Modulo de Pensamento Geografico - ISCED

 

 

KBAXBO DG FXPVG DH ONFHAFNBTXPB HK HAVNAG DH MHGMPBCNB

2µ Bag Dnsfnponab5 YHAVBKHATG MHGMPÂCNFG Födnmg5 Tgtbo Lgrbs/2g Vhkhstrh5 Frîdntgs (VABTFB)5 Aõkhrg dh Thkbs5 4

NAVTNTXTG VXYHP NAVTNTXTG VXYHPNGP DH FNÅAFNBV H HDXFBÍÆG B DNVTÀAFNB - NVFHD

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Dnrhntgs dh butgr (fgpyrnmlt) Hsth kbaubo î prgprnhdbdh dg Nastntutg Vuphrngr dh Fnåafnbs h Hdufbíæg b Dnstàafnb (NVFHD), h fgatîk rhshrvbdgs tgdgs gs dnrhntgs. Î prgn`ndb b duponfbíæg gu rhprgduíæg pbrfnbo gu tgtbo dhsth kbaubo, sg` qubnsquhr cgrkbs gu pgr qubnsquhr khngs (hohtröanfgs, khfàanfg, mrbvbíæg, cgtgföpnb gu gutrgs), shk phrknssæg hxprhssb dh hatndbdh hdntgrb (Nastntutg Vuphrngr dh Fnåafnbs h Hdufbíæg b Dnstàafnb (NVFHD). B aæg g`shrvàafnb dg bfnkb hstnpuobdg g nacrbtgr î pbssëvho b bponfbíæg dh prgfhssgs eudnfnbns hk vnmgr ag Ybës.

n

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Nastntutg Vuphrngr dh Fnåafnbs h Hdufbíæg b Dnstàafnb (NVFHD) Dnrhfíæg Bfbdîknfb Pub Dr. Bokhndb Obfhrdb, Ag 020 Ygatb - Måb @hnrb - Kgíbk`nquh Thohcgah5 +08< 06 606892 Fho5 +08<  

................ >  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 2.2. B furngsndbdh dg lgkhk h b sub bvhaturb ab Thrrb  .................. ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................... .............. >  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 28  Vukârng ................... ......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 28  Butg-bvbonbíæg .................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 23  Bvbonbíæg ..................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ........................ 2=  PHCHPÅFNBV @N@ONGMPÂCNFBV @N@ONGMPÂCNFBV ......................

THKB ‖ NN5 G HSGOXÍÆ HSGOXÍÆG G DG YHAVBKHATG MHGMPÂCNFG. 

2  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 68  Vukârng ................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 68  Butgbvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 68  Phchrhafnbs @n`ongmrbcnfbs .....................  ................................. ........ 63  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 0.6. B Mhgmrbcnb ab hrb dgs Dhsfg`rnkhatgs ......................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 63  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 46  Vukârng ................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 44  Butgbvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 48  Bvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 48  Phchrhafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs ..................... .......................................... 43  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 0.4. B Nastntufngabonzbíæg Nastntufngabonzbíæg db mhgmrbcnb ........................................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 43  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 82   Vukârng ...................  .................... ......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 82 Butg-bvbonbíæg

nnn

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 80  Bvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ 86  Phchrhafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs ..................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 8>  Vukârng ................... ......................................... ............................................ ...................................... ................ 39  Hxhrfëfngs dh BXTG-BSBO Bvbonbíæg ................... .................................................... ............... 32  Phchrhafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs Phchråafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs ......................................

THKB ‖ NNN5 GXTPBV FGATPN@XNFGHV MHGMPÂCN MHGMPÂCNFBV. FBV. 

30 

...................................... 30  Xandbdh Thkâtnfb 6.2. Mhgmrbcnb Pbtzhonbab h g shu fgathxtg ..................................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 30  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... 3>  Vukârng ................... ......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... 3>  Butg-bvbonbíæg .................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ =9  Bvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ .............................. ........ =2  Phchråafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs ..................... .................................. .... =0  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 6.0. B Mhgmrbcnb Sndbonbab h g shu fgathxtg ............................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ =0  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... =  Butgbvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ 0  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 6.4. Gs kgvnkhatgs dh rhagvbíæg ................................................. ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ >0  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. ...................................... ............... >=  Vukârng ................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ........................... .... >=  Butgbvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ .................................. ............ >>  Phchråafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs .....................

THKB ‖ NS5 MHGMPBCNB FGKG FNHAFNB. 

299 

........................................................ 299  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 4.2. Mhgmrbcnb fgkg Fnåafnb ......................................................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 299  Natrgduíæg ................... ......................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................. .................................... ............. 226  Vukârng ................... .......................................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................. ......................... .. 226  Butgbvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................ .......... 224  Bvbonbíæg ..................... ........................................... ............................................ ............................................ ............................ ...... 228  Phchråafnbs @n`ongmrâcnfbs .....................

nv

 

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

NVFHD

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Snsæg mhrbo @hk-vnadg é Dnsfnponab dh Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg G`ehtnvgs dg Köduog G g`ehtnvg mhrbo db dnsfnponab vnsb cbzhr fgkprhhadhr g bouag b hvgouíæg lnstörnfb dg phasbkhatg mhgmrâcnfg, shus prnafnpbns butgrhs h b snsthkbtnzbíæg dhssh fgalhfnkhatg aukb ârhb hsphfëcnfb dg sb`hr fnhatëcnfg

  Babonsbr bs btubns phrsphtnvbs db fnåafnb mhgmrâcnfb, hacbtnzbadg



gs kgvnkhatgs dh rhagvbíæg dg phasbkhatg mhgmrâcnfg   Fgalhfhr bs dnchrhaths hsfgobs db Mhgmrbcnb



G`ehftnvgs Hsphfëcnfgs

  Fgalhfhr gs cuadbkhatgs db mhgmrbcnb qubatntbtnvb h



qubontbtnvb

Ruhk dhvhrnb hstudbr hsth köduog Hsth Köduog cgn fgafh`ndg pbrb hstudbaths dg 2µ bag dg fursg dh Hasnag hk Mhgmrbcnb dg NVFHD `hk fgkg pbrb tgdgs gs ohntgrhs quh dhshebk btubonzbr h fgasgondbr shus fgalhfnkhatgs ahssb dnsfnponab, bdqunrnadg g kbaubo shk thr quh sh nasfrhvhr ab dnsfnponab. Fgkg hstâ hstruturbdg hsth köduog Hsth köduog dh Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg, pbrb hstudbaths dg 2µ bag dg fursg dh onfhafnbturb hk Hasnag dh Mhgmrbcnb, é shkholbaíb dgs rhstbaths dg NVFHD, hstâ hstruturbdg fgkg sh shmuh5 Yâmnabs natrgdutörnbs   Xk ëadnfh fgkpohtg. ëadnfh fgkpohtg.





  Xkb vnsæg mhrbo dhtbolbdb  dhtbolbdb  dgs fgathõdgs dg köduog,

rhsuknadg gs bsphtgs-flbvh quh vgfå prhfnsb fgalhfhr pbrb kholgr hstudbr. Phfgkhadbkgs vnvbkhath quh ohnb hstb shfíæg fgk bthaíæg baths dh fgkhíbr g shu hstudg, fgkg fgkpgahath dh lb`nondbdhs dh hstudgs.

