Modulo. Fundamentos de Estudos Ambientais - Versao Final

 

  iouid h` Jursk h` Dnj`ojnituri `e A`stêk Iefn`otid

 

 

Guohie`otks h` A`stêk Iefn`otins, 9¼ Iok

 

AI929

Ponv`rsnhih` Jitúdnji h` káiefnqu` J`otrk h` @osnok i Hnstæojni

 

Hnr`ntks h` iutkr (jkpyrnamt) @st` eiouid î prkprn`hih` hi Ponv`rsnhih` Jitúdnji h` Ekáiefnqu`, J`otrk h` @osnok â Hnstæojni (J@H) ` jkotìe r`s`rvihks tkhks ks hnr`ntks. Î prknfnhi i hupdnjiáêk ku r`prkhuáêk h`st` eiouid, ok s`u tkhk ku `e pirt`s, skf quinsqu`r gkreis ku pkr quinsqu`r e`nks (`d`jtrúonjks, e`jæonjk, ariviáêk, gktkjúpni ku kutrks), s`e p`renssêk `xpr`ssi h` `otnhih` `hntkri (Ponv`rsnhih` Jitúdnji h`

Ekáiefnqu` Ekáie fnqu`  J`otrk h` @osnok â Hnstæojni). K oêk jueprne`otk h`sti ihv`rtìojni î pissåv`d i  prkj`ssks luhnjnins.

 

Ponv`rsnhih` Jitúdnji h` káiefnqu` J`otrk h` @osnok â Hnstæojni - J@H  Vui Jkrr`rni h` Frntk O k 79:-Rkoti-Aìi Ekáiefnqu` - F`nri X`d`gko`< 6: :6 78 20 J`d< =6 02 9= 88 2 Gix1 >1

Ponhih` WNNN

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Xnpkdkani hks Rrkfd`eis Iefn`otins........ Iefn`otins.............................. ............................................ ................................................>= ..........................>= Notrkhuáêk........................... Notrkhuáêk..... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................................>= ...........................>= Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................92: ..........................92: @x`rjåjnks... @x`rjåjnks......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............92: 92:

Ponhih` N]

928

X`krnis skfr` e`nk iefn`ot`.......... iefn`ot`................................ ............................................ .........................................................928 ...................................928 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................928 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................927 ..........................927 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............921 921

Ponhih` ]

92=

Ia`ot`s his Euhioáis Iefn`otins Adkfins......... Adkfins............................... ............................................ ...................................92= .............92= Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................92= Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................992 ..........................992 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............999 999

Ponhih` ]N

996

K Mke`e ` k E`nk Iefn`ot`........................................ Iefn`ot`................................................................................. ..............................................996 .....996 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................996 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................997 ..........................997 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............997 997

Ponhih` ]NN

991

Rrnojnpins Rrkfd`eis Iefn`otins Adkfins.................................................................. Adkfins....................................................................991 ..991 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................991

 

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nnn

Zueérnk................................................... Zueérnk............................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................................962 ..........................962 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............969 969

Ponhih` ]NNN

966

I Rkdunáêk............................... Rkdunáêk..................................................... ............................................ ............................................................... ..........................................966 .966 Notrkhuáêk........................... Notrkhuáêk..... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ...............................................966 .........................966 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................968 ..........................968 @x`rjåjnks... @x`rjåjnks......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............968 968

Ponhih` ]NW

960

H`strunáêk hi Jieihi h` Kzkok.......... Kzkok................................ ............................................ ............................................ .............................960 .......960 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................960 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................9:2 ..........................9:2 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............9:2 9:2

Ponhih` ]W

9:9

@g`ntks h` @stugi............. @stugi................................... ............................................. ............................................. ..................................................9:9 ............................9:9 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................9:9 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................9:0 ..........................9:0 @x`rjåjnks... @x`rjåjnks......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............9:0 9:0

Ponhih` ]WN

9:7

K Jr`sjne`otk H`ekarégnjk Vépnhk ` V`jursks Oiturins.......................................... Oiturins............................................9:7 ..9:7 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................9:7 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................9:> ..........................9:> @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............9:> 9:>

Ponhih` ]WNN

982

Nepijtk Iefn`otid H`jkrr`ot` hk Jr`sjne`otk H`ekarégnjk Vépnhk.........................982 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................982 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................987 ..........................987 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............987 987

Ponhih` ]WNNN

981

Jmuvis Éjnhis........ Éjnhis.............................. ............................................ ............................................ ...........................................................981 .....................................981 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................981 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................98> ..........................98> @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............98> 98>

Ponhih` ]N]

902

Nov`rsêk tîrenji ` ndmis h` jidkr................................................................................... jidkr...................................................................................902 902 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................902

 

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nv

Zueérnk................................................... Zueérnk............................. ............................................. ............................................. ................................................90: ..........................90: @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............90: 90:

Ponhih` ]]

908

Rrnojnpins Ijtnvnhih`s piri i H`arihiáêk hk E`nk Iefn`ot`.....................................908 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................908 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................907 ..........................907 @x`rjåjnks... @x`rjåjnks......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............907 907

Ponhih` ]]N

901

I Not`rijáêk `otr` k E`nk Iefn`ot` ` k Jkepd`xk X`rrntkrnid Zújnk-@jkoúenjk......901 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................901 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................90> ..........................90> @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............90> 90>

