MODULO I FSN 4to Año

 

 

EDAPFD LD[ENHIDM WN[N FN XDK@[NMIN MNHIDMNF Hnrfds Xunr`z

P.@. Hdf`jid ‖Enmu`f Hnrfds Winr―  Q n e n h n - @ a d . 1 t d

F n r n N þ d r`

 

 

 EDA  ED A PFD PF D I Åmaih` PMIANA PMI ANA >   Q@EN J@M@[NAD[

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[@L@[@MQ@ Q@D[IHD

\`m`zu`fn………….. ……..   Fn nadf`sh`mhin nadf`sh`m hin mu`vns -Hdmstituhidm`s a` \`m`zu`fn…… r`spdmsnkifiana`s pnrn `f -Imstituhidm`s y ørjnmds qu` `o`rh`m y fn sdk`rnmån y fn `o`rhihid pf`md a` fn jnrnmtiznm r`spdmsnkifiana y fn ima`p`ma`mhin mnhidmnf. \`m`zu`fn, drjnmiznhidm`s euftifnt`rnf`s y a` Hiuananmån. imt`jrnhiøm. (Wda`r`s Wÿkfihds)………...  v`m`zdfnmd…………………..   Fds vnfdr`s pnrn umn -@f t`rritdrid v`m`zdfnmd………………… sdhi`ana a` pnz y -Lrdmt`rns t`rr`str`s, enråtiens y `f `spnhid nér`d v`m`zdfnmd y su `xpr`siøm hdmviv`mhin `m fn sdk`rnmån Q`rritdrinf. Drjnmiznhidm`s a`f Wda`r Wdpufnr y fn a`l`msn a` fn sdk`rnmån t`rritdrinf…………………………………….. 

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Wnj Wnj .

[`l`r`mhins kikfidjrîlihns……………………………………………... 

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 EDA  ED A PFD PF D I PMIANA >   Q@EN J@M@[NAD[?  Fn nadf`sh`mhin mu`vns r`spdmsnkifiana`s r `spdmsnkifiana`s pnrn `f `o`rhihid pf`md a` ffn n r`spdmsnkifiana y fn Hiuananmån.

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[@L@[@MQ@ Q@D[IHD?

  Hdmstituhidm`s a` \`m`zu`fn 

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Hdmstituhiøm 

@s `f hdmoumtd a` primhipids, mdrens y r`jfns qu` pr`t`ma`m `stnkf`h`r fn ldren a` um @stnad a` A`r`hcd, nså hded drjnmiznr `s` eised @stnad, a`fieitîmadfd, n trnvés a` sus prdpins imstituhidm`s a` fn Naeimistrnhiøm Wÿkfihn y `stnkf`hi`mad prdh`aiei`mtds y snmhidm`s pnrn qu` `f eised @stnad md imhuepfn hdm fns mdrens `stnkf`hians `m aihcn Hdmstituhiøm.  @m r`l`r`mhin n fd nmt`ridr, fn Hdmstituhiøm `s fn Hnrtn Enjmn, pdrqu` `s fn qu` rij` tdad `f dra`mnei`mtd ouråaihd a` um @stnad, `s a`hir md `xist` mimjumn f`y draimnrin qu` pu`an `stnr pdr `mhien a` `ffn, `s pdr `std qu` `s ffnenan F`y Xupr`en. Mimjÿm drjnmised, `mt`, lumhidmnrid a`f @stnad, f`y, a`hr`td-f`y d nhtd a` fn Naeimistrnhiøm Wÿkfihn pu`a` ir `m hdmtrn a` fd `stnkf`hiad `m fn Hdmstituhiøm a` um @stnad. Fn Hnrtn Enjmn kushn prdt`j`r fds a`r`hcds ` imt`r`s`s a` tdads fds hiuananmds `m r`fnhiøm nf nhtunr a`f prdpid @stnad. @f Wda`r Hdmstituy`mt`

@s nqu`f qu` ti`m` `f sdk`rnmd, `s a`hir, `f pu`kfd, y `st` ti`m` tdad `f pda`r, pdrqu` sdm fds hiuananmds a`f pu`kfd qui`m`s a`hia`m hded qui`r`m vivir, hded qui`r`m s`r jdk`rmnads, knod qué mdrens s` vnm n sukyujnr tdads y hnan umd a` fds imaiviauds qu` fd hdmldrenm, hunf`s sdm fns tnr`ns qu` t`marîm mu`strds enmantnrids, hded pu`a`m `o`rh`r sus lumhidm`s y hded a`k`m r`mair hu`mtns nmt` hnan umd a` fds f ds suo`tds. @std hfnrne`mt` s` ent`rinfizn hunmad `o`rh`m sus lumhidm`s fds hdmstituy`mt`s `f`jiads pdr `f pu`kfd n trnvés a` fn r`pr`s`mtnhiøm. Pmn v`z qu` s` cn a`hiaiad hded `stî fieitnad `f nhtunr a`f @stnad, hunf`s sdm fds e`hnmiseds qu` ti`m`m fds imaiviauds pnrn r`hup`rnr nfjÿm imt`rés nl`htnad pdr pnrt` a`f nhtunr a` fn Naeimistrnhiøm Wÿkfihn, mnh` fn Hdmstituhiøm a` um @stnad, fd hunf pnsn n ffnenrs` `m `s` ede`mtd pda`r hdmstituiad. @f Wda`r Hdmstituiad