2

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Fgathõdg dhstb Dnsfnponab / Köduog Hsth köduog hstâ hstruturbdg hk Thkbs. Fbdb thkb, pgr sub vhz fgkpgrtb fhrtg aõkhrg dh uandbdhs thkâtnfbs gu snkpohskhath uandbdhs, Fbdb uandbdh thkâtnfb sh fbrbfthrnzb pgr fgathr ukb natrgduíæg,, g`ehftnvgs natrgduíæg g`ehftnvgs,, fgathõdgs fgathõdgs.. Ag cnabo dh fbdb  fbdb uandbdh thkâtnfb gu dg pröprng thkb, sæg nafgrpgrbdgs baths g sukârng, hxhrfëfngs dh butgbvbonbíæg, sö dhpgns î quh bpbrhfhk gs hxhrfëfngs dh bvbonbíæg. Gs hxhrfëfngs dh bvbonbíæg tåk bs shmunaths fbrbfthrëstnfbs5 Yurgs hxhrfëfngs thörnfgs/Yrâtnfgs, thörnfgs/Yrâtnfgs, Yrg`ohkbs aæg rhsgovndgs h btnvndbdhs prâtnfbs bomukbs nafounadg hstudg dh fbsg.  fbsg.  Gutrgs rhfursgs B hqunpb dgs bfbdîknfgs h phdbmgmgs dg NVFHD, phasbadg hk sn, auk fbatnalg, rhfôadntg dhsth agssg vbstg Kgíbk`nquh h flhng dh dõvndbs onkntbíøhs shu prgfhssg dh bprhadnzbmhk, ukb onstbhdh rhfursgsag dndâtnfgs bdnfngabns bg shu köduog bprhshatb pbrb vgfå hxpogrbr. Ybrb tbo g NVFHD dnspgan`nonzb ab `n`ongthfb dg shu fhatrg dh rhfursgs kbns kbthrnbo dh hstudgs rhobfngabdg fgk g shu fursg fgkg5 Onvrgs h/gu köduogs, FD, FD-PGGK, DSD. Ybrb boîk dhsth kbthrnbo cësnfg gu hohtröanfg dnspgaëvho ab `n`ongthfb, pgdh thr bfhssg b Yobtbcgrkb dnmntbo kggdoh pbrb bobrmbr kbns bnadb bs pgssn`nondbdhs dgs shus hstudgs. Butgbvbonbíæg h Tbrhcbs dh bvbonbíæg Tbrhcbs dh butg-bvbonbíæg butg-bvbonbíæg pbrb  pbrb hsth köduog hafgatrbk-sh ag cnabo dh fbdb uandbdh thkâtnfb. Bs tbrhcbs dgs hxhrfëfngs dh butg bvbonbíæg bprhshatbk hxhrfëfngs rhsgovndgs fgk dhtbolhs (grnhatbíæg dbs pbmnabs h gu dg pbrbmrbcg) Fgkhatârngs h sumhstøhs Hsth h g prnafnpbo dgfukhatg db dnsfnponab. Fgatudg pbrb fbdb thkb rhfgkhadb-sh quh gs hstudbaths ushk gutrbs cgaths agkhbdbkhath bs quh bpbrhfhk ab onstb `n`ongmrâcnfb dh fbdb uandbdh thkâtnfb gu khskg btrbvîs db phsqunsb ab nathraht.

0

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Ëfgahs dh bftnvndbdh Bg ogamg dhsth kbaubo nrâ hafgatrbr ukb sîrnh dh ëfgahs abs kbrmhas dbs cgolbs. Hsths ëfgahs shrvhk pbrb ndhatncnfbr dnchrhaths pbrths dg prgfhssg dh bprhadnzbmhk. Ygdhk nadnfbr ukb pbrfhob hsphfëcnfb dh thxtg, ukb agvb bftnvndbdh gu tbrhcb, ukb kudbaíb dh bftnvndbdh, htf. Lb`nondbdhs dh hstudg G prnafnpbo g`ehtnvg g`ehtnvg   dhsth fbkpg î g dh hasnabr bprhadhr b bprhadhr. Bprhadhr bprhadh-sh. Durbath b cgrkbíæg h dhshavgovnkhatg dh fgkphtåafnbs, pbrb cbfnontbr b bprhadnzbmhk h bofbaíbr kholgrhs rhsuotbdgs, nkponfbrâ hkphalg, dhdnfbíæg h dnsfnponab ag hstudg. Nstg î, gs `gas rhsuotbdgs bphabs sh fgashmuhk fgk hstrbtîmnbs hcnfnhaths h hcnfbzhs. Ygr nssg î nkpgrtbath sb`hr fgkg, gadh h qubadg hstudbr. qubadg hstudbr. Bprhshatbkgs bomukbs sumhstøhgs fgk sumhstøhs bs qubns hsphrbkgs fbrg hstudbath pgssb rhatb`nonzbr thkpg dhdnfbdg bgs quh hstudgs, prgfhdhadg fgkg sh shmuh5 2µ Yrbtnfbr b ohnturb. Bprhadhr b Dnstàafnb hxnmh botg dgkëang dh ohnturb. 0µ Cbzhr ohnturb dnbmgabo bgs fgathõdgs (ohnturb fgrrndb). 6µ Sgotbr b cbzhr ohnturb, dhstb vhz pbrb b fgkprhhasæg h bssnknobíæg frëtnfb dgs fgathõdgs (HVTXDBP). 4µ Cbzhr shknaârng (dh`bth hk mrupgs), pbrb fgkprgvbr sh b sub bprhadnzbmhk fgachrh gu aæg fgk b dgs fgohmbs h fgk g pbdræg. 8µ Cbzhr TF (Trb`bolg dh Fbkpg), bomukbs btnvndbdhs prâtnfbs gu bs dh hstudg dh fbsg sh hxnstnrhk. NKYGPTBATH5 Hk g`shrvàafnb bg trnàamuog kgdg-hspbíg-thkpg kgdg-hspbíg-thkpg,, rhsphftnvbkhath fgkg, gadh h qubadg  qubadg... ... Hstudbr, fgkg cgn rhchrndg ag naëfng dhsth nthk, baths b aths dh grmbanzbr gs shus kgkhatgs dh hstudg rhconftb sg`rh g bk`nhath dh hstudg quh shrnb ndhbo pbrb sn5 Hstudg kholgr hk fbsb/`n`ongthfb/fbcî/gutrg oumbr7 Hstudg kholgr é agnth/dh kbalæ/dh tbrdh/cnas-dh-shkbab/bg ogamg db shkbab7 Hstudg kholgr fgk kõsnfb/auk sëtng sgsshmbdg/auk sëtng `bruolhatg!7 Yrhfnsg dh nathrvbog hk fbdb 69 knautgs, hk fbdb lgrb, htf. Î nkpgssëvho hstudbr aukb agnth tudg g quh dhvnb thr sndg hstudbdg durbath uk dhthrknabdg phrëgdg dh thkpg: Dhvh hstudbr fbdb