Ponhih` ]]NN

972

E`nk Iefn`ot`, V`jursks Oiturins ` Ijtnvnhih`s Ekhngnjihkris......................... Ekhngnjihkris................................972 .......972 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................972 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................97: ..........................97: @x`rjåjnks... @x`rjåjnks......................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............97: 97:

Ponhih` ]]NNN

978

K Iefn`ot` ` is Euhioáis Adkfins< Ijáð`s h` Entnaiáêk......... Entnaiáêk............................... .................................978 ...........978 Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................978 Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................971 ..........................971 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............971 971

Ponhih` ]]NW

97=

Nepijtk his Euhioáis Iefn`otins Adkfins ois Jkeuonhih`s Jkeuonhih`s Ekáiefnjiois...........97= Ekáiefnjiois........... 97= Notrkhuáêk............................................................................................................97= Zueérnk............................. Zueérnk....... ............................................ ............................................. ............................................. ................................................918 ..........................918 @x`rjåjnks......................... @x`rjåjnks... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ........................... ............910 910

 

Wnsêk a`rid F`e-vnohk i Guohie`otks h` @stuhks Iefn`otins  Ok jkot`xtk  hk r`dijnkoie`otk `otr` k Mke`e, oitur`zi ` s`us r`jursks not`r`ssie `sp`jnide`ot` ks prkfd`eis jkek i h`strunáêk hi jieihi h` kzkok, p`rhi hi fnkhnv`rsnhih`, `g`ntks `g`n tks hi fnkt` fnkt`jokd jokdkani kani,, h`sgdkr`s h`sgdkr`stioh tiohk, k, h`s`rtngnj h`s`rtngnjiáêk iáêk,,  pkdunáêk, h`sistr`s `jkdúanjks, i r`diáêk `otr` e`nk iefn`ot` ` siüh`, `otr` kutrks isp`jtks. O`st` jkot`xtk, i ji jih` h`nr nrii h` Gu Guoh ohie ie`o `otk tkss h` @stu @stuhk hkss Iefn Iefn`o `oti tins ns,, ok  pr`s`ot` Eúhudk N, pr`t`oh` jkotrnfunr piri i prkekáêk hk jkom`jne`otk skfr` k e`nk iefn`ot` ok s`otnhk h` s`r  sihnkk ` `j sihn `jko koke kenj njie ie`o `ot` t` s` s`au aurk rk,, pr prkp kpkr krjn jnko koio iohk hk ik ikss `stuhiot`s uei vnsêk not`arihi ik oåv`d dkjid, oijnkoid, r`ankoid ` adkfid hks guohie`otins prkfd`eis iefn`otins ` his `stritîanis piri sui entnaiáêk ku skduáêk.

Kfl`jtnvks hk jursk Yuio Yu iohk hk t`re t`reno noir ir h` `s `stu tuhi hirr ks Gu Guoh ohie ie`o `otk tkss h` @stu @stuhk hkss Iefn`otins, r`g`r`ot` ik Eúhudk N, s`ré jipiz h`<

Kfl`jtnvks



Jkepr``oh`r ks jkoj`ntks guohie`otins hk e`nk iefn`ot`.



Jkom`j`r ks prkfd`eis ku nepijtks iefn`otins.



Ioidnsir i nogduìojni hk Mke`e oi h`arihiáêk hks r`jursks oiturins.



Jkotrnfunr piri i gkreiáêk h` uei jkosjnìojni h` iekr â oitur`zi iprkguohiohk ks jkom`jne`otks skfr` i prkfd`eétnji hi trio triosg sgkr krei eiáê áêkk ` pr prkt kt`j `jáê áêkk hi oi oitu tur` r`zi zi `e gu guoá oáêk êk hk h`s`ovkdvne`otk.

 



Iprk Ip rkgu guoh ohir ir ks jkom jkom`j `jne ne`o `otk tkss sk skfr fr`` i pr prkf kfd` d`eé eétn tnji ji hi  prkt`jáêk ` triosgkreiáêk triosgkreiáêk hi oitur` oitur`zi, zi, h`stijioh h`stijiohkk ks prkfd`eis r`dijnkoihks jke k iefn`ot` ` k h`s`ovkdvne`otk sust`otév`d.

 

Gkrtid`j`r i gkreiáêk hi jkoj`páêk jn`otågnji hk Euohk. Jkot Jk otrn rnfu funr nr pi piri ri k h` h`s` s`ov ovkd kdvn vne` e`ot otkk h` mi mifn fndn dnhi hih` h`ss pi piri ri i  p`squnsi fnfdnkarégnji, i `xpr`ssêk krid ` `sjrnti ` hi nov`stnaiáêk jn`otågnji hk Iefn`ot`.



Nh`o Nh`otn tngn gnji jirr ks prno prnojn jnpi pins ns pr prkf kfd` d`ei eiss ie iefn fn`o `oti tins ns ad adkf kfin inss ` jkepr``oh`r is suis jiusis ` jkos`quìojnis.



Ividnir is jkos`quìojnis hnr`jtie`ot` r`dijnkoihis jke jihi ue hks prkfd`eis iefn`otins adkfins hi ijtuidnhih`.



Ioidnsir is pkssåv`ns skduáð`s piri i r`skduáêk, ku entnaiáêk, hks prkfd`eis qu` is jkeuonhih`s `ogr`otie.

