcock h` oks o`bugceasks) s` i`rg`etke trkhcmcaekog`et` `e kobueas pkçs`s kscëtcmas, h` `stk iargk s` ajtc`e`e pkstks i`rg`etkhks maga `s `o mksa h`o gcsa qu` s` `okjarke g`hcket` i`rg`etkmcýe h` brkeas h` sadk `e uek skogu`rk mae maem`etrkmcae`s maem`etrkmcae`s par h`jkda h`o ;6% nkstk qu` ok g`zmok `s ëmchk. Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk h` m`r`ko`s g`dark ok mkochkh h` oas kocg`etas g`hcket` ok g`dark h` su skjar, ksç maga h` sus prapc`hkh`s eutrcmcaeko`s, `ocgcekeha kobueks h` oks prapc`hkh`s týxcmks h` sus prahumtas (Zaooëe `t.ko, :6;6). 8.8. I`rg`etkmcýe 8.8.  I`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `e mkre`s y p`smkhas Ok i`rg`etkmcýe h` prahumtas mërecmas s` nk utcoczkha h`sh` ok ketcbÿ`hkh h`jcha k oks eug`rasks v`etkdks qu` pr`s`etke `stas prahumtas sajr` oas ir`smas y oas gcmraarbkecsgas `gpo`khas `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe h` ok mkre` maescst`e `e ue brupa h` jkmt`rcks ëmcha-oëmtcmks (Okmtajkmcoous, V`hcamammus)  mae ok maokjarkmcýe h` Gcmramammkm`k` (]tkpnyoamammus, Gcmramammus), ]tr`ptagym`s, H`jkryagym`s y V`ecmcoocug   (B`aiir`y, :6;=). @stas

gcmraarbkecsgas, g`hcket` uek kmtcvchkh kek`rýjcmk maevc`rt`e `o boumýb`ea h` oas t`dchas gu`rtas `e ëmcha oëmtcma (boumýocscs past-gart`g). Ok mketchkh h` boumýb`ea h`p`eh` h` ok mkochkh, y tcpa h` t`dcha, ket`s h` ok gu`rt` h`o kecgko. @st` i`eýg`ea s` v` cet`rrugpcha par `ezcgks, h` tko iargk, qu` `o boumýocscs past gart`g ea s` icekoczk. @stk i`rg`etkmcýe prahum` ue skjar y kragk magpo`da, praparmcaeke praparmcaekeha ha ksç uek ju`ek maes`rvkmcý maes`rvkmcýee h`o kocg`eta kocg`eta.. Ok i`rg`etkmcýe h`o p`smkha `s uek tãmecmk trkhcmcaeko utco utcoczkhk czkhk `e oas pkçs`s kscëtcmas pkrk kokrbkr `o p`rcaha h` mkhumchkh h` prahumtas `okjarkhas k jks` h` p`smkha ` cemr`g`etkr `o j`e`icmca h`rcvkha h` ok gkt`rck prcgk. S `e `o mksa h`o p`smkha oa nkjctuko `s qu` s` `emu`etr` jkda uek g`zmok, par `d`gpoa, p`smkha y sko mae `o ajd`tcva h` s`mkr oas t`dchas ikvar`mc`eha `o i`rg`etkha oëmtcma.

 

;6

 

MKVÇXPOA Y. MPZYK H@]MZCVXCYK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE OËMXCMK. 0.;. Murvk h` mr`mcgc`eta @s cgpartket` r`mkomkr qu` ok mceãtcmk h` i`rg`etkmcýe `stë ocbkhk k h`skrraookr murvks pkrk h`t`rgcekr ok mkpkmchkh gcmrajckek h`o ëmcha oëmtcma, `s h` brke cgpartkemck `e ok maes`rvkmcýe h` oas kocg`etas, haeh` `o kzômkr h`o prahumta `s maev`rtcha k ëmcha oëmtcma, s` cevaoumrke, tc`gpa, t`gp`rkturks y pN ceiouy`et`s `e `o pram`sa. ]`bôe oas brupas jkmt`rckeas oëmtcmas h` oas bãe`ras s` gu`strke< Okmtajkmcoous, Jcichajkmt`rcug, V`hcamammus, ]tr`ptamammus y O`umaeastam . Ok iargk `e qu` s` h`skrraook `st` pram`sa `s kek`rajck, `e tatko kus`emck h`

