Monitoreo de La Anestesia

 

 

K@^DN_@ ND KL_TML@ \ @ED[^D[LHCHML@ A@KTC^@N ND KLDEKL@[ QD^D_LE@_L@[ TEED 

BHEL^H_DH @ED[^D[LKH

 

BHEL^H_DH ND C@ @ED[^D[L@ ^hnh prhkdnlbldeth `edstìslkh lekcuyd dc dbpcdh nd aàrb`khs flpeûtlkhs y `e`cmìslkhs, qud tldede dadkth shord dc [lstdb` Edrvlhsh, _dsplr`thrlh y K`rnlhv`skuc`r. @c eh sdr ue` b`elhor` lehku` sd ndod v`chr`r c` `kklûe nd chs aàrb`khs dbpcd`nhs shord chs slstdb`s hrmàelkhs p`r` rdnuklr dadkths `nvdrshs nur`etd dc prhkdnlbldeth C` `edstdslhchmâ` vdtdrle`rl` dstà chmr`enh uehs elvdcds nd sdmurln`n y dalk`kl` dcdv`nâslbhs, pdrh sd ndod sdmulr `e`clz`enh c`s k`us`s nd bhrt`cln`n p`r` lndetlalk`r chs rldsmhs phtdekl`cds t`eth de m`ths khbh pdrrhs, y bdghr`r `÷e bàs chs prhthkhchs prhthkhchs ` sdmulr. C` bhrolcln`n y bhrt`cln`n ds ndc :.> `c 0% sldenh qud de fub`ehs sd dstlb` ndc :.:::1%, dst` mr`e nladrdekl` sd ndod `c elvdc nd bhelthrlz`klûe `etds, nur`etd y ndspuìs nd c` `edstdsl`, sldenh dstd ÷ctlbh dc pdrlhnh nd b`yhr b`y hr rldsmh. C`s khbpclk`klheds bàs ardkudetds dstàe rdc`klhe`n`s khe prhocdb`s de dc slstdb` edrvlhsh, slstdb` k`rnlhv`skuc`r y slstdb` rdsplr`thrlh, khbh `sâ t`bolìe c` flphtdrbl` qud ds buy ardkudetd, nd hrâmdeds v`rl`ocds y khe khesdkudekl`s lbphrt`etds. Ds lbprdsklenlocd `ndku`r dc tlph nd bhelthrlz`klûe `c prhkdnlbldeth qud sd v` ` rd`clz`r, f`kldenh ue` khrrdkt` v`chr`klûe ndc _ldsmh @edstìslkh de aueklûe `c dst`nh mdedr`c ndc p`kldetd (bdnl`etd c` kc`slalk`klûe ndc @[@) y `c tlph nd prhkdnlbldeth, sle suodstlb`rchs, y` qud ueh sdeklcch khbh ue` clbpldz` nd nldetds u hrquldkthbâ` pudnd edkdslt`r nd ue` bhelthrlz`klûe `v`ez`n` phr sdr ue p`kldetd khe rldsmh `cth, `c lmu`c qud ue prhkdnlbldeth b`yhr (klrumâ` nd `onhbde h tûr`x) sub`nh ` c` nur`klûe nd c` blsb`, de c`s qud dxlstde b`yhr rldsmh nd khbpclk`klheds mr`vds.

–Eh ds ndalelr ue prhthkhch sleh dst`ocdkdr ue pc`e pdrl hpdr`thrlh mcho`c, f`st` dc `ct` bìnlk` tht`c. –  

C` v`chr`klûe prd `edstìslk` ds ue pueth auen`bdet`c ndc ìxlth nd c` dstr`tdml` `edstìslk` p`r` dv`cu`r phslocd rldsmhs y tdr`pìutlk`s edkds`rl`s qud sd pudnde thb`r p`r` k`n` p`kldetd de p`rtlkuc`r. @sâ khbh su rdmlstrh `edstìslkh pdrbltd hptlblz`r c` `edstdsl` ku`enh dc p`kldetd tlded qud sdr shbdtlnh ` b÷ctlpcds `edstdsl`s y ku`cquldr n`th ds lbphrt`etd p`r` pdradkklhe`r dc prhthkhch de dc blsbh `elb`c. C` dxpchr`klûe oàslk` ds p`sh vlt`c prdvlh y t`bolìe nur`etd dc pdrlhnh `edstìslkh sd ndod rd`clz`r ue` khrrdkt` dxpchr`klûe vlsu`c p`r` khbpcdbdet`r chs n`ths qud hardkde chs bhelthrds. ∟  Dv`cu`klûe ndc âenlkd khrphr`c ∟  @uskuct`klûe pucbhe`r7 Ardkudekl` _dsplr`thrl` ehrb`c 04-;: rpb pdrrhs y ?:->: rpb m`ths. ∟  @uskuct`klûe k`rnl`k`7 ndod f`kdrsd sldbprd de dst`klûe y olc`tdr`c Te` vdz fdkfh dc dstunlh nd chs shelnhs sd ndod `uskuct`r dc rltbh k`rnl`kh ` c` vdz qud sd p`cp` dc pucsh pdrlaìrlkh, p`r` ndtdkt`r `slekrheâ`s. ∟  Z`cp`klûe ndc pucsh pdrlaìrlkh ∟  Khchr nd c`s bukhs`s ∟  ^ldbph nd ccde`nh k`plc`r [lmehs p`r` [lmehs  p`r` ndskrlolr chs dst`nlhs y pc`ehs nd c` c` `edstdsl`  `edstdsl` nur`etd ue` letdrvdeklûe ue` letdrvdeklûe qulr÷rmlk`. Dc dst`nlh L (`bedsl` y `e`cmdsl` h dxklt`klûe vhcuet`rl`) khbldez` khe c` `nblelstr`klûe nd ue ue `edstìslkh  `edstìslkh y khetle÷` f`st` c` pìrnln` nd kheskldekl`. Dc dst`nlh LL  LL (ndclrlh h dxklt`klûe) ndsnd c` pìrnln` nd c` kheskldekl` ` c` pdrnln` ndc rdacdgh p`cpdor`c9 d lekcuyd dc khbldezh nd c` `edstdsl` c` `edstdsl` tht`c. Dc dst`nlh LLL  LLL (`edstdsl` qulr÷rmlk`) lelkl` c` pìrnln` ndc rdacdgh p`cpdor`c y kheguetlv`c. Khe dc dst`ocdklbldeth nd ue p`trûe rdmuc`r nd rdsplr`klûe nd  rdsplr`klûe y c` pìrnln` tht`c nd kheskldekl` d lekcuyd dc pdrâhnh dc pdrâhnh de dc qud `p`rdkde chs prlbdrhs slmehs nd  nd  `ctdr`klûe rdsplr`thrl` h k`rnlhv`skuc`r.   k`rnlhv`skuc`r.  Dstd dst`nlh Dstd  dst`nlh sd nlvlnd de ku`trh pc`ehs.

