Módulo de Geografia Fisica de Mocambique

 

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JNHPNF CM DP[TM C@ FBD@HDBNSP[N @J @HTBHM C@

O@MO[NLBN

;· Nhm

Cbsdbpfbhn7 O@MO[NLBN

LÊTBDN C@ JMÏNJKB^P@  Dôcbom7 Smtnf Emrns/>m T`j`str`7 >;0 Drâcbtms (THNSDN)7 0 H÷j`rm c` S`jns7 0

BHTSBSPSM TPY@[BM[ C@ DBÇHDBNT @ @CPDNÏÄM N CBTSËHDBN- BTD@C

 

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Cbr`btms c` nutmr (dmpyrboet) @st` jnhunf â prmprb`cnc` cm Bhstbtutm Tup`rbmr c` Dbçhdbns ` @cudnïäm n Cbstëhdbn (BTD@C), ` dmhtâj r`s`rvncm tmcms ms cbr`btms. Â prmbkbcn n cupfbdnïäm mu r`prmcuïäm pnrdbnf mu tmtnf c`st` jnhunf, smk qunbsqu`r lmrjns mu pmr qunbsqu`r j`bms (`f`dtrôhbdms, j`dëhbdm, ornvnïäm, lmtmdôpbn mu mutrms), s`j p`rjbssäm `xpr`ssn c` `htbcnc` `cbtmrn (Bhstbtutm Tup`rbmr c` Dbçhdbns ` @cudnïäm n Cbstëhdbn (BTD@C). N häm mks`rvëhdbn cm ndbjn `stbpufncm m bhlrndtmr â pnssêv`f n npfbdnïäm c` prmd`ssms  gucbdbnbs `j vbomr hm Ynês.

Bhstbtutm Tup`rbmr c` Dbçhdbns ` @cudnïäm n Cbstëhdbn (BTD@C) Cbr`dïäm Ndncâjbdn [un Cr. Nfj`bcn Fnd`rcn, Hm ;>; Ymhtn - Oçn K`brn - Jmïnjkbqu` S`f`lmh`7 +;05 ;4 4;409> D`f7 +;05 5; 4900542 Lnx7 ;44;409> @-jnbf7 bsd`cIbsd`c.nd.jz _`ksbt`7www.bsd`c.nd.jz

 

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Nornc`dbj`htms M Bhstbtutm Tup`rbmr c` Dbçhdbns ` @cudnïäm n Cbstëhdbn (BTD@C) nornc`d` n dmfnkmrnïäm cms s`oubht`s bhcbvêcums ` bhstbtubïð`s hn `fnkmrnïäm c`st` jnhunf7

 Nutmr7

Tunfâ Njnc`

J`str` `j O`stäm Njkb`htnf

Dmmrc`hnïäm

Cbr`dïäm Ndncâjbdn cm BTD@C

C`sboh

Bhstbtutm Tup`rbmr c` Dbçhdbns ` @cudnïäm n Cbstëhdbn (BTD@C)

Lbhnhdbnj`htm Lbhnhdbnj`h tm ` Fmoêstbdn

Bhstbtutm Nlrbdnhm c` Yrmjmïäm cn @cudnïäm n Cbstnhdbn (BNY@C)

[`vbsäm Db`htêlbdn

BTD@C — K@B[N

[`vbsäm Fbhouêstbdn

UUUUU

 Nhm c` Yukfbdnïäm Yukfbdnïäm

UUUUU

Fmdnf c` Yukfbdnïäm

UUUUU

@cbïäm

UUUUU

Sbrno`j Orîlbdn

 

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Êhcbd` \bsäm o`rnf

  Nvnfbnïäm .............................................................................................. ......................................................................................................................... ........................... >> 

S@JN — B7 BHS[MCPÏÄM N O@MO[NLBN C@ JMÏNJKB^P@

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PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn >.>. Fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn ` dôsjbdn, fbjbt`s, `xt`hsäm ` dnrndt`rêstbdns cn dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn ................................ ............................................................................. ............................................. >4  Bhtrmcuïäm ............................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................ ........................... >4  Tujîrbm ......................................................................................................... ................................................... ........................................................................ .................... ;3  PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn >.;. >. ;. @U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCMT cns Phbcnc`s c`st` S`jn. ..;0  @x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM .............  ................................................................. ........................................................................ .................... ;0  @x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM ...................................................  ................................................................................................ ............................................. ;. @struturn o`mfôobdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, ornhc`s `rns o`mfôobdns, suns sukcbvbsð`s su kcbvbsð`s ` fmdnfbznïäm ..................................................... ......................................................................................... .................................... 49  Bhtrmcuïäm ............................................................................................. ........................................................................................................................ ........................... 49  Tujîrbm ......................................................................................................... ................................................... ........................................................................ .................... 43  @x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM .............  ................................................................. ........................................................................ .................... 43  @x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM ...................................................  ................................................................................................ ............................................. 40  PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.;. Yrbhdbpnbs rmdens ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn mdmr rçhdbn ......................... 40  Bhtrmcuïäm ........................................................  ............................................................................................................. ............................................................... .......... 40  Tujîrbm ......................................................................................................... ................................................... ........................................................................ .................... 42  @x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM .............  ................................................................. ........................................................................ .................... 42  @x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM ...................................................  ................................................................................................ ............................................. 39  PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.4. ;. 4. Yrbhdbpnbs jbh`rnbs `............................................................... suns îr`ns îr` ns c` mdmrrçhdbn ...................... Bhtrmcuïäm ........................................................  ............................................................................................................. .......... 3> 3>   Tujîrbm ......................................................................................................... ................................................... ........................................................................ .................... 3· Yrntbdnr n f`bturn. Npr`hc`r n Cbstëhdbn `xbo` nftm cmjêhbm c` f`bturn. ;· Lnz`r f`bturn cbnomhnf nms dmht`÷cms (f`bturn dmrrbcn). 4· \mftnr n lnz`r f`bturn, c`stn v`z pnrn n dmjpr``hsäm ` nssbjbfnïäm drêtbdn cms dmht`÷cms (@TSPCN[). 3· Lnz`r s`jbhîrbm (c`knt` `j orupms), pnrn dmjprmvnr s` n sun npr`hcbzno`j dmhl`r` mu häm dmj n cms dmf`ons ` dmj m pncräm. 0· Lnz`r SD (Srnknfem c` Dnjpm), nfoujns ndtbvbcnc`s prîtbdns mu ns c` `stucm c` dnsm `xbstnj. BJYM[SNHS@7 @j mks`rvëhdbn nm trbëhoufm jmcm-`spnïm-t`jpm jmcm-`spnïm-t`jpm,, r`sp`dtbvnj`ht` dmjm, mhc` ` qunhcm  qunhcm `stucnr,  `stucnr, dmjm lmb r`l`rbcm hm bhêdbm c`st` bt`j, nht`s c` mronhbznr ms s`us jmj`htms c` `stucm r`lfbdtn smkr` m njkb`ht` c` `stucm qu` s`rbn bc`nf pnrn sb7 @stucm j`femr `j dnsn/kbkfbmt`dn/dnlâ/mutrm fuonr= @stucm j`femr é hmbt`/c` jnheä/c` tnrc`/lbhs-c`-s`jnhn/nm fmhom cn s`jnhn= @stucm j`femr dmj j÷sbdn/huj sêtbm smss`oncm/huj sêtbm knrufe`htm!= Yr`dbsm c` bht`rvnfm `j dncn 49 jbhutms, `j dncn emrn, `td. Â bjpmssêv`f `stucnr hujn hmbt` tucm m qu` c`vbn t`r sbcm `stucncm curnht` uj c`t`rjbhncm p`rêmcm c` t`jpm1 C`v` `stucnr dncn pmhtm cn jntârbn `j prmluhcbcnc` ` pnssnr sô nm s`oubht` qunhcm ndenr qu` gî cmjbhn k`j m nht`rbmr. Yrbvbf`obn-s` snk`r k`j (dmj prmluhcbcnc`) m pmudm qu` puc`r f`r ` `stucnr, qu` snk`r