X` ffnen nså pdrqu` yn `stîm hdmstituians fns kns`s a`f @stnad, su drjnmiznhiøm, sus lumhidm`s, sus fåeit`s, y `mtdmh`s sdm fds jdk`rmnmt`s qui`m`s a`k`m nsueir `f Wda`r y `o`rh`rfd hdmldre` n fd aispu`std `m fn Hnrtn Enjmn, `m fn Hdmstituhiøm, s`r mi eîs mi e`mds,Wÿkfihds simd fd qu` `m `ffn `s s` a`hir, `stnkf`h`, `s nså hded md s`a`k` `mhu`mtrn fds Wda`r`s a`f 8

 

@stnad pf`mne`mt` hdmstituiads y `s hunmad `f jdki`rmd a`k` `o`rh`r sus lumhidm`s. Qipds a` Hdmstituhidm`s

X`jÿm su r`ldrenkifiana pda`eds a`hir qu` `xist`m Hdmstituhidm`s [åjians qu` sdm nqu`ffns qu` pds``m um prdh`aiei`mtd euhcd eîs hdepf`od qu` `f draimnrid pnrn qu` éstn pu`an s`r r`ldrenan, tnekiém s` `mhu`mtrnm fns Hdmstituhidm`s Lf`xikf`s  yn qu` sdm fns qu` ti`m`m um prdh`sd pnrn su r`ldren euhcd eîs lîhif, `s a`hir, pu`a`m s`r r`ldrenans n trnvés a` um nhtd f`jisfntivd, n trnvés a` umn F`y `enmnan a`f Hdmjr`sd Mnhidmnf d Nsnekf`n Mnhidmnf. A` ijunf enm`rn, hdms`juieds fn Hdmstituhiøm ent`rinf y fn Hdmstituhiøm ldrenf, hunmad mds r`l`rieds nf pumtd a` vistn ent`rinf, `s `f hdmoumtd a` r`jfns lumane`mtnf`s qu` s` npfihnm nf `o`rhihid a`f pda`r `stntnf y, `m rnzøm a`sa` `f pumtd a` vistn ldrenf, sdm fds ørjnmds y prdh`aiei`mtds qu` imt`rvi`m`m `m su prdpin hr`nhiøm. Hdmtrdf a` fn Hdmstituhidmnfian Hdmstit uhidmnfiana a

@xist`m ; tipds a` Hdmtrdf a` fn Hdmstituhidmnfiana, y éstds, md sdm eîs qu` fns pnrn ldrens y/d `l`htivd prdh`aiei`mtds qu` `stnkf`h` prdpin Hdmstituhiøm a` um @stnad cnh`r `f huepfiei`mtd a` fnsfnmdrens, r`jfns y primhipids Hdmstituhidmnf`s y `vitnr fn vufm`rnhiøm a` fds eiseds pdr pnrt` a`f @stnad. Xi `stds sdm vufm`rnads, `stnkf`h`r fds prdh`aiei`mtds y e`hnmiseds pnrn qu` s`nm nmufnads y snmhidmnads fds nhtds qu` vnm `m hdmtrn a` fn Hnrtn Enrjn d F`y Xupr`en, a` `stn enm`rn, s` jnrnmtizn `f @stnad a` A`r`hcd y `f r`sp`td n fds A`r`hcds Cuenmds nså hded n fds primhipids, a`r`hcds y jnrnmtåns hdmstituhidmnf`s `stnkf`hiads `m fn eisen Hdmstituhiøm. A`mtrd a` fds tipds a` Hdmtrdf a` fn hdmstituhidmnfiana, fd pu`a` `o`rh`r um sdfd ørjnmd qu` pu`a` s`r? um Qrikumnf Hdmstituhidmnf, umn Xnfn Hdmstituhidmnf, umn Hdrt` Xupr`en d um Qrikumnf Xupr`ed, p`rd `s r`nfiznad ÿmihn y `xhfusivne`mt` pdr `s` eîxied ørjnmd a` imt`rpr`tnhiøm a` fn Hdmstituhiøm2 tnekiém s` `mhu`mtrn `f ffnenad Hdmtrdf Ailusd d Hdmtrdf a`shdmh`mtrnad a` fn hdmstituhidmnfiana qu` fd pu`a`m y a`k`m `o`rh`r tdads y hnan umd a` fds  ou`h`s p`rt`m`hi`mt`s nf nf Wda`r Ouaihinf a` um @stnad. @m r`l`r`mhin n fd nmt`ridr, `xist`m pnås`s adma` `xist`m eda`fds qu` utifiznm ÿmihne`mt` `f hdmtrdf hdmh`mtrnad, d `f hdmtrdf ailusd, nså hded `xist`m pnås`s qu` utifiznm um eda`fd eixtd `m `f qu` hd`xist` `f hdmtrdf hdmh`mtrnad  oumtd nf hdmtrdf ailusd.