Yu`e h`v`rni `stuhir `st` eúhudk @st` Eúhudk gkn jkoj`fnhk piri ks `stuhiot`s qu` `stêk i gr`qu`otir k jursk h` Dnj`ojnituri `e A`stêk Iefn`otid, ok J`otrk h` @osnok i Hnstæojni oi PJE. @st`oh` - s` i tkhks qu` qu`nrie sif`r eins ` jkoskdnhir ks s`us jkom`jne`otks skfr` ks Guohie`otks hks @stuhks Iefn`otins.

Jkek `sté `struturihk `st` eúhudk Xkhks ks eúhudks hks jursks prkhuznhks p`di Ponv`rsnhih` Jitúdnji h` Ekáiefnqu` - J`otrk h` @osnok i Hnstæojni `ojkotrie-s` `struturihks hi s`aunot` eio`nri<

Réanois Notrkhutúrnis 

Pe åohnj` jkepd`tk.



Pei vns vnsêk êk a`r a`rid id h`t h`tidm idmihi ihi  hk jurs jurskk / eú eúhu hudk, dk, r` r`su suen enoh ohkk ks isp`jtks-jmiv` qu` vkjì pr`jnsi jkom`j`r piri jkepd`tir k `stuhk. V`jke`ohieks vnvie`ot` qu` d`ni `sti s`jáêk jke it`oáêk iot`s h` jke`áir k s`u `stuhk.

 

Jkot`ühk hk jursk / eúhudk K jur jursk sk `sté `sté `strut `struturi urihk hk `e uon uonhih hih`s. `s. Jih Jihii uonhi uonhih` h` noj nojdun dunré ré uei notrkhuáêk , kfl`jtnvks   hi uonhih`, jkot`ühk   hi uo uonhi nhih` h` noj nojdun dunohk ohk ijtnvnhih`s h` ipr`ohnzia`e , ue ue sueérnk   hi uonhih` ` uei ku eins ijtnvnhih`s piri iutk-ividniáêk.

Kutrks r`jursks Riri qu`e `st`li not`r`ssihk `e ipr`oh`r eins, ipr`s`otieks uei dnsti h` r`jursks ihnjnkoins piri vkjì `xpdkrir. @st`s r`jursks pkh`e nojdunr  dnvrks, irtnaks ku snt`s oi not`ro`t.

Xir`gis h` ividniáêk `/ku Iutk-ividniáêk Xir`gis h` ividniáêk piri `st` eúhudk `ojkotrie-s` ok gnoid h` jihi uonh uonhih ih`. `. Z`ep Z`epr` r` qu qu`` o`j` o`j`ss ssér érnk nk,, hêkhêk-s` s` gk gkdm dmis is nohn nohnvn vnhu huin inss piri piri h`s`ovkdv`r is tir`gis, issne jkek nostruáð`s piri is jkepd`tir. @st`s `d`e`otks `ojkotrie-s` ok gnoid hk eúhudk.

Jke`otérnks ` sua`stð`s @sti î i sui kpkrtuonhih` piri oks hir sua`stð`s ` giz`r jke`otérnks skfr` i `struturi ` k jkot`ühk hk jursk / eúhudk. Ks s`us jke`otérnks s`rêk üt`ns piri oks iluhir i ividnir ` e`dmkrir `st` jursk / ekhudk.

Åjko`s h` ijtnvnhih` Ik dkoak h`st` eiouid nré `ojkotrir uei sîrn` h` åjko`s ois eira`os his gkdmis. @st`s åjko`s s`rv`e piri nh`otngnjir hng`r`ot`s pirt`s hk prkj`ssk h` ipr`ohnzia`e. Rkh`e nohnjir uei pirj`di `sp`jågnji h` t`xtk, uei okvi ijtnvnhih` ku tir`gi, uei euhioái h` ijtnvnhih`, `tj.

Ij`rji hks åjko`s Ks åjko`s usihks o`st` eiouid sêk såefkdks igrnjioks, jkom`jnhks pkr  ihrn ihrnoc oci. i. @st` @st`ss såef såefkd kdks ks tìe tìe kr krna na`e `e ok pkvk pkvk Ismi Ismiot ot`` h` Ég Égrn rnji ji Kjnh`otid, hitie hk sîjudk ]WNN ` inohi s` usie mkl` `e hni.

Mifndnhih`s h` `stuhk Huriot` i gkreiáêk, piri gijndntir i ipr`ohnzia`e ` idjioáir e`dmkr`s r`sudtihks, nepdnjiré `ep`omk, h`hnjiáêk ` hnsjnpdnoi ok `stuhk. Nstk î, ks  fkos r`sudtihks ip`ois s` jkos`au`e jke `stritîanis `gnjiz`s ` pkr nssk î nepkrtiot` sif`r jkek `stuhir. Ipr`s`oti-s` idaueis sua`stð`s piri qu`  pkssi eixnenzir k t`epk h`hnjihk h`hnjihk iks `stuhks< Iot`s h` kraionzir ks s`us eke`otks h` `stuhk r`gdnjti skfr` k iefn`ot` h` `stuhk qu` s`rni nh`id piri sn< @stuhk e`dmkr `e jisi/f jis i/fnfd nfdnkt` nkt`ji/ ji/jig jigî/k î/kutr utrkk dua duair; ir; @st @stuhk uhk e`d e`dmkr mkr â okn oknt`/h t`/h`` eio eiomê/ mê/h` h` tirh tirh`/ `/gn gnoos-h` s-h`-s -s`e `eio ioi/ i/ik ik dkoa dkoakk hi s` s`ei eioi oi;; @s @stu tuhk hk e` e`dm dmkr kr jke jke eüsnji/oue såtnk skss`aihk/oue såtnk firudm`otk; Rr`jnsk h` ue not`rvidk