tucm sup`rlbdbnfj`ht`! Jns n j`femr mpïäm â guhtnr m ÷tbf nm norncîv`f7 Tnk`r dmj prmluhcbcnc` tmcms dmht`÷cms c` dncn t`jn, hm jôcufm. Cbdn bjpmrtnht`7 häm r`dmj`hcnjms `stucnr s`oubcnj`ht` pmr t`jpm sup`rbmr n ujn emrn. @stucnr pmr t`jpm c` ujn emrn bht`rdnfncm pmr >9 (c`z) n >0 (qubhz`) jbhutms c` c`sdnhsm (denjn-s` c`sdnhsm é jucnhïn c` ndtbvbcnc`s). Mu s`gn qu` curnht` m bht`rvnfm häm s` dmhtbhunr n trntnr cms j`sjms nssuhtms cns ndtbvbcnc`s mkrbontôrbns. Pjn fmhon `xpmsbïäm nms `stucms mu nm trnknfem bht`f`dtunf mkrbontôrbm, pmc` dmhcuzbr nm `l`btm dmhtrîrbm7 knbxnr m r`hcbj`htm cn npr`hcbzno`j. Ymr qu` m `stucnht` ndujufn uj `f`vncm vmfuj` c` trnknfem, `j t`rjms c` `stucms, `j pmudm t`jpm, drbnhcm bht`rl`rçhdbn `htr` ms dmhe`dbj`htms, p`rc` s`quçhdbn fôobdn, pmr lbj nm p`rd`k`r qu` `stucn tnhtm jns häm npr`hc`, dnb `j bhs`ournhïn, c`pr`ssäm ` c`s`sp`rm, pmr s` ndenr bhgustnj`ht` bhdnpnz!

 

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Häm `stuc` hn ÷ftbjn cn emrn1 qunhcm s` trnt` c` lnz`r nfoujn nvnfbnïäm. Npr`hcn n s`r `stucnht` c` lndtm (nqu`f` qu` `stucn sbst`jntbdnj`ht`), häm `stucnr np`hns pnrn r`spmhc`r n qu`stð`s c` nfoujn jns sbj `stuc` vbcn, smkr` `stuc` p`hsnhcm hn sun utbfbcnc` dmjm nvnfbnïäm, luturm prmlbssbmhnf, hn îr`npnrn `jnqu` `stî n s`tucm, lmrjnr. Mronhbz` hn sun no`hcn uj emrîrbm mhc` c`lbh` n qu` emrns ` qu` jntârbns c`v` `stucnr curnht` n s`jnhn1 Lnd` nm t`jpm fbvr` qu` r`stn, c`v` c`dbcbr dmjm m utbfbznr prmcutbvnj`ht`, c`dbcbhcm qunhtm t`jpm s`rî c`cbdncm nm `stucm ` n mutrns ndtbvbcnc`s. Â bjpmrtnht` bc`htblbdnr ns bc`bns prbhdbpnbs c` uj t`xtm, pmbs s`rî ujn h`d`ssbcnc` pnrn m `stucm cns cbv`rsns jntârbns qu` dmjpð`j m dursm7 N dmfmdnïäm c` hmtns hns jnro`hs pmc` ngucnr n `struturnr n jntârbn c` jmcm qu` s`gn jnbs lîdbf bc`htblbdnr ns pnrt`s qu` `stî n `stucnr ` Ymc` `sdr`v`r dmhdfusð`s, `x`jpfms, vnhtno`hs, c`lbhbïð`s, cntns, hmj`s, pmc` tnjkâj utbfbznr n jnro`j pnrn dmfmdnr dmj`htîrbms s`us r`fndbmhncms dmj m qu` `stî n f`r1 n j`femr nfturn pnrn sukfbhenr â bj`cbntnj`ht` n s`oubr é dmjpr``hsäm cm t`xtm ` häm c`pmbs c` ujn prbj`brn f`bturn1 Ptbfbznr m cbdbmhîrbm s`jpr` qu` surgn uj dmhd`btm dugm sbohblbdncm häm dmhe`d` mu häm fe` â lnjbfbnr1 Yr`dbsn c` npmbm= Dnrm `stucnht`, t`jms n d`rt`zn qu` pmr ujn mu pmr mutrn rnzäm, m jnt`rbnf c` `stucms bjpr`ssm, fe` pmc` susdbtnr nfoujns c÷vbcns dmjm lnftn c` dfnr`zn, nfouhs `rrms c` dmhdmrcëhdbn, prmvîv`bs `rrms mrtmorîlbdms, lnftn c` dfnr`zn, lrndn vbsbkbfbcnc`, pîobhns trmdncns mu bhv`rtbcns, `td). H`st`s dnsms, dmhtndt` ms s`rvbïms c` nt`hcbj`htm ` npmbm nm `stucnht` cm s`u D`htrm c` [`dursms (D[), vbn t`f`lmh`, TJT, @-jnbf, s` tbv`r t`jpm, `sdr`vn j`sjm ujn dnrtn pnrtbdbpnhcm n pr`mdupnïäm. Pjn cns ntrbkubïð`s cms O`stmr`s cms D[ ` s`us nssbst`ht`s (Y`cnoôobdm ` Ncjbhbstrntbvm), â n c` jmhbtmrnr ` onrnhtbr n sun npr`hcbzno`j dmj qunfbcnc` ` sud`ssm. Cnb n r`f`vëhdbn cn dmjuhbdnïäm hm @hsbhm n Cbstëhdbn (@NC), mhc` m r`dursm ns SBD s` tmrhn bhdmhtmrhîv`f7 `htr` `stucnht`s, `stucnht` — Sutmr, `stucnht` — D[, `td.