axçb`ea `o r`maeamcgc`eta h` ok `i`mtcvchkh h` ok kmtcvchkh ëmchk oëmtcmk s` h`t`rgcek g`hcket` uek murvk h` kmchcicmkmcýe. 0.:. Murvk h` Kmchcicmkmcýe. Pek murvk h` kmchcicmkmcýe `s `okjarkhk mae `o ajd`tcva h` ch`etcicmkr gkyar m`pk kmchcicmket` jëscmkg`et` jëscmkg`et` maescst` `e ceamuokr ok m`pk k `vkoukr (;%), pr`vckg`et` `stkehkrczkhk k uek maem`etrkmcýe `qucvko`et` k 8 GkmIkrokeh (;.: x ;6 3 PIM/gO) `e ;66 gO h` o`mn` `et`rk uotrkpkst`urczkhk (PNX). Vast`rcarg`et` s` cemujk k =6¶M y s` gaectar`k `o h`sm`esa h` pN y ok b`e`rkmcýe h` ëmcha oëmtcma k oks 6, ;:, :8 y 8> narks.

 

;;

 

Oas pN h` oks gu`strks s` h`t`rgceke k t`gp`rkturk kgjc`et` (:: » :¶M) mae ue pat`emcýg`tra par ceg`rscýe h`o `o`mtraha pr`vckg`et` mkocjrkha. Gc`etrks qu` `o vkoar h` kmch`z s` h`t`rgcek par tctuokmcýe mae EkAN 6.; E s` `xpr`sk maga parm`etkd` h` ëmcha oëmtcma `e o`mn`.(Zkgçr`z-Oýp o`mn` .(Zkgçr`z-Oýp`z `z & Yão`z-Zucz, :6;9) (Ke`xa =). @e `o mukhra pah`gas ajs`rvkr qu` `o pN cecmcko `e `o tc`gpa 6 `s h` 9.0 maeiarg` pksk `o tc`gpa `o pN h`smc`eh` gkrmkhkg`et gkrmkhkg`et`, `, k pkrtcr h` ok nark 9 `xcst` uek cemujkmcýe cemujkmcýe marr`mtk pah`gas h`mcr qu` k gkyar tc`gpa h` i`rg`etkmcýe `o pN oo`bk k ue prag`hca h` =.0 k 8.0. Atra pueta qu` s` pu`h` ajs`rvkr `s `o parm`etkd` h` ëmcha oëmtcma qu` h`skrraook ok jkmt`rck oëmtcmk, ikvar`m` k ok maes`rvkmcýe h`o prahumta, haeh` `xcst` g`ear pascjcochkh h` maetrk`r kb`et`s pktýb`eas.

 

;:

 

MKVÇXPOA YC. MKGJCA H@ VN @E OK I@ZG@EXKMCÝE 9.;. @o pN `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk. Oas pN ýptcgas `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk pkrk oas gcmraarbkecsgas vkrçke `etr` 0.0 k 9.6 s`bôe ok m`pk ok kmch`z `s h` 9.6 pkrk O`. ok`tc, 9.: pkrk O. juobkrcmus, 9.6 pkrk O. poketkrug, 0.0 pkrk O. h`ojru`mlcc y 9.: pkrk O. ok`tcs. ok`tcs. (Arazma, :6;;)  :6;;)  Maga g`emcaeke Gkrmck `t ko. :6;;< qu` hurket` `o pram`sa g`tkjýocma h`o ëmcha oëmtcma k pkrtcr h` iu`et`s mkrjaektkhks mkrjaektkhks maga okmtask y ok skmkrask ikvar` ikvar`m`e m`e `o cemr`g`eta h` kmch`z, `o muko cehcmk ok pr`s`emck h` jkmt`rcks ëmcha oëmtcmk y su kprapckha mr`mcgc`eta. Kh`gës, hurket` `o pram`sa g`tkjýocma s` s`pkrke ok gaoãmuok h` skmkrask `e boumask y irumtask, y h` ok gaoãmuok okmtask s` ajtc`e` boumask y bkokmtask< ea ajstket`, `e ok boumýocscs ok trkesiargkmcýe h` ok mãouok y ok axchkmcýe h` ok boumask kyuhke k prahumcr ëmcha pcrôvcma, ou`ba `o ëmcha oëmtcma `stkjo`m` uek maehcmcýe h` jkda pN qu` suprcg` `o mr`mcgc`eta h` gcmraarbkecsgas ea h`s`khas maga Vs`uhagaeks, Vs`uhagaek s, Garkx`ook, Kmce`tajkmt`r y Gcmramammus.