 

h` :2 `e :2 enou enoutk tks/ s/h` h` mkri mkri i mk mkri ri/h /h`` huis huis `e hu huis is mk mkri ris/ s/s` s`e e not`rrupáêk; Î nepkssåv`d `stuhir ouei oknt` tuhk k qu` h`vni t`r snhk `stuhihk huriot` ue h`t`renoihk p`råkhk h` t`epk3 H`v` `stuhir jihi pkotk hi eitîrni `e prkguohnhih` ` pissir sú ik s`aunot` quiohk ijmir qu` lé hkenoi f`e k iot`rnkr. Î pr`g`råv`d sif`r f`e idaueis pirt`s hi eitîrni hk qu` sif`r pkujk skfr` euntis pirt`s. H`v` `vntir-s` `stuhir mkris s`aunhis iot`s`his ividniáð`s,jke`ái pkrqu`,i h`vnhk â gidti h` t `epkeuntis t`epk ` jkos`qu`ot`s iosn`hih` nos`aurioái, t`r-s` hngnjudhih`s h` jkoj`otriáêk ` h` e`ekrnziáêk piri kraionzir tkhi i nogkreiáêk `stuhihi. Riri nssk tkroi-s` o`j`ssérnk qu`< Kraionz` oi sui ia`ohi ue mkrérnk koh` h`gno` i qu` mkris ` qu` eitîrnis h`v` `stuhir  huriot` i s`eioi3 Gij` ik t`epk dnvr` qu` r`sti, h`v` h`jnhnr jkek k utndnzir prkhutnvie`ot`, h`jnhnohk quiotk t`epk s`ré h`hnjihk ik `stuhk ` i kutris ijtnvnhih`s. Î nepkrtiot` nh`otngnjir is nh`nis prnojnpins h` ue t`xtk, pkns s`ré uei o`j`ssnhih` piri k `stuhk his hnv`rsis eitîrnis qu` jkepð`e k jursk< I jkdkjiáêk h` oktis ois eira`os pkh` iluhir i `struturir i eitîrni h` ekhk qu` s`li eins géjnd nh`otngnjir is pirt`s qu` `sté i `stuhir ` Rkh` `sjr`v`r jkojdusð`s, `x`epdks, viotia`os, h`gnonáð`s, hitis, oke`s, pkh` tiefîe utndnzir i eira`e piri jkdkjir jke`otérnks s`us r`dijnkoihks jke k qu` `sté i d`r3 i e`dmkr idturi piri sufdnomir î ne`hnitie`ot` i s`aunr â jkepr``osêk hk t`xtk ` oêk h`pkns h` uei prne`nri d`nturi3 Ptndnzir k hnjnkoérnk s`epr` qu` surli ue jkoj`ntk julk snaongnjihk h`sjkom`j`.

Rr`jnsi h` ipknk; Jirk `stuhiot`, t`eks i j`rt`zi qu` pkr uei ku pkr kutri sntuiáêk, k eit`rnid nepr`ssk, dm` pkh` susjntir idauei hüvnhi (gidti h` jdir`zi, idauos `rrks h` oitur`zi grésnji, prkvév`ns `rrks krtkarégnjks, gidti h` jdir`zi jkot`uhåstnji, `tj). O`st`s jisks, jkotijt` k tutkr, vni t`d`gko`, `sjr`vi uei jirti pirtnjnpiohk i sntuiáêk ` s` `stnv`r prúxnek hk tutkr, jkotijt`k p`sskide`ot`. Ks tutkr` tutkr`sst`rtìe pkr kfrna kfrnaiáê iáêk, k, ekontk ntkrir rir kfl`jtnvie`ot` i sui ipr`o ipr`ohnz hnzia` ia`e, e,k tutkr, hin k `stuhiot` i kpkrtuonhih` h` eko not`rianr jke usiohk piri k `g`ntk ks e`jionseks ipr`s`otihks ijnei. Xkhks ks tutkr`s tìe pkr kfrnaiáêk gijndntir i not`rijáêk, `e jisk h`  prkfd`eis `sp`jågnjks `d` h`v` s`r k prne`nrk i s`r jkotijtihk, ouei gis`  pkst`rnkr jkotijt` k jkkrh`oihkr hk jursk ` s` k prkfd`ei gkr h` oitur`zi a`rid. Jkotijt` i hnr`jáêk hk J@H, p`dk oüe`rk =6029=882. Ks jkotijtks sú s` pkh`e `g`jtuir, oks hnis üt`ns ` ois mkris okreins h` `xp`hn`ot`. Is s`ssð`s pr`s`ojnins sêk ue eke`otk `e qu` vkjì jirk `stuhiot`, t`e i kpkrtuonhih` h` not`rianr jke tkhk k stigg hk J@H, o`st` p`råkhk pkh` ipr`s`otir huvnhis, tritir qu`stð`s ihenonstritnvis, `otr` kutris. K `stuhk `e arupk jke ks jkd`ais î uei gkrei i t`r `e jkoti, fusqu` ipkn ipknkk jke jke ks jkd` jkd`ai ais, s, hnsj hnsjut utie ie luot luotks ks,, ipkn ipkn`e `e - s` eu eutu tuie ie`o `ot`, t`,

 

r`gd r`gdnj njti tie e skfr skfr`` `str `strit itîa îani niss h` su sup` p`ri riáê áêk, k, ei eiss pr prkh khuz uzii h` gk gkre reii noh`p`oh`ot` k s`u prúprnk sif`r ` h`s`ovkdvi suis jkep`tìojnis.