Ns s`ssð`s pr`s`hdbnbs säm uj jmj`htm `j qu` vmdç dnrm `stucnht`, t`j n mpmrtuhbcnc` c` bht`rnobr lbsbdnj`ht` dmj stnll cm s`u D[, dmj tutmr`s mu dmj pnrt` cn `qubpn d`htrnf cm BTD@C bhcbobtncn pnrn ndmjpnhenr ns sun s`ssð`s pr`s`hdbnbs. H`st` p`rêmcm pmc` npr`s`htnr c÷vbcns, trntnr nssuhtms c` hntur`zn p`cnoôobdn `/mu ncjbhbstrntbvn. M `stucm `j orupm, qu` `stî `stbjncm pnrn mdupnr d`rdn c` 49% cm t`jpm c` `stucms n cbstëhdbn, â jubtn bjpmrtëhdbn, hn j`cbcn `j qu` p`rjbt`-fe` sbtunr, `j t`rjms cm ornu c` npr`hcbzno`j dmj r`fnïäm nms mutrms dmf`ons. C`stn jnh`brn lbdnr n snk`r s` pr`dbsn c` npmbm mu pr`dbsn c` npmbnr nms dmf`ons. C`s`hvmfv`r eîkbtm c` c`knt`r nssuhtms r`fndbmhncms dmj hm msjôcufm. dmht`÷cms prmornjîtbdms, dmhstnht`s hms cbl`r`ht`s t`jns ` uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn,

 

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Snr`lns (nvnfbnïäm ` nutm- nvnfbnïäm) M `stucnht` c`v` r`nfbznr tmcns ns tnr`lns (`x`rdêdbms, ndtbvbcnc`s ` nutm nutm nvnfbnïäm), dmhtucm h`j tmcns c`v`räm s`r `htr`ou`s, jns â bjpmrtnht` qu` s`gnj r`nfbzncns. Ns tnr`lns c`v`j s`r `htr`ou`s cuns s`jnhns nht`s cns s`ssð`s pr`s`hdbnbs s`oubht`s. Ynrn dncn tnr`ln s`räm `stnk`f`dbcms prnzms c` `htr`on, ` m häm dujprbj`htm cms prnzms c` `htr`on, bjpfbdn n häm dfnssblbdnïäm cm `stucnht`. S`hen s`jpr` pr`s`ht` qu` n hmtn cms trnknfems c` dnjpm dmhtn ` â c`dbsbvn pnrn s`r ncjbtbcm nm `xnj` lbhnf cn cbsdbpfbhn/jôcufm. Ms trnknfems c`v`j s`r `htr`ou`s nm D`htrm c` [`dursms (D[) ` ms j`sjms c`v`j s`r cbrbobcms nm tutmr/cmd`ht`. Ymc`j s`r utbfbzncns cbl`r`ht`s lmht`s ` jnt`rbnbs c` p`squbsn, dmhtucm ms j`sjms c`v`j s`r c`vbcnj`ht` r`l`r`hdbncms, r`sp`btnhcm ms cbr`btms cm nutmr. M pfîobm> â ujn vbmfnïäm cm cbr`btm bht`f`dtunf cm (s) nutmr (`s). Pjn trnhsdrbïäm é f`trn c` jnbs c` 5 (mbtm) pnfnvrns cm t`xtm c` uj nutmr, s`j m dbtnr, â dmhsbc`rncm pfîobm. N emh`stbcnc`, eujbfcnc` db`htêlbdn ` m r`sp`btm p`fms cbr`btms nutmrbns c`v`j dnrndt`rbznr n r`nfbznïäm cms trnknfems ` s`u nutmr (`stucnht` cm BTD@C). Nvnfbnïäm Jubtms p`rouhtnj7 Dmj â pmssêv`f nvnfbnr `stucnht`s é cbstëhdbn, `stnhcm `f`s lbsbdnj`ht` s`pnrncms ` jubtm cbstnht`s cm cmd`ht`/tutmr!= Hôs cbss`jms7 Tbj â jubtm pmssêv`f, tnfv`z s`gn ujn nvnfbnïäm jnbs lbîv`f ` dmhsbst`ht`. \mdç s`rî nvnfbncm curnht` ms `stucms é cbstëhdbn qu` dmhtnj dmj uj jêhbjm c` 29% cm tmtnf c` t`jpm qu` pr`dbsn c` `stucnr ms dmht`÷cms cm s`u jôcufm. ^unhcm m t`jpm c` dmhtndtm pr`s`hdbnf dmhtn dmj uj jîxbjm c` >9%) cm tmtnf c` t`jpm cm jôcufm. N nvnfbnïäm cm `stucnht` dmhstn c`tnfencn cm r`oufnj`htm c` nvnfbnïäm. Ms trnknfems c` dnjpm pmr sb r`nfbzncms, curnht` `stucms ` npr`hcbzno`j hm dnjpm, p`snj ;0% ` s`rv`j pnrn n hmtn c` lr`quçhdbn pnrn br nms `xnj`s. Ms `xnj`s säm r`nfbzncms hm lbhnf cn dnc`brn cbsdbpfbhn mu jmcufm ` c`dmrr`j curnht` ns s`ssð`s pr`s`hdbnbs. Ms `xnj`s p`snj hm jêhbjm ?0%, m qu` ncbdbmhncm nms ;0% cn

jâcbn c` lr`quçhdbn, c`t`rjbhnj n hmtn lbhnf dmj n qunf m `stucnht` dmhdfub n dnc`brn. N hmtn c` >9 (c`z) vnfmr`s â n hmtn jêhbjn c` dmhdfusäm cn dnc`brn. >

Yfîobm - dmpbnr mu nssbhnr pnrdbnf mu tmtnfj`ht` ujn mkrn fbt`rîrbn, prmprb`cnc` bht`f`dtunf c` mutrns p`ssmns, s`j prâvbn nutmrbznïäm.