 

De dc pc`eh 0, `edstdsl` supdralkl`c9 kds`e thnhs chs bhvlbldeths y c` rdsplr`klûe c`  rdsplr`klûe ds rdmuc`r y "`uthbàtlk`". [d pldrnd dc rdacdgh p`cpdor`c y kheguetlv`c k heguetlv`c khbpcdt`bdetd. De dc pc`eh ?, `edstdsl` qulr÷rmlk` supdralkl`c, chs mchohs hkuc`rds khbldez`e ` kdetr`rsd, c`s kheguetlv`s pldrnde orlcch y nlsbleuyd c` `ktlvln`n c` `ktlvln`n buskuc`r  buskuc`r letdrkhst`c.  letdrkhst`c.   [d pldrnde chs rdacdghs c`râemdhs, y a`râemdhs, bhbdeth nd c` Letuo`klûe denhtr`qud`c. De dc pc`eh ;, `edstdsl` qulr÷rmlk` pcde`9 sd prhnukd c` p`ràclsls c` p`ràclsls letdrkhst`c  letdrkhst`c y c` rdsplr`klûe c`  rdsplr`klûe sd f`kd dstrlkt`bdetd `onhble`c phr aueklûe ndc buskuch nl`ar`mbàtlkh. [d pldrnde chs rdacdghs kutàedhs, khred`cds y pdrlthed`c. De dc pc`eh > sd `ck`ez` c` `edstdsl` c`  `edstdsl` buy prhauen` f`st` c` p`ràclsls ouco`r leklpldetd, kds`enh c` rdsplr`klûe dsphetàed`, khe `usdekl` khe `usdekl` nd nd sdeslolcln`n.  sdeslolcln`n.   Dc dst`nlh LQ (prdbhrtdb) LQ (prdbhrtdb) ds nd `c`rb`. Dst` a`sd Dst`  a`sd sd k`r`ktdrlz` phr ue` nlc`t`klûe ue` nlc`t`klûe bàxlb` nd c`s puplc`s y c` pldc c` pldc dstà arâ` y pàcln`. C` tdeslûe C` tdeslûe `rtdrl`c ds dxtrdb`n`bdetd o`g`, ` bdeunh eh sd pudnd rdmlstr`r pudnd  rdmlstr`r y dc pucsh dc pucsh fubdr`c ds ds bâelbh  bâelbh h `usdetd. C` p`r`n` k`rnâ`k` ds lebledetd. Khbh ds s`olnh chs slmehs nd Mudndc de bukfhs k`shs tldede ue` a`ct` nd v`chr prdnlktlvh phr ch qud ndodbhs utlclz`r htrhs slmehs kcâelkhs p`r` dv`cu`r dc khrrdkth elvdc `edstìslkh ndc p`kldetd. C` khbole`klûe nd c` rdspudst` bhthr` y ndc slstdb` edrvlhsh `utûehbh she c` o`sd nd c` bhelthrlz`klûe nd c` prhauenln`n `edstìslk` de c` kcâelk` nl`rl`, phr ch qud ku`enh dc elvdc nd `edstdsl` ds lesualkldetd, dc dstâbuch qulr÷rmlkh h ku`cquldr htrh dstâbuch dxtdreh k`us`e ue` ndsk`rm` slbpàtlk` y khbh khesdkudekl` hosdrv`bhs lekrdbdeth nd c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c, ardkudekl` k`rnl`k` y rdsplr`thrl`.

 

Ndalelklûe7 Bhelthrdh ds dc `kth bìnlkh de dc qud sd khest`t`e ndtdrble`nhs slmehs vlt`cds (p`ràbdtrhs) Ndalelklûe7 nur`etd dc pdrâhnh pdrl`edstìslkh (prd-`edstìslkh, `edstìslkh y phs-`edstìslkh), ` p`rtlr nd c` lbpcdbdet`klûe nd tìkelk`s aâslk`s d lestrubdet`cds. Hogdtlvhs7 •  B`etdedr p`ràbdtrhs ndetrh nd câbltds eubìrlkhs. •  Ndtdrble`r dc dst`nh ndc p`kldetd, p`r` chmr`r ue` `edstdsl` khe dc bdehr n`ðh phslocd •  •  •  •  •  • 

Khesdmulr pdrauslûe/hxlmde`klûe nd chs tdglnhs. B`etdedr ue mr`nh nd lekheskldekl` `ndku`nh `c prhkdnlbldeth ` rd`clz`r. Khetrhc`r dc nhchr y c` ehklkdpklûe @etlklp`rsd ` khbpclk`klheds, kheslndr`r c` mr`vdn`n y v`chr`r c` tdr`pìutlk` dbpcd`n`. Bhelthrlz`r khe c` ardkudekl` qud dstì lenlk`n`. Zrhmr`b`r c` bhelthrlz`klûe dalk`zbdetd, lev`nldenh `c p`kldetd ch bdehs phslocd.