Xir`gis (ividniáêk ` iutk-ividniáêk) K `stuhi `stuhiot` ot` h`v h`v`` r`i r`idnzi dnzirr tkh tkhis is is tir tir`gi `giss (`x (`x`rj `rjåjn åjnks, ks, ijt ijtnvn nvnhih hih`s `s ` iutkividn ividniá iáêk êk), ), jkot jkotuh uhkk o`e o`e tkhi tkhiss h`v` h`v`rê rêkk s`r s`r `otr `otr`a `au` u`s, s, ei eiss î nepkrtiot` qu` s`lie r`idnzihis. Is tir`gis h`v`e s`r `otr`au`s iot`s hk  p`råkhk pr`s`ojnid. Riri Riri jihi jihi tir` tir`gi gi s`rê s`rêkk `s `sti tif` f`d` d`jn jnhk hkss pr priz izks ks h` `otr `otr`a `ai, i, ` k oêk oêk jueprn jue prne`o e`otk tk hks pri prizks zks h` `ot `otr`a r`ai, i, nep nepdnji dnji i oêk jdi jdissn ssngnj gnjiáê iáêkk hk `stuhiot`. Ks trifidmks h`v`e s`r `otr`au`s ik J@H ` ks e`seks h`v`e s`r  hnrnanhks ik tutkr.T Hkj`ot`s. Rkh`e s`r utndnzihis hng`r`ot`s gkot`s ` eit`rnins h` p`squnsi, jkotuhk ks e`seks h`v`e s`r h`vnhie`ot` r`g`r`ojnihks, r`sp`ntiohk ks hnr`ntks hk iutkr. K pdia pdiani nirå råie ieks ks h`v` h`v` s`r s`r `vnt `vntih ihkk ` î h`s` h`s`oj ojkr kril ilih ihkk p`dk p`dk J@ J@H, H, i triosjrnáêk gn`d h` eins h` = (kntk) pidivris h` ue iutkr, s`e k jntir î jkosnh`rihk pdéank. I mko`stnhih`, muendhih` jn`otågnji ` k r`sp`ntk p`dks hnr`ntks iutkrnis h`v`e eirjir i r`idnziáêk hks trifidmks.

Ividniáêk Wkjì s`ré ividnihk huriot` k `stuhk noh`p`oh`ot` (=2% hk jursk) ` k  p`råkhk pr`s`ojnid (62%). I ividniáêk hk `stuhiot` î r`audie`otihi jke  fis` ok jmieihk r`audie`otk r`audie`otk h` ividniáêk. Ks trifidmks h` jiepk pkr tn h`s`ovkdvnhks, huriot` k `stuhk nohnvnhuid, jkojkrr`e piri ks 60% hk jédjudk hi eîhni h` gr`quìojni hi jih`nri. Ks `xie `xie`s `s sêk sêk r`id r`idnz nzih ihks ks ok gn gnoi oidd hi jih` jih`nr nrii ` hu huri riot ot`` is s`ss s`ssð` ð`ss  pr`s`ojnins, `d`s r`pr`s`otie 72%, k qu` ihnjnkoihk iks 82% hi eîhni h` gr`quìojni, h`t`renoie i okti gnoid jke i quid k `stuhiot` jkojdun i jih`nri. I okti h` 92 (h`z) vidkr`s î i okti eåonei h` jkojdusêk hi jih`nri.  O`sti jih`nri k `stuhiot` h`v`ré r`idnzir 6 (hkns) trifidmks, 9 (ue) t`st` ` 9 (`xie`). Idaueis ijtnvnhih`s pritnjis, r`ditúrnks ` r`gd`xð`s s`rêk utndnzihks jkek g`rrie`otis h` ividniáêk gkreitnvi. Huriot Huri ot`` i r`id r`idnzi nziáê áêkk his his ivid ividniá niáð` ð`s, s, ks `s `stu tuhi hiot ot`s `s h`v` h`v`e e t`r t`r `e jkosnh`riáêk i ipr`s`otiáêk, i jk`rìojni t`xtuid, k ariu h` jn`otngnjnhih`, i gkrei h` jkojdusêk hks issuotks, is r`jke`ohiáð`s, i nh`otngnjiáêk his r`g`rìojnis utndnzihis, k r`sp`ntk p`dks hnr`ntks hk iutkr, `otr` kutrks. Ks kfl` kfl`jt jtnv nvks ks ` jrntî jrntîrnk rnkss h` ivid ividniá niáêk êk `s `stê têkk nohn nohnji jihk hkss ok ei eiou ouid id.. Jkosudt` - ks.