@\NFPNHIDM LD[ENQI\N >-  Ia`mtilihn fn r`spu`stn hdrr`htn n fn pr`jumtn? N N fn hdmstituhiøm s` f` hhdmdh` dmdh` tnekiém tnekiém hded? hded? 1

 

n)   Hnrtn a` Onenihn. k) Hnrtn Hnrtn Enjmn. h) Hnrtn a` hdeprdeisd K @f Wda`r Hdmstituy`mt`, @s @s nqu`f qu` ti`m` ti`m` `f sdk`rnmd, `s a`hir? n) @f @o`hutivd Mnhidmnf.

k) @f `xtrnmo`rd. `xtrnmo`rd.

h) @f Wu`kfd.

H Mimjÿm drjnmised, `mt`, lumhidmnrid a`f @stnad, f`y, a`hr`td-f`y d nhtd a` fn Naeimistrnhiøm Wÿkfihn pu`a` ir `m hdmtrn a` fd `stnkf`hiad `m? n) Fn Hdmstituhiøm.

k) Fn [`vdfuhiøm.

h) Fn Hddp`rnhiøm.

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 EDA  ED A PFD PF D I PMIANA >   Q@EN J@M@[NAD[?  Fn nadf`sh`mhin mu`vns r`spdmsnkifiana`s r `spdmsnkifiana`s pnrn `f `o`rhihid pf`md a` ffn n r`spdmsnkifiana y fn Hiuananmån.

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[@L@[@MQ@ Q@D[IHD?

  Imstituhidm`s y ørjnmds ørjnmds qu` `o`rh`m y jnrnmtiznm fn sd sdk`rnmån k`rnmån y fn ima`p`ma`mhin mnhidmnf. (Wda`r`s Wÿkfihds).   \`m`zu`fn y fns d drjnmiznhidm`s rjnmiznhidm`s euftifnt`rnf`s y a` imt`jrnhiøm.

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Knod fds fim`nei`mtds, vijifnmhin y enmantd a`f pda`r `o`hutivd, r`pr`s`mtnad pdr `f pr`sia`mt`  a` um pnås, fn imstituhiøm eifitnr hdmstituian `m lu`rzn nrenan, `s fn r`spdmsnkf` a` jnrnmtiznr fn ima`p`ma`mhin y sdk`rnmån mnhidmnf, yn qu` a`mtrd a` sus lumhidm`s s` `mhu`mtrn hdmt`epfnan pr`hisne`mt` fn a`l`msn a` fn mnhiøm `m tdads sus nsp`htds.  A`mtrd a`f pda`r `o`hutivd tnekiém s` `mhu`mtrn `f eimist`rid a` r`fnhidm`s `xt`ridr`s, qu` oumtd nf hu`rpd aipfdeîtihd (`eknonadr`s, hømsuf`s) r`pr`s`mtnm fds imt`r`s`s a`f pnås `m `f `xtrnmo`rd.

Fds drjnmiseds euftifnt`rnf`s

Xdm drjnmiznhidm`s qu` s` `mhu`mtrnm hdmldrenans pdr tr`s d eîs mnhidm`s huyn primhipnf eisiøm s`rî trnknonr hdmoumtne`mt` `m fns prdkf`eîtihns y nsp`htds r`fnhidmnads hdm fds pnås`s qu` imt`jrnm fn drjnmiznhiøm. nhtunfiana fds drjnmiseds euftifnt`rnf`s sdm a`a` jrnm anad @m qu`fn`s um hdmh`ptd nepfine`mt` ailumaiad a`mtrd fnsiepdrtnmhin r`fnhidm`s <

 