6

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

pgatg db kbtîrnb hk prgcuadndbdh h pbssbr sö bg shmunath qubadg bflbr quh eâ dgknab `hk g bathrngr. Yrnvnohmnb-sh sb`hr `hk (fgk prgcuadndbdh) g pgufg quh pudhr ohr h hstudbr, quh sb`hr tudg suphrcnfnbokhath! Kbs b kholgr gpíæg î  euatbr g õtno bg bmrbdâvho5 Vb`hr ffgk gk prgcuadndb prgcuadndbdh dh tgdgs fgathõdgs dh fbdb thkb, ag köduog. Dnfb nkpgrtbath5 aæg rhfgkhadbkgs hstudbr shmundbkhath pgr thkpg suphrngr b ukb lgrb. Hstudbr pgr thkpg dh ukb lgrb nathrfbobdg pgr 29 (dhz) b 28 (qunazh) knautgs dh dhsfbasg (flbkbsh dhsfbasg é kudbaíb dh bftnvndbdhs). Gu sheb quh durbath g nathrvbog aæg sh fgatnaubr b trbtbr dgs khskgs bssuatgs dbs bftnvndbdhs g`rnmbtörnbs. Xkb ogamb hxpgsníæg bgs hstudgs gu bg trb`bolg nathohftubo g`rnmbtörng, pgdh fgaduznr bg hchntg fgatrârng5 `bnxbr g rhadnkhatg db bprhadnzbmhk. Ygr quh g hstudbath bfukuob uk hohvbdg vgoukh dh trb`bolg, hk thrkgs dh hstudgs, hk pgufg thkpg, frnbadg nathrchråafnb hatrhquh gs fgalhfnkhatgs, phrdhaæg shquåafnb oömnfb, cnk bg phrfh`hr hstudb tbatg kbs bprhadh, fbn pgr hk nashmurbaíb, dhprhssæg h dhshsphrg, pgr sh bflbr naeustbkhath nafbpbz! Aæg hstudh ab õotnkb db lgrb: qubadg sh trbth dh cbzhr bomukb bvbonbíæg. Bprhadb b shr hstudbath dh cbftg (bquhoh quh hstudb snsthkbtnfbkhath), aæg hstudbr bphabs pbrb rhspgadhr b quhstøhs dh bomukb bvbonbíæg, kbs snk hstudh pbrb b vndb, sg`rh tudg, hstudh phasbadg ab sub utnondbdh fgkg cuturg prgcnssngabo, ab ârhb hk quh hstâ b sh cgrkbr. Grmbanzh ab sub bmhadb uk lgrârng gadh dhcnah b quh lgrbs h quh kbtîrnbs dhvh hstudbr durbath b shkbab: Cbfh bg thkpg onvrh quh rhstb, dhvh dhfndnr fgkg g utnonzbr prgdutnvbkhath, dhfndnadg qubatg thkpg shrâ dhdnfbdg bg hstudg h b gutrbs bftnvndbdhs. Î nkpgrtbath ndhatncnfbr bs ndhnbs prnafnpbns dh uk thxtg, pgns shrâ ukb ahfhssndbdh pbrb g hstudg dbs dnvhrsbs kbtîrnbs quh fgkpøhk g fursg5 B fgogfbíæg dh agtbs abs kbrmhas pgdh beudbr b hstruturbr b kbtîrnb dh kgdg quh sheb kbns câfno ndhatncnfbr bs pbrths quh hstâ b hstudbr h pgdh hsfrhvhr fgafousøhs, hxhkpogs, vbatbmhas, dhcnaníøhs, dbtbs, agkhs, pgdh tbk`îk utnonzbr b kbrmhk pbrb fgogfbr fgkhatârngs shus rhobfngabdgs fgk g quh hstâ b ohr: b kholgr boturb pbrb su`onalbr î nkhdnbtbkh nkhdnbtbkhath ath b shmunr é fgkprhhasæg dg thxtg h aæg dhpgns dh ukb prnkhnrb ohnturb: Xtnonzbr g dnfngaârng shkprh quh sureb uk fgafhntg fueg snmancnfbdg aæg fgalhfh gu aæg olh î cbknonbr:

4

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Yrhfnsb dh bpgng7 Fbrg hstudbath, thkgs b fhrthzb quh pgr ukb gu pgr gutrb rbzæg, g kbthrnbo dh hstudgs nkprhssg, olh pgdh susfntbr bomukbs dõvndbs fgkg cbotb dh fobrhzb, bomuas hrrgs dh fgafgrdàafnb, prgvâvhns hrrgs grtgmrâcnfgs, cbotb dh fobrhzb, crbfb vnsn`nondbdh, pâmnab trgfbdb gu navhrtndbs, htf). Ahsths fbsgs, fgatbfth gs shrvnígs dh bthadnkhatg h bpgng bg hstudbath dg shu Fhatrg dh Phfursgs (FP), vnb thohcgah, VKV, H-kbno, sh tnvhr thkpg, hsfrhvb khskg ukb fbrtb pbrtnfnpbadg b prhgfupbíæg. Xkb dbs btrn`uníøhs dgs Mhstgrhs dgs FP h shus bssnsthaths (Yhdbmömnfg h Bdknanstrbtnvg) î b dh kgantgrbr h mbrbatnr b sub bprhadnzbmhk fgk qubondbdh h sufhssg. Dbn b rhohvàafnb db fgkuanfbíæg ag Hasnag b Dnstàafnb (HBD), gadh g rhfursg bs TNF sh tgrab nafgatgraâvho5 hatrh hstudbaths, hstudbath hstudbath ‖  ‖ Tutgr,  Tutgr, hstudbath  ‖ FP,  ‖ FP, htf. Bs shssøhs prhshafnbns sæg uk kgkhatg hk quh vgfå fbrg hstudbath, thk b gpgrtuandbdh dh nathrbmnr cnsnfbkhath fgk stbcc dg shu FP, fgk tutgrhs gu fgk pbrth db hqunpb fhatrbo dg NVFHD nadnfbdb pbrb bfgkpbalbr bs sub shssøhs prhshafnbns. Ahsth phrëgdg pgdh bprhshatbr dõvndbs, trbtbr bssuatgs dh abturhzb phdbmömnfb h/gu bdknanstrbtnvb. G hstudg hk mrupg, quh hstâ hstnkbdg pbrb gfupbr fhrfb dh 69% dg thkpg dh hstudgs b dnstàafnb, î kuntb nkpgrtàafnb, ab khdndb hk quh phrknth-olh sntubr, hk thrkgs dg mrbu dh bprhadnzbmhk fgk rhobíæg bgs gutrgs fgohmbs. Dhstb kbahnrb cnfbrâ b sb`hr sh prhfnsb dh bpgng gu prhfnsb dh bpgnbr bgs fgohmbs. Dhshavgovhr lâ`ntg dh dh`bthr bssuatgs rhobfngabdgs fgk gs fgathõdgs prgmrbkâtnfgs, fgastbaths ags dnchrhaths thkbs h uandbdh thkâtnfb, ag köduog. Tbrhcbs (bvbonbíæg h butg-bvbonbíæg) G hstudbath dhvh rhbonzbr tgdbs bs tbrhcbs (hxhrfëfngs, bftnvndbdhs h butg bvbonbíæg), fgatudg ahk tgdbs dhvhræg shr hatrhmuhs, kbs î nkpgrtbath quh shebk rhbonzbdbs. Bs tbrhcbs dhvhk shr hatrhmuhs dubs shkbabs baths dbs shssøhs prhshafnbns shmunaths. 

Ybrb fbdb tbrhcb shræg hstb`hohfndgs prbzgs dh hatrhmb, h g aæg fukprnkhatg dgs prbzgs dh hatrhmb, nkponfb b aæg fobssncnfbíæg dg hstudbath. Thalb shkprh prhshath quh b agtb dgs trb`bolgs dh fbkpg fgatb h î dhfnsnvb pbrb shr bdkntndg bg hxbkh cnabo db dnsfnponab/köduog.

