Monografia Corriente Alterna

 

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.............................................................. 4? Skt`fnid ifstdftäf`d y pkt`fnid dntivd8 ...............................................................

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Skt`fnid dntivd, Skt`fnid a`eid nkfsuaied n kfsuaied k pkt`fnid doskroied8 .................. 4?

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WI.  @H@_NINIK^ E@ DSJINDNIÞF ........................................................................... 45 WII.  DSJINDNIKF@^ @F NDASK ................................................................................ ............................................................................... 40 ............................................................................................................ 47 0.  NKFNJP^IKF@^  .............................................................................................................

.  KOH@UI\K^8 >.4. KOH@UI\K M@F@_DJ8 Dfdjizdr y `jdokrdr ufd akfkmrdlád skor` `j nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd.

>.?. KOH@UI\K^ @^S@NILINK^8   _`nkpijdr iflkradniþf e`j nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd.

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  E`snrioir t`þrinda`ft` `j nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd.

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  Dfdjizdr y nkfkn`r jd lþraujd e`j nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd.

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  @jdokrdr `j näjnujk e` `h`rniniks e`j nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd.

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5

IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

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5.  AD_NK U@Þ_INK I.  M@F@_DEK_ E@ NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD ^`møf S`ôdrdfed (4) a`fnikfd qu` ndsi tked jd `j`ntriniede ldorinded pkr `j gkaor` s` nr`d a`eidft` m`f`rdekr`s `jéntrinks ndpdn`s e` trdfslkradr `f`rmád a`näfind `f `f`rmád `jéntrind. Jd `f`rmád a`näfind qu` au`v` `j m`f`rdekr pu`e` prkn`e`r e` sdjtks e` dmud (n`ftrdj`s gierk`jéntrinds) k s`r trdfsaitied pkr `j vdpkr qu` au`v` jds turoifds `f `j ndsk e` n`ftrdj`s térainds t érainds k funj`dr`s. Ukeks jks m`f`rdekr`s s` odsdf `f jd j`y e` Ldrdedy, qu` `stdoj`n` qu` s` pu`e` ifeunir ufd lu`rzd `j`ntrkaktriz `f uf nirnuitk, vdridfek `j ljuhk e`j ndapk admfétink qu` jk dtrdvi`sd, e` jds simui`ft`s lkrads8 -  \dridfek jd sup`rlini` e`j nirnuitk, `stk `s e`lkraäfekjk. -  \dridfek `j ndapk `jéntrink admfétink. -  \dridfek `j äfmujk qu` lkradf `j ndapk admfétink y jd sup`rlini` e`j nirnuitk.

L i mur d F³ 4 M` M `f` f`rr dekr ekr e` nk nkrr r i `ft` djt djt` `r fd. L u` u`ft` ft`88 pä pämi mi fd  fd gttps8 gttps8 //si sit` t`s.m s.mkk kkmj mj`.nk `.nka a 

@j m`f`rdekr e`snritk pu`e` utijizdrs` nkak ufd lu`ft` e` djia`ftdniþf e` uf nirnuitk `xt`rfk y prkpkrnikfd ufd t`fsiþf djt`rfd nkf jds aisads ndrdnt`rástinds qu` jd lu`rzd `j`ntrkaktriz y nkf uf vdjkr nkrr`spkfei`ft` dj vkjtdh` ifstdftäf`k `ftr` jks t`raifdj`s d y o e` jd `spird `f nirnuitk doi`rtk, ekfe` s` e`spr`nid jd ndáed e` t`fsiþf e`oiek d jd r`sist`fnid ift`rfd e`j m`f`rdekr.

0

IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

PFI\@_^IE E N UÞJIN JK^ ÄFM@J@^ E@ NGIAOKU@ @^NP@J S_KL@^IKF J E@

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II.  NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD @F PFD _@^I^U@FNID @j nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd aäs s`fnijjk s` nkapkf` e` uf m`f`rdekr y ufd r`sist`fnid _ tdj nkak s` ifeind `f jd iadm`f ekfe` s` gd utijizdek jd siaokjkmád qu` nkrr`spkfe` d `stks `j`a`ftks.