imt`rmnhidmnf`s yn qu` r`li`r` n fn situnhiøm a` vnrids pnås`s trnknonmad enmhdeumnane`mt` `m um eised nsp`htd d hu`stiøm. Hnan pnås ei`ekrd, qu` v`fn pdr fn pr`s`rvnhiøm a` fds a`r`hcds, fik`rtna`s y sdk`rnmån a` fds pu`kfds.   pu`kfds. @f limnf a` fn Wrie`rn Ju`rrn Eumainf, iepufsø `f mnhiei`mtd a` fds drjnmiseds euftifnt`rnf`s, y yn hdm fn X`juman Ju`rrn Eumainf, hunmad `f dra`m a`f eumad s` `mhdmtrnkn hi`rtne`mt` `m ri`sjd, anad qu` `stnkn aiviaiad `m ads kfdqu`s ki`m `mlr`mtnads, surjiø fn m`h`siana a` fn hr`nhiøm a` `stds drjnmiseds. Fds Drjnmiseds Euftifnt`rnf`s p`rsiju`m hdms`juir nhu`rads jfdknf`s `m r`fnhiøm n t`ens a` imt`rés qu` nl`htnm n fn enydrån, tnf `s `f hnsd a` fn hufturn, `f hde`rhid, fn pnz, pnz, `mtr` dtrds. A` `st` edad, edad, ff`jnm n hdms`msds hdms`msds pnrn pda`r  iepf`e`mtnr nhhidm`s hdmhr`tns `m r`fnhiøm n um t`en y nså pda`r enmt`m`r `f `quifikrid a` imt`r`s`s `mtr` fns mnhidm`s. @mtr` fds primhipnf`s Drjnmiseds Euftifnt`rnf`s s` pu`a`m a`stnhnr Fn  Fn Drjnmiznhiøm a` Mnhidm`s Pmians (DMP), @f Ldmad Ldmad Edm`tnrid Imt`rmnhidmnf (LEI), `f `f  Knmhd Eumainf y fn fn  Drjnmiznhiøm Eumainf a`f Hde`rhid (DEH), `mtr` dtrds. @f Ldmad Edm`tnrid Imt`rmnhidmnf, pdrhded `o`epfd, mnhiø `mPmians, `f enrhd hdmv`mhiøm a` dtrd drjnmised euftifnt`rnf, `s Mnhidm`s `ma` `f umn nþd >910. Qi`m` hded dko`tivds priedrainf`s `vitnr fns hrisis limnmhi`rns `m fds sist`ens edm`tnrids a` sus `stnads ei`ekrds, fn prdedhiøm a` pdfåtihns hnekinrins sdst`mikf`s y a` hddp`rnhiøm n miv`f imt`rmnhidmnf, fn np`rturn a`f hde`rhid imt`rmnhidmnf y fn r`auhhiøm a` fn pdkr`zn a` tdads nqu`ffds pnås`s pnrt`s. @f LEI `s umd a` fds tnmtds drjnmiseds euftifnt`rnf`s y `sp`hinfiznads hdm fds qu` hu`mtn fn DMP. Nhtunfe`mt` hu`mtn hdm >30 ei`ekrds y su s`a` r`sia` `m Znscimjtdm A.H. X` pdarån a`hir qu` fn primhipnf ail`r`mhin `mtr` fds Drjnmiseds Euftifnt`rnf`s s` `mhu`mtrn `m su dko`td, `s a`hir, si su dko`tivd `s limnmhi`rd d md. fds a`l`msdr`s a`f euftifnt`rnfised n fd pda`råd, fnrjd a` hded fn cistdrin cnm siad  Na`eîs, primhipnfe`mt` nqu`ffds pnås`s hdm um e`ainmd Hnmnaî,  Nustrnfin d Xuizn, `m hnekid, fds @stnads eîs eîs jrnma`s ` iepdrtnmt`s, hded fds @stnads Pmiads, si`epr` cnm p`f`nad pdr fn supr`enh supr`enhån ån a` fn umifnt`rnfiana.

@\NFPNHIDM LD[ENQI\N >- 

Hdepf`tnhidm? hdepf`tn fns sijui`mt`s drnhidm`s? n)   @f pda`r `o`hutivd, `stî r`pr`s`mtnad r` pr`s`mtnad pdr éf  ? ? TTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT k)   Fn hdmstituhiøm v`m`zdfnmn (>999) pds`` 0? TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT  h)   @f limnf a` fn Wrie`rn Ju`rrn Eumainf, iepufsø `f mnhiei`mtd a` fds drjnmiseds? TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT :

 

a) Hnan pnås ei`ekrd, v`fn pdr fn pr`s`rvnhiøm a` fds a`r`hcds,

fik`rtna`s y sdk`rnmån a` fds? TTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTT `)   ´Huîf`s sdm fns sijfns a` fn Drjnmiznhiøm a` fns Mnhidm`s Pmians4? TTTTTTTTTT TTTTTTTTTTTTTT TTTT

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 EDA  ED A PFD PF D I PMIANA >   Q@EN J@M@[NAD[?   Fds vnfdr`s pnrn umn sdhi`ana a` pnz y hdmviv`mh hdmviv`mhin in

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[@L@[@MQ@ Q@D[IHD?

  @f t`rritdrid v`m`zdfn v`m`zdfnmd. md.

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@f t`rritdrid v`m`zdfnmd.

\`m`zu`fn (mdekr` dlihinf, [`pÿkfihn a` \`m`zu`fn) a` \`m`zu`fn),, r`pÿkfihn a` Xuaneérihn, fieitn nf mdrt` hdm `f enr Hnrik`, nf `st` hdm `f dhénmd Ntfîmtihd y Juynmn, nf sur hdm Krnsif hdm  Krnsif y nf surd`st` y d`st` hdm hdm Hdfdekin.  Hdfdekin.   @f pnås hu`mtn hdm umn sup`rlihi` hdmtim`mtnf ` imsufnr a` 9>;.707 be». @stds `xt`msds t`rritdrids s` `xpr`snm `m umn hdepnhtn sup`rlihi` hdmtim`mtnf, huyn fdmjitua eîx eîxien ien `s a` >.198 be `m `m air`hhiøm  air`hhiøm `st`-d`st` y a` >.;:> be `m air`hhiøm mdrt`-sur, fd qu` hdmtrikuy` n lnhifitnr fn imt`jrnhiøm fn imt`jrnhiøm y hdc`siøm imt`rmn. Hu`mtn hdm umn nepfin fåm`n a` hdstn, qu` nfhnmzn `m `f enr Hnrik` fds ;.>38 be a` fdmjitua a`sa` Hnstiff`t`s nf prdedmtdrid a` Wnrin2 su ldren `s irr`jufnr y `stî hdmstituian pdr mue`rdsds jdflds y kncåns, `mtr` fds qu` a`stnhnm `f jdfld a` \`m`zu`fn y fds a` Qrist` y Hnrinhd, y eîs a` 8>1 isfns, hnyds ` isfdt`s a` sdk`rnmån a` sdk`rnmån v`m`zdfnmn qu` s` `xti`ma`m pdr `f mdrt` cnstn fn isfn a` Nv`s a` Nv`s y su hdrr`spdmai`mt` zdmn a` `xhfusiviana `hdmøeihn enråtien. N su v`z, hu`mtn hdm >.773 be a` rik`rns hdmtim`mtnf`s `m `f dhénmd Ntfîmtihd, a`sa` `f prdedmtdrid a` Wnrin cnstn pumtn Wfnyn, imhfuy`mad `f jdfld a` Wnrin, fn isfn a` Wntds y fn lnhcnan fitdrnf a`f a`ftn a`f Drimdhd ` isfns naynh`mt`s, adma` a`stnhnm fns knons hdstns s`fvîtihns, h`mnjdsns y huki`rtns a` enmjfnr`s.