8

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Gs trb`bolgs dhvhk shr hatrhmuhs bg Fhatrg dh Phfursgs (FP) h gs khskgs dhvhk shr dnrnmndgs bg tutgr/dgfhath. Ygdhk shr utnonzbdbs dnchrhaths cgaths h kbthrnbns dh phsqunsb, fgatudg gs khskgs dhvhk shr dhvndbkhath rhchrhafnbdgs, rhsphntbadg gs dnrhntgs dg butgr. G poâmng2 î ukb vngobíæg dg dnrhntg nathohftubo dg(s) butgr(hs). Xkb trbasfrníæg é ohtrb dh kbns dh < (gntg) pbobvrbs dg thstg dh uk butgr, shk g fntbr î fgasndhrbdg poâmng. B lgahstndbdh, luknodbdh fnhatëcnfb h g rhsphntg phogs dnrhntgs butgrbns dhvhk fbrbfthrnzbr b rhbonzbíæg dgs trb`bolgs h shu butgr (hstudbath dg NVFHD). Bvbonbíæg Kuntgs phrmuatbk5 Fgk î pgssëvho bvbonbr hstudbaths é dnstàafnb, hstbadg hohs cnsnfbkhath shpbrbdgs h kuntg dnstbaths dg dgfhath/tutgr!7 Aös dnsshkgs5 Vnk î kuntg pgssëvho, tbovhz sheb ukb bvbonbíæg kbns cnâvho h fgasnsthath. Sgfå shrâ bvbonbdg durbath gs hstudgs é dnstàafnb quh fgatbk fgk uk këankg dh >9% dg tgtbo dh thkpg quh prhfnsb dh hstudbr gs fgathõdgs dg shu köduog. Rubadg g thkpg dh fgatbftg prhshafnbo fgatb fgk uk kâxnkg dh 29% dg tgtbo dh thkpg dg köduog. B bvbonbíæg dg hstudbath fgastb dhtbolbdb dg rhmuobkhatbdg dh bvbonbíæg. Gs trb`bolgs dh fbkpg pgr sn rhbonzbdgs, durbath hstudgs h bprhadnzbmhk ag fbkpg, phsbk 08% h shrvhk pbrb b agtb dh crhquåafnb pbrb nr bgs hxbkhs. Gs hxbkhs sæg rhbonzbdgs ag cnabo db fbdhnrb dnsfnponab gu köduog h dhfgrrhk durbath bs shssøhs prhshafnbns. Gs hxbkhs phsbk ag këankg =8%, g quh bdnfngabdg bgs 08% db kîdnb dh crhquåafnb, dhthrknabk b agtb cnabo fgk b qubo g hstudbath fgafoun b fbdhnrb. B agtb dh 29 (dhz) vbogrhs î b agtb këankb dh fgafousæg db fbdhnrb. Ahstb fbdhnrb g hstudbath dhvhrâ rhbonzbr phog khags 0 (dgns) trb`bolgs h 2 (uk) (hxbkh). Bomukbs btnvndbdhs prâtnfbs, rhobtörngs h rhcohxøhs shræg utnonzbdgs fgkg chrrbkhatbs dh bvbonbíæg cgrkbtnvb. Durbath b rhbonzbíæg dbs bvbonbíøhs, gs hstudbaths dhvhk thr hk fgasndhrbíæg b bprhshatbíæg, b fghråafnb thxtubo, g mrbu dh fnhatncnfndbdh, b cgrkb dh fgafousæg dgs bssuatgs, bs

2

 Yoâmng - fgpnbr gu bssnabr pbrfnbo gu tgtbokhath ukb g`rb onthrârnb, prgprn hdbdh nathohftubo dh gutrbs phssgbs, shk prîvnb butgrnzbíæg.

3

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

rhfgkhadbíøhs, b ndhatncnfbíæg dbs rhchråafnbs `n`ongmrâcnfbs utnonzbdbs, g rhsphntg phogs dnrhntgs dg butgr, hatrh gutrgs. Gs g`ehftnvgs h frntîrngs dh bvbonbíæg fgastbk dg Phmuobkhatg dh Bvbonbíæg dg NVFHD.

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FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

NVFHD

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

THKB ‖ N5 G VB@HP MHGMPÂCNFG. XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 2.2. 2.2. G sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg h g shus hohkhatgs  hohkhatgs  XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 2.0. Thkâtnfb 2.0. Hxhrfëfngs Nathmrbdgs dhsth Thkb

XANDBDH Thkâtnfb 2.2. B furngsndbdh dg lgkhk h b sub bvhaturb ab Thrrb  Thrrb   Natrgduíæg Ahstb prnkhnrb buob db dnsfnponab dh Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg, vbkgs bprhadhr g quh sh hathadh pgr sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg. Ahssh shatndg, hstudbrhkgs5 fgkg hssh sb`hr î hsshafnbo pbrb gs lgkhas: dh quh kbahnrb gs fgalhfnkhatgs mhgmrâcnfgs shrvhk pbrb grdhabr b suphrcëfnh db Thrrb, mhrnr, hxpogrbr, grmbanzbr h su`stntunr ukb prnkhnrb abturhzb, quh flbkbkgs ‟natgfbdb‛, pgr ukb abturhzb shmuadb, hathadndb fgkg b abturhzb trbascgrkbdb phog lgkhk: h fgkg b Mhgmrbcnb h gs sb`hrhs mhgmrâcnfgs beudbk b fgkprhhadhr bs rhobíøhs lukbabs h bs nathr-rhobíøhs dg lgkhk h dg shu hatgrag, cbzhadg `rgtbr, ab suphrcëfnh, gs khngs lukbags, bs pbnsbmhas, bs rhmnøhs, gs thrrntörngs. Xsbadg hohkhatgs dg fgtndnbag h dh agssb cgrkbíæg/nacgrkbíæg `âsnfb, prhthadhkgs buxnonâ-og ab fgkprhhasæg dh fgkg sh hstruturb g hspbíg mhgmrâcnfg h dh fgkg hoh î bprhhadndg phob Mhgmrbcnb haqubatg fnåafnb. Bg fgkpohtbr hstb uandbdh, vgfå dhvhrâ shr fbpbz dh5



  Fgkprhhadhr fgkg g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg sh rhobfngab é bvhaturb lukbab ab

G`ehftnvgs Hsphfëcnfgs

Thrrb:

  Ndhatncnfbr dh quh kbahnrb bs ahfhssndbdhs dg lgkhk frnbk hspbfnbondbdhs



dnvhrsbs:   Phobfngabr gs hohkhatgs quh fgkpøhk g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg.



>

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

B furngsndbdh dg lgkhk h sub bvhaturb ab Thrrb Baths dh fgkhíbrkgs hsth hstudg, î nkpgrtbath dnstnamunrkgs Mhgmrbcnb (haqubatg fnåafnb) dh fgalhfnkhatg gu sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg. G sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg î bomg kbns dg quh b Mhgmrbcnb haqubatg fnåafnb quh sh nastntufngabonzb ag sîfuog \N\. Hssb nastntufngabonzbíæg snmancnfgu b snsthkbtnzbíæg fnhatëcnfb dg sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg dhshavgovndg ag prgfhssg fnvnonzbtörng. Ahssh shatndg, aæg pgdhkgs fgacuadnr fnåafnb mhgmrâcnfb fgk sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg, mhgmrâcn fg, ukb vhz quh hsth õotnkg aæg sh rhsukh és cgrkbs nastntuëdbs phob bfbdhknb. G sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg haqubatg fgalhfnkhatg bfhrfb dg kuadg hstâ prhshath hk tgdgs gs thkpgs h hk tgdbs bs fnvnonzbíøhs. Bssnk, qubadg cbobkgs dh mhgmrbcnb, baths db sub snsthkbtnzbíæg, hstbkgs, hstbkgs, ab vhrdbdh, cbobadg dh sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg. Sgfå sb`nb quh b mhgmrbcnb thk b ndbdh db lukbandbdh7 Fbsg thalb rhspgadndg pgsntnvbkhath, vgfå dhvh thr hathadndg quh hob î, fgkg tgdg sb`hr, b hxprhssæg dh ukb furngsndbdh h b rhspgstb b hssb furngsndbdh. Lb`ntbath db suphrcëfnh db Thrrb, g lgkhk thk, dhsdh g naëfng dgs thkpgs, prgfurbdg sb`hr gadh sh hafgatrb, fgalhfhr g quh hxnsth boîk dg oumbr gadh kgrb, navhatbrnbr fbdb hohkhatg db hxthasæg thrrhstrh, ndhatncnfbr h agkhbr gs oumbrhs, dhsfrhvhr h fgachrnr rhprhshatbíøhs. Ygdhr sh sntubr, dh cgrkb b`sgoutb (gadh hstgu7) h rhobtnvb (g quh hxnsth bquîk h boîk dg oumbr gadh hstgu7): pgdhr sh dhsogfbr h fgastrunr uk ntnahrârng: fgalhfhr bs thrrbs ogamëaqubs gadh ebkbns sh hsthvh h b dnvhrsndbdh dgs lgkhas quh oâ vnvhk, gs rhfursgs, bs rnquhzbs pbrb hxpogrbr: rhprhshatbr h trbaskntnr sb`hrhs5 tbo î b ogamb `usfb hkprhhadndb phog sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg. Hssb bvhaturb mhgmrâcnfb db lukbandbdh fgkpgrtb b lnstörnb db hxpogrbíæg db dhsfg`hrtb db Thrrb, `hk fgkg b hxtrbgrdnaârnb lnstörnb dh hsub rhprhshatbíæg fbrtgmrâcnfb. B shmunr, vhkgs dgns hxhkpogs5 uk db Batnmundbdh mrhmb h gutrg dg sîfuog \SNNN.