C`s bdnln`s oàslk`s pudnde sdr dxkdnln`s de ku`cquldr bhbdeth nd `kudrnh `c dst`nh y dvhcuklûe ndc  p`kldetd, dc kursh nd c` klrumâ` y dc gulklh ndc `edstdslûchmh. Ehs v`cdbhs nd nhs bìthnhs7 –LEQ@[LQH[ \ EH LEQ@[LQH[  LEQ@[LQH[ – 

L) 

BHEL^H_LW@KLÛE NDC [L[^DB@ _D[ZL_@^H_LH Dc b`etdelbldeth nd ue` `ndku`n` aueklûe rdsplr`thrl` ds dc rdqulslth bàs lenlspdes`ocd p`r` c` rd`clz`klûe nd ue` `edstdsl` sdmur`. Z`r` bhelthrlz`r khrrdkt`bdetd c` vdetlc`klûe sd ndod dv`cu`r c` bdkàelk` rdsplr`thrl` y c` aueklûe rdsplr`thrl` h letdrk`bolh m`sdhsh. Chs prleklp`cds b÷skuchs levhcukr`nhs she dc nl`ar`mb` (1:% vhcubde khrrldetd) y chs b÷skuchs letdrkhst`cds (>:% vhcubde khrrldetd) qud o`gh ue` `edstdsl` mdedr`c tdenràe kldrth mr`nh nd ndprdslûe rdsplr`thrl` prhnukln` phr chs aàrb`khs dbpcd`nhs, phr ch qud ds lbphrt`etd bhelthrlz`r chs vhc÷bdeds vdetlc`nhs y c` k`pehmr`aâ`. Dc leac`nh y ndsleac`nh nd chs pucbheds sd prhnukd de khesdkudekl` nd ndtdrble`nhs mr`nldetds nd prdslûe qud sd prhnukde nur`etd c` lesplr`klûe y c` dsplr`klûe y` sd` phr c` buskuc`tur` ndc p`kldetd khbh phr dc vdetlc`nhr bdkàelkh, y sd vde khbprhbdtlnhs nur`etd dc dbpcdh nd nlvdrs`s nrhm`s nur`etd c` `edstdsl`. `edstdsl` .

Bìthnhs EH Lev`slvhs7  @) BDK@ELK@ _D[ZL_@^H_L@ 00-   Ardkudekl` y p`trûe rdsplr`thrlh7 [d rdsplr`thrlh7 [d pudnd ndtdrble`r khe dc bhvlbldeth ndc tûr`x y `onhbde y sd tlded ue` lnd` nd c` prhauenln`n nd c` lesplr`klûe, dc mr`e lekhevdeldetd nd dstd slstdb` ds qud bukf`s vdkds dc p`kldetd dstà kuoldrth phr chs p`ðhs nd k`bph y ds nlaâklc hosdrv`r chs bhvlbldeths tûr`kh-`onhble`cds. [d rdkhblden` nur`etd c` `edstdsl` dc ush nd ue dstdthskhplh dshaàmlkh qud ehs nì leahrb`klûe nd c` A_ y de kldrt` b`edr` nd c` prhauenln`n nd c` rdsplr`klûe, t`bolìe hardkd c` vdet`g` nd dv`cu`r `c blsbh tldbph shelnhs orhekh`cvdhc`rds y k`rnl`khs. ^`bolìe phndbhs hosdrv`r c`s hsklc`klheds ndc o`cûe nd rdsdrv` ndc klrkulth `edstìslkh, dc dbp`ð`bldeth ndc tuoh denhtr`qud`c khbh chs bhvlbldeths nd chs hcc`rds.

 

??-   Khchr`klûe nd c`s bdbor`e`s bukhs`s7  bukhs`s7  [d pudnde dxpchr`r c` hr`c, hkuc`r, vucv`r h pded`e`. @c dst`r khestltuln`s phr tdglnh aleh y buy v`skuc`rlz`nh, phndbhs ndtdkt`r `ctdr`klheds de c` pdrauslûe y hxlmde`klûe nd chs tdglnhs pdrlaìrlkh, y` qud rdacdg`e dc khetdelnh nd fdbhmchole` y k`etln`n nd hxlmdeh nd s`emrd k`plc`r. Lenlk`e nd b`edr` suogdtlv` c` hxlmde`klûe nd c` s`emrd `rtdrl`c y ndode nd tdedr ue khchr rhs`nh (ku`nrh 0), c` ndtdkklûe nd bukhs`s pàcln`s (`edbl` phr v`shkhestrlkklûe pdrlaìrlk`9 sfhki khbpdes`nh), khemdstlv`s (Q`shnlc`t`klûe h sdpsls), kl`eûtlk`s (ndshxlfdbhmchole` de s`emrd nd 4bm/nc), d lktìrlk`s ds p`thcûmlkh. Z`r` bhelthrlz`r dc slstdb` rdsplr`thrlh ds phkh al`ocd, y` qud p`r` phndr ndtdkt`r kl`ehsls kcâelk`bdetd ds edkds`rlh tdedr 3=4% nd c` fdbhmchole` hxlmde`n`. [d edkdslt`e `c bdehs 4 m/nc nd Fo nds`tur`n` h ue` hxlmde`klûe 3>-   Bhelthr nd `ped`7  `ped`7   De bdnlkle` vdtdrle`rl` ds ardkudetd utlclz`r ue bhelthr nd `ped` p`r` bhelthrlz`r c` A_, sle dbo`rmh, ds phkh al`ocd y dspdkâalkh, sûch leahrb` nd c` A_ dc k`bolh nd tdbpdr`tur` detrd dc m`s lesplr`nh y dsplr`nh, dbltldenh ue` sdð`c `k÷stlk` de c` dsplr`klûe, pdrbltldenh prhmr`b`r dc tldbph nd `ped` p`r` qud sd `ktlvd c` `c`rb`, y eh lenlk` sl c` aueklûe

 

rdsplr`klûe ds `ndku`n`. [d ndod tdedr kuln`nh khe c` sdeslolcln`n ndc bhelthr de p`kldetds pdqudðhs khe flphtdrbl`