 

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H`stn dnc`brn m `stucnht` c`v`rî r`nfbznr p`fm j`hms ; (cmbs) trnknfems ` > (uj) (`xnj`). Nfoujns ndtbvbcnc`s prîtbdns, r`fntôrbms ` r`lf`xð`s s`räm utbfbzncms dmjm l`rrnj`htns c` nvnfbnïäm lmrjntbvn. Curnht` n r`nfbznïäm cns nvnfbnïð`s, ms `stucnht`s c`v`j t`r `j dmhsbc`rnïäm n npr`s`htnïäm, n dm`rçhdbn t`xtunf, m ornu c` db`htblbdbcnc`, n lmrjn c` dmhdfusäm cms nssuhtms, ns r`dmj`hcnïð`s, n bc`htblbdnïäm cns r`l`rçhdbns kbkfbmorîlbdns utbfbzncns, m r`sp`btm p`fms cbr`btms cm nutmr, `htr` mutrms. Ms mkg`dtbvms ` drbtârbms c` nvnfbnïäm dmhstnj cm [`oufnj`htm c` Nvnfbnïäm cm BTD@C.

 

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S@JN — B7 BHS[MCPÏÄM N O@MO[NLBN C@ JMÏNJKB^P@ JMÏNJKB^P@   Bhtrmcuïäm  Bhtrmcuïäm  Jmïnjkbqu` ncqubrbu n ndtunf lmrjn o`morîlbdn, r`pr`s`htncn hm Jnpn >, `j Jnbm c` >52>, nfturn `j qu` lmb nssbhncm m trntncm Nhofm-Ymrtuouçs c` pnrtbfen cns zmhns c` bhlfuçhdbn `j Îlrbdn. Snf trntncm s`rvbu pnrn f`obtbjnr, `htr` ns hnïð`s dmfmhbnbs `urmp`bns, ujn mdupnïäm qu` hm dnsm c` Jmïnjkbqu` r`jmhtn cm sâdufm U\B, p`rêmcm `j qu` Ymrtuonf bhbdbmu n mdupnïäm cn dmstn mrb`htnf c` Îlrbdn. Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês cn Îlrbdn Nustrnf qu` s` sbtun `htr` n lmz cm [bm [mvujn ` n [`p÷kfbdn cn Îlrbdn cm Tuf, jnbs dmh dr`tnj`ht` `htr` ms pnrnf`fms >9¹ ;?‒ ` ;;‒ ` 39¹0>‒ fmhobtuc` @st`. Lnz lrmht`brn dmj n

[`p÷kfbdn cn Snhzëhbn, n Hmrt`, Jnfnwb, Wëjkbn, Îlrbdn cm Tuf ` Twnzbfëhcbn, n Mdbc`ht`, [`p÷kfbdn cn Îlrbdn cm Tuf n Tuf ` â knhencm p`fm Md`nhm Êhcbdm `j tmcn n sun `xt`hsäm n F`st`. N O`mornlbn Lêsbdn â ujn v`rt`ht` vmftncn pnrn n nhîfbs` cms `f`j`htms hnturnbs cm `spnïm t`rr`str`. @fn nkmrcn ns dnrndt`rêstbdns cn S`rrn, sun cbhëjbdn ` `f`j`htms hnturnbs, tnbs dmjm m dfbjn, r`f`vm, o`mfmobn, tmpmornlbn, v`o`tnïäm, ebcrmornlbn, `htr` mutrms. Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês dmj ujn ornhc` `xt`hsäm o`morîlbdn (?22.459 Aj ;) ` dnrndt`rbzn-s` p`fn mdmrrçhdbn c` ujn `hmrj` o`mcbv`rsbcnc` cn qunf lnz`j pnrt` tmcms ms tbpms o`hâtbdms c` rmdens, dmj bcnc`s qu` väm c`sc` m Nrdnbdm nm ^unt`rhîrbm, jbh`rnbs (nfouhs c`f`s rnrms), lôss`bs, fnoms bht`rbmr`s, pëhtnhms, zmhns jnrbhens ` dmhtbh`htnbs, vîrbms tbpms c` dfbjn (trmpbdnf, suktrmpbdnf, c` nftbtuc`, s`jbc`sârtbdm) ` pmr nftbtuc`s qu` väm c` 9 n jnbs c` ;.999 j`trms.  j`trms.  PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn >.>. Fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn ` dôsjbdn, fbjbt`s, `xt`hsäm ` dnrndt`rêstbdns cn dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn Bhtrmcuïäm Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês cm dmhtbh`ht` nlrbdnhm, fmdnfbzncm hn dmstn mrb`htnf, n suf cm `quncmr, hn r`obäm cn Îlrbdn Nustrnf. N ffmdnfbznïäm mdnfbznïäm dôsjbdn â t`rr`str`. j`cbcn ^unhtm ntrnvâs cns dmmrc`hncns c` fntbtuc` ` fmhobtuc` c`jnrdncns nm fmhom cm ofmkm é sun fmdnfbznïäm dôsjbdn, Jmïnjkbqu` `hdmhtrn- s` `htr` ms pnrnf`fms >9¹ ;?※ ` ;;※ ` 3;¹ 0>※ c` fmhobtuc` @st`.  