L i mur d F³ ? L ds` ds`,, äfmujk e` e` ld lds` s`,, eil` eil `r `fnid e` lds`. lds`. gttp8// //www.sdpi www.sdpi`fsadf.nka/  `fsadf.nka/   L u`ft u`ft` `8  gttp8

Ekfe` jd ift`fsiede e` nkrri`ft` qu` nirnujdrd d trdvés e` jd r`sist`fnid s` koti`f` d pdrtir e` jd j`y j` y e` Kga. Jd nkrri`ft` y jd t`fsiþf `f okrf`s e` jd r`sist`fnid `stäf `f lds`, e` akek qu` daods admfitue`s djndfzdf jks vdjkr`s aäxiaks y aáfiaks `f `j aisak ifstdft`.

III.  NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD @F PFD OKOIFD Pfd vdridniþf e` jd ift`fsiede qu` nirnujd d trdvés e` uf nirnuitk prkeun` uf l`fþa`fk e` dutkifeunniþf, krimifäfeks` `f jd lu`rzd `j`ntrkaktriz.

L i mur d F³ > @ l`ntk l`ntk e e` ` ufd okoifd-nk okoifd-nkrr r i `ft` djt djt` `r fd. gttps8// //www www.m .mknkfq knkfqrr .nka/ .nka/`s `s   L u`ft` u`ft`88  gttps8

^i jd t`fsiþf suaifistrded pkr uf m`f`rdekr e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd qu` dpjind d ufd  okoifd supu`std ie`dj, `s e`nir sif r`sist`fnid, jd t`fsiþf dpjinded vdridoj` nkf `j ti`apk, krimifdrä ufd nkrri`ft` tdaoiéf vdridoj` nkf `j ti`apk `f jd okoifd y `f <

IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

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nkfs`nu`fnid nkfs`nu` fnid s` prkeunirä `f `jjd ufd lu`rzd `j`ntrkaktriz dutkifeunied kpu`std d jd suaifistrded pkr `j m`f`rdek m`f`rdekr. r. Ekfe` J r`pr`s`ftd `j nk`lini`ft` e` dutkifeunniþf e` jd okoifd. Jd nkrri`ft` qu` nirnujd d trdvés e` `st` `j`a`ftk s` pu`e` e`t`raifdr d lr`nu`fnids `j`vdeds jd iap`edfnid e` jd okoifd pu`e` s`r jk sulini`ft`a`ft` mrdfe` pdrd qu` fk e`h` pdsdr nkrri`ft` nkak `j dntk e` uf lijtrk pdrd djtds lr`nu`fnids.

I\.  NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD @F PF NKFE@F^DEK_. Pf nkfe`fsdekr ift`rndjdek `f uf nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` nkftifud nkfstituy` ufd r`sist`fnid iflifitd ` iapie` `j pdsk e` nkrri`ft`2 `j nkfe`fsdekr s` ndrmd ifa`eidtda`ft` krimifdfek uf vkjtdh` imudj y kpu`stk d jd t`fsiþf dpjinded. ^i jd t`fsiþf `s djt`rfd, jd ndrmd e`j nkfe`fsdekr ndrid nkftdft`a`ft`, s` ndrmd y e`sndrmd p`riþeinda`ft` nkf jd aisad lr`nu`fnid qu` jd t`fsiþf, pkr jk qu` jd nkrri`ft` djt`rfd s` pu`e` trdfsaitir d trdvés e` éj (4).

L i mur d F Nkfe` Nkfe `fsde fsdekr nk nkr r r i `ft`/  djt djt` `r fd fd.. L ³u`ft` u`5ft`8 8  gttps8 gttps8// //lilikr e`st`n.nka e` st`n.nka/ 

Jd r`jdniþf `ftr` jd t`fsiþf y jd ift`fsiede aäxiad nkrr`spkf nkrr`spkfe`rä e`rä d jd iap`edfnid i ap`edfnid e`j nkfe`fsdekr, qu` `f `st` ndsk s` e`fkaifd r`dntdfnid ndpdnitivd k ndpdnitdfnid. ndpdnitdfnid. Jd admfitue `s ufd a`eied e` jd r`sist`fnid e`j nkfe`fsdekr d jd dnuaujdniþf e` ndrmd. ^u ufiede `s `j kga.