9

 

Q`rritdrid

@m `f t`rritdrid v`m`zdfnmd s` hdekimnm fds iepdm`mt`s r`fi`v`s a` fn hdraiff`rn a` fds Nma`s, fn hdraiff`rn a` fn Hdstn y `f enhizd Junynmés, hdm fns ldrenhidm`s a` nftitua e`ain a`f sist`en a`f  sist`en Hdrinmd y fns a`pr`sidm`s a` fds `stnads a` Ynrnhuy y Fnrn, adma` s` `mhu`mtrnm fns hiuana`s a` Knrquisie`td y Hnrdrn2 nsieised, tnekiém s` r`hdmdh` fn tdpdjrnlån fn  tdpdjrnlån a` fns ti`rrns knons a` fn hu`mhn a`f fnjd a` Enrnhnikd, a` Fds Ffnmds, `m `f sist`en a`f a`ftn a`f Drimdhd, y a` fn ffnmurn a`f råd Hnsiquinr` `m `f Nenzdmns v`m`zdfnmd. @m `f dhhia`mt` a`f pnås s` `mhu`mtrnm fns ti`rrns edmtnþdsns a` fds Nma`s v`m`zdfnmds, qu` s` aivia`m `m fn hdraiff`rn a` W`rioî, hdm su nftitua eîxien `m `f pihd Qutnri (8.:07 e) situnad `m fn si`rrn a` fds Edtifdm`s, y `m fn hdraiff`rn a` Eérian, adma` s` ukihn `f pumtd eîs nftd a`f pnås, `f pihd Kdfåvnr( pihd  Kdfåvnr(0.77: 0.77: e) `m fn si`rrn M`vnan a` Eérian. @m `f mdrt` s` aistimju` dtrd iepdrtnmt` hdmoumtd edmtnþdsd, fn hdraiff`rn a` fn Hdstn, aiviaian `m s`rrnmån a`f Fitdrnf H`mtrnf, huyn eîxien nftitua fn hdmstituy` `f pihd Mnijuntî (;.:77 e`trds. Fds Ffnmds nftds md sdm sush`ptikf`s a` imumanhiøm y pr`s`mtnm dmaufnhidm`s drijimnans pdr fn `rdsiøm fn  `rdsiøm lfuvinf2 nfhnmznm sus eîxiens nftitua`s `m `f pi`a`edmt` ffnm`rd-nmaimd, adma` s` r`hdmdh`m su`fds r`hdmdh`m  su`fds a` jrnm l`rtifiana. Fds Ffnmds knods `stîm hdmldrenads pdr ffnmurns nfuvinf`s qu` s` imumanm `m fn épdhn a` ffuvins, hdmv`rji`mad su r`a su r`a ciardjrîlihn hdm `f sist`en a`f råd Drimdhd2 su v`j`tnhiøm su v`j`tnhiøm `s a` pnstiznf`s trdpihnf`s a` snknmn. Fns ldrenhidm`s a`f `shuad d enhizd Junynmés `stîm s`pnrnans a`f r`std a`f pnås pdr `f nepfid nrhd a`f råd Drimdhd y s` prdfdmjnm pdr fn Nenzdmin v`m`zdfnmn `m fns iepdm`mt`s si`rrns a` Wnrien y Wnhnrnien, hdm mue`rdsds t`puis (`m simjufnr t`puy, mdekr` fdhnf qu` nfua` n e`s`tns tnkufnr`s) ukihnads oumtd n fn lrdmt`rn fn lrdmt`rn hdm Krnsif. @m su `xtr`ed mdrdri`mtnf a`stnhnm fns ti`rrns knons a`ftnihns a`f Drimdhd.  N su v`z, `mtr` fns rik`rns a`f Drimdhd y fn < · fntitua M, `f pnisno` junynmés s` enmili`stn `m ffnmurns hdm nftitua`s qu` dshifnm `mtr` fds ;77 y fds 077 e, adeimnmad `f hfien `f hfien ffnm`rd y fns ldrenhidm`s a` snknmn. Nf sur a` `st` pnrnf`fd pr`adeimnm jrnma`s t`puys, `mtr` fds qu` a`stnhn `f Nuynm Q`puy (8.777 e) qu` nfk`rjn `f Xnftd Îmj`f, `m `f råd Hcurÿm, nlfu`mt` a`f Hnrrnd, umn `sp`htnhufnr hnshnan a` 9:9 e, fn eîs `f`vnan a`f eumad. Nquå adeimnm fns ldrenhidm`s s`fvîtihns.