O) ATEKLHE _D[ZL_@^H_L@ 00-   @eàclsls nd c` khekdetr`klûe nd m`sds rdsplr`nhs7 Bìthnh rdsplr`nhs7 Bìthnh dcdktrûelkh o`s`nh de dspdktrhskhpl` nd r`yhs lear`rrhghs. [he bhelthrds qud `splr`e budstr`s ndc klrkulth rdsplr`thrlh ` tr`vìs nd ue tuoh nd ZQK. C` b`yhrâ` blnde c` khekdetr`klûe nd chs `mdetds `edstìslkhs f`chmde`nhs, KH? y E?H. ??-   Zucslhxlbdtrâ`7  Zucslhxlbdtrâ`7  ndtdrble` de ahrb` lenlrdkt` c` s`tur`klûe nd hxâmdeh `rtdrl`c, ds ndklr dc phrkdet`gd nd fdbhmchole` s`emuâed` qud tr`esphrt` hxâmdeh, rdmlstr`n` ` p`rtlr nd slstdb` nd cdktur` khchrlbìtrlk` nd c` pldc h bukhs`s. Dc pucslhxlbdtrh sd o`s` de c` dblslûe nd cuz  ` nhs chemltunds nd hen` 11: eb (cuz rhg`) y : eb (lear`rrhg`) k`r`ktdrâstlk` nd c` hxlfdbhmchole` y nd c` ndshxlfdbhmchole`, rdspdktlv`bdetd., khe c` kheslmuldetd `oshrklûe nd chs tdglnhs qud `tr` vlds`, nd c` qud ue` pdqudð` p`rtd ds ndtdkt`n` phr dc   ahth rdkdpthr 9 ndtdkt`enh `sl c` k`etln`n nd fdbhmchole` qud dst` hxlmde`n` y c` qud eh ch dstà, `uequd eh nlstlemud c` bdt`fdbhmchole` y k`rohxlfdbmchole` nd c` hxlfdbhmchole`. 0mr nd Fo tr`esphrt` 0,;>bc nd H?. @ su vdz sd ndtdkt` ` p`rtlr nd c` pcdstlbhmr`aâ` dc pucsh (ehs pudnd lenlk`r c` AK sldbprd qud khrrdsphen` khe c` ardkudekl` nd pucsh pdrlaìrlkh), ds ndklr chs k`bolhs kâkclkhs de dc vhcubde `rtdrl`c bdnl`etd k`bolhs de c` `oshrklûe nd c` cuz (khe ue `ubdeth de c` `oshrklûe sd kheslndr` ue `ubdet` de dc vhcubde `rtdrl`c). `rtdrl`c). @cmuehs dqulphs pudnde pudnde prhphrklhe`r lekcush ue` lb lb`mde `mde nd hen` pcdtlsbhmràalk`. Nur`etd c` `edstdsl` dc sltlh bàs khb÷e p`r` khchk`r c` shen` de c`s nladrdetds dspdklds (dxkdpth de dc m`th) ds c` cdemu`, sd pudnde utlclz`r htrhs sltlhs khbh c`olh, prdpuklh, vucv` y bdbor`e` letdrnlmlt`c. Dxlstde `rtda`kths qud ch pudnde `adkt`r khbh she c` v`shkhestrlkklûe, f flphtdeslûe, lphtdeslûe, sfhki, flphtdrbl`, plmbdeths, pdchs, cukds acuhrdskdetds y p`plc`s de c` cdemu` ndc m`th prhvhk`enh cdktur`s drrûed`s. Te` o`g` s`tur`klûe nd H? pudnd lenlk`r7 -flphvdetlc`klûe h `ped`. -hostrukklûe nd vâ`s `ìrd`s. `phrtd nd H? lesualkldetd h ledxlstdetd. -pdrauslûe o`g`. -nlsaueklûe pucbhe`r.

 

 

;-  ;-  K`pehmr`aâ`7 K`pehmr`aâ`7 Dc  Dc rdmlstrh nd c` khekdetr`klûe nd c` prdslûe p`rkl`c h phrkdet`gd nd KH? dsplr`nh `c ale`c nd c` dsplr`klûe (DtKH?) sd pudnd rd`clz`r khe ue k`peûbdtrh h ue k`pehmr`ah (c` b`yhrâ` nd chs bhelthrds tldede `bohs lekhrphr`nhs). Dstd KH? prhvlded nlrdkt`bdetd nd chs `cvdhchs y rdprdsdet` dc KH? de s`emrd `rtdrl`c (Z`KH?). Dc DtKH? lenlk` sl c` rdsplr`klûe ds `ndku`n` h eh y` qud c` dclble`klûe nd KH? ndpdend ndc vhcubde bleuth, y c` dalk`kl` nd c` vdetlc`klûe `slstln`. C` k`peûbdtrh ds c` bdnln` eubìrlk` nd c` DtKH? bldetr`s qud c` K`pehmr`aâ` rdprdsdet` nd b`edr` mràalk` dc DtKH? nur`etd dc klkch rdsplr`thrlh, y t`bolìe pdrbltd dv`cu`r sl dxlstd rdlef`c`klûe nd KH? nur`etd c` lesplr`klûe. De p`kldetds `edstdsl`nhs sd hotlded ` c` s`cln` ndc tuoh denhtr`qud`c. Dxlstde nhs tlphs nd k`pehmr`ah, dc nd acugh c`tdr`c y nd acugh kdetr`c. Dc DtKH? dsplr`nh de p`kldetds khe rdsplr`klûe `ndku`n` ndod nd sdr nd ;4->4 bb Fm (duk`pel`), v`chrds 5>4 bb Fm lenlk`e

 

flphvdetlc`klûe 2 flpdrk`pel` (pudnd sdr t`bolìe phr `mht`bldeth nd c` k`c shn`n`)y v`chrds 3;4 lenlk`e flpdrvdetlc`klûe2flphk`pel`.  flpdrvdetlc`klûe2flphk`pel`. 

Bìthnhs Lev`slvhs7  @) BDK@ELK@ _D[ZL_@^H_L@ 0.  0.  Dstdthskhplh dshaàmlkh7  pdrbltd dshaàmlkh7  `uskuct`r c` A_ khbh t`bolìe AK.

O) ATEKLHE _D[ZL_@^H_L@ ?.  Ndtdrble`klûe ndc v`chr fdb`thkrlth y khekdetr`klûe nd fdbhmchole` s`emuâed`. ;.  ;.  M`shbdtrâ`7 Ds M`shbdtrâ`7 Ds c` tìkelk` bàs dalk`z p`r` dv`cu`r dc slstdb` rdsplr`thrlh, sd pudnde hotdedr v`chrds rd`cds nd H? y KH? de s`emrd `rtdrl`c, y dc dst`nh nd dqulclorlh `klnh-o`sd de s`emrd vdehs`. C` budstr` nd s`emrd `rtdrl`c sd hotlded nd `rtdrl`s pdrlaìrlk`s p`cp`ocds, c`s bàs utlclz`n`s she c`

 

nhrs`c bdt`t`rsl`e` y c` adbhr`c, y p`r` dv`cu`r dc dqulclorlh `klnh oàslkh, sd hotlded budstr` vdehs` ch bàs kdetr`c phslocd (vde` yumuc`r). C` s`emrd sd ndod rdkhmdr ` tr`vìs nd ue` gdrlem` fdp`rlelz`n`, thn`s c`s ouroug`s nd `lrd ndode sdr rdtlr`n`s lebdnl`t`bdetd p`r` dvlt`r drrhrds, y ndod sdr `e`clz`n` nd ahrb` ràpln`. Dst` tìkelk` blnd dc pF, c`s prdslheds p`rkl`cds nd H? y KH?, `sl khbh dc c`kt`th. Bukfhs m`sûbdtrhs blnde chs dcdktrhclths s`emuâedhs, ehrb`cbdetd E`+, Kc+ y I+. @cmuehs lekcuyde k`cklh lhelz`nh (lK`?+). Dxlstde nhs tlphs nd m`sûbdtrhs, chs nd c`ohr`thrlh, qud rdquldrde k`clor`klûe nl`rl` y she chs bàs prdklshs, y chs nd quâblk` sdk` qud utlclz`e k`rtukfhs y she pdqudðhs y tr`esphrt`ocds.