 

Ponhih` N

Notrkhuáêk ik Guohie`otks h` @stuhks Iefn`otins Notrkhuáêk Ks prkf prkfd` d`ei eiss ie iefn fn`o `oti tins ns,, id idîe îe h` ku kutrk trkss gi gijt jtkr kr`s `s,, jk jkek ek i r`vkduáêk hi nogkreiáêk ` i adkfidnziáêk `jkoúenji, jkotrnfuårie jkosnh`riv`de`ot` piri i idt`riáêk his prnkrnhih`s ois r`diáð`s not`roijnkoins. Wid` hnz`r, i pr`kjupiáêk jke i h`arihiáêk iefn`otid oêk î r`j` r`j`ot ot`. `. Eu Eunt ntks ks gijt gijtkr kr`s `s `e jk jkot ot`x `xtk tkss mn mnst stúr úrnj njks ks hn hnv` v`rs rsks ks jkotrnfuårie piri i jirijt`rnziáêk hi prkfd`eétnji iefn`otid jkek ue isp`jtk adkfid. I jkostitiáêk hi gnontuh` hks r`jursks hk  pdio`ti gkn piri idauos i neia`e qu` euhku jkosnh`riv`de`ot` jkosnh`riv`de`ot` i eio`nri p`di quid i mueionhih` jke`áivi jke`áivi i p`rj`f`r ` r`jkom`j`r  ks dnent`s hk pdio`ti `e qu` mifntivi. Ijtuide`ot`, sêk r`pkrtihks euntks j`oérnks h` h`arihiáêk sújnkiefn`otid ij`otuihi pkdunáêk h` tkhk k e`nk gåsnjk, `xtnoáêk h` `spîjn`s, jkotienoiáêk rihnkijtnvi, idne`otks jke iark-túxnjks, `sjiss`z h` r`jursks oiturins, iqu`jne`otk adkfid, h`snauidhih`s sk skjni jnins, ns, ens ensîrn îrnii ois jnh jnhih` ih`s, s, au` au`rri rriss îtonji îtonjis, s, `tj. `tj. Arioh` Arioh` pirt` pirt` h`ss`s prkfd`eis s` h`v` ik s`jtkr prkhutnvk ` â sui hnoæenji oi skjn`hih` h` ue ekh`dk h` h`s`ovkdvne`otk h`s`ovkdvne`otk oêk sust`otév`d. sust`otév`d. Ioidnsiohk k qu` ijnei gkn r`g`r`ojnihk, ` jkoj`otriohk oi sui ér`i h` krna`e, t`omi `e it`oáêk idaue isp`jtk qu` `st`li i h`jkrr`r ok s`u dkjid h` r`snhìojni ku e`sek oi jnhih` h` uei gkrei a`rid qu` oi sui úptnji jkostntun ue pr`luåzk piri k e`nk iefn`ot`, jke`j` i `oue`ré-dks hks qu` e`oks ig`jtie iks qu` eins ei ns ig`j ig`jti tie e i vnhi vnhi ok okre reid id hk hkss jn jnhi hihê hêks ks hk s` s`uu dk dkji jidd h` r`snhìojni< I qu` jkojdusêk jm`aku;

 

Yuins sêk ks prnojnpins ijtks qu` jkostntu`e einkr`s pr`luåzks  piri i vnhi hi sui zkoi h` r`snhìojni; Wieks iakri `e jkoluotk t`otir hir uei h`gnonáêk ik iefn`ot` t`otiohk r`jkrr`r i hng`r`ot`s h`gnonáð`s. Ik jkepd`tir `sti uonhih` / dnáêk, vkjì s`ré jipiz h`< 

Giendn Gie ndnirn irnzir zir k @st @stuhi uhiot` ot` jk jke e ks jko jkom`j m`jne` ne`otk otkss fé fésnj snjks ks hk iefn`ot`3



Kfl`jtnvks

Nh`otn Nh` otngnj gnjir ir ks isp`jt isp`jtks ks jk jkeuo euoss ` hnv`ra hnv`ra`ot `ot`s `s ois hnv`rs hnv`rsis is h`gnonáð`s skfr` iefn`ot`3



Jkep Jk epkr kr ue ueii h` h`gn gnon onáê áêkk h` iefn iefn`o `ot` t`,, t` t`oh ohkk `e jk jkot otii is  pidivris-jmiv`33  pidivris-jmiv`



Nh`otngnjir ks `d`e`otks jkostntunot`s hk e`nk iefn`ot`.

9.9 Jkoj`ntks hk Iefn`ot` ku E`nk Iefn`ot` I `xpr`ssêk e`nk iefn`ot` (endn`u (endn`u iefnioj`) iefnioj`) gkn utndnzihi p`di  prne`nri v`z p`dk oituridnsti griojìs A`kggr`y h` Zinot-Mndinr` `e oituridnst`,, h` 9=:0, koh` sui kfri  Îtuh`s prkar`ssnv`s h¸uo oituridnst` endn`u snaongnji k duair koh` `sté ku s` ekvne`oti ue s`r vnvk, ` iefnioj` h`snaoi k qu` rkh`ni `ss` s`r.  Oi Jkog`rìojni skfr` E`nk Iefn`ot` ` H`s`ovkdvne H`s`ovkdvne`otk, `otk, i Vnk>69, k gijtkr mueiok pissku i not`aré-dk, nojdunohk ks prkfd`eis hk mk mke` e`e e jkek jkek r`di r`dijn jnko koih ihks ks hn hnr` r`ti tie` e`ot ot`` â pr prkf kfd` d`eé eétn tnji ji iefn`otid jkek i pkfr`zi, k urfionsek `tj. Issne, k jkoj`ntk ip`ois ip` ois jdé jdéssn ssnjk jk p` p`rh` rh`uu s` s`otn otnhk hk iot` iot` is okv okvis is prk prkpks pksnáð náð`s `s hi r`g`rnhi jkog`rìojni.