29

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

b

`

Cnmurb 2- (b) Föpnb dh d h kbpbs mrhmgs batnmgs rhprhshatbadg g fgatnahath Batârtnfg shk mhog: (`) Kbpb dh @ubflh dhshalbdg hk 2=6= G lgkhk ebkbns sh fgathatgu hk bphabs g`shrvbr b Thrrb. Ygr khng dh ukb fgastbath nathrbíæg fgk g khng, hoh thk dhnxbdg bs subs kbrfbs5 tnrb db Thrrb gs hohkhatgs hsshafnbns é sub vndb. Fgk hssb nathrvhaíæg, bs sgfnhdbdhs lukbabs ‟dhsabturbk‛ b suphrcëfnh db Thrrb, g quh nkponfb sub trbascgrkbíæg. Fgk hstbs pbobvrbs, vgfå eâ dhvh hstbr nkbmnabadg quh g lgkhk î uk bmhath mhgmrâcnfg qubadg hoh dhsfg`rh agvgs oumbrhs, drhab, fuotnvb, fgaströn, su`stntun g khng abturbo pgr uk khng brtncnfnbo, gu kholgr, pgr uk khng ‟lukbag‛.  ‟lukbag‛.  B bíæg mhgmrâcnfb dgs lgkhas nkponfb nasfrníæg dh trbígs, dh onalbs, dh suphrcëfnhs dh vgoukh (ârhbs prgdutnvbs, kbaflbs ur`babs), shadg bomuas dhsths vnsëvhns, fgkg rgtbs, fbkpgs, fgastruíøhs, h gutrgs aæg dnrhtbkhath phrfhtëvhns, fgkg rhobíøhs sgfnbns, crgathnrbs, couxgs dh rhobíøhs. Ygatgs, onalbs, suphrcëfnhs, vgoukh, dhasndbdh sæg, dh kbahnrb bkpob, hsfrnturbs mhgmrâcnfbs. Bs pbnsbmhas bthstbk b dnvhrsndbdh dhssb hsfrnturb. Tgkbadg pgr `bsh Knotga Vbatgs (0993), pgdhkgs dnzhr quh b pbnsbmhk î fgastntuëdb pgr uk fgaeuatg dh cgrkbs quh, auk dbdg kgkhatg, hxprnkh bs lhrbaíbs quh rhprhshatbk bs sufhssnvbs rhobíøhs ogfbonzbdbs hatrh g lgkhk h b abturhzb. Fgaeuatg dh hohkhatgs abturbns h brtncnfnbns quh cnsnfbkhath fbrbfthrnzbk ukb dhthrknabdb ârhb. Dhpgns dh thr ‟hsfutbdg‛, bthatbkhath, g quh dnssh g prgchssgr Knotga Vbatgs, vgfå dhvh hstbr phrfh`hadg quh g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg hstâ rhobfngabdg é baâonsh db pbnsbmhk, é fgkprhhasæg dh shus snmancnfbdgs h dh shus vbogrhs. Sheb quh g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg absfh db cgrkb dh golbr quh gs lgkhas fgastrghk sg`rh shu khng, dbs quhstøhs quh hohs sh fgogfbk sg`rh g shatndg dh sub prhshaíb ahssh khng, sg`rh bs nacouåafnbs quh hohs sgcrhk dg khng h sg`rh gs hchntgs dh subs nathrvhaíøhs. 22

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

B pbrtnr dhssb `rhvh hxpgsníæg, vgfå dhvh thr phrfh`ndg quh g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg surmh db furngsndbdh lukbab h dbs nathrrgmbíøhs quh gs lgkhas sh fgogfbk dnbath dbs pgssn`nondbdhs h dbs onkntbíøhs dh subs bíøhs crhath és fgadníøhs dg khng: h quh subs bíøhs nkponfbk kbrfbs h uk phrpîtug fgacontg hatrh b rhbonzbíæg dh subs ahfhssndbdhs h g khng. Hohkhatgs dg sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg Ahsth nthk, vhrhkgs fnafg hohkhatgs nkpgrtbaths pbrb b fgkprhhasæg dg dhshavgovnkhatg dg sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg, vâ sh cbknonbrnzbadg fgk hohs, pgns shræg nkpgrtbaths pbrb sub cgrkbíæg fgkg prgchssgr dh Mhgmrbcnb. Hsshs hohkhatgs vbrnbk ag thkpg, kbs sæg shkprh nkpgrtbaths pbrb b baâonsh mhgmrâcnfb. Ygsníøhs h fgatgrags Gs lgkhas dhshavgovhrbk hscgrígs fgasndhrâvhns pbrb pgdhr sh sntubr h thr ukb ndhnb db cgrkb, dgs fgatgrags h db brtnfuobíæg hatrh gs fgatnahaths. Dh dnvhrsbs kbahnrbs, g lgkhk hacrhatgu bs dncëfhns htbpbs dg rhfgalhfnkhatg db Thrrb: gs abvhmbdgrhs cgrbk gs prnafnpbns dhsfg`rndgrhs dgs onknths dbs thrrbs h dgs ontgrbns. Vg`rh shus `brfgs, munbdgs phog cng fgadutgr dbs fgstbs, nkpuosngabdgs phogs vhatgs h phobs fgrrhaths, hsshs lgkhas hkprhhadh hkprhhadhrbk rbk vnbmhas h hxphdníøhs hk dnrhíæg b thrrbs këtnfbs, nkbmnaârnbs gu rhbns. Hohs dhshalbrbk gs fgatgrags dbs fgstbs: dhpgns, fgk shus `brfgs khdnrbk bs dnstàafnbs, b durbíæg dbs abvhmbíøhs, a bvhmbíøhs, ndhatncnfbrb ndhatncnfbrbk k bs pgsníøhs tgpgmrâcnfbs. Dhrbk és thrrbs dhsfg`hrtbs knolbrhs dh agkhs. Cgn su`nadg h dhsfhadg rngs gu bfrhdntbadg dhsfg`rnr subs dhshk`gfbdurbs gu kbrhs nathrngrhs quh gs lgkhas bdhatrbrbk gs fgatnahaths. Bs vnbmhas dh hxpogrbíæg pgr vnb thrrhstrh, kbns dncëfhns, cgrbk rbrbs h tbrdnbs. Sheb quh b ndhatncnfbíæg db fgacnmurbíæg dgs fgatnahaths h gfhbags ahfhssntbvb db rhsgouíæg dh trås sîrnhs dh prg`ohkbs5 2) g fgalhfnkhatg db cgrkb db Thrrb: 0) g fgalhfnkhatg dh subs dnkhasøhs: h 6) b dhcnaníæg dbs fggrdhabdbs dh uk oumbr. B hschrnfndbdh db Thrrb cgn bdkntndb h subs dnkhasøhs cgrbk khdndbs dhsdh b Batnmundbdh. Hatrhtbatg, haqubatg b obtntudh h b ogamntudh0 aæg cgrbk dhcnandbs fgk prhfnsæg, gs lgkhas aæg pudhrbk ‟dgknabr‛ hchtnvbkhath g shu Yobahtb. B pbrtnr dnssg, cnfb fobrg quh b btntudh dh sh grnhatbr fgastntun ukb dbs `bshs dh tgdg sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg.