>7

 

@\NFPNHIDM LD[ENQI\N >-   Wnrinei`mtd. N)  Aikuon umn fåm`n a`sa` fn hdfuemn N cnstn fn r`spu`stn qu` hdmsia`rns hdrr`htn `m fn hdfuemn K? N

K

@f pumtd eîs nftd a`f pnås, `s `f pihd Kdfåvnr  pihd  Kdfåvnr . Pkihnad `m fn… 

Ynrnhuy y Fnrn 

X` aistimju` dtrd iepdrtnmt` hdmoumtd edmtnþdsd, fn hdraiff`rn a` fn Hdstn…  Fns ffnmurns nfuvinf`s qu` s` imumanm `m fn épdhn a` ffuvins `stîm hdmldrenads pdr fds…  A`stnhnm fns ti`rrns knons a`ftnihns a`f Drimdhd…  Xist`en Hdrinmd y fns a`pr`sidm`s fns pda`eds `mhdmtrnr `mtr` fds @stnads… 

@m su `xtr`ed mdrdri`mtnf  @m `f mdrt`  Xi`rrn M`vnan a` Eérian Ffnmds knods 

>>

 

 EDA  ED A PFD PF D I PMIANA >   Q@EN J@M@[NAD[?   Fds vnfdr`s pnrn umn sdhi`ana a` pnz y hdmviv`mh hdmviv`mhin in

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[@L@[@MQ@ Q@D[IHD?

  Lrdmt`rns t`rr`str`s, enråtiens enråtiens y `f `spnh `spnhid id nér`d v`m`zdfnmd v`m`zdfnmd y ssu u `xpr`siøm `m fn sdk`rnmån Q`rritdrinf. Drjnmiznhidm`s a`f Wda`r Wdpufnr y fn a`l`msn a` fn sdk`rnmån t`rritdrinf. 

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Lrdmt`rns t`rr`str`s

\`m`zu`fn fieitn hdm hntdrh` `stnads, ti`m` umds 0> be a` lrdmt`rns t`rr`str`s qu` hdepnrt` hdm Hdfdekin, hdm Hdfdekin, Krnsif  Krnsif y Juynmn y lrdmt`rns enråtiens `m `f Enr `f Enr Hnrik` y `m `f `f Dhénmd  Dhénmd Ntfîmtihd a` fns qu` yn ti`m` fåeit`s a`limiads a` îr`ns enrimns y sukenrimns hdm? @stnads hdm?  @stnads Pmiads (n trnvés a` a` Wu`rtd  Wu`rtd [ihd y fns   Isfns \årj`m`s a` fds @stnads Pmiads) fns Pmiads),, `f `f   [`imd a` fds Wnås`s Knods (n trnvés a` a` Nrukn,  Nrukn, Hurnznd,  Hurnznd, Kdmnir`,  Xnkn y Xnm @ustnquid), @ustnquid) Adeimihnmn, Lrnmhin Adeimihnmn,  Lrnmhin (n trnvés  Kdmnir`, Xnkn a` Enrtimihn a` Enrtimihn y Junanfup`)   Junanfup`)   y Qrimiana, [`pÿkfihn y Qdknjd2 Qdknjd2   ti`m` p`mai`mt` pdr a`limir hdm îr`ns enrimns y sukenrimns hdm? Hdfdekin, hdm?  Hdfdekin, Xnm  Xnm Hristøknf y Mi`v`s,  Mi`v`s, [`imd Pmiad( Pmiad(n n trnvés a` a` Edmts`rrnt)  Edmts`rrnt),, Adeimihn,  Adeimihn, Xnmtn  Xnmtn Fuhån,  Xnm \ih`mt` y fns Jrnmnaimns, Fuhån, Jrnmnaimns, Jrnmnan  Jrnmnan y Juynmn.  Juynmn.   Naihidmnfe`mt`, pu`a` fieitnr `m `f dhénmd Ntfîmtihd hdm um pnås naihidmnf, Knrknads, naihidmnf,  Knrknads,   `m um pdsikf` pumtd trilimid oumtd hdm Qrimiana y Qdknjd. Fn lrdmt`rn hdm Hdfdekin s` `xti`ma` `m um tdtnf a` ;;>9 be, si`mad nså fn lrdmt`rn eîs fnrjn qu` pds``m nekds pnås`s. X` `xti`ma` `mtr` `mtr ` fn fn W`måmsufn  W`måmsufn a` Fn Junoirn y fn fn Wi`arn  Wi`arn a`f Hdhuy `m `f `f råd  råd M`jrd. M`jrd. Fds  Fds `stnads qu` ldrenm pnrt` a` fn lrdmt`rn sdm _ufin, sdm  _ufin, Qîhcirn,  Qîhcirn, Npur`  Npur` y Nenzdmns.  Nenzdmns.   Éstn lrdmt`rn cn `stnad suo`tn n ailåhif`s trntnads qu` siju`m fds imt`r`s`s a` nekns mnhidm`s sdkr` fds t`rritdrids qu` éstn hdepr`ma`, n nekds fnads a` fn lrdmt`rn2 ijunfe`mt` `s umn a` fns qu` eîs prdkf`ens sdhinf`s y `hdmøeihds pds``m. Fn lrdmt`rn hdfdekd-v`m`zdfnmn `stî nhtunfe`mt` a`fieitnan pdr ads trntnads (Fnuad @spnþdf a` >39> y Qrntnad a` >91>), sim `eknrjd s` cnm m`jdhinad himhd a` `ffds?  `ffds?  Qrntnad Eihc`f`mn-Wdekd, Eihc`f`mn-Wdekd,   Qrntnad Nrds`e`mnJuzeîm, Fnuad @spnþdf a` fn [`imn Enrin Hristimn, X`mt`mhin a`f Hdms`od L`a`rnf Xuizd y Qrntnad y Qrntnad Føp`z a` E`sn-Jif Kdrj`s. Kdrj`s.   Fds fåeit`s pnrt`m a`sa` `f hnkd Hnstiff`t`s hnkd  Hnstiff`t`s `m fåm`n r`htn cnstn Entnounmn, a` fn eisen ldren cnstn Nftds a`f H`ard y Edtifdm`s `m fn si`rrn fn  si`rrn a` W`rioî.   A` ncå s` rij` knod fns hiens edmtnþdsns a` fn si`rrn cnstn `f  råd W`rioî. Imt`re`aid, fu`jd Imt`re`aid,  fu`jd cnhin `f [åd a` Drd, Hntntuekd, Drd,  Hntntuekd,   _ufin, Dirî, Dirî, Nrnuhn,  Nrnuhn, E`tn  E`tn y su a`s`ekdhnaurn `m `f Drimdhd. `f  Drimdhd. A`sa`  A`sa` siju` `f hursd"Wi`arn a`f Drimdhd cnstn fds råds Ntnknpd y Junimån y hdmhfuy` `mncå `f pumtd trilimid " Wi`arn a`f Hdhuy Hdhuy", ", >;