 

;=

 

9.:. Xao`rkemck h` mkgjcas h` pN ]`bôe oas `stuhcas r`koczkhas par Lnkbwkc, Lnkbwkc , ]nkrgk, & Mnkeh (:6;8)< oas pN kdustkhas h`o g`hca h` muotcva s` kpocmkrae h` 8.6, 0.6, 9.6 y 2.6 `e ok s`pkrkmcýe h` pokmks mae kbkr Gke, Zabask y ]nkrp` (GZ])< ( GZ])< muketcicmkeha ok sup`rvcv`emck y r`scst`emck ko mkgjca h` pN h` oks jkmt`rcks pkrk pram`h`r k ok cemujkmcýe k uek t`gp`rkturk h` =2¶M hurket` :8 narks, `o muko s` magpkrk mae oas gcmraarbkecsgas gcmraarbkecsgas vckjo`s h`o ceýmuoa< `o parm`etkd` h` r`scst`emck s` mkomuoý h` kmu`rha k ok scbuc`et` `mukmcýe4

Oks m`pks kcsokhks h` gu`strks h` pazao jokema y pazao mae mkmka (K, J, @ y I), kogkm`ekhks k t`gp`rkturk kgjc`et`, r`scstc`rae oas mkgjcas h` pN hurket` :8 n, gastrkeha gkyar mr`mcgc`eta k vkoar`s m`rmkeas k 8.6, qu` `o r`sta h` oks jkmt`rcks kcsokhks, mae ue mr`mcgc`eta h`o 00 %, magpkrkhks mae oks qu` s` gketuvc`rae `e r`ircb`rkmcýe, qu` komkezkrae ue ;0 % gëxcga ko gcsga pN, `vch`emcëehas` h` `sk gke`rk su sup`rvcv`e sup`rvcv`emck mck `e maehcmcae`s ëmchks< mkrkmt`rçstcmks scgcokr`s iu`rae ajt`echks par Okrk y Jurbas (:6;:), quc`e`s cehcmkrae qu` kqu`ooks jkmt`rcks mae pat`emcko prajcýtcma h`j`e h` sajr`vcvcr y r`scstcr k mkgjcas h` pN (e`utra k ëmcha)< b`e`rkog`et` oas prajcýtcmas qu` r`scst`e pN guy ëmcha (?8) p`rt`e`m`e k ok ikgcock h` Okmtajkmcoous (Mu`ta, Suhtkehuoy & Yko`ezu`ok. Yko`ezu`ok.,, :6;6). :6;6).  

 

;8

 

MAEMOP]CAE@] Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `s guy ôtco pkrk s`r uskhk `e ok kbracehustrck yk kh`gës h` mr`kr prahumtas prat`b` h` gcmraarbkecsgas qu` cet`etke `strap`kr ok gkt`rck prcgk brkmcks ko ëmcha oëmtcma qu` `o`vk `o pN `vctkeha qu` oas gcmraarbkecsgas gcmraarbkecsgas cebr`s`e k ok gkt`rck prcgk Oks jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks sae h` gumnk cgpartkemck pkrk ok prahummcýe h` ëmchas oëmtcmas h` oas muko`s oas gës h`stkmkjo` h`stkmkjo`ss sae Okmtajkmcoou Okmtajkmcoous, s, Jcichajkmt` Jcichajkmt`rcug, rcug, V`hcamammu V`hcamammus, s, ]tr`ptamammus y O`umaeastam.

Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk `e ok cehustrck kocg`etcmck kocg`etcmck p`rgct` qu` `o pram`sa s`k `d`mutkha h` tko iargk qu` prcg`ra s` i`rg`etk `o kocg`eta y ksç g`dark ok mkochkh h`o kocg`eta `ocgcekeha kobueks h` sus prapc`hkh`s týxcmks.  týxcmks.  Ch`etcicmkr, maeam`r maeam`r y `vkoukr ok mkpkmchkh g`tkjýocmk h` oks m`pks gcmrajckeks oëmtcmks par g`hca h` murvks m urvks `stkhçstcmas `s ue pueta guy cgpartket`, h`t`rgcekrk h`skrraookr prahumtas jkskha `e o`mn` `icmc`et`g`et`, `icmc`et`g`et`, maes`rvkeha y kug`etkeha sus ecv`o`s eutrcmcaeko`s r`mag`ehkhass pkrk `e uek hc`tk skouhkjo`, oas vkoar`s pr`mcsas `o pN, t`gp`rkturk y tc`gpa, sae r`mag`ehkha h`t`rgcekjo`s. .  @o pN ýptcga qu` s` kpocmk `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk vkrçke `etr` 8 k 9 pkrk oas gcmraarbkecsgas qu` cet`rvc`e`e `e `o pram`sa g`tkjýocma h`o ëmcha oëmtcma `o muko mr`k ok maehcmcýe h` ue jkda pN pkrk `ocgcekr `o mr`mcgc`eta h` gcmraarbkecsgas ea h`s`khas maga Vs`uhagaeks, Garkx`ook, Kmce`tajkmt Kmce`tajkmt`r `r y Gcmramammus.  