 

>3

Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms @sp`dêlbdms  

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Dmhe`d`r n Dmhe`d`r  n o`mornlbn lêsbdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`

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Dmhe`d`r  n fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn ` dôsjbdn c` Dmhe`d`r  Jmïnjkbqu`

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Dmhe`d`r ms Dmhe`d`r  ms fbjbt`s, `xt`hsnm ` prbhdbnpbs ndbc`ht`s cn dmstn Jmïnjkbdnhn. 

>.>  FMDNFBWNÏÄM O@MO[ÎLBDN @ DÔTJBDN C@ JMÏNJKB^P@ >.> >.>.> Fmdnfbznïäm dôsjbdn c` Jmïnjkbqu` Jmïnjkbqu` fmdnfbzn-s` `htr` ms pnrnf`fms >9˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒,c` fmhobtuc` @st` (Judenhoms, >2221 Knrdn, >22;). (\`gn m jnpn cn lbourn > n knbxm).

 

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Lbourn >. Fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Jnpn d`cbcm p`fm D@HNDN[SN (T`t`jkrm c` ;99<

>.>.; Fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn  o`morîlbdn 

Jmïnjkbqu` fmdnfbzn-s` o`mornlbdnj`ht` hm dmhtbh`ht` nlrbdnhm n suf cm `quncmr hn r`obäm cn Îlrbdn Nustrnf, knhencm p`fm md`nhm Êhcbdm. M s`u t`rrbtôrbm `hquncrn-s` hm lusm emrîrbm ; (cmbs), m qu` fe` dmhl`r` cuns emrns c` nvnhïm `j r`fnïäm nm S`jpm Jâcbm Phbv`rsnf (Judenhoms, >222). @j t`rjms c` pnrnf`fms sbtun — s` hn zmhn Bht`rtrmpbdnf hm E`jbslârbm Tuf, ntrnv`ssncm p`fm Srôpbdm c` Dnprbdôrhbm hn pnrt` J`rbcbmhnf. >.>.4 Lusms emrîrbms Pj lusm emrîrbm â uj `spnïm dmjpr``hcbcm `htr` cmbs j`rbcbnhms qu` cbstnj >0· ` â p`rdmrrbcm p`fm smf curnht` ujn emrn. Dmjm n `sl`rn t`rr`str` dmjpf`tn ujn rmtnïäm `j ;3 emrns, t`jms qu` `j > emrn `fn p`rdmrr` m `qubvnf`ht` n >0·, bstm â7 ;3 emrns........................4 emrn..........................>0· Dncn `spnïm cn t`rrn `qubvnf` n >0· c` j`rbcbnhms dmrr`spmhc` n > lusm emrîrbm ` `qubvnf`, `j t`jpm, n > emrn. Dmhdfuêjms, pmrtnhtm, qu` ms 4 lusm : >0· ;3 lusms : 4.; ; N @US@HTÄM S@[[BSM[BNF @ NT L[MHS@B[NT C@ JMÏNJKB^P@ JMÏNJKB^P@   >.;.> Fbjbt`s ` lrmht`brns c` Jmïnjkbqu`  Jmïnjkbqu`  T`ouhcm Junhnjmen (>220), Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htn ns s`oubht`s lrmht`brns7 Hmrt` - Snhzëhbn Tuf - Îlrbdn cm suf @st` — Md`nhm êhcbdm M`st` - Wbjknkw` Hmrm`st` - Jnfnwb ` Wëjkbn Tucm`st` - Îlrbdn cm Tuf ` Tunzbfëhcbn.

 

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N Lrmht`brn hmrt`  hmrt`  â `stnk`f`dbcn p`fm dursm cm rbm [mvujn `htr` n sun lmz ` n sun dmhlfuçhdbn dmj m rbm J`ssbho`. C`st` pmhtm pnrn m m`st` dmrr` ujn fbhen dmhv`hdbmhnf ntâ uj pmhtm nm j`bm cm fnom Hbnssn. H bnssn. Lrmht`brn Tuf Tuf - \nb cm rbm Jnputm ntâ n dmhlfuçhdbn dmj m rbm Ymhomfm. C`st` pmhtm `j cbr`dïäm o`rnf @st` dmrr` ujn fbhen dmhv`hdbmhnf ntâ Ymhtn c` Murm. Lrmht`brn @st` @st` - â knhencm p`fm md`nhm Êhcbdm ntâ >; jbfens jnrêtbjns. Lrmht`brn M`st` M`st` - Jmïnjkbqu` s`pnrn-s` c` 0 pnês`s nm fmhom c` ;.;.; N @xt`hsäm S`rrbtmrbnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` Jmïnjkbqu`   Jmïnjkbqu` t`j ujn sup`rlêdb` tmtnf c` ?22459 aj ; cms qunbs >499Aj; säm mdupncms pmr îouns bht`rbmr`s ` ns r`stnht`s ?522; & BH@, ;994, p. 0). >. >.;.4 ;.4 Ms pmhtms `xtr`jms c` Jmïnjkbqu`  Jmïnjkbqu`  N jnbmr fnrourn â c` 2.;.3 Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` M dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` â n pmrïäm cm Md`nhm Êhcbdm sbtuncm `htr` n dmstn cn Îlrbdn Mrb`htnf ` Jncnoîsdnr, nprmxbjncnj`ht` `htr` ns fntbtuc`s >9· ` ;0· Tuf. N sun mrbo`j ` c`s`hvmfvbj`htm `stäm r`fndbmhncms dmj vufdnhbsjm `xt`hsbvm nm fmhom cns lrmht`brns `htr` n Îlrbdn, Nhtîrdtbdn ` Jncnoîsdnr qu` t`v` bhêdbm hm Gurîssbdm Jâcbm (Lbo. ;). N t`jp`rnturn jâcbn cn îoun â r`fntbvnj`ht` `f`vncn, dmj t`jp`rnturns häm bhl`rbmr`s n >5·D, s`hcm ns jnbs `f`vncns c` 4222). N prbhdbpnf dmrr`ht` cm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` (Dmrr`ht` c` Jmïnjkbqu`), lmrjn-s` nprmxbjncnj`ht` é fntbtuc` c` >;· Tuf, hm hmrm`st` cn Bfen c` Jncnoîsdnr, dmjm rnjm suf cn dmrr`ht` @quntmrbnf suf. Hm s`u p`rdursm hmrt`-suf, guhtm nm pnrnf`fm c` ;222).