 

qu` hdepnrt` hdm Krnsif. Fn pnrt` lrdmt`rizn qu` hdfiman hdm `f `stnad _ufin s` rij` knod nhhia`mt`s j`djrîlihds edmtnþdsds, y fn pnrt` nenzømihn y npur`þn `stî a`t`reimnan pdr fn pr`s`mhin a` råds r åds y a`s`ekdhnaurns.  Nhtunfe`mt`, \`m`zu`fn hdepnrt` oumtd hdm su lrdmt`rn hdfdekinmn umn  Nhtunfe`mt`, \`m`zu`fn jrnm hnmtiana a` prdkf`ens sdhinf`s y pdfåtihds, hded pdr `o`epfd, fn pr`s`mhin a` lu`rzns ju`rriff`rns `m fn fåm`n lrdmt`rizn y fn nftn hnmtiana a` hdmtrnknmad ifåhitd qu` `mtrn nf t`rritdrid mnhidmnf. @f Qrntnad a` fåeit`s y mnv`jnhiøm lfuvinf a`f 0 a` enyd a` >309 imihiø fn a`fieitnhiøm a` lrdmt`rn `mtr` \`m`zu`fn y Krnsif2 y  Krnsif2   Krnsif r`mumhin n lnvdr a` \`m`zu`fn a`  \`m`zu`fn tdads sus pdsikf`s a`r`hcds `m fns hu`mhns a` fds råds Drimdhd råds  Drimdhd y @s`quikd,  @s`quikd,   y n su v`z \`m`zu`fn r`mumhin n lnvdr a` a` Krnsif  Krnsif n tdads fds pdsikf`s a`r`hcds `m fns hu`mhn fns hu`mhn nenzømihns, `xh`ptunmad nenzømihns, `xh`ptunmad umn pnrt` a`f råd a`f  råd M`jrd. M`jrd. @f  @f >: a` enyd a` >933 nekds pnås`s h`f`krnm um mu`vd trntnad `m `f hunf `stnkf`h`m umn knman a` 87 e`trds a` nmhcd n hnan fnad a` fn fåm`n lrdmt`rizn adma` md pu`a`m r`nfiznrs` nhtiviana`s mi dkrns. @stn lrdmt`rn ti`m` umn fdmjitua a` ;>99 biføe`trds (a` fds hunf`s 97 sdm fima`rds hdmv`mhidmnf`s y fds dtrds ;.>79 be hdrr`spdma`m hdm fn aivisdrin a` njuns `mtr` fns hu`mhns a`f Nenzdmns (Krnsif) y a`f Drimdhd (\`m`zu`fn)) ntrnv`snmad fns si`rrns a` Ie`ri, Qnpirnp`hø, Hurupirn y Pruhuz`ird (@stnad krnsif`þd a` Nenzdmns), Wnrien, Nunri, Prutnmie y Wnhnrnien (@stnad a` [drnien) y s` cn a`enrhnad e`ainmt` citds lrdmt`rizds. @f fåeit` j`djrîlihd hdei`mzn `m `f pumtd `f pumtd trilimid Krnsif-Hdfdekin-\`m`zu`fn a` fn Wi`arn a`f Hdhuy y hdmtimÿn `m fåm`n r`htn cnstn `f snftd a` Cuî2 fu`jd hdmtimÿn n trnvés a` fns huekr`s edmtnþdsns qu` hdmstituy`m fn fåm`n aivisdrin a` fns hu`mhns a`f Drimdhd y Nenzdmns. y Nenzdmns. @f  @f pumtd limnf s` `mhu`mtrn `m um trilimid Krnsif-Juynmn\`m`zu`fn `m fn hien a`f t`puy [drnien, sim `eknrjd, a`kiad n fn r`hfnenhiøm v`m`zdfnmn sdkr` fn Junynmn fn Junynmn @s`quikn y nf r`hdmdhiei`mtd qu` f` cnh` Krnsif a` fn hu`mhn a`f råd @s`quikd, nf pumtd trilimid  a` a`r`hcd (nf e`mds pnrn \`m`zu`fn y Krnsif) s` fdhnfizn `m fn hnk`h`rn a` råd @s`quikd `m fn  si`rrn Enpu`rn.   Enpu`rn. @f pumtd a` enydr iepdrtnmhin pdr nhh`sd vinf `stî hdepr`maiad `mtr` fns pdkfnhidm`s a` Xnmtn a` Xnmtn @f`mn a` Pnirém, Pnirém, \`m`zu`fn  \`m`zu`fn y Wnhnrnien,  Wnhnrnien, Krnsif.  Krnsif.  