 

;0

 

Z@MAG@EHKMCAE@] ]` h`j` iag`etkr gës `o usa h`o ëmcha oëmtcma `e ok maes`rvkmcýe h` kocg`etas, h` `stk iargk s` uskrë g`eas oas maes`rvket`s maes`rvket`s quçgcmas `vctkeha `ei`rg`hkh`s, kh`gës tkgjcãe s` knarrkrë `e `o masta h` kobuea h` `stas maes`rvket`s. V`ra s` h`j` gket`e`r ue oçgct` ko uskr ëmcha oëmtcma. Jrcehkr gkyar ceiargkmcýe sajr` `o usa h`o ëmcha oëmtcma yk qu` mae `ook s` pu`h` `st`rcoczkr ut`escocas, maes`rvkr, pkst`urczkr kocg`etas. Ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk ea saoa h`j` s`r uskhk `e kocg`etas h`rcvkhas h`rcvkhas h` ok o`mn`, ma maga ga yk vcgas ket`rcarg`et` tkgjcãe `s uskhk `e `emurtchas y `gjutchas, par `ooa oas gcmra`gpr`skrcas tkrg`ûas h`j` jusmkr gkyar ceiargkmcýe pkrk ksç kpocmkr `stas gãtahas `e nartkoczks qu` mr mr`m`e `m`e `e Xkrgk y `xpartkr prahumta ekmcaeko.

 

;9

 

Z@I@Z@EMCK] JCJOCABZËICMK] J`ekvch`s, G. (:6;3). Kpocmkmcýe h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk maga `strkt`bck h` trkesiargkmcýe y vkoarczkmcýe h` gktrcm`s v`b`tko`s . Pecv`rschkh Ekmcaeko h` Maoagjck. Jkrm`oaek, @spkûk  Mu`ta, G., Suhtkehuoy, G. y Yko`ezu`ok, D. (:6;6). @vkoukmcýe ce vctra h`o pat`emcko prajcýtcma h` jkmt`rcks ëmcha oëmtcmks kcsokhks h` su`ra mast`ûa.  Kmtukochkh`s jcaoýbcmks, =: (3=)4 (3=)4 ;:3-;=>  Ikmuotkh h` Mc`emcks Kbrap`mukrcks (:6;8) G@XKJAOC]GA GCMZAJCKEA. Z`mup`rkha h`4 nttp4//kbra.uem.`hu.kr/~gcmrajcaoabck/wp-maet`et nttp4//kbra.uem.`hu.kr/~ gcmrajcaoabck/wp-maet`et/upoakhs/:6;8/ /upoakhs/:6;8/68/uechkh-:-g`tkj 68/uechkh-:-g`tkjaocsga.phi  aocsga.phi   B`aiir`y, M.V. (:6;=), Mkre`s i`rg`etkhks, Vrcg`rk, ]prceb`r ]mc`em`. Jusce`ss G`hck, C]JE ;89;0:;9=2   Nu`rtks, Z. K. V. (:6;6). Jkmt`rcks ëmcha oëmtcmks4 Vkp`o iuemcaeko `e oas kocg`etas. Jcat`meaoabçk `e `o s`mtar kbrap`mukrca y kbracehustrcko , > (;), (;), 3=-;60. 

Nuc, S.N, ]u` Bnkzkok, H`` G. Brknkg, L.H. Gurr`oo, Rkc-Lct Ecp (:6;6). MZM Vr`ss, `h. Gkeuko h` Maes`rvkmcýe y Vram`skgc`eta h` Y`b`tko`s. Vrcg`rk `hcmcýe. C]JE 6>:8209902.  Nuc, S.N (:6;:), Gkeuko h` mc`emck, t`meaoabçk ` ceb`ec`rçk h` oas kocg`etas, Yaoug`e 8, MZM Vr`ss, C]JE 6>83=3>830  Lnkbwkc, E., ]nkrgk, V., & Mnkeh, H. (:6;8). ]mr``eceb keh `vkouktcae ai Okmajkmcoous spp. iar tn` Gcmr ajcaoaby Z`s`krmn, > (;0), h`v`oapg`et ai pat`etcko prajcatcms. Kircmke Daureko ai Gcmrajcaoaby (;0), ;02=-;023 