\.  _@S_@^@FUDNIÞF _@S_@^@FUDNIÞF \@NUK_IDJ E@ L_@^F@J. @j nkapkrtdai`ftk `f nkrri`ft` djt`rfd e` jks tr`s tipks e` `j`a`ftks (r`sist`fnid,  okoifds y nkfe`fsdekr`s), nkfe`fsdekr`s), `s s`fnijjk nudf nudfek ek dntødf pkr s`pdrde s`pdrdek, k, p`rk nudfek s` nkaoifdf nkfstituy`fek nkfstituy`fek uf e`t`raifdek nirnuitk su `stueik dfdjátink s` nkapjind. @jjk `s e`oiek d qu` `j akviai`ftk e` jks `j`ntrkf`s nkfstituy` uf akviai`ftk ksnijdtkrik lkrzdek y dakrtimudek `f `j qu` jd t`fsiþf iapujsdekrd `s jd qu` =

IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

PFI\@_^IE E N UÞJIN JK^ ÄFM@J@^ E@ NGIAOKU@ @^NP@J S_KL@^IKF J E@

NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD

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NI\IJ

suaifistrd `j m`f`rdekr y `f nkfs`nu`fnid jd ift`fsiede ko`e`n` d ufd `nudniþf eil`r`fnidj jif`dj e` s`mufek kre`f fk gkakméf`d qu` su`j` r`skjv`rs` utijizdfek føa`rks nkapj`hks. @f `st` aétkek dpjindr`aks jd nkfstrunniþf e` ufks eidmrdads e`fkaifdeks e` lr`sf`j ekfe` nded admfitue vi`f` r`pr`s`ftded pkr uf v`ntkr rktdtkrik jjdadek v`ntkr lr`sf`j.

L im urd F F³³ 0 _ `pr` pr`s` s`ftd ftdniþf niþf e e` `L Lr`sf` r`sf`j. j. gttp8///t /t`j`lkr `j`lkrad adni nikf.`eu.dytkjdnk kf.`eu.dytkjdnkrr ufd.`s/   L u` u`ft` ft`88  gttp8

\I.  NI_NPIUK _JN ^@_I@. _@^KFDFNID.

@s uf nirnuitk lkradek pkr tr`s `j`a`ftks dsknideks nkak s` au`strd `f jd llimurd, imurd, nkfstituy` uf nirnuitk _JN s`ri`. Jd ift`fsiede qu` nirnujd d trdvés e` nded ufk e` `stks `j`a`ftks `s jd aisad y s`rä jd qu` de`nu` `j vdjkr e` jd t`fsiþf dpjinded y e` jd iap`edfnid tktdj e`j nirnuitk.

L imurd F³ < Nir nu nuitk itk _J N s` s`ri ri `. L u` u`ft` ft`88  gttps8//vintkrimfdnik499>.wixsit`.nka/  

Pf nirnuitk _JN `s uf nirnuitk jif`dj qu` nkfti`f` ufd r`sist`fnid `jéntrind, ufd  okoifd y uf uf ndpdnitkr. Nudfek s` trdodhd nkf uf nirnuitk _JN `f nkrri`ft` djt`rfd s` ti`f` uf nirnuitk r`skfdft`, `stk s` e`o` d jds lr`nu`fnids qu` s` m`f`rdf `f `j aisak e`oiek dj `j`a`ftk ndpdnitivk ` ifeuntivk. ?4 Dj imudj qu` `j dfäjisis nkf nkrri`ft` nkftifud, 7

IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

PFI\@_^IE E N UÞJIN JK^ ÄFM@J@^ E@ NGIAOKU@ @^NP@J S_KL@^IKF J E@

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`st` nirnuitk pks`` ufd r`spu`std tktdj, jd nudj s` nkflkrad e` r`spu`std fdturdj y lkrzded2 `f ekfe` jd r`spu`std fdturdj e`j nirnuitk _JN e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd `s jd aisad qu` pdrd uf nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` nkftifud (0). Dj imudj qu` `j dfäjisis nkf nkrri`ft` nkftifud, `st` nirnuitk pks`` ufd r`spu`std tktdj, jd nudj s` nkflkrad e` r`spu`std fdturdj y lkrzded2 `f ekfe` jd r`spu`std fdturdj e`j nirnuitk _JN e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd `s jd aisad qu` pdrd uf nirnuitk e` nkrri`ft` nkftifud.

_`spu`std lkrzded D lif e` dfdjizdr `st` tipk e` r`spu`std, s` e`o` trd`r d nkjdniþf `j nkfn`ptk e` iap`edfnid, jd iap`edfnid `f uf nirnuitk `jéntrink s` e`snrio` nkak jd kpksiniþf qu` pr`s`ftd `j nirnuitk dj pdsk e` nkrri`ft`, `f ekfe` `std kpksiniþf e` nkrri`ft` e`p`fe` e` jks `j`a`ftks qu` nkflkradf `j nirnuitk (nkfe`fsdekr, okoifd, lu`ft` y r`sist`fnid). Jd e`snripniþf adt`aätind e` jd iap`edfnid m`f`rdja`ft` s` `stdoj`n` d pdrtir e` jd simui`ft` `nudniþf8

@j nkfn`ptk e` iap`edfnid `s auy iapkrtdft` pdrd `ft`fe`r `j nkapkrtdai`ftk e` jd nkrri`ft` `f `j nirnuitk qu` `stdaks dfdjizdfek, yd qu` `j vdjkr e` iap`edfnid dl`ntd ifv`rsda`ft` `j ljuhk e` nkrri`ft` `f `j nirnuitk. Sdrd nudfek `j nirnuitk _JN `s f`tda`ft` r`sistivk t`fer`aks uf vdjkr e` r`dntdfnid tktdj n`rk, pkr jk tdftk `j nirnuitk s` `fnu`ftrd `f r`skfdfnid, nkfs`nu`fnid e` `stk s` m`f`rdrä `j aäxiak ljuhk e` nkrri`ft` pksioj` `f `j nirnuitk. @s e` vitdj iapkrtdfnid a`fnikfdr qu` nudfek uf nirnuitk _JN s` `fnu`ftrd `f rémia`f p`radf`ft` sifuskiedj, s` pu`e` pr`s`ftdr `j l`fþa`fk e` r`skfdfnid, `stk s` e`o` d jd lr`nu`fnid e` ksnijdniþf prkpid e`j sist`ad, `s e`nir nudfek jd lr`nu`fnid e` `ftrded `f uf nirnuitk _JN, s` imudjd i mudjd d jd lr`nu`fnid e` ksnijdniþf e`j nirnuitk, s` prkeun` `j ?? l`fþa`fk e` r`skfdfnid `f `j nudj `j ljuhk l juhk e` nkrri`ft` `s aäxiak pdrd `j nirnuitk, uf ndsk pdrtinujdr `s `j usk e` `st` ll`fþa`fk `fþa`fk `f jks rdeiks, jks nudj`s nudfek `j nirnuitk _JN ift`rfk e`j eispksitivk s` `fnu`ftrd `f r`skfdfnid  p`rait` siftkfizdr ufd `aiskrd e`t`raifded e`t`raifded

\II.  NI_NPIUK _JN SD_DJ@JK ^`møf @sndfeþf _daár`z, _. (?) @f uf nirnuitk _JN qu` pr`s`ft` jks tr`s `j`a`ftks nkf`ntdeks `f pdrdj`jk, jd t`fsiþf tktdj dpjinded dj nirnuitk `s jd aisad 9

IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

PFI\@_^IE E N UÞJIN JK^ ÄFM@J@^ E@ NGIAOKU@ @^NP@J S_KL@^IKF J E@

NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD

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NI\IJ

qu` jd qu` t`f`aks `f okrf`s e` nded `j`a`ftk, ai`ftrds qu` jd ift`fsiede qu` nirnujd pdrd nded ufk e` `jjks `s eistiftd y e`p`fe` e` jks `l`ntks e` jd _, e` jd J y e` jd N.