0 Dnstàafnb hk mrbus dh quboquhr pgatg db Thrrb tgkbadg fgkg rhchråafnb b onalb dg hqubdgr h dnstàafnb hk mrbus dh quboquhr pgatg db Thrrb tgkbadg fgkg rhchråafnb g khrndnbag dh Mrhhawnfl, rhsphtnvbkhath. rhsphtnvbkh ath. Sgfå vhrâ kholgr hsshs dgns fgafhntgs ab dnsfnponab Ohnturb Fbrtgmrbcnb 

20

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Ndhatncnfbíæg h Navhatârng dgs Oumbrhs G fgalhfnkhatg dgs fgatgrags h dbs pgsníøhs mhgmrâcnfbs dhphadh dh gutrg fgalhfnkhatg, bquhoh dg fgathõdg dh fbdb oumbr db suphrcëfnh thrrhstrh. B furngsndbdh dgs lgkhas bphabs sh sbtnscbz qubadg hoh prhhaflh gs vbzngs dbs fbrtbs h su`stntun gs oumbrhs këtnfgs h nkbmnaârngs pgr oumbrhs ‟rhbns‛.  ‟rhbns‛.   Dnvhrsbs cnabondbdhs dhrbk susthatbíæg b hstb hkprhntbdb5 thrrbs b fgaqunstbr, nkpîrngs b dgknabr, rnquhzbs pbrb sh bprgprnbr, pgpuobíøhs pbrb dhsfg`rnr, rngs h cgaths, kgatbalbs h obmgs pbrb navhatbrnbr. Bssnk, g dhsheg dh fgalhfhr cgn shkprh grnhatbdg h shohtnvg hk rhobíæg és nathaíøhs dgs lgkhas h dbs sgfnhdbdhs. Hoh vbrnb fgk b hsfbob quh sh dhsheb btnamnr, gu sheb, vbrnb hk cuaíæg db dnstàafnb h dg bcbstbkhatg dgs oumbrhs quh sh quhr fgalhfhr. Fgalhfhr snmancnfb frnbr ntnahrârngs quh sæg ‟khkgrnzbdgs‛ mrbíbs é g`shrvbíæg dgs trbígs db tgpgmrbcnb pröxnkb h ogamëaqub, é khkgrnzbíæg dbs fgrhs db vhmhtbíæg, dbs aubafhs dg rhohvg htf.

Cnmurb 0- Phmnstg dgs oumbrhs abs prnkhnrbs sgfnhdbdhs Ybrb kholgr navhatbrnbr h ndhatncnfbr, prnkhnrbkhath, cnxb-sh gs chaôkhags kbns rhkbrfâvhns gu quh cgrahfhk gs kholgrhs kbrfgs h snabns5 g trbíbdg dgs rngs, gs g`stâfuogs kgatbalgsgs, gs dhscnobdhnrgs, gs vuoføhs, gs obmgs, gs bankbns h tbk`îk bs fndbdhs. Hk shmuadg oumbr, hohafb-sh gs chaôkhags khags vnsëvhns, rhobíøhs dh trgfb, tnpgs dh grmbanzbíæg sgfnbo, rhonmngsndbdh htf. Mgstbrëbkgs dh crnsbr quh uk `gk navhatârng ohvb hk fgasndhrbíæg tbk`îk  ‖   ‖  h aæg î khags nkpgrtbath  ‖  ‖   gs oumbrhs lb`ntbdgs, rgtbs, fgastruíøhs rhonmngsbs, rnbflgs, pbrbdbs htf. Bs fndbdhs, gs pgrtgs, bs rhdhs dh rgtbs rhprhshatbk aös h onalbs dh cuafngabkhatg dbs sgfnhdbdhs 26

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

lukbabs h sæg rhvhobdgrbs dh dbdgs hsshafnbns. Î cuadbkhatbo flbkbr sub bthaíæg pbrb g cbtg dh quh g navhatârng dgs oumbrhs fgkpgrtb uk gutrg bsphftg hsshafnbo5 bquhoh dh sub dhagknabíæg. B tgpgaëknb î ukb htbpb nadnsphasâvho dg fgalhfnkhatg fgalhfnkhatg db suphrcëfnh db Thrrb. B Thrrb tgrab-sh Thrrb dgs lgkhas qubadg dhnxb dh shr baôankb h î agkhbdb pgr hohs. Tgdg oumbr agkhbdg phog lgkhk tgrab-sh snmancnfbtnvg ag shatndg cgrth dg thrkg. @bptnzbr g thrrhag h fg`rn-og dh ukb fbkbdb dh agkhs trbascgrkb g fgalhfnkhatg dgs oumbrhs hk sb`hr fgohtnvg. Dhsdh g nastbath hk quh gs oumbrhs tåk uk agkh, hohs sæg nathmrbdgs b ukb mrbdh sgfnbo dh ogfbonzbíæg. Vhu fgalhfnkhatg mhgmrâcnfg dhnxb dh shr chflbdg ag fërfuog hstrhntg dbs phquhabs fgkuandbdhs h sh sgfnbonzb pbrb boîk dg ogfbo. B mhath guvh cbobr dh vnobrhegs, dh fndbdhs, dh kgatbalbs, dh rhnags quh  ebkbns vnkgs h quh aæg vhrhkgs auafb. B hxnståafnb, boîk dg quh î phssgbokhath fgalhfndg, dh ukb hschrb kuntg kbns bkpob h quh hxnsth bphabs fgkg uk uanvhrsg dh pbobvrbs thk hchntgs kõotnpogs5 hob susfntb, pbrb bomuas, ukb cbsfnabíæg pgr bquhohs oumbrhs dgs qubns guvnrbk cbobr: hob bonkhatb sub nkbmnabíæg: hob cbz absfhr ukb ahfhssndbdh dh hvbsæg. B fbkbdb dh agkhs quh fgastntun b tgpgaëknb bobrmb b hschrb dgs dhsogfbkhatgs h dbs trgfbs pbrb boîk dg quh cgn phrfgrrndg phog nadnvëdug. Ogfbonzbíæg h Dnstrn`uníæg Sgfå eâ dhvh hstbr sb`hadg quh g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg sh pbrtnfuobrnzb pgr sub prnkbznb fgk gs dbdgs d bdgs dh ogfbonzbíæg. Î nkpgrtbath sbonhatbr quh, boîk dh fgohtbdgs btrbvîs dh frntîrngs rnmgrgsgs, î ahfhssârng quh hohs shebk fbrtgmrbcbdgs. G quh g mhömrbcg prgfurb vhr ab pbnsbmhk aæg î b snkpohs ogfbonzbíæg dhsth gu dbquhoh g`ehtg mhgmrâcnfg pbrtnfuobr (cbzhadb, fndbdh, fbphob h gutrgs), kbs b dnstrn`uníæg dh tgdgs gs g`ehftgs dh ukb khskb hspîfnh (bs fbsbs, bs fndbdhs, bs vnobs, b vhmhtbíæg, bs cogrhstbs) h bs dnvhrsbs cnsngagknbs dh fgaeuatg quh rhvhobk g khng. B rhobíæg lgkhk-abturhzb Gs lgkhas sh fgogfbk, dhsdh shkprh, quhstøhs rhobtnvbs és rhobíøhs hatrh bs sgfnhdbdhs h g shu khng, khskg baths dh thr uk sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg snsthkbtnzbdg. Lnpöfrbths (sîfuog S baths dh Frnstg), hk shu trbtbdg Vg`rh gs hBrhs, bs Âmubs h gs eâ gpualb dbs rhmnøhs hohvbdbs lõkndbs b pgvgs dhOumbrhs, rhmnøhs shk âmub hgs dhpgvgs vbrnbíøhs fonkâtnfbs `rusfbs. 24

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Sheb quh cgn h bnadb î agrkbo quh, nashrndgs hk khngs abturbns dnvhrsgs, gs lgkhas thalbk dh rhtnrbr dhsshs khngs g shu susthatg, gs kbthrnbns pbrb fgastrunr subs fbsbs, bs kbtîrnbs-prnkbs pbrb sub prgduíæg, dhatrh gutrbs fgnsbs. @hk fgkg quh sh nathrrgmuhk sg`rh bs nacouåafnbs dhssh khng ag shu fgkpgrtbkhatg. G sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg fgkg tgtbonzbdgr db suphrcëfnh thrrhstrh Ygr sub vhz, ag sîfuog \N\, g aëvho dh dhsfrníæg db suphrcëfnh db Thrrb eâ phrkntnb ukb vnsubonzbíæg dh sub tgtbondbdh. Boîk dbs dhsfrníøhs dh oumbrhs pbrtnfuobrhs, dh navhatârngs sg`rh bs dnvhrsbs pbrths db Thrrb, g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg shmuh ab dnrhíæg dh fgkprhhadhr gs fgaeuatgs dh hohkhatgs abturbns h lukbags h b sgondbrnhdbdh hatrh shus fgkpgahaths, aukb dnkhasæg tgtbonzbath.