Okw, J.K. (:6;:), Gcmrajcaoabçk y jcaquçgcmk h`o qu`sa y ok o`mn` i`rg`etkhk, i`rg`etkhk, s`buehk `hcmcýe, ]prceb` ]prceb`rr ]mc`em` & Jusce`ss G`hck, C]JE ;89;=;;:;2  Gkrmck, @., Gko`spçe, D., ]ëemn`z, G., & J`ekv`et`, G. (:6;;). @stuhca h` ok i`rg`etkmcýe oëmtcmk pkrk ok `xtrkmmcýe h` quctcek k pkrtcr h` h`s`mnas h` mrustëm`as. E`xa Z`vcstk Mc`etçicmk, :8(;), ==-8:.  Gkrtce Y`rt`har, H., Vãr`z E`vkha, I., & H`obkha Khëg`z, D. D . (:6;2). Ok jcat`meaoabçk maga n`rrkgc`etk h` h`skrraooa h`o s`mtar kbrakocg`etkrca h` @xtr`gkhurk. @e Ok kbrcmuoturk y ok bkekh`rçk `xtr`g`ûks (pëbs. ::=-:=9). Iuehkmcýe MJ.  

 

 

Okrk, M. y Jurbas, K. (:6;:). Vat`emcko prajcýtcma h` m`pks ektcvks pkrk su usa maga khctcvas `e ok kocg`etkmcýe kvçmaok. Z`vcstk Maoagjckek h` Jcat`meaoabçk, ;8 (;), =;-86.  Arazma, I. (:66;). Vrahummcýe h` ëmcha oëmtcma par g`hca h` i`rg`etkmcýe kek`rajck y su paocg`rczkmcýe k pkrtcr h` r`kmmcae`s h` kp`rturk h` kecooa (t`scs h` pasbrkha). M`etra h` Cev`stcbkmcýe Mc`etçicmk

h` Sumktëe K.M. Vkrrk, Z. (:6;6). Jkmt`rcks Ëmchas Oëmtcmks4 Vkp`o iuemcaeko `e oas oa s kocg`etas. Z`v.Jca.Kbra. :6;6.  Zkgçr`z-Oýp`z, M., & Yão`z-Zucz, D. I. (:6;9). Kcsokgc`eta, Mkrkmt`rczkmcýe y ]`o`mmcýe h` Jkmt`rcks Oëmtcmks Kutýmtaeks h` O`mn` y [u`sa Ir`sma Krt`skeko h` Mkjrk. Ceiargkmcýe t`meaoýbcmk, :2(9), ;;0-;:>. nttps4//hac.arb/;6 nttps4//hac.arb/;6.8692/]62;>-6298 .8692/]62;>-6298:6;9666966 :6;96669666; 6;  Zkgcr`z, D., Zasks, V., Y`oëzqu`z, G., Krgkeha, D. & Krm`, I. (:6;;). Jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks4 Cgpartkemck `e kocg`etas y sus `i`mtas `e ok skouh. Gãxcma4 Pecv`rschkh Kutýeagk h` Ekykrct. Z`vcstk Iu`et` Kûa :, Ea. 2.  Zaooëe, M.O. B`r`z, K. G. Hkookbeao, G.C. Xarcea y B. Iaet (:6;6). Z`vcstk h` cev`stcbkmcýe kmtuko h` mc`emcks jcaoýbcmks, `h. Kmtukoczkmcýe `e ok i`rg`etkmcýe h`o pke par jkmt`rcks h`o ëmcha oëmtcma.   Xarr`s, G. (:6;:). Ioark cet`stceko, prajcýtcmas y skouh. Gãxcma, Bukhkokdkrk. ]`buehk @hcmcýe, Iargks Iceks.  Tërkt` ]krkpurk, @. (:6:6). Gah`okgc`eta h` ok Jcamaes`rvkmcýe h` ok Nkgjurbu`sk h` mkre` par prahumtas arbëecmas h` jkmt`rcks Ëmcha Oëmtcmks Nagai`rg`et Nagai`rg`etktcvks. ktcvks.

 

 

KE@^A]

;2

 

KE@^A ;4 Ptcoczkmcýe h` oks prcemcpko`s jkmt`rcks oëmtcmks

Iu`et`4 Xarr`s, :6;: 

KE@^A :4 Zutks g`tkjýocmks pkrk ajt`e`r uek i`rg`etkmcýe

Iu`et`4 G`tkjaocsga Gcmrajckea (:6;8)

 

;>

 

KE@^A =4 k) Murvk h` h`sm`esa h` pN< j) Murvk h` prahummcýe h` ëmcha oëmtcma. 

Iu`et`4 Zkgçr`z-Oýp`z, M.:6;9 

 

;3