L imurd im urd F³ =. Nir nuitk nuitk pdrdj` rdj`jk jk _J N. gttp8///t /tutkr utkrii dj`se` dj`se``j`nt `j`ntrr kfi kfindo ndodsi dsind.ojkms nd.ojkmspk pkt.nka/  t.nka/   L u` u`ft` ft`88  gttp8

Eded jd ife`p`fe`fnid e` nded ufk e` `stks `j`a`ftks, pkr nded ufk e` `jjks  pdsdrd ufd ift`fsiede eistiftd, e` lkrad qu` su suad nkrr`spkfed nkrr`spkfed d jd ift`fsiede tktdj e`j nirnuitk.

Udj qu`8

@xpr`siþf `f qu` jd suad `s ufd suad v`ntkridj y ekfe` X r`pr`s`ftd jd iap`edfnid `quivdj`ft` e` tkek `j nirnuitk y nuyk vdjkr s`rä.

\III.  NI_NPIUK^ M@F@_DJ@^ ^`møf Akftkyd Muzaäf. (>). Pf nirnuitk `jéntrink `s ufd s`ri` e` `j`a`ftks k nkapkf`ft`s `jéntrinks, tdj`s nkak r`sist`fnid, ifeuntdfnids, nkfe`fsdekr`s y lu`ft`s, k `jéntrinks, nkf`ntdeks `jéntrinda`ft` `ftr` si nkf `j prkpþsitk e` m`f`rdr, trdfspkrt` k akeilindr s`ôdj`s `jéntrinds.

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IF^U J NIKF@^ @JÉNU_IN ^

 

PFI\@_^IE E N UÞJIN JK^ ÄFM@J@^ E@ NGIAOKU@ @^NP@J S_KL@^IKF J E@

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Sdrd e`snrioir uf nirnuitk `jéntrink siapj` `stueidr`aks uf sist`ad e` prkt`nniþf ndtþeind `j nudj pu`e` nkfsistir siapj`a`ft` `f ufd lu`ft` e` pke`r nkf`ntded d ufk k aäs nkapkf`ft`s, prifnipdja`ft` r`sistkr`s, pkr a`eik e` uf djdaor` g`ngk e` uf adt`ridj nkfeuntkr, `j nirnuitk `jéntrink siapj` nkfstituy` ufd lu`ft` e` pke`r qu` vd d prkpkrnikfdr ufd lu`rzd `j`ntrkaktriz `stdoj`ni`fek eil`r`fnids e` pkt`fnidj d trdvés e` jks vdriks nkapkf`ft`s e`j nirnuitk ` iapujsdfek jd nkrri`ft` d trdvés e` `jjks.

7.4.^`ri`8   Jd ift`fsiede d trdvés e` tkeds `jjds `s jd aisad, `j vkjtdh` tktdj `s jd suad e` jds eep `f nded ufd e` `jjds y `j nkapkrtdai`ftk e`j nirnuitk s` pu`e` `stueidr pkr a`eik e` jd iap`edfnid `quivdj`fnid.

7.?.Sdrdj`jk8  Nded iap`edfnid pr`s`ftd jd aisad eep, p`rk pkr nded ufd e` `jjds nirnujd ufd ift`fsiede jd suad e` jds nudj`s nkrr`spkfe`rä d jd ift`fsiede tktdj. @j nirnuitk  pr`s`ftd ufd deaitdfnid `qu `quivdj`ft`. ivdj`ft`.