9

 I Jkog`rìojni his Oiáð`s Ponhis piri k E`nk Iefn`ot` ` k H`s`ovkdvne`otk

(JOPEIH), eins jkom`jnhi p`dks oke`s @JK->6, Vnk >6, Jüpudi ku Jne`nri hi t`rri, gkn r`idnzihi `e Frisnd, `otr`s ks hnis : ik 98 h` luomk h` 9>>6 oi jnhih` hk Vnk h` Lio`nrk, s`u kfl`jtnvk prnojnpid `ri fusjir e`nks h` jkojndnir k h`s` h`s`ov ovkd kdvn vne` e`ot otkk sú sújn jnkk-`j `jko koúe úenj njkk jke jke i jkos jkos`r `rvi viáê áêkk ` prkt prkt`j `jáê áêkk hk hkss `jkssnst`eis hi t`rri.

 

GV@NXIZ (6229, p. 91) r`v`di qu` mé arioh`s hnsjussð`s `e tkrok hi r`huohæojni hk t`rek e`nk iefn`ot`, pkr jkot`r huis pidivris jke snaongnjihks snendir`s, jkek kfs`rvi I `xpr`ssêk e`nk iefn`ot`, î jrntnjihi p`dks `stuhnksks, pkrqu` e`nk ` iefn`ot`, ok s`otnhk `ogkjihk, snaongnjie i e`sei jknsi. Dkak, tid `epr`a `ep r`akk nepkrt nepkrtirn irnii `e r`huoh r`huohæoj æojni. ni. Pe `x`epd `x`epdk, k, oi Nté Ntédni dni ` `e Rkrtuaid usi-s`, ip`ois, i pidivri iefn`ot`.

dno`), hkutkr `e e`nk iefn`ot` ` Aistêk Kjtévnk hi Duz (6221, ko dno`), h`s`ovkdvne`otk, ioidnsiohk hnjnkoérnks ` `ojnjdkpîhnis h` vérnis îpkjis, jkostiti qu` k eit`rnid gkro`jnhk p`dks iutkr`s t`oh` i  prkekv`r i snokoåeni `otr` e`nk ` iefn`ot`. H`ssi gkrei, `oquio `oq uiotk tk jko jkoj`n j`ntks tks,, ks v` v`rf` rf`t`s t`s p` p`rh` rh`e e s`u vi vidkr dkr kfl`j kfl`jtnv tnvkk `, quiotk â r`pr`s`otiáêk jkoj`ntuid, pkh`rnie s`r hntks jkek s`ohk jkogusks ` kfsjurks. Jkog Jk ogkr kre` e` Du Dunz nz Ji Jird rdks ks Ij`t Ij`tnn Lü Lüon onkr kr (6 (622 221, 1, ko dno` dno`), ), k Okvk Hnjnkoérnk hi Dåoaui Rkrtuau`si Iurîdnk h`gno` e`nk jkek duair  koh` koh` s` vnv` vnv`,, jke jke su suis is ji jiri rijt jt`r `rås åstn tnji jiss ` jk jkoh ohnj njnk nkoi oie` e`ot otks ks a`kgåsnjks3 iefn`ot`3 `sg`ri skjnid ku prkgnssnkoid koh` s` vnv` ku trifidmi, ` iefn`ot` jkek k jkoluotk h` jkohnáð`s oiturins ` h` nogduì nog duìojn ojnis is qu` ijtui ijtuie e skf skfr` r` ks kra kraio ionse nseks ks vnv vnvks ks ` ks s`r s`r`s `s mueioks.  Ok æefntk luråhnjk, î hngåjnd h`gnonr e`nk iefn`ot`, pkns jkek f`e d`efri @hns Endirî (622:, p. 970), —k e`nk iefn`ot` p`rt`oj` i uei hiqu`dis jit`akrnis julk jkot`ühk î eins gijnde`ot` notuåhk qu` qu` h`gn h`gnoå oåv` v`d, d, `e vn vnrt rtuh uh`` hi rn rnqu qu`z `zii ` jk jkep epd` d`xn xnhi hih` h` hk qu qu`` `oj`rri―. @e Ekái Ekáief efnq nqu` u`,, k jk jkoj oj`n `ntk tk d` d`ai aidd h` ie iefn fn`o `ot` t` `o `ojk jkot otri ri-s -s`` suflij`ot` ok o¼ 6, hk irt. 9, hi D`n o¼ 62/>1, 9 h` Kutufrk ‚ D`n hk Iefn`ot`, qu` h`gno`<  Iefn`ot` - î k e`nk `e qu` k Mke`e ` kutrks s`r`s vnv`e `  Iefn`ot` not`ria`e `otr` sn ` jke k prúprnk e`nk, ` nojdun< k ir, i duz, i t`rri t`rri,, i éaui éaui,, ks `jks `jkssn snst st`e `eis is,, i fn fnkh khnv nv`r `rsn snhi hih` h`,, is r` r`di diáð áð`s `s

 