Vukârng Ahstb Xandbdh thkâtnfb, thkâtnfb, bprhadhkgs quh b furngsndbdh dg lgkhk cgn h î uk nkpgrtbath hohkhatg pbrb b fgastntuníæg dbs sgfnhdbdhs h db Mhgmrbcnb. Snkgs tbk`îk quh bs ahfhssndbdhs `âsnfbs ags nkpøhk btnvndbdhs dnvhrsbs h quh, pbrb sbtnscbzå-obs, dhnxbkgs bs agssbs kbrfbs h nkprhssøhs ab suphrcëfnh db Thrrb. Bprhadhkgs bnadb quh bs pbnsbmhas sæg uk hohkhatg rhvhobdgr pbrb b baâonsh db Mhgmrbcnb.

Butg-bvbonbíæg 2. Bg fgaeuatg dh hohkhatgs abturbns h brtncnfnbns quh cnsnfbkhath fbrbfthrnzbk ukb dhthrknabdb ârhb flbkb-sh5 B. Ybnsbmhk @. Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg F. Vb`hr mhgmrâcnfg D. Tgdbs gpíøhs hstæg fgrrhftbs. 0. G lgkhk hacrhatgu bs dncëfhns htbpbs dg rhfgalhfnkhatg db Thrrb: gs prnafnpbns dhsfg`rndgrhs dgs onknths dbs thrrbs h dgs ontgrbns cgrbk5 B. Gs mhömrbcgs @. Gs abvhmbdgrhs F. Gs hxpgsntgrhs D. Batrgpöogmgs 28

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

6. B obtntudh h b ogamntudh sæg hohkhatgs kuntg nkpgrtbath pbrb dgknabr h dhonkntbr g pobahtb Thrrb, kbs g quh fgastntun ukb dbs `bshs dh tgdg sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg î5 B. Ogamntudh @. Khrndnbags F. Obtntudh D. Hqubdgr 4. B tgpgaëknb î ukb htbpb nadnsphasâvho dg fgalhfnkhatg db suphrcëfnh db Thrrb. 8. G quh g mhömrbcg prgfurb vhr ab pbnsbmhk î b snkpohs ogfbonzbíæg dhsth gu dbquhoh g`ehtg mhgmrâcnfg pbrtnfuobr, b dnstrn`uníæg dh tgdgs gs g`ehftgs dh ukb khskb hspîfnh h bs dnvhrsbs cnsngagknbs dh fgaeuatg quh rhvhobk g khng. Munæg dh Fgrrhfíæg 2-B: 0-@: 6-F: 4-S: 8-S Bvbonbíæg 2. G fgafhntg dh oumbr brtnfuob-sh b pbrtnr db rhobíæg gu fgkprhhasæg dg shr dnbath dg hspbíg mhgmrâcnfg, gu sheb, g oumbr î g hspbíg bprgprnbdg gu phrfh`ndg phobs rhobíøhs lukbabs. 0. B rhsphntg dg fgafhntg dh rhmnæg rhmnæg,, bvbonh bs prgpgsníøhs b shmunr b quh hstb nafgrrhftb5 B. Xkb rhmnæg pgdh shr frnbdb fgk b cnabondbdh dh rhbonzbr hstudgs sg`rh bs fbrbfthrëstnfbs mhrbns dh uk thrrntörng, bssnk fgkg pbrb hathadhr dhthrknabdgs bsphftgs dg hspbíg. @. B rhmnæg rhsuotb dh ukb hob`grbíæg rbfngabo h nathafngabo dg shr lukbag. Thk b cnabondbdh dh cbfnontbr b baâonsh, b mhstæg h b fgkprhhasæg dh ukb dhthrknabdb ârhb h dgs hohkhatgs quh b fgkpøhk. F. Hk mhrbo, b rhmnæg pgdh shr hathadndb fgkg ukb ârhb quh cgn dnvndndb g`hdhfhadg-sh b uk frntîrng hsphfëcnfg. 23

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

D. Bomukbs rhmnøhs surmhk dh cgrkb abturbo h sæg hstb`hohfndbs shk quh sheb ahfhssârnb b hsphfncnfbíæg dh uk frntîrng quh bs dhcnab gu  gu   fobssncnquh. 6. Gadh surmnu g fgalhfnkh fgalhfnkhatg atg Mhgmrâcnf Mhgmrâcnfg7 g7 B. Ag kuadg Ârb`h. @. Ab Bkîrnfb. F. Ag @rbsno. D. Ab Mrîfnb Batnmb. 4. B Mhgmrbcnb î b fnåafnb quh hstudb h babonsb g hspbíg prgduzndg phog lgkhk 8. G Hspbíg Mhgmrâcnfg  Mhgmrâcnfg  î uk nkpgrtbath fgafhntg pbrb b Mhgmrbcnb, lbeb vnstb quh hoh î g g`ehtg prnafnpbo dh hstudg dhssb ârhb dg fgalhfnkhatg. g hspbíg mhgmrâcnfg î uk fgaeuatg dh snsthkbs dh g`ehtgs h bíøhs, nstg î, gs nthas h hohkhatgs brtncnfnbns h bs bíøhs lukbabs quh kbahebk tbns nastrukhatgs ag shatndg dh fgastrunr h trbascgrkbr g khng, sheb hoh abturbo gu sgfnbo. Hssb ndhnb cgn dhchadndb pgr5 B. B. Knotga  Knotga Vbatgs @. Crhdhrnfl Hamhos. F. Badrî Flgoohy D. Bohxbadhr Sga Luk`godt Munæg dh Fgrrhfíæg 2-S: 0-D: 6-D: 4-S: 8-B PHCHPÅFNBV @N@ONGMPÂCNFB @N @ONGMPÂCNFBVV DBATBV, Bodg. Ynhrrh Kga`hnm5 uk kbrfg db mhgmrbcnb `rbsnohnrb. Ygrtg Bohmrh5 Vuonab, 0998. JBHPFLHP, Ahstgr Badrî. B mhgmrbcnb î g agssg dnb-b-dnb. Na5 FBVTPGMNGSBAAN, Batöang Fbrogs (Grm.). Mhgmrbcnb hk sbob dh buob. Ygrtg Bohmrh5 Hdntgrb db Xanvhrsndbdh/BM@, 2>>

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

G pîrnpog kbns batnmg dbtb dg sîfuog SNN b.F. h cgn chntg pgr kbrnalhnrgs chaëfngs b shrvníg dg cbrbö hmëpfng. Cgn ab Mrîfnb batnmb quh b fnåafnb mhgmrâcnfb rhfh`hu shu agkh, hatrhtbatg, gutrgs pgvgs quh vnhrbk baths dgs mrhmgs, eâ tnalbk fgalhfnkhatgs mhgmrâcnfgs, hatrh hsths, dhstbfbkgs gs hmëpfngs, `b`noôangs h chaëfngs. Gs hmëpfngs •Xkbs dbs kbns batnmbs fnvnonzbíøhs dg kuadg5 8 kno bags b.F.: •Vh hstb`hohfhrbk és kbrmhas dg Png Anog h tnvhrbk ab bmrnfuoturb b prnafnpbo btnvndbdh: •Dhvndg és fgadníøhs fonkâtnfbs db rhmnæg hssb hrb b õanfb ârhb quh phrkntnb btnvndbdh bmrëfgob, ag phrëgdg dh flhnbs: •Gs hmëpfngs hstudbrbk b phrngdnfndbdh dbs hstbíøhs dg bag g`shrvbadg g kgvnkhatg dg Vgo, Oub h hstrhobs.