LL) BHEL^H_LW@KLÛE ND C@ ATEKLÛE KL_KTC@^H_L@ Dc hogdtlvh ndc slstdb` k`rnlhv`skuc`r she ccdv`r eutrldetds (hxlmdeh) f`st` chs tdglnhs y kìcuc`s, y tr`esphrt`r prhnukths nd ndsdkfhs f`kl` rlðûe, fâm`nh y pucbûe. Z`r` dsths hogdtlvhs sdrà edkds`rlh qud f`y` ue `ndku`nh acugh nd s`emrd de thnhs chs ûrm`ehs.

Bìthnhs Eh lev`slvh 0.  0.  Ardkudekl` y rltbh k`rnâ`kh7 C` k`rnâ`kh7 C` `uskuct`klûe ndc tûr`x ehs pdrbltd dv`cu`r chs shelnhs k`rnl`khs y pucbhe`rds, c` ardkudekl` y dc rltbh k`rnl`kh. Nur`etd c` `edstdsl` sd pudnd f`kdr ush ndc dstdthskhplh dshaàmlkh p`r` c` `uskuct`klûe., ehs pdrbltd v`chr`r dc mr`nh nd ehklkdpklûe letr`hpdr`thrlh. Ku`enh ue dstâbuch ds ch sualkldetdbdetd phtdetd pudnd ndsdek`nde`r ue` rdspudst` slbpàtlk` y de sdmuenhs prhnuklr ue `ubdeth nd c` AK y/h nd c` Z@. ?.  ?.  ^ldbph nd ccde`nh k`plc`r7  k`plc`r7  Dv`c÷` dc mr`nh nd pdrauslûe tlsuc`r, dstà rdc`klhe`nh khe dc theh v`shbhthr pdrlaìrlkh. [u dv`cu`klûe ndod sdr bdnln` bdnln` khe k`utdc` de c` pràktlk` pdrh pdrh pdrbltd ndtdkt`r `ctdr`klheds k`rnlhv`skuc`rds sle khenuklr ` khekcuslheds nlrdkt`s. [ltu`klheds dxtrdb`s (0sdm) sd `shkl` ` dst`nhs flpdrnleàblkhs (dstlbuc`klûe slbpàtlk`, leac`b`klûe slstìblk`, sfhki nlstrloutlvh, mhcpd nd k`chr, flpdrtdrbl`) h ^_K ndb`sl`nhs prhchem`nhs (b`yhr ` ?sdm) sumldrd nìalklt nd pdrauslûe (ndprdslûe k`rnlhv`skuc`r, v`shkhestrlkklûe phr flphvhcdbl`, sfhki k`rnlhmdelkh, flphtdrbl`). flphtdrbl`). Te tldbph nd ccde`nh ehrb`c (0-?sdm), eh lenlk` edkds`rl`bde edkds`rl`bdetd td ue` oude` pdrauslûe slstìblk`, p`kldetds budrths pudnde khesdrv`r ue tldbph nd ccde`nh k`plc`r rdc`tlv`bdetd ehrb`c nur`etd ue pdrâhnh.

 

;.  ;.  Zucsh7  Zucsh7  F`oltu`cbdetd sd p`cp` dc pucsh adbhr`c, h de ue pueth bàs nlst`c khbh c` `rtdrl` bdt`t`rsl`e` h bdt`k`rpl`e`, t`eth ndrdkf` d lzquldrn` de pdqudðhs `elb`cds, y de dqulehs c` a`kl`c y c` a`kl`c tr`esvdrs`, prdvl` slekrheâ` khe dc c`tlnh ` c` `uskuct`klûe, sd ndod khbprho`r qud sd` Audrtd, _dmuc`r, Lmu`c, [lbìtrlkh y [lekrûelkh [ lekrûelkh (A_L[[). C` `bpcltun rdacdg` c` nladrdekl` detrd c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c slstûclk` y nl`stûclk`, y sd khrrdc`klhe` khe dc vhcubde slstûclkh9 dc theh `rtdrl`c sd dekudetr` leaculnh phr dc vhcubde nd s`emrd y dc mr`nh nd v`shkhestrlkklûe, ehs n` ue` lnd` nd c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c, y ` p`rtlr nd c` pìrnln` nd pucsh nd nlst`c ` prhxlb`c phndbhs pdrklolr y `kklhe`r ue` tdr`pìutlk` dvlt`enh flphtdeslûe y nlsbleuklûe de c` pdrauslûe phr ue tldbph prhchem`nh. >.  >.  Zrdslûe `rtdrl`c7  `rtdrl`c7  C` prdslûe `rtdrl`c rdsuct` ndc m`sth k`rnl`kh (MK) y c` rdslstdekl` v`skuc`r pdrlaìrlk` (_QZ). Ds ue lenlk`nhr lenlrdkth nd pdrauslûe pdrauslûe tlsuc`r, y` qud c` prdslûe ndpdend ndc MK y nd c` _QZ. Ku`enh dxlstd v`shkhestrlkklûe pdrlaìrlk` dc MK dstà rdnuklnh, c` pdrauslûe nlsbleuyd, pdrh c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c `ubdet`, phr ch qud c`s prdslheds ehrb`cds h `ct`s eh she sldbprd sleûelbh nd ue` `ndku`n` pdrauslûe nd chs tdglnhs. Nur`etd c` `edstdsl` p`r` tdedr ue` `ndku`n` pdrauslûe nd chs ûrm`ehs vlt`cds, c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c bdnl` (Z@B) eh ndodrà nd o`g`r de mdedr`c nd 1:-=: bb Fm y c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c slstûclk` (Z@[) nd 6:-:% nd c` klrkueadrdekl` nd c` zhe` nhend sd bhet`r`, ue KTAA buy `ekfh suodstlb`râ` y ueh buy `emhsth shorddstlb`râ`. [d utlclz`e mdedr`cbdetd chs b`emulths nd pdnl`trâ` fub`e` h chs dxkcuslvhs nd vdtdrle`rl`. Cum`rds nhend pudnd bdnlrsd c`s nladrdetds dspdklds7 O`sd nd c` khc` de c` `. khkkâmd`, de dc bldborh `etdrlhr, de prhxlb`c ndc k`rph de c` `rtdrl` bdnl`e` h de nlst`c ndc k`rph de c` `rtdrl` nlmlt`c p`cb`r, de dc Bldborh phstdrlhr7 prhxlb`c ndc t`rsh de c` r`b` kr`ed`c nd c` s`ade` h de nlst`c ndc t`rsh de c` `rtdrl` pc`et`r bdnl`c.