IW.  SKU@FNID @F NI_NPIUK^ E@ NK__I@FU@ DJU@_FD ^`møf Adrtáf`z U. (5) @f nudjqui`r nirnuitk, jd pkt`fnid ifstdftäf`d p(t) `f ufd rdad e`j aisak `stä eded pkr `j prkeuntk e` jd t`fsiþf y jd nkrri`ft` qu` ndrdnt`rizdf dj eipkjk `f nu`stiþf. Dfdjizdfek jd `vkjuniþf t`apkrdj e` p(t), y a`eidft` `j usk e` eistiftds ie`ftiede`s trimkfkaétrinds, gdjjdr`aks prkpi`ede`s qu` s`räf e` mrdf utijiede, tdj nkak qu`, si oi`f jds r`e`s e` N.D. nkfsua`f ufd `f`rmád prka`eik, d jd v`z ift`rndaoidf `f`rmád nkf jds lu`ft`s. @st` y ktrks g`ngks skf iapkrtdft`s `f `j eis`ôk e` präntinda`ft` tkeks jks nirnuitks y lu`ft`s e` N.D., yd s`df `j`ntrþfinks, `quipks `j`ntrka`näfinks e` nkfv`rsiþf e` `f`rmád k r`e`s e` trdfsaisiþf (k trdfspkrt`) e` `f`rmád.

44

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L imurd im urd F³ 7 Skt Skt` `fnid fnid ` `f f DN . pkt`fni t`fnid` d`j`ntr j`ntrii ndd ndd.ojkm .ojkmspkt spkt.nka/  .nka/   L u` u`ft` ft`88  gttp8// gttp8 //pk

9.4.Skt`fnid ifstdftäf`d y pkt`fnid dntivd8 Nudfek s` trdtd e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd (DN) sifuskiedj, `j prka`eik e` pkt`fnid `jéntrind e`sdrrkjjded pkr uf eispksitivk e` eks t`raifdj`s `s ufd lufniþf e` jks vdjkr`s `lindn`s k vdjkr`s nuderätinks a`eiks, e` jd eil`r`fnid e` pkt`fnidj `ftr` jks t`raifdj`s y e` jd ift`fsiede e` nkrri`ft` qu` pdsd d trdvés e`j eispksitivk.

9.?.Skt`fnid dpdr`ft`8 Jd pkt`fnid nkapj`hd e` uf nirnuitk `jéntrink e` nkrri`ft` djt`rfd (nuyd admfitue s` nkfkn` nkak pkt`fnid dpdr`ft` y s` ie`ftilind nkf jd j`trd ^), `s jd suad (v`ntkridj) e` jd pkt`fnid qu` eisipd eingk nirnuitk y s` trdfslkrad `f ndjkr k trdodhk (nkfknied nkak pkt`fnid prka`eik, dntivd k r`dj, qu` s` e`simfd nkf jd j`trd S y s` aie` `f vdtiks (])) y jd pkt`fnid utijizded pdrd jd lkradniþf e` jks ndapks `jéntrink y admfétink e` sus nkapkf`ft`s, qu` ljuntudrä `ftr` `stks nkapkf`ft`s y jd lu`ft` e` `f`rmád (nkfknied nkak pkt`fnid r`dntivd, qu` s` ie`ftilind nkf jd j`trd T y s` aie` `f vkjtdap`riks r`dntivks (vdr). @stk simfilind qu` jd pkt`fnid dpdr`ft` r`pr`s`ftd jd pkt`fnid tktdj e`sdrrkjjded `f uf nirnuitk nkf iap`edfnid X.

9.>.Skt`fnid dntivd, Skt`fnid a`eid nkfsuaied k pkt`fnid doskroied8 @s jd pkt`fnid ndpdz e` trdfslkradr jd `f`rmád `jéntrind `f trdodhk. Jks eil`r`ft`s eispksitivks `jéntrinks `xist`ft`s nkfvi`rt`f jd `f`rmád `jéntrind `f ktrds lkrads e` `f`rmád tdj`s nkak8 a`näfind, juaáfind, téraind, quáaind, `tn. @std pkt`fnid `s, pkr jk tdftk, jd r`dja`ft` nkfsuaied pkr jks nirnuitks y, `f nkfs`nu`fnid, 4?

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nudfek s` gdojd e` e`adfed `jéntrind, `s `std pkt`fnid jd qu` s` utijizd pdrd e`t`raifdr eingd e`adfed.