 

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Lbourn ;. Bjno`j c` sntâfbt` bfustrnhcm m Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu`, `htr` Jmïnjkbqu` ` Jncnoîsdnr. Lmht`7 Ommof` @nrte.

>.4. NT DN[NDS@[ÊTSBDN DN[NDS@[ÊTSBDNTT CN M[FN JN[ÊSBJN JMÏNJKBDNHN JMÏNJKBDNHN (  (Ms Ms prbhdbpnbs ndbc`ht`s cn dmstn c` Jmïnjkbqu`) Jmïnjkbqu`)   Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htn ujn dmstn dmj r`dmrt`s, mrn dmj snfbçhdbns (pmhtns ` dnkms) mrn dmj r``htrëhdbns (knêns), prnbn, nr`bns, nssmdbncns dmj jnhonbs cuhns, dnfdîrbms, rmden, `td. Ms prbhdbpnbs ndbc`ht`s cn dmstn säm7 dnkms, pmhtns, knêns, bfens ` nrqubpâfnoms. Jmïnjkbqu` t`j ujn fbhen cn dmstn c` ;0>0 aj c`sc` n lmz cm rbm [mvujn ntâ Ymhtn c` Murm. >.4.; Dnkms Dnkm â uj ndbc`ht` uj ndbc`ht` o`morîlbdm pmrMsujn jnssn c` c` t`rrn  t`rrn s` `st`hc`säm7 pmr uj md`nhm uj  md`nhm mu mu jnr  jnr qu` fe` `stîlmrjncm ncgnd`ht`. prbhdbpnbs dnkms c`qu` Jmïnjkbqu` Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm  C`foncm    Dnkm Tunflm   Dnkm Ynqu`t` Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn  Hnjpufn 

 

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Dnkm Dufujufmjm Yrmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`  Bhenjknh`    Dnkm cns Dmrr`ht`s   Dnkms Täm T`knstbäm   Dnkm Knznrutm Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnputm  Jnputm    Dnkm c` Bhendn   Dnkm c` Tnhtn Jnrbn  

>.4.4 Ymhtns Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm  C`foncm    Ymhtn Jnuhenh`   Ymhtn c` Cbnkm Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn  Hnjpufn    Ymhtn Hnhont`   Ymhtn T`rbssn   Ymhtn Mfbhon   Ymhtn Kngmh`   Ymhtn Snhonfnh`

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Ymhtn Jndmvnh`

Yrmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`  Bhenjknh`    Ymhtn cn Knrrn   Ymhtn Wîvmrn Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnputm  Jnputm    Ymhtn cm Murm >.4.3 Knbns Knên â n j`hmr `htrncn cm jnr hn dmstn dmj ujn `xt`hsäm dmhsbc`rîv`f. Ns prbhdbpnbs knêns c` Jmïnjkbqu` säm7 Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm  C`foncm    Knbn c` Y`jkn   Knbn c` ^ubssnhon   Knbn c` F÷rbm   Knbn Ynfjn   Knbn c` Jmdêjkmn cn Yrnbn Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn  Hnjpufn  Knên c` Nhomde` Knên c` Jmssurbf   Knên c` Dnhc÷dbn   Knên c` Hndnfn    

 

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Knên J`jkn  Yrmvêhdbn c`c` Wnjkâzbn Wnjkâzbn    Knên c` ^u`fbjnh` Yrmvêhdbn c` Tmlnfn  Tmlnfn    Knên c` Tmlnfn   Knên c` Henhcmz` Yrmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`  Bhenjknh`    Knên c` Bhenjknh` Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnputm  Jnputm    Knên c` Jnputm >.4.0 Bfens ` nrqubpâfnoms Pjn Bfen â ujn pmrïäm c` t`rrn qu` s` fmdnfbzn dbrduhcncn pmr îoun `j tmcms ms s`us fncms. Nm pnssm qu`, p`hêhsufn â ujn pmrïäm c` t`rrn s`j`fenht` n ujn bfen jns qu` s` fbon nm dmhtbh`ht` pmr uj c` s`us fncms.  Ns prbhdbpnbs bfens cm t`rrbtmrbm Jmïnjkbdnhm säm7 Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm  C`foncm  S`jms nrqubpâfnoms cns ^ubrrbkns dmhstbtuêcm pmr >< bfens hmj`ncnj`ht`˙ 

Bkm (n jnbmr)   S`dmjnob   ^u`rnjbjkb  

                       

\njnzb J`tuhcm ^ubluqub Snjkuzb ^ubrbjkn J`luhdm ^ubssbrm Hbuhb ^u`rm Jbcgujkb H`dnfmb Jnt`jm

Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn  Hnjpufn    Bfen c` Jmïnjkbqu`   Bfen c` Nhomde` mu bfen T`ouhcn Yrmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn  Wnjkâzbn    Bfen Yrbj`brn (bfen cm Lmom, Tbfvn ` Dmrmn)

 

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Yrmvêhdbn c`c`Tmlnfn  Tmlnfn     Bfen Debfmnh` Yrmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`  Bhenjknh`    Nrqubpâfnom c` Knznrutm dmjpmstn pmr 4 bfens   Bfen c` Knznrutm, Tnhtn Dnrmfbhn ` J`onruou`. Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnputm  Jnputm   