 

 

4.  4.  Dcdktrhk`rnlhmr`b`7  Dcdktrhk`rnlhmr`b`7  blnd c` `ktlvln`n dcìktrlk` ndc khr`zûe ` tr`vìs ndc DKM qud ehs pdrbltd dc nl`meûstlkh nd `rrltbl`s, pdrh eh `sâ c` `ktlvln`n bdkàelk` ndc khr`zûe. Ds lbphrt`etd ndst`k`r qud c` bhelthrlz`klûe ndc DKM shc`bdetd ds p`r` dv`cu`r dc rltbh, eh slrvd p`r` dc nl`meûstlkh nd nlc`t`klûe `urlkuchvdetrlkuc`r, puds eh sd pudnd bdnlr c` nur`klûe y `bpcltun nd c`s hen`s. De hk`slheds sd pudnd hosdrv`r `ktlvln`n dcìktrlk` sle pucsh, c` ku`c sd prdsdet` khbh ue DKM nd bhrahchmâ` rdc`tlv`bdetd ehrb`c khe `usdekl` nd c`tlnh k`rnl`kh. Nur`etd c` `edstdsl` ndolnh ` bhvlbldeth h phr letdradrdekl` khe dc olsturâ dcìktrlkh sd prdsdet`e `rtda`kths de dc DKM. [d pudnde nladrdekl`r nd `rrltbl`s rd`cds ` tr`vìs nd c` prdsdekl` h `usdekl` nd hen`s ^, y` qud nur`etd chs `rtda`kths eh dstà prdsdetd. Ndetrh nd c`s `rrltbl`s bàs khbueds nur`etd c` `edstdsl` she c`s dxtr`sâsthcds y chs ochqudhs `urlkuchvdetrlkuc`r nd sdmuenh mr`nh, Bholtz tlph ? (`shkl`nhs ` `ubdeth ndc theh v`m`c).

1.  1.  Bhelthrlz`klûe nd c`s pìrnln`s s`emuâed`s7 bìthnh s`emuâed`s7  bìthnh mr`vlbìtrlkh7 m`s` kflk` (0:x0: kb)21:bc nd s`emrd, m`s` mr`end (;:x;: kb)20>:bc nd s`emrd 0mr nd m`s`20bc nd s`emrd

Bìthnhs Lev`slvh 0.  0.  Zrdslûe `rtdrl`c lev`slv`7  lev`slv`7  Bìthnh bàs dx`kth y dspdkl`clz`nh, qud rdquldrd c` khchk`klûe nd ue k`tìtdr `rtdrl`c, qud ` su vdz pdrbltd dc budstrdh p`r` `eàclsls rdpdtlnh nd m`sds s`emuâedhs. [d pudnde k`tdtdrlz`r c` `rtdrl` bdt`t`rsl`e` nhrs`c, `urlkuc`r, adbhr`c h khkkâmd`, sle dbo`rmh, de pdrrhs c` bàs khb÷e ds c` bdt`t`rsl`e` nhrs`c, de chs m`ths c` adbhr`c, de dqulehs `rtdrl` a`kl`c y a`kl`c

 

tr`esvdrs`. Khe dstd bìthnh sd hotldede c`s trds prdslheds `rtdrl`cds nd b`edr` khetleu` y `uthbàtlk` ch qud pdrbltd ndtdkt`r chs k`bolhs lebdnl`t`bdetd. Z`r` hotdedrc` ue` vdz khchk`nh dc k`tìtdr de c` `rtdrl` dstd sd khedkt` ` ue tr`esnukthr nd prdslûe (phr ch mdedr`c ue k`clor`nhr nd prdslûe) ` tr`vìs nd ue` dxtdeslûe (tuoh nd pcàstlkh eh râmlnh) ccdeh nd shcuklûe s`cle` fdp`rlelz`n` (0-? TL/bc). Dc tr`esnukthr sd ndod nd k`clor`r ` kdrh ` elvdc nd c` `urâkuc` ndrdkf` (pueths `e`tûblkhs nd rdadrdekl`, puet` ndc fhborh sl dc `elb`c dstà de ndk÷olth nhrs`c, dc dstdreûe de ndk÷olth c`tdr`c) dc ku`c khevldrtd c` sdð`c nd prdslûe de ue` sdð`c dcìktrlk`, qud sd rdmlstr` y budstr` de ue bhelthr9 y de su ndadkth nlkf` dxtdeslûe v` khedkt`n` ` ue b`eûbdtrh `edrhlnd, qud ehs sublelstr` dc v`chr nd c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c bdnl`. ?.  ?.  Zrdslûe vdehs` kdetr`c (ZQK)7  (ZQK)7  C` ZQK ds ue lenlk`nhr ndc o`c`ekd detrd dc rdthreh vdehsh y c` k`p`kln`n k`rnl`k` nd dydkt`r dsd vhcubde, dstà ndtdrble`n` phr dc vhcubde nd s`emrd, dc dst`nh nd c` ohbo` k`rnl`k` y dc theh v`skuc`r. Chs k`bolhs de c` prdslûe letr`thràklk` qud hkurrde nur`etd c` rdsplr`klûe h vdetlc`klûe bdkàelk` t`bolìe leacuyde de c` ZQK. Dc v`chr ehrb`c nd c` ZQK hsklc` detrd :4 bbFm y v`chrds f`st` 0: bbFm pudnde sdr ehrb`cds o`gh `edstdsl` `edstdsl` mdedr`c. Z`r` c` bdnlklûe ds edkds`rlh khchk`r ue k`tìtdr vdehsh kdetr`c de c` vde` yumuc`r y `chg`rch de c` phrklûe letr`thràklk` nd c` vde` k`v` kr`ed`c. [d khedkt` ` tr`vìs nd ue` dxtdeslûe ` ue` khcube` ccde` nd sudrh mr`nu`n` de kb y dc v`chr kdrh sd phslklhe` ` c` `ctur` nd c` `urâkuc` ndrdkf`. C` `ctur` ` c` qud sd dqulclor` dc sudrh ndetrh nd c` khcube` khe c` prdslûe ds c` ZQK. ^`bolìe sd pudnd khedkt`r ` ue tr`esnukthr y ` ue bhelthr khbhsdsdrd`clz`e f`kd khe c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c lev`slv`. @bo`s b`elhor`s khbh ue prhkdnlbldeth qulr÷rmlkh khe c` `sdpsl` khrrdsphenldetd, y khe chs rdk`unhs edkds`rlhs ndolnh `c rldsmh nd khbpclk`klheds khbh fdb`thb`s, trhbohsls d leadkklheds. Hosìrvdsd c` khleklndekl` detrd c` prdslûe bdnln` de dc b`eûbdtrh khe c` rdmlstr`n` de c` p`et`cc` ndc bhelthr