`jkdúanjis, tkhi eitîrni kraæonji ` nokraæonji ` tkhis is jkohnáð`s skjnkjudturins ` `jkoúenjis qu` ig`jtie i vnhi his jkeuonhih`s. Jkogkre` i dnáêk h` Lksî Igkosk hi Zndvi (6228, p. 62), k jkoj`ntk h` e`nk iefn`ot` h`v` s`r adkfidnziot`, —ifrioa`ot` h` tkhi i oitu oitur` r`zi zi,, k irtn irtngnj gnjni nidd ` kr krna nano noid id,, f` f`e e jk jkek ek ks f` f`os os ju judt dtur urin inss jkrr`ditks, jkepr``oh`ohk, jkepr``oh`ohk, pkrtiotk, k skdk, i éaui, k ir, i gdkri, is  f`d`zis oiturins, k pitrneúonk mnstúrnjk, irtåstnjk, turåstnjk,  pinsiaåstnjk ` irqunt`jtúonjk―. H`ss H` ssii gkre gkrei, i, k jkoj jkoj`n `ntk tk h` e`nk e`nk ie iefn fn`o `ot` t` jk jkep epr` r``o `oh` h` trìs trìs isp`jtks, quins s`lie<  E`nk iefn`ot` oiturid , ku gå gåssnjk, jkostntuåhk p`dk skdk, i éaui, k ir iteksgîrnjk, i gdkri3 `ogne, p`di not`rijáêk hks s`r`s vnvks ` s`u e`nk, koh` s` hé i jkrr`diáêk r`jåprkji `otr` is `spîjn`s ` is r`diáð`s h`stis jke k iefn`ot` gåsn gåsnjk jk qu qu`` kj kjup upie ie33  E`nk iefn`ot` irtngnjnid , jk jkost ostntu ntuåhk åhk p`dk p`dk `spiák urfiok jkostruåhk3 E`nk jkostruåhk3 E`nk iefn`ot` judturid , not`arihk p`dk  pitrneúonk mnstúrnjk, irtåstnjk, irqu`kdúanjk, pinsiaåstnjk, turåstnjk, qu`, `efkri irtngnjnid, hng`r` hk iot`rnkr p`dk s`otnhk h` vidkr  `sp`jnid qu` ihqunrnu ku h` qu` s` nepr`aoku (ZNDWI, 6228, p.69).  X`eks inohi k

E`nk E`n k iefn`o iefn`ot` t` hk trifid trifidmk mk,

qu` î

h`go h` gonh nhk k jk jkek ek ue k jk jkol oluo uotk tk h` ijt ijtkr kr`s `s å åsn snjk jks, s, jdneétnjks ku quidqu`r kutrk qu` not`rdnaihks, ku oêk, `stêk pr`s`ot`s ` `ovkdv`e k dkjid h` trifidmk hi p`sski― (ZIOXKZ,

ko dno`).

9.6 Okáêk hk E`nk Iefn`ot` Xnv`st` lé ok sufjipåtudk iot`rnkr i kjisnêk h` r`gd`jtnr skfr` i krna`e hi pidivri E`nk Iefn`ot`, his jkotrkv`rsis hi e`sei, ks  prnojnpins jkoj`ntks qu` s` r`dijnkoie jke k iefn`ot`, ois suis hng`r`ot`s jkepko`ot`s ` virnév`ns. Iakri vieks t`otir `ot`oh`r  idaueis not`rpr`tiáð`s qu` s` giz`e h`sti eitîrni k qu` d`viré i uei einkr jkepr``osêk h`sti hnoæenji.

9.6.9 @d`e`otks hk E`nk Iefn`ot`

 

Ks `d`e `d`e`o `otk tkss hk e`nk e`nk iefn iefn`o `ot` t` `s `stê têkk no not` t`ar arih ihks ks ok okss qu quit itrk rk sufsnst`eis h` fis` hk iefn`ot`, qu` sêk< i dntksg`ri, mnhrksg`ri, i itek iteksg sg`r `rii ` i fn fnks ksg` g`ri ri.. Is Issn sne, e, k iefn iefn`o `ot` t` î jk jkos ostn tntu tuåh åhkk pk pkr  r  `d`e`otks fnútnjks (ks jkepko`ot`s vnvks hi t`rri, qu` sêk ue jkoluotk h` tkhis is `spîjn`s h` ioneins ` pdiotis qu` mifntie oue h`t h`t`re `renoi noihk hk `s `spiá piákk a`karé a`karégnj gnjk), k), `d`e`o `d`e`otks tks if ifnút nútnjk njkss (ks jkepko`ot`s oêk vnvks, qu` nojdu`e i t`rri, ir, éaui ` enoîrnks, tins jkek kurk, g`rrk, jkfr`, priti, `tj.). Ks `d`e`otks hk e`nk iefn ie fn`o `ot` t` `s `sti tif` f`d` d`j` j`e e `o `otr` tr` sn uei uei r` r`di diáê áêkk ` in inoh ohii jk jke e ks `d`e`otks skjnkjudturins ` `jkoúenjis (Kfs`rvi k `squ`ei  ifinxk).

Gkot`< @difkrihk pkr Jkostiotnok, 6296.

9.6.9.9 Rrnojnpins @d`e`otks hk E`nk Iefn`ot` I Éaui1% >1% hi su sup` p`rgå rgåjn jn`` hi X`rri X`rri ` s` s`e e `d `dii oê oêkk mi miv` v`rn rnii skfr`vnvìojni skfr` tkhis is gkreis h` vnhi jkom`jnhis. @di s` `ojkotri `e hnv`rsis gkreis h` `xnstìojni h` sufstæojnis< aisksi oi iteksg`ri3 dåqunhi oks kj`ioks, rnks, diaks ` ku ok suft`rræo`k3 súdnhi oks adijnir`s `e gkrei h` a`dk.

 

K Zkdk