Bfen c` U`lbhn (Ornhc`, Jâcbn ` Y`qu`hn) ` bfen cms @f`lnht`s

>.4.< Yrnbns @j Jmïnjkbqu`, ns prnbns tçj smlrbcm, nm fmhom cm t`jpm, ujn d`rtn pr`ssäm hnturnf ` eujnhn qu` v`j p`rbonhcm n sun `xbstçhdbn ` cms mronhbsjms qu` h`fn enkbtnj. @fns mdmrr`j `j tmcn n zmhn dmst`brn cm pnês (Emhounh`, ;99?). @j Jmïnjkbqu` cbstbhou`js` ms s`oubht`s tbpms c` prnbns7 Nr`hmsn,, dmjpmstn smkr`tucm pmr nr`bn, säm c`sprmvbcns c` v`o`tnïäm ` n lnuhn â Nr`hmsn tnjkâj `sdnssm c`vbcm n ndïð`s nhtrmpmfôobdns qu` `stäm `xpmstns. N dmstn Tuf cm Ynês (c` Knznrutm ntâ n Ymhtn c` Murm) â dmjpmstn d mjpmstn smkr`tucm pmr prnbns nr`hmsns. Fmcmsn,, dmjpmstn smkr`tucm pmr fmcm, tmrhnhcm-n jnbs `stîv`f qu` ns prnbns nr`hmsns. Fmcmsn M fmcm lmrh`d` sukstrntm pnrn lbxnïäm c` bh÷j`rms nhbjnbs dmjm dmhdens, njçbgmns, dnrnhou`gms, dnjnräm ` p`bx`s. N dmstn d`htrnf cm Ynês, `htr` Nhomde` ` Bfen c` Knznrutm, dmj d`rdn c` 299 Aj, â dmjpmstn pmr prnbns, pëhtnhms ` `stuîrbms (ns prnbns `htr` Y`knh` ` n lmz cm Wnjk`z` säm c` nr`bn pr`tn). [mdemsn,, dmjpmstn smkr`tucm pmr rmdens, `stns tçj sbcm nl`dtncns p`fm jmvbj`htm cns [mdemsn nr`bns, c`vbcm nms lndtmr`s hnturnbs ` n `rmsäm cns cuhns, r`suftnhcm hujn ndujufnïäm c` nr`bn hn prnbn rmdemsn, tnjkâj tçj sbcm nl`dtncns p`fn r`jmïäm cns p`crns `

c`strubïäm c` mutrns pnrn usm hn dmhstruïäm c` dnsns, m qu` p`rbon n `stnkbfbcnc` cn dmstn. N pnrt` Hmrt` cn dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn, cm rbm [mvujn ntâ nm Nrqubpâfnom lmrjncm cns Bfens Yrbj`brns ` T`ouhcns (prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn), dmkrbhcm d`rdn c` ?99 Aj, â dmjpmstn `ss`hdbnfj`ht` pmr dmrnbs. >.3 @dmssbst`jns Dmst`brms ` ns @spâdb`s Nj`nïncns Pj `dmssbst`jn â dmjpmstm pmr uj j`bm nkbôtbdm mu häm vbvm (lndtmr`s dfbjîtbdms, `cîlbdms, quêjbdms), dncn uj bht`orncm pmr ujn sârb` c` suklndtmr`s  —  t`jp`rnturn, eujbcnc`, dbdfm cm hbtrmoçhbm, cm dnrkmhm, `struturn cm smfm, `td1 ` uj j`bm kbôtbdm mu vbvm (pfnhtns ` nhbjnbs). M `dmssbt`jn â uj sbst`jn nk`rtm (L@[[@SSB7 ;9>9). @ ms `dmssbst`jns dmst`brms cm t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm säm7 ms r`dbl`s c` dmrnf, ms jnhonbs, prnbns ` ms tnp`t`s c` `rvns. @st`s `dmssbst`jns säm r`spmhsîv`bs p`fn prmcuïäm

 

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c` lbtmpfëhdtmh, p`bx`, jmfusdms, drustîd`ms. @st`s `dmssbst`jns säm `xtr`jnj`ht` prmcutbvms ` pnrn nfâj cm qu` prmcuz`j, trnhslmrjnj jntârbn mroëhbdn qu` ndnknj s`hcm trnhsl`rbcn pnrn ms mutrms `dmssbst`jns, ns `spâdb`s jnrbhens säm7 tnrtnruons jnrbhens ` jnjêl`rms jnrbhems. Ms jnhonbs ` ms r`dbl`s c` dmrnbs prmt`o`j n zmhn dmst`brn cn `rmsäm, luhdbmhncm dmjm lbftrm cns îouns.  îouns.  >.3.> [`dbl`s c` Dmrnbs Ms r`dbl`s c` dmrnbs säm dmhguhtms c` cbjbhutms nhbjnbs qu` lmrjnj dmfôhbns `j zmhn c` îouns jubtm fbjpns ` pmudm prmcutbvns, lmrjnhcm v`rcnc`brns dbcnc`s sukj`rsns qu` s` tmrhnj m d`htrm c` ntrndïäm c` jbfenr`s c` `spâdb`s vbvns. Ns dmjuhbcnc`s c` dmrnbs jnbs nkuhcnht`s ` curms säm7 Ndrmpmrn, jmhtbpmrn ` pmrbt`s, ` ms jnbs f`v`s säm7 Tbhufnrbn, Fmkmpeytuj. Lmrnj gî bc`htblbdncns d`rdn c` 599 `spâdb`s c` p`bx`s c` r`dbl` ` qu` n îr`n mdupncn p`fms r`dbl`s hm hmssm pnês, vnrbn `htr` >;29 — ;099 Aj;. Ms r`dbl`s c` dmrnbs dmhstbtu`j lmrjnïð`s c` r`dmhe`dbcn ntrndïð`s turêstbdn. Dmhstbtu`j uj `dmssbt`jn bjpmrtnht` hm qu` r`sp`btn n kbmcbv`rsbcnc`. @stbjn  — s` qu` d`rdn c` .3.; Ms Jnhonbs Dmhstbtu`j `st` `dmssbst`jn lmrjnïð`s dmj `hmrj` rbqu`zn, t`hcm uj pnp`f bjpmrtnht` hn r`oufnïäm cm j`bm njkb`ht` ` m nftm vnfmr `dmhôjbdm. Täm cms njkb`ht`s jnbs `sp`dêlbdms ` bjpmrtnht`s qu` `xbst`j. M jnhonf â uj `dmssbst`jn qu` t`j n luhïäm c` fbjp`zn cn îoun qu` â cr`hncn cn t`rrn pnrn m jnr (ntâ ujn c`t`rjbhncn dnpndbcnc` lbftrn `f`j`htms dmjm tmxbhns, quêjbdms, ebcrmdnrkmh`tms, `td.). Ms jnhonbs säm bjpmrtnht`s hn pr`v`hïäm cn `rmsäm cn dmstn ` cns jnro`hs cms rbms, hn r`cuïäm cns de`bns ` hn r`prmcuïäm cns `spâdb`s jnrbhens, dmjm â m dnsm cm dnjnräm. Snjkâj dmhstbtu`j lmht`s c` j`cbdnj`htms, jnt`rbnf c` dmhstruïäm, nfbj`htm, dmjkustêv`f f`hemsm, `td. @j Jmïnjkbqu`, dmhstbtub ujn cns lmrjnïð`s v`o`tnbs jnbs nkuhcnht`s, nkrnho`hcm ujn îr`n c` d`rdn c` 309 jbf e`dtnr`s, `hdmhtrnhcm  —  s` dmj jnbmr r`f`vëhdbn hns prmvêhdbns c` Hnjpufn, Wnjkâzbn ` Tmlnfn. D`rdn c` >9 `spâdb`s c` jnhonf mdmrr`j `j