W.  NK__I@FU@^ U_ILÄ^IND^ @s `s`fnidja`ft` uf sist`ad e` > t`fsikf`s djt`rfds, dnkpjdeds, jds nudj`s s`  prkeun`f `f uf m` m`f`rdekr, f`rdekr, jds nudj`s s` `fnu`ftrdf e` e`sldsdeds sldsdeds d 4?3³ `ftr` sá, jds nudj`s s` trdfspkrtdf `f > nkfeuntkr`s (lds`s) k 5 (> lds`s y 4 f`utrk), pkr nkfv`fniþf `stds lds`s s` e`fkaifdf _,^,U,F. ^`møf Ndst`jjvi `t dj ( okoifds imudj`s, si`fek jds eir`nnikf`s fkradj`s d sus `spirds lkradf `ftr` sá äfmujks e` 4?3³, jks nudj`s nkfstituy`f uf m`f`rdekr triläsink. Jks sist`ads triläsinks skf m`f`rdja`ft` utijizdeks `f jd m`f`rdniþf, trdfspkrt` y eistriouniþf e` jd `f`rmád `jéntrind. @stks m`f`rdekr`s skf utijizdeks d fiv`j ifeustridj. Jds nkf`xikf`s m`f`rdja`ft` s` r`djizdf `f `str`jjd y `f triäfmujk.

43.4.  Akftdh` `f `str`jjd8 @f `st` akftdh` s` uf`f jks j ks tr`s `xtr`aks `quivdj`ft`s d uf puftk nkaøf, si`fek jks tr`s gijks lds`s dntivds (4,?,>) y `j nudrtk gijk `s `j f`utrk.

L im urd F F³³ 9 A Akf kftd tdh` h` `f `f `s `str` tr`jjd jjd.. 

  Jd ift`fsiede e` jd lds` `s imudj d jd ift`fsiede e` jd jáf`d.



  U`fsiþf e` jd lds` `s imudj d jd t`fsiþf e` jd `str`jjd.



  U`fsiþf e` jd jáf`d `s imudj d 4.=> x t`fsiþf e` jd lds`.



  @s jd nkf`xiþf aäs usded.



43.?.  Akftdh` `f triäfmujk8 @s dqu`j `f `j qu` jds tr`s okoifds s` `apj`df `f lkrad e` triäfmujk

4>

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L im urd F³ 43 Akft Akftdh` dh` `f tri tridf dfmujk. mujk. 

  U`fsiþf e` jáf`d imudj d jd t`fsiþf e` lds`.

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  Ift`fsiede e` jáf`d imudj d 4.=> Ift`fsiede e` lds`.

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  @f `st` akftdh` sþjk s` f`n`sitdf > nkfeuntkr`s, p`rk s` koti`f`

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a`fks nkrri`ft` `f nded lds`.

WI.  @H@_NINIK^ E@ DSJINDNIÞF  

4.- Pf dapjilindekr e` dueik, r`pr`s`ftdek pkr a`eik e` jd lu`ft` e` nd y e` uf r`sistkr `f jd limurd, li murd, `ftr`md d uf djtdvkz vkjtdh` djt`rfk d lr`nu`fnids e` dueik. ^i `j vkjtdh` e` sdjied ti`f` ufd dapjitue e` 40.3 \, _1 7.?3 ℬ, y `j djtdvkz `s `quivdj`ft` d ufd r`sist`fnid e` 43.5 ℬ, »Nuäj `s jd pkt`fnid prka`eik `f `j ti`apk qu` s` j` `ftr`md;

 

?.- @f uf nirnuitk e` nd purda`ft` ifeuntivk, nkak `f jd limurd, \adx 1 433 \. d) ^i jd nkrri`ft` aäxiad `s =.0 D d 03 Gz, ndjnuj` jd ifeuntdfnid J. o) »D qué lr`nu`fnid dfmujdr ɽ jd nkrri`ft` aäxiad `s ?.0 D; 45

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WII.  DSJINDNIKF@^ @F NDASK Jks vkjtdh`s aäs djtks simfilindf nkrri`ft`s aäs odhds, y jds nkrri`ft`s aäs  odhds simfilindf a`fks ndjkr m`f`rdek `f jd jáf`d `jéntrind e`oiek d jd r`sist`fnid, jd nkrri`ft` djt`rfd s` pu`e` nkfv`rtir gdnid y e`se` djtks vkjtdh`s länija`ft` usdfek trdfslkradekr`s.