6:

Zrdslûe @rtdrl`c Lev`slv`. Bdnln` khe b`eûbdtrh `edrhlnd.

 

 

HEN@ ND Z_D[LHE @_^D_L@C. Z@N7 prdslûe `rtdrl`c nl`stûclk`9 Z@[7 prdslûe `rtdrl`c slstûclk`

LLL) BHEL^H_LW@KLÛE ND C@ ^DBZD_@^T_@ Chs `elb`cds fhbdhtdrbhs pudnde b`etdedr khest`etd su tdbpdr`tur` khrphr`c bdnl`etd ue khbpcdgh slstdb` nd tdrbhrrdmuc`klûe de dc qud dc flphtàc`bh rdklod leahrb`klûe nd chs rdkdpthrds nd arlh (alor`s @ bldclelk`s nd khenukklûe ràpln`) y k`chr (alor`s K `bldclelk`s nd khenukklûe cdet`, qud t`bolìe tr`esphrt`e dc nhchr), y nd `cmue`s kìcuc`s flpht`càblk`s sdeslocds ` k`bolhs tìrblkhs y ousk` b`etdedr c` tdbpdr`tur` ndc hrm`elsbh khest`etd ndetrh ndc r`emh ehrb`c, qud de pdrrhs y m`ths hsklc` detrd ;6  ‛ ; ·K), `uequd t`bolìe pudnd sdr `boldet`c (khet`kth khe supdralklds arl`s9 ndplc`klûe ndc k`bph qulr÷rmlkh9 shcuklheds `etlsìptlk`s qud dearâ`e `c p`kldetd `c dv`phr`rsd9 pdrnln`s nd k`chr phr dv`phr`klûe khe c` rdsplr`klûe y `c `orlr k`vln`n thràklk` y/h `onhble`c, c` utlclz`klûe nd `lrd `khenlklhe`nh). [d kc`slalk` de ndclodr`n` (sd lenukd de klrumâ`s k`rnlhv`skuc`r edurhklrumâ` y tr`ub`tlsbhs kr`edhdekdaàclkhs) h `kklndet`cds qud she bàs ardkudetds ardkudetds y tlded nladrde nladrdetds tds k`us`s (^`oc`0). Dsth prhnukd `ctdr`klheds de thnhs chs slstdb`s, ` elvdc k`rnlhv`skuc`r `ubdet` c` ardkudekl` k`rnl`k` y c` prdslûe rdnukd dc `phrtd nd hxâmdeh ` chs tdglnhs, prhnukd v`shkhestrlkklûe pdrlaìrlk` khe `ubdeth de ue lelklh ndc acugh s`emuâedh nd ûrm`ehs vlt`cds, nlsbleuyd c` sdeslolcln`n ` k`tdkhc`ble`s y c` sdeslolcln`n nd o`rhrrdkdpthrds (or`nlk`rnl` flphtdeslûe y nlsbleuklûe ndc m`sth k`rnl`kh)9 ` elvdc rde`c, nlsbleuyd dc acugh s`emuâedh y c` t`s` nd alctr`klûe mchbdruc`r, `ubdet`enh c` vlskhsln`n s`emuâed`, prhvhk`enh lsqudbl` y cdslheds de chs t÷ouchs tdrble`enh de edkrhsls rde`c `mun`9 sd prhnukd flpdrmcu flpdrmcukdbl`s kdbl`s (phr nlsbleuklûe ndc bdt`ohclsbh nd k`rohflnr`ths) sl c` blsb` sd `mr`v` y f`y dsk`charâhs sd khevldrtd de flphmcukdbl`9 nlsbleuyd c` `mrdm`klûe pc`qudt`rl`, c` `ktlvln`n nd a`kthrds nd kh`muc`klûe, `ctdr` c` a`mhklthsls nlsbleuydenh c` prhnukklûe nd klthqule`s y `etlkudrphs, ` su vdz dc tldbph nd rdkupdr`klûe nd c` cdslûe ds b`yhr phr c` flphxl` tlsuc`r. [l she mr`vds hk`slhe`e `ctdr`klheds bdet`cds phr nlsbleulr dc acugh kdrdor`c, tdrble`enh de ndprdslûe y khb`.

 

C` flpdrtdrbl` ds dc `ubdeth nd c` tdbpdr`tur` khrphr`c phr deklb` nd chs r`emhs ehrb`cds, sd kc`slalk` de cdvd (sl eh supdr` chs >0·K) y mr`vd (p`s` chs >0·K) khe n`ðhs tlsuc`rds. ^ldede k`us`s letdre`s (aldord d flpdrtdbl` b`clme`) y dxtdre`s (mhcpds nd k`chr h flpdrtdrbl` pdrlhpdr`thrl`, aàrb`khs qud `ubdet`e c` `ktlvln`n buskuc`r khbh c` idt`ble`, cdslûe de dc slstdb` tdrbhrrdmuc`nhr). Chs dadkths ehklvhs she dc `ubdeth nd c` `ktlvln`n bdt`oûclk` qud ` su vdz lekrdbdet` bàs c` flpdrtdrbl` y de dc khesubh nd hxâmdeh, y` qud dc blsbh dxkdnd dc tr`esphrtd prhnukldenh flphxl` tlsuc`r, rde`c, fdpàtlkh, lekcush kdrdorh y slstdb` fdb`thphyìtlkh (kln y fdbhclsls).