Jmïnjkbqu`, c`st`dnhcm — s` dmjm prbhdbpnbs `spâdb`s cm jnhonf, ns s`oubht`s7 jnhonf krnhdm (Nfvbd`hhbn jnrbhn), jnhonf v`rj`fem (rebzmpemrn judrmhntn) ` jnhonf h`orm (kruoub`rn oyjhmrrebsn). >.3.4 Snp`t`s c` @rvns Ns `rvns jnrbhens säm ÷hbdms orupms c` pfnhtns lfmr`sd`ht`s suknquîtbdns hm njkb`ht` jnrbhem. @fns c`s`hvmfv`j  — s` `j enkbtnts dmst`brms c` pmudn prmluhcbcnc`. Snf dmjm ns `rvns t`rr`str`s cns qunbs säm mrbobhîrbns, ns `rvns jnrbhens pmssu`j rnjms r`dtms dmj lmfens ` rnbz`s.

 

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@st` `dmssbt`jn t`j j÷ftbpfns luhïð`s, n snk`r7 s`rv` c` enkbtnts ` nfbj`htms pnrn jubtns `spâdb`s jnrbhens, prmcuz`j s`cbj`htms ` bht`ornj dmj r`dbl`s c` dmrnbs ` jnhonbs hn r`cuïäm cns lmrïns cns mhcns ` r`oufn m lfuxm cn îoun. >.3.3 Yrnbns Ns prnbns säm k`rdîrbm c` jubtns `spâdb`s c` p`bx`, drustîd`ms ` jmfusdms. M t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm â rbdm `j prnbns nm fmhom cms s`us ;?99 aj c` dmstn. N zmhn Hmrt` cm Ynês ([mvujn n Nhomde`), â dnrndt`rbzncn pmr pmssubr prnbs rmdemsns, `stns säm lmrjncns pmr rmdens qu` dmhstbtu`j fmdnbs c` nkrbom pnrn jubtns `spâdb`s jnrbhems, häm mkstnht` hn `stnkbfbznïäm cn dmstn. N r`obäm D`htrm cm Ynês pmssub prnbns fmcmsns, lmrjncns pmr fmcm tmrhnhcm  —  ns jnbs `stîv`bs qu` ns prnbns nr`hmsns. @hqunhtm hn [`obäm Tuf ns prnbns säm nr`hmsns dmj cuhns jubtm nftns ` dmk`rtns c` v`o`tnïäm knstnht` lrîobf. >.3.0 Ns @spâdb`s Jnrbhens Nj`nïncns >.3.0.> Snrtnruons Jnrbhens @xbst`j 5 `spâdb`s c` tnrtnruons jnrbhens hm Juhcm. Cns 0 qu` mdmrr`j hm Md`nhm Êhcbdm, tmcns `xbst`j hns prnbns jmïnjkbdnhns, n snk`r7 Snrtnruon v`rc` (De`fmhbn jycns), tnrtnruon c` kbdm (@r`tjmde`fys Bjkrbdntn), tnrtnruon mfbvîd`n (f`pbcmde`fys mfbvnd`n), tnrtnruon dmrbîd`n (c`rjmde`fys dmrbnd`n) ` n tnrtnruon dnk`ïucn (dnr`ttn dnr`ttn). Ns pmpufnïð`s cns 4 prbj`brns `spâdb`s `stäm dmhd`htrncns n Hmrt` cm [bm Tnv` ` ns [`stnht`s ; n Tuf cm [bm Tnv`. Ymr s`r`j `spâdb`s jborntôrbns ` s` `hdmhtrnr`j nj`nïncns juhcbnfj`ht`, n prmt`dïäm ` utbfbznïäm c` tnrtnruons jnrbhens â r`oufncn pmr f`bs ` ndmrcms bht`rhndbmhnbs, dmjm â m dnsm cn Dmhv`hïäm Bht`rhndbmhnf pnrn m Dmjârdbm c` @spâdb`s (DBS@T). >.3.0.; Jnjêl`rms Jnrbhems Hn dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn lmrnj gî bc`htblbdncns >5 `spâdb`s c` jnjêl`rms (bhdfubhcm knf`bns, omflbhems ` cuomhom), cns qunbs < säm dmjuhs hms `dmssbst`jns fbtmrnbs `j Jmïnjkbqu`. Cns trçs c`stns säm `spâdb`s c` knf`bns jborntôrbns qu` prmdrbnj hns îouns fbtmrnbs7 n knf`bn jbha` (knfn`hmpt`rn ndutmrmstrntn), knf`bn guknrtn (knfn`hmpt`rn hmvn`nhoffbn`) ` n knf`bn lrnhdn cm Tuf (`uknf`jn nustrnfbs) ` cuns säm `spâdb`s c` omflbhems7 m omflbhem lmdbhem c` onrrnln (tursbmps truhdntus) ` omflbhem dmrduhcn (smusn debh`hsbs), qu` mdmrr`j curnht` tmcm m nhm. N s`xtn `spâdb` â m cuomhom (cuomh cuomh), qu` â tnjkâj r`sbc`ht` ` nfbj`htn — s` c` `rvns jnrbhens. Pjn pmpufnïäm c` cuomhoms, `stbjncn `j d`rdn c` >49 cns pmpufnïð`s mdmrr` hm Nrqubpâfnom cm Knznrutm. @stn â prmvnfv`j`ht` n ÷ftbjn pmpufnïäm vbîv`f c` cuomhoms hn Îlrbdn Mrb`htnf. @stns ÷ftbjns `spâdb`s `stäm bhtbjnj`ht` nssmdbncns nms enkbtnht`s jnrêtbjms dmst`brms7 `stuîrbms, dmrnbs, tnp`t`s c` `rvns jnrbhens ` jnhonbs. N

c`orncnïäm c`st`s enkbtnts nl`dtn