L im urd F³ 44 Nkrri `ft ft` ` Djt` Djt`rfd. gttps8 s8///oit.j oit.jy/ y/>7M >7M4i 4iv7 v7   L u`ft u`ft` `8  gttp

^us lufnikf`s8 ^`møf Muijj`rak (=), Jd nkrri`ft` djt`rfd `s tdaoiéf `s ndpdz e` djia`ftdr aktkr`s `jéntrinks, jks aktkr`s y jks m`f`rdekr`s skf `xdntda`ft` `j aisak eispksitivk, p`rk jks aktkr`s nkfvi`rt`f jd `f`rmád `jéntrind `f `f`rmád a`näfind, `stk `s øtij pdrd aungks `j`ntrkekaéstinks mrdfe`s nkak jdvdpjdtks, r`lrim`rdekr`s, `tn. 40

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L im urd ur d F³ 4? Aktk Aktkrr `s `jén `jéntri tri nk nkss d nk nkrr r i`ft` djt djt` `r fd. /oii t.jy/>pw9th@  t.jy/>pw9th@    L u` u`ft` ft`88  gttps8/ gttps8 //o

Ijuaifdniþf8 ^`møf L`rfäfe`z (7), @f jd jäapdrd e` drnk ifndfe`sn`ft` jd nkrri`ft` djt`rfd ljuy` pkr `j lijda`ftk y jk ndji`ftd gdstd qu` orijj`, `f jd jäapdrd e` drnk s` `stdoj`n` uf drnk `ftr`s eks `j`ntrkeks y ufk e` `jjks s` pkf` dj rkhk ojdfnk `aiti`fek juz `f jds jäapdrds ljukr`sn`ft`s ljukr`sn`ft`s..

L i m urd ur d F ³ 4> J äapd äapdrr d e` drnk ifndfe` ifndfe`sn`ft sn`ft`. `. L u`ft` u`ft`88  gttps8//oit.jy/>juMWlS  

Ndjkr8 ^`møf L`rfäfe`z (9), `f `j gkmdr `st` prifnipik ti`f` aungds dpjindnikf`s2 nkak nknifds `jéntrinds, ndj`ftdekrds, tkstdekrds, ndl`t`rds, pdrrijjds s`ndekrds e` ndo`jjk pkr jd ift`fsiede e` nkrri`ft` qu` f`n`sitdf.

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Lu`rzd Aktriz8 ^`møf _daár`z (>), ufk e` jks usks aäs iapkrtdft`s i apkrtdft`s e` jd nkrri`ft` djt`rfd `s `j suaifistrk e` lu`rzd aktriz pkr a`eik e` aktkr`s `jéntrinks, `xist` ufd mrdf vdri`ede e` aktkr`s `jéntrinks, jks aktkr`s ti`f`f uf pdp`j auy iapkrtdft` `f jd ifeustrid s` utijizdf pdrd dnnikfdr okaods nkapr`skrds, adquifds, y g`rrdai`ftds `jéntrinds.

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0.  NKFNJP^IKF@^  

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5.  Adrtáf`z U.S. Dfäjisis e` jd nkrri`ft` e` nkrtk nirnuitk8 `f `j sist`ad `jéntrink e`  pkt`fnid R@f Jáf`dQ. Aéxink8 Ifs Ifstitutk titutk Skjiténfink Fdnikfdj, ?343 Rnkfs Rnkfsujtdek ujtdek 4?  Fkv ?3?3Q. Eispkfioj` Eispkfioj` `f8  `f8 gttps8//`jiork.f`t/`s/jn/ujde`ng/titujks/=?