LQ) BHEL^H_LW@KLÛE NDC [L[^DB@ ED_QLH[H Chs nhs prleklp`cds plc`rds qud shstldede de `edstdsl` `edstdsl` mdedr`c she c` flpehsls y c` `e`cmdsl`, y p`r` rd`clz`r ue` khrrdkt` dv`cu`klûe nd chs dadkths qud prhnukde chs `edstìslkhs shord dc slstdb` edrvlhsh ([E) sd ndode bhelthrlz`r k`n` adeûbdeh nd ahrb` lendpdenldetd. Dc khetrhc nd chs dstâbuchs qud ccdm`e ` c` khrtdz` kdrdor`c sd pudnd ochqud`r bdnl`etd dc ush nd –flpeûtlkhs‒ khbh dc prhphahc h lshacuhr`eh, lbplnldenh c` rdspudst` ` dstâbuchs ehklkdptlvhs tr`esbltlnhs phr edrvlhs sdesltlvhs. [le dbo`rmh `etd ue` tr`esblslûe khetleu`n` y/h phtdetd ` p`rtlr nd ehklkdpthrds nd thnh dc kudrph, qud khevldrtde ue dstâbuch quâblkh, tìrblkh h bdkàelkh de ue lbpucsh dcìktrlkh ` tr`vìs nd ue prhkdsh cc`b`nh tr`esnukklûe, qud cudmh ds tr`sbltlnh ndsnd c` pdrladrl` f`st` dc `st` nhrs`c nd c` bìnuc` dsple`c, `c kdrdorh y dc tàc`bh, y ale`cbdetd ` c` khrtdz` kdrdor`c, pudnde ndsdek`nde`r ue` rdspudst` slbpàtlk` (bhvlbldeth nd rdtlr`n`, t`qulk`rnl`, flpdrtdeslûe `rtdrl`c, t`qulped`, g`ndh, dtk)., c` ku`c p`r` phndr sdr rdmuc`n` dxlstde nladrdetds dstruktur`s ` ch c`rmh ndc [E qud she k`p`kds nd rdnuklr, `ubdet`r h dclble`r ue` sdð`c, phr ch qud chs flpeûtlkhs sd khbphrt`râ`e khbh ue` pudrt` kdrr`enh c` detr`n` ` c` khrtdz` kdrdor`c, y chs `e`cmìslkhs khbh hostàkuchs qud nlalkuct`e c` ccdm`n` nd chs dstâbuchs f`st` c` blsb`. Te` `ndku`n` khbole`klûe nd `e`cmìslkhs gueths ` ue` nhsls ûptlb` nd flpeûtlkhs pdrbltd c` rd`clz`klûe nd ue prhkdsh qulr÷rmlkh ndtdrble`nh, y pudnde sdr buy nladrdetds p`r` k`n` lenlvlnuh, prhkdnlbldeth y phr dcchs ds buy lbphrt`etd bhelthrlz`r de ahrb` khetleu` dc dst`nh ndc [E. Dv`cu`klûe nd c` flpehsls F` slnh v`chr`n` ` p`rtlr nd p`ràbdtrhs kcâelkhs khbh c` prdslûe `rtdrl`c, AK, p`trûe rdsplr`thrlh, bhvlbldeth, rdacdghs puplc`rds, dtk. [l olde sd bhnlalk`e khe c` prhauenln`n eh ndg`e nd sdr slmehs rdc`klhe`nhs khe c` rdspudst` ndc [E@ ardetd ` dstâbuchs y phkh rdc`klhe`nhs khe c` ndprdslûe ndc [EK, phr ch qud eh sldbprd sd bhnlalk`e ku`enh dc pc`eh flpeûtlkh sd f`kd bàs supdralkl`c h prhauenh. @ndbàs dc ush nd aàrb`khs pudnd deb`sk`r`r `cmuehs slmehs. Zhslklûe ndc mchoh hkuc`r y rdacdghs C` phslklûe ndc mchoh hkuc`r ds ue oude lenlk`nhr nd flpehsls (pdrrhs), `cmuehs aàrb`khs khbh c` idt`ble` h ochqud`etds edurhbuskuc`rds prhnukde ue kdetr`nh ndc blsbh, nlalkuct`enh c` v`chr`klûe. ^`bolìe khe dc rdacdgh p`cpdor`c, bldetr`s qud dc khred`c pudnd dst`r h eh de ue pc`eh nd flpehsls bdnlh-prhauenh, phr ch qud eh ds o`st`etd ÷tlc. De M`ths sd dbpcd` dc rdacdgh `urlkuc`r de vdz ndc p`cpdor`c qud b`rk` dc blsbh elvdc nd prhauenln`n.

 

  Khekdetr`klûe nd `mdetds `edstìslkhs Chs `mdetds vhcàtlcds bàs dbpcd`nhs she chs `edstìslkhs `edstìslkhs lef`c`thrlhs (lshacuhr`eh, sdvhacuhr`eh) de chs ku`cds c` khekdetr`klûe `cvdhc`r bâelb` (K@B), (K@B), ds ndklr c` khekdetr`klûe nd ndcc `edstìslkh vhcàtlc edkds`rlh p`r` qud dc 4:% nd chs lenlvlnuhs eh rdsphen`e ` ue dstâbuch nhchrhsh, nhchrhsh , ndod ndklnlrsd de dc bhbdeth p`r` k`n` p`kldetd. C` khekdetr`klûe nd `edstìslkh dsplr`nh ds ndklr dc phrkdet`gd nd `mdetd f`chmde`nh dsplr`nh ds nd mr`e `yun` p`r` rd`clz`r k`bolhs de dc pc`eh nd flpehsls y dvlt`r shordnhslalk`klûe h lear` nhslalk`klûe, ds de tdhrâ` buy prûxlb` ` c` khekdetr`klûe `cvdhc`r y ìst` ` c` khekdetr`klûe de dc slstdb` edrvlhsh kdetr`c. Âenlkd oldspdktr`c (OL[) Dc slstdb` nd vlmlc`ekl` p`tdet`nh Olspdktr`c Lendx^B (OL[) s`clû `c bdrk`nh nd bdnlkle` fub`e` ndsnd 0