>8

 

Fn lrdmt`rn qu` aivia` n \`m`zu`fn n  \`m`zu`fn a` a` Juynmn  Juynmn `o`rh` sdk`rnmån cnstn Wumtn a` Wfnyn (A`ftn Nenhurd) Nenhurd),, `stn lrdmt`rn s` `xti`ma` `m um tdtnf a` :18 be, fn hunf `s su pumtd eîs mdrdri`mtnf. \`m`zu`fn r`hfnen umn r`jiøm knod fn naeimistrnhiøm a` Juynmn? a` Juynmn? Fn  Fn Junynmn  Junynmn @s`quikn.  @s`quikn.  \`m`zu`fn cn enmt`miad umn pdsihiøm a` a`fieitnr lrdmt`rns enråtiens imt`rmnhidmnf`s a` eutud nhu`rad hdm fds pnås`s v`himds, sim m`h`siana a` nhuair n imstnmhins imt`rmnhidmnf`s. A` nhu`rad hdm `stn pdsihiøm, \`m`zu`fn cn a`fieitnad sus îr`ns enrimns y sukenrimns hdm himhd pnås`s. N ail`r`mhin a` fds nhtunf`s fåeit`s a` fns lrdmt`rns t`rr`str`s, adma` `xist` fn f n s`msnhiøm `mtr` fds v`m`zdfnmds a` qu` su pnås cn p`raiad hnsi fn eitna a` su t`rritdrid drijimnf, fds trntnads pnrn trnznr fds fåeit`s enråtieds, cnstn ncdrn a`limiads, sdm hdmsia`rnads oustds y `quitntivds pnrn fns pnrt`s.

@m hunmtd n fds fåeit`s enråtieds pdr a`limir, s` hdmsia`rnm tr`s dkstîhufds iepdrtnmt`s qu` cnm iep`aiad, cnstn fds ede`mtds, ff`jnr n um nhu`rad hdm hnan umd a` fds pnås`s imvdfuhrnads? hdm Hdfdekin `xist`m a`snhu`rads sdkr` `f eétdad a` a`fieitnhiøm sdkr` fns njuns a`f Jdfld a`f  Jdfld a` \`m`zu`fn, \`m`zu`fn,    hdm`f fds nmjfdsnodm`s a`f Hnrik` hu`stidmn fny sdk`rnmån y/d enr`stnads pntriedminf qu` f` j`m`rn fn  isfn dri`mtnf fn isfn a` Nv`ss` n \`m`zu`fn, hdm Juynmn md pu`a` a`fieitnrs` îr`ns enrimns y suk-enrimns cnstn qu` md s` cnff` r`su`ftd `f ail`r`mad t`rritdrinf sdkr` fn Junynmn @s`quikn y `f enr pntriedminf qu` `st` j`m`rn.

@\NFPNHIDM LD[ENQI\N >-   Aikuon `f enpn a` \`m`zu`fn s`þnfnmad fds fieit`s `xnhtds a`f pnås y r`snftn r`s nftn `f @stnad `m `f hunf s` `mhu`mtrn?

>1

 

>0

 

[`l`r`mhins Kikfidjrîlihns

cttps?//www.sijmilihnads.hde/hdmstituhidm/  cttps?//www.sijmilihnads.hde/hdmstituhidm/  cttps?//krnimfy.fnt/tnr`n/