Cnmurb 6-Phmnstg dgs hmëpfngs Gs chaëfngs h `b`noôangs •Ygvgs quh lb`ntbvbk b rhmnæg dg btubo Grnhath Kîdng: •Chaëfngs gfupbvbk ukb cbnxb dg ontgrbo dg Kbr Khdnthrràahg, gadh btubokhath cnfb g Oë`bag: •Dhdnfbvbk-sh bg fgkîrfng h cbznbk naõkhrbs vnbmhas phog Kbr •Dhdnfbvbk-sh Khdnthrràahg h Kbr Shrkholg:

09

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

•Flhmbrbk b uotrbpbssbr g Hstrhntg dh Mn`rbotbr h btnamnr g Gfhbag Btoàatnfg: •Fgalhfnbk kuntg `hk hsshs ontgrbns, nolbs, mgocgs h `bëbs.

Cnmurb 4-Pgtbs fgkhrfnbns dgs chaëfngs h `b`noôangs

•Gs `b`noôangs lb`ntbvbk b rhmnæg db Khsgpgtàknb, hatrh gs rngs Tnmrh h Hucrbths, btubo Nrbquh: •Hssh pgvg shrvnu-sh shrvnu-sh dh frhaíbs hspnrntubns h kntgoömnfbs pbrb hxponfbr gs chaôkhags abturbns quh hrbk nahxponfâvhns: •Gs `b`noôangs supualbk quh b Thrrb hrb ukb mrbadh kgatbalb rhdgadb fhrfbdb pgr kbrhs: •Ag nathrngr db kgatbalb hstbvb g rhnag dgs Kgrtgs h sg`rh hob, ag fîu, b Kgrbdb dgs Dhushs: •G kbns batnmg kbpb quh sh thk agtëfnb cgn hob`grbdg cgn  hob`grbdg phogs `b`noôangs.

02

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Cnmurb 8- Ogfbonzbíæg mhgmrâcnfb dg nkpîrng db @b`noöanb @b`noöanb  

B Vnsthkbtnzbíæg dg Fgalhfnkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg B pbobvrb mhgmrbcnb (dhsfrhvhr b Thrrb) cgn frnbdb phogs mrhmgs, pgvgs quh grnmnabokhath væg sh prhgfupbr fgk b snsthkbtnzbíæg dhssh fgalhfnkhatg. Ybrb Ahosga ]hrahfj Vgdrî (2>4 b.F.) ‖ b.F.)  ‖ Boîk  Boîk dh dhkgastrbr b hxnståafnb



db furvbturb db Thrrb h fbofuobr subs dnkhasøhs fgk agtâvho prhfnsæg, tbk`îk ogfbonzgu kbrhs, thrrbs, kgatbalbs, rngs h fndbdhs ag prnkhnrg snsthkb dh fggrdhabdbs mhgmrâcnfbs, ag qubo hstbvbk prhshaths bs obtntudhs h bs ogamntudhs.

06

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

Hstudgu, bnadb, quhstøhs rhobtnvbs é lndrgmrbcnb h é fonkbtgogmnb, és zgabs fonkâtnfbs h és flhnbs dgs rngs, agtbdbkhath bquhobs rhobtnvbs bg Anog. Fgatudg, gs aëvhns dh mhahrbonzbíæg trbznbk fgasnmg kbrmhas dh hrrgs fgasndhrâvhns, cgrtbohfhadg b b`grdbmhk rhmngabo. Kbthkâtnfg, cnoösgcg h bströagkg mrhmg db hsfgob dh Bohxbadrnb. Mrbíbs b khdníæg namhangsb dh uk brfg dh khrndnbag, cgn g prnkhnrg b khdnr fgrrhtbkhath b fnrfuachråafnb db thrrb (hk 49 999 Jk. bprgxnkbdbkhath).

Cnmurb =-Hrbstgsthah =-Hrbstgsthahss   Lhrödgtg Lhrödgtg (49 ‖ 23<  23< d.F.)  d.F.)  0. G shmuadg kbpb db Batnmundbdh quh cbznb b Dhsfrníæg db Thrrb, g`rb noustrbdb pgr uk kbpb gadh b Thrrb î rhprhshatbdb pgr uk dnsfg fgk âmub hk sub vgotb, cgn hob`grbdg pgr5 B. Babxnkbadrg dh Knohtg (389-328 b.F.) b.F.)  @. Lhrödgtg (49 ‖ (>9 ‖ 23<  23< d.F.)  d.F.)  D. Lhfbthu dh Knohtg (839-4>=. FOBSBO, Ybuo. Lnstgnrh dh ob mîgpmrbplnh. Ybrns5 YXC, 2>>3. VBATGV, Knotga. G pbës dnstgrfndg. Væg Ybuog5 Yu`on cgolb, 0990. p.

 

NVFHD

FXPVG5 MHGMPBCNB: 29 Bag

Dnsfnponab/Köduog5 Yhasbkhatg Mhgmrâcnfg

 

nafgathsth hk kbtîrnb dg fgalhfnkhatg db Thrrb h dg snsthkb Kuadg. H, dhssh kgdg, b Ndbdh Kîdnb î, pbrb b Mhgmrbcnb, uk phrëgdg dh hstbmabíæg h khskg dh rhtrgfhssg dg fgalhfnkhatg prgduzndg pgr hssb fnåafnb. B quhdb dg kgkhatg Nkpîrng Pgkbag h b dncusæg dg Frnstnbanskg dæg naëfng b hssh agvg db lnstörnb db lukbandbdh, nastbobadg uk prgfhssg dh crbmkhatbíæg ab prgduíæg dg fgalhfnkhatg fnhatëcnfg h mhgmrâcnfg. Bs fbusbs pbrb hssb crbmkhatbíæg pgdhk shr hafgatrbdbs ag fgathxtg sgfnbo, hfgaôknfg h rhonmngsg dbquhob îpgfb. Bs navbsøhs `âr`brbs væg prgvgfbr ukb sntubíæg dh muhrrb mhahrbonzbdb hk `gb pbrth dg hspbíg hurgphu gfupbdg phog Nkpîrng Pgkbag. Tbo sntubíæg nrâ prgvgfbr ab Hurgpb fgashquåafnbs nkpgrtbaths quh ohvbrbk bg nsgobfnganskg hspbfnbo dbs sgfnhdbdhs h é nastburbíæg dg snsthkb chudbo, fgacgrkh vgfå pgdh phrfh`hr ab pbssbmhk b shmunr.

G quhGlbvnb cbvgrhfndg b rhcohxæg sg`rhab b cgrkb h bmhgfåatrnfb fgacnmurbíæg dbchrvgr Thrrb nathohftubo dhsbpbrhfhu. Hstgnfnskg dhnxgu dh bpgnbr-sh lnpöthsh h ab nkbmhk dh uk kuadg lbrkgangsg quh dbë hkbabvb. B dhsogfbíæg prgmrhssnvb db bdknanstrbíæg tgragu naõthns gs ohvbatbkhatgs dh nacgrkbíøhs tæg prgfurbdbs ab îpgfb dh Bumustg. Bs cgrkbs dh fgastruíæg sgfnbo quh trnuacbrbk ab Ndbdh Kîdnb bsshatbk hk rhobíøhs phssgbns5 î btrbvîs dh agtâvhns ogfbns quh g pgdhr sh hxhrfh é dnstàafnb: fgkg tbo, aæg î ahfhssârng cgrkbonzbr g sb`hr mhgmrâcnfg ahstb sgfnhdbdh5 g fgalhfnkhatg dbs phssgbs î sucn fnhath. (FOBSBO, 2>>3, p. 2=-