Molecular Inheritance, General Biology & Ecosystem

L`cfbuchr Da`c`ey & Fb`systfl ]fst L`cfbuchr Dhsas `g Anjfrathnbf

8. (h) (d) (b) (m) 4. (h) (d)

(b) (m) 2. (h) (d) (b) (m) =. (h) (d) (b) (m) 6.

(h) (d) (b) (m) 7.

(h) (d) (b) (m) 5. (h) (d) (b) (m) :. (h) (d) (b) (m) 1. (h) (d) (b) (m) 89. (h) (d) (b)

Efnftab b`mf b`nsasts `g [81::\ bmfnanf hnm euhnanf byt`sanf hnm urhbac byt`sanf hnm euhnanf hcc tjf hd`vf MNH rfpcabhta`n as [81:1, 4999 \ b`nsfrvhtavf hnm masb`ntanu`us s f l a b ` n s f r v h t a v f h n m s f l A masb`ntanu`us sflab`nsfrvhtavf hnm masb`ntanu`us b`nsfrvhtavf An tjf efnftab mabta`nhry, tjfrf hrf 7= 7= b`m`ns hs 7= hlan` hbams hrf t` df b`mfm 7= typfs `g tTNHs hrf prfsfnt tjfrf hrf == n`nsfnsf b`m`ns hnm 49 sfnsf b`m`ns efnftab b`mf as trapcft. H nubcf`tamf as g`rlfm `g [8118\ puranf, pyralamanf hnm pj`spjhtf puranf, suehr hnm pj`spjhtf natr`efn dhsf, suehr hnm pj`spjhtf pyralamanf, suehr hnm pj`spjhtf ]jf pr`bfss `g trhnsgfr `g efnftab ang`rlhta`n gr`l MNH t` TNH/g`rlhta`n `g TNH gr`l MNH as [8118\ trhnsvfrsa`n trhnsbrapta`n trhnschta`n trhnsc`bhta`n Fsbjfrabjah b`ca guccy chdfccfm watj 86N as hcc`wfm t` er`w an 8=N lfmaul. ]jf tw` strhnms `g MNH l`cfbucf `g tjf garst efnfrhta`n dhbtfrah jhvf [8114\ maggfrfnt mfnsaty hnm m` n`t rfsfldcf phrfnt MNH maggfrfnt mfnsaty dut rfsfldcf phrfnt MNH shlf mfnsaty hnm rfsfldcf phrfnt MNH shlf mfnsaty dut m` n`t rfsfldcf phrf nt MNH Kj`rhnh garst mfbapjfrfm tjf trapcft b`m`ns `g sfranf hnm as`cfubanf bystfanf hnm vhcanf tyr`sanf hnm trypt`pjhn pjfnychchnanf hnm lftja`nanf Fxpfralfnthc lhtfrahc an tjf stumy `g MNH rfpcabhta`n jhs dffn [8114\ Fsbjfrabjah b`ca Nfur`sp`rh brhssh Ynful`b`bbus Mr`s`pjach lfchn`ehstfr Nubcf`tamf hrrhneflfnt hrrhneflfnt an MNH bhn df sffn dy Z-rhy brysthcc`erhpjy fcfbtr`n labr`sb`pf uctrhbfntraguef caejt labr`sb`pf H MNH watj unfquhc natr`efn dhsfs w`ucm l`st pr`dhdcy df [8112\ sanecf strhnmfm m`udcf strhnmfm trapcf strhnmfm

(m) 88. (h) (d) (b) (m) 84. (h) (d) (b) (m) 82.

g`ur strhnmfm ]jf pr`bfss `g trhnschta`n as [8112\ rad`s`lf syntjfsas pr`tfan syntjfsas mNH syntjfsas rNH syntjfsas Murane MNH rfpcabhta`n, tjf strhnms sfphrhtf dy MNH p`cylfrhsf t`p`as`lfrhsf unwanmhsf/Jfcabhsf eyrhsf Dfbhusf l`st `g tjf hlan` hbams hrf rfprfsfntfm dy l`rf tjhn `nf b`m`n, tjf efnftab b`mf as [8112\ (h) `vfrchppane (d) w`ddcane (b) mfefnfrhtf (m) efnfrhtf 8=. Uj` pr`vfm tjht MNH as dhsab efnftab lhtfrahc0 (h) Eraggatj (d) Uhts`n (b) D`vfra hnm Rutt`n (m) Jfrsjfy hnm Bjhsf 86. ]jf trhnsg`rlane pranbapcf `g Ynful`b`bus hs g`unm `ut dy Hvfry,LhbCf`m hnm LbBhrty whs (h) lTNH (d) MNH (b) pr`tfan (m) p`cyshbbjhramf 87. Anatahta`n b`m`n `g pr`tfan syntjfsas (an fubhry`tfs) as [8112, 1=, 11, 4999 \ (h) EVH (d) EBH (b) BBH (m) HVE 85. Yr`tfan jfcpane an `pfnane `g MNH m`udcf jfcax an g`rl `g rfpcabhta`n g`rk as [811=\ (h) MNH eyrhsf (d) MNH p`cylfrhsf A (b) MNH caehsf (m) MNH t`p`as`lfrhsf 8:. Ujabj as n`t anv`cvfm an pr`tfan syntjfsas0 (h)  ]rhnsbrapta`n (d) Anatata`n (b) Fc`nehta`n (m)  ]frlanhta`n 81. MNH tflpchtf sfqufnbf `g B]EH]HEB as trhnsbradfm `vfr lTNH hs [ 811=, 16, 499= \ (h) EVB]V]BE (d) EHBVHVBE (b) EHV]H]VE (m) VHB]H]BV 49. An Fsbjfrabjah b`ca, chb `pfr`n as anmubfm dy (h) chbt`sf (d) pr`l`tfr efnf (b) δ -ehchbt`samhsf (m) A-efnf 48. Tfvfrsf trhnsbrapthsf as [811=\ (h) TNH mfpfnmfnt TNH p`cylfrhsf

L`cfbuchr Da`c`ey & Fb`systfl ]fst (d) (b) (m) 44.

MNH mfpfnmfnt TNH p`cylfrhsf MNH mfpfnmfnt MNH p`cylfrhsf TNH mfpfnmfnt MNH p`cylfrhsf ]jf nuldfr `g dhsf sudstatuta`n p`ssadcf an hlan` hbam b`m`ns as [811=\ (h) 478 (d) 47= (b) 626 (m) 6=1 42. @ut `g H-], E-B pharane, dhsfs `g MNH lhy fxast an hctfrnhtf vhcfnby sthtf `wane t` hrrhneflfnt bhccfm (h) hnhc`euf sudstatuta`n (d) thut`lfrashta`nhc luthta`n (b) grhlf-sjagt luthta`n (m) p`ant luthta`n 4=. ]jf wacm typf F. b`ca bfccs hrf er`wane an n`rlhc lfmaul watj ecub`sf. ]jfy hrf trhnsgfrrfm t` h lfmaul b`nthanane `ncy chbt`sf hs suehr. Ujabj `g tjf g`cc`wane bjhnefs thkfs pchbf0 [8116\ (h)  ]jf chb `pfr`n as rfprfssfm (d) Hcc `pfr`ns hrf anmubfm (b)  ]jf chb `pfr`n as anmubfm (m) F.b`ca bfccs st`p mavamane 46. An spcat efnfs, tjf b`mane sfqufnbfs hrf bhccfm (h) antr`ns (d) `pfr`ns (b) fx`ns (m) bastr`ns 47. Hn fnvar`nlfnthc hefnt, wjabj traeefrs trhnsbrapta`n gr`l hn `pfr`n, as h [8116\ (h) rfeucht`r (d) anmubfr (b) mfprfss`r (m) b`ntr`ccane fcflfnt 45. ]jf chb `pfr`n as hn fxhlpcf `g (h) hrhdan`sf `pfr`n (d) anmubadcf `pfr`n (b) rfprfssadcf `pfr`n (m) `vfrchppane efnfs 4:. Hntab`m`n as hn unpharfm trapcft `g dhsfs an hn fxp`sfm p`sata`n `g [8116, 4999 \ (h) lTNH (d) rTNH (b) tTNH (m) sTNH 41. @khzhka grhelfnts hrf sffn murane (h) trhnsbrapta`n (d) trhnschta`n (b) rfpcabhta`n (m) trhnsmubta`n 29. ]jf trhnschta`n tfrlanhta`n trapcft as (h) VHV (d) VHH (b) VHB (m) VEB. 28. ]jf dhsas g`r MNH ganefrprantane as (h) `bburrfnbf `g rfstrabta`n grhelfnt cfnetj p`cyl`rpjasl (TGCY)

(d) (b) (m) 24.

pjfn`typab maggfrfnbfs dftwffn anmavamuhcs hvhachdacaty `g bc`nfm MNH kn`wcfmef `g julhn khry`typf Ujabj stfp `g trhnschta`n m`fs n`t b`nsulf h jaej fnfrey pj`spjhtf d`nm0 (h)  ]rhnsc`bhta`n (d) Hlan` hbam hbtavhta`n (b) Yfptamyc-trhnsgfrhsf rfhbta`n (m) Hlan`hbyc tTNH danmane t` hbtavf rad`s`lhc satf 22. ]jrff b`m`ns bhusane bjhan tfrlanhta`n hrf (h)  ]HE, ]HH, ]EH (d) EH], HH], HE] (b) HE], ]HE, VEH (m) VHE, VEH, VHH 2=. H luthta`n ht `nf dhsf `g tjf garst b`m`n, `g h efnf, pr`mubfs h n`ngunbta `nhc pr`tfan. Rubj h luthta`n as bhccfm [8115\ (h) n`nsfnsf luthta`n (d) lassfnsf luthta`n (b) grhlfsjagt luthta`n (m) rfvfrsf luthta`n 26. Ag h b`lpcftfcy rhma`hbtavf m`udcf strhnmfm MNH l`cfbucf unmfre`fs tw` r`unms `g rfpcabhta`n an h n`nrhma`hbtavf lfmaul, wjht wacc df tjf rhma`hbtavf sthtus `g tjf g`ur rfsuctane l`cfbucfs0 [8115\ (h) Jhcg tjf nuldfr b`nthan n` rhma`hbtavaty (d) Hcc g`ur stacc b`nthan rhma`hbtavaty (b)  ]jrff `ut `g g`ur b`nthan rhma`hbtavaty (m) Thma`hbtavaty as c`st gr`l hcc g`ur 27. Maggfrfnt luthta`ns rfgfrrhdcf t` tjf shlf c`bus `g h bjr`l`s`lf eavf rasf t` [8115\ (h) luctapcf hccfcfs (d) psfum`hccfcfs (b) p`cyefnfs (m) `nb`efnfs 25. Murane mfvfc`plfnt `g hn `rehnasl, tjf pr`mubt `g `nf efnf as rfquarfm t` hbtavhtf hn`tjfr efnf. Rubj efnf pr`mubts hrf bhccfm (h) trhnsbrapta`n ghbt`rs (d) fpas`lfs (b) b`fnzylfs (m) bhthchsf 2:. An fukhry`tfs, hgtfr trhnsbrapta`n `g lTNH, s`lf `g ats nubcf`tamfs hrf rfl`vfm dfg`rf at as trhnschtfm ant` p`cypfptamf. ]jf nubcf`tamfs wjabj hrf rfl`vfm gr`l lTNH hrf bhccfm (h) fx`ns (d) upstrfhl sfqufnbfs (b) unusuhc dhsfs (m) antr`ns 21. Ujht dhsf as rfsp`nsadcf g`r j`t sp`ts g`r sp`nthnf`us p`ant luthta`ns0 [811:\ (h) Hmfnanf (d) 6-dr`l`urhbac (b) 6-lftjycbyt`sanf (m) Euhnanf =9. ]jf fukhry`tab efn`lf maggfrs gr`l tjf pr`khry`tab efn`lf dfbhusf [811:\

L`cfbuchr Da`c`ey & Fb`systfl ]fst (h) efnfs an tjf g`rlfr bhsf hrf `rehnazfm ant` `pfr`ns (d) tjf MNH as b`lpcfxfm watj jast`nfs an pr`khry`tfs (b) rfpftatavf sfqufnbfs hrf prfsfnt an fukhry`tfs (m) tjf MNH as barbuchr hnm sanecf strhnmfm an pr`khry`tfs =8. MNH fcflfnts wjabj bhn swatbj tjfar p`sata`n hrf bhccfm [811:\ (h) fx`ns (d) antr`ns (b) bastr`ns (m) trhnsp`s`ns =4. Efnfs tjht hrf anv`cvfm an turnane `n `r `gg tjf trhnsbrapta`n `g h sft `g strubturhc efnfs hrf bhccfm (h) @pfrht`r efnfs (d) Tfmunmhnt efnfs (b) Tfeucht`r efnfs (m) Y`cyl`rpjab efnfs =2. An MNH, wjfn HEB] `bburs, tjfar hss`bahta`n as hs pfr wjabj `g tjf g`cc`wane phars0 [8111\ (h) HE-B] (d) HB-E] (b) H]-EB (m) Hcc `g tjfsf ==. ]jf Ynful`b`bbus fxpfralfnt pr`vfs tjht (h) MNH as tjf efnftab lhtfrahc (d) Dhbtfrah unmfre` danhry gassa`n (b) Dhbtfrah m` n`t rfpr`mubf sfxuhccy (m) TNH s`lftalf b`ntr`cs tjf pr`mubta`n `g MNH hnm pr`tfans =6. An `pfr`n b`nbfpt, rfeucht`r efnf gunbta`ns hs (h) rfprfss`r (d) rfeucht`r (b) anjadat`r (m) hcc `g tjfsf Fb`systfl

=7. Yyrhlam `g nuldfrs an h erhsschnm/truf fb`systfl as [8119, 18 \ h. hcwhys anvfrtfm d. hcwhys upraejt b. d`tj H hnm D m. spanmcf-sjhpfm =5. G``m bjhan an wjabj labr`-`rehnasls drfhkm`wn tjf g``m g`rlfm dy pralhry pr`mubfrs as [8118\ h. phrhsatab g``m bjhan d. mftratus g``m bjhan b. b`nsulfr g``m bjhan m. prfmht`r g``m bjhan =:. Yabk up tjf b`rrfbt g``m bjhan [8118\ h. Erhss Bjhlfca`n Ansfbt Darm d. Erhss G`x Thddat Darm b. Yjyt`pchnkt`n _``pchnkt`n Gasj m. Ghccfn cfhvfs Dhbtfrah Ansfbt chrvhf =1. Yfm`c`ey as sbafnbf `g [8118\ h. fhrtj d. s`ac b. masfhsfs

m. 69. h. d. b. m. 68.

p`ccuta`n Tavfr whtfr mfp`sats [8114\ c`hly s`ac hccuvahc s`ac chtfratf s`ac shnmy s`ac Rtumy `g antfr-rfchta`nsjaps dftwffn `rehnasls hnm tjfar fnvar`nlfnt as [8112\ h. fb`c`ey d. fb`systfl b. pjyt`ef`erhpjy m. ftj`c`ey 64. -5. Yyrhlam `g nuldfrs mfhcs wat j nuldfr `g [8112\ (h) spfbafs an hn hrfh (d) anmavamuhcs an h b`llunaty (b) anmavamuhcs an h tr`pab-cfvfc (m) sudspfbafs an h b`llunaty 62. Yyrhlam `g nuldfrs an h p`nm fb`systfl as [8112\ h. arrfeuchr d. anvfrtfm b. upraejt m. spanmcf sjhpfm 6=. ]jf pyrhlam wjabj bhnn`t df anvfrtfm an h sthdcf fb`systfl as tjht `g [811=\ h. Da`lhss d. Nuldfr b. Fnfrey m. Hcc tjf hd`vf 66. An erhss-mffr-taefr g``m bjhan, erhss da`lhss as `nf t`nnf. ]jf taefr da`lhss sjhcc df h. 899 ke d. 89 ke b. 499 ke m. 8 ke 67. An h da`tab b`llunaty, tjf l`st alp`rthnt ghbt`r g`r survavhc `g hn hnalhc as [811=\ h. mhy cfnetj d. s`ac l`asturf b. erffn g``m m. prfmht`rs 65. Rfb`nm l`st alp`rthnt tr`pjab cfvfc an h chkf as h. _``pchnkt`n d. Yjyt`pchnkt`n b. Dfntj`s m. Nfust`n 6:. Duck B@4 gaxhta`n `bburs an [811=\ h. Br`p pchnts d. @bfhns b.  ]r`pabhc rhan g`rfsts m.  ]flpfrhturf g`rfsts 61. Mfsfrt pchnts hrf efnfrhccy [8116\ h. vavaphr`us d. subbucfnt b. jfrdhbf`us m. jftfr`pjyccus 79. Ujabj `g tjf g`cc`wane m`fs n`t jhvf st`lhth0 h. jymr`pjytfs d. lfs`pjytfs

L`cfbuchr Da`c`ey & Fb`systfl ]fst b.  xfr`pjytfs m. sudlfrefm jymr`pjytfs 78. Ag wf b`lpcftfcy rfl`vf tjf mfb`lp`sfrs gr`l hn fb`systfl, ats gunbta`nane wacc df hmvfrsfcy hggfbtfm, dfbhusf [8116\ h. fnfrey gc`w wacc df dc`bkfm d. jfrdav`rfs wacc n`t rfbfavf s`chr fnfrey b. lanfrhc l`vflfnt wacc df dc`bkfm m. rhtf `g mfb`lp`sata`n wacc df vfry jaej 74. ]jf pralhry subbfssa`n rfgfrs t` tjf mfvfc`plfnt `g b`llunatafs `n h [8116\ h. gcfsjcy bcfhrfm br`p gafcm d. g`rfst bcfhrane hgtfr mfvhsthtane garf b. p`nm, grfsjcy gaccfm watj whtfr hgtfr h mry pjhsf m. nfwcy-fxp`sfm jhdatht watj n` rfb`rm `g fhrcafr vfefthta`n 72. Ujabj `g tjf t jf g`cc`wane as tjf l`st sthdcf fb`systfl0 [8116\ h. G`rfst d. Mfsfrt b. L`unthan m. @bfhn 7=. An h da`tab b`llunaty, tjf pralhry b`nsulfrs hrf h. bhrnav`rfs d. `lnav`rfs b. mftratav`rfs m. jfrdav`rfs 76. Ujabj `g tjf g`cc`wane phars as h sfmalfnthry typf `g da`ef`bjflabhc bybcf0 [8116\ h. `xyefn hnm natr`efn d. pj`spj`rus hnm sucpjur b. pj`spj`rus hnm natr`efn m. pj`spj`rus hnm bhrd`n ma`xamf 77. Gchlane`fs drffm an [8117\ h. rhnn `g Kutbj d. bjackh chkf b. shldjhr chkf m. lhnshr`vfr Chkf 75. An h g``m bjhan, tjf chrefst p`puchta`n as tjht `g h. mfb`lp`sfrs d. pr`mubfrs b. pralhry b`nsulfrs m. tfrtahry b`nsulfrs 7:. ]jf trhnsgfr `g fnfrey gr`l `nf tr`pjab cfvfc t` hn`tjfr as e`vfrnfm dy tjf 4nm chw `g tjfrl`mynhlabs. ]jf hvfrhef fggabafnby `g fnfrey trhnsgfr gr`l jfrdav`rfs t` bhrnav`rfs as [ 8117,11\ h. 6% d. 89% b. 46% m. 69% 71. Nabjf `g h spfbafs an hn fb`systfl rfgfrs t` ats h. gunbta`n ht ats pchbf `g `bburrfnbf d. pchbf `g ats `bburrfnbf b. b`lpftatavf hdacaty m. bfntrf `g `raean 59. Ujabj `g tjf g`cc`wane fb`systfls jhs jaejfst rhtf `g er`ss pralhry pr`mubta`n0 h. Erhsschnms

d. b. m. 58. h. d. b. m. 54.

h. d. b. m. 52.

h. d. b. m. 5=. h. d. b. m. 56. h.

57.

h. d. b. m. 55. h. d. b. m. 5:. h. d. b. m. 51. h. d. b. m.

Lhner`vfs B`rhc rffgs Fquht`rahc rhan g`rfst Murane hmvfrsf sfhs`n, tjfr`pjytfs survavf dy ducds b`rls rjaz`lfs sffms ]jf rhtf ht wjabj caejt fnfrey as b`nvfrtfm t` tjf bjflabhc fnfrey `g `rehnab l`cfbucfs as tjf fb`systfl‚s [811:\ fb`systfl‚s [811:\ nft pralhry pr`mubtavaty er`ss pralhry pr`mubtavaty nft sfb`nmhry pr`mubtavaty er`ss sfb`nmhry pr`mubtavaty Uhrl `bfhn suref `g tjf Yfru Burrfnt rf`bburrane fvfry 6-: yfhrs `r s` an tjf Fhst Yhbagab `g R`utj Hlfrabh as wamfcy kn`wn hs [811:\ Eucg Rtrfhl Fc Nan` Hyf Hyf Lhen`x Vppfr phrt `g sfh/hquhtab fb`systfl b`nthans pchnkt`n nfkt`n pchnkt`n hnm nfkt`n dfntj`s Ujht as truf `g fb`systfl0 [81::\ Yralhry b`nsulfrs hrf cfhst mfpfnmfnt up`n pr`mubfrs (d) Yralhr y b`nsulfrs `ut-nuldfr pr`mubfrs (b) Yr`mubfrs hrf l`rf tjhn pralhry b`nsulfrs (m) Rfb`nmhry b`nsulfrs hrf tjf chrefst hnm l`st p`wfrguc An hn fb`systfl, w jabj `nf sj`ws `nf-why phsshef [81::\ grff fnfrey bhrd`n natr`efn p`thssaul Rummfn lhss kaccane `g gasjfs as cakfcy an lfs`tr`pjab chkf `cae`tr`pjab chkf shct chkf futr`pjab chkf Ynfulht`pj`rfs hrf bjhrhbtfrastab `g pchnts er`wane an [4999\ shcanf s`acs shnmy s`acs lhrsjy pchbfs hnm shct chkfs mrychnm rfea`ns ]jf erfhtfst da`lhss `g hut`tr`pjs an tjf `bfhns as tjht `g [4999\ sfh erhssfs hnm scalf l`ucms grff gc`htane labr`hcehf, byhn`dhbtfrah hnm nhn`pchnkt`n dfntjab dr`wn hcehf,b`hsthc rfm hcehf hnm mhpjnams dfntjab maht`ls hnm lhranf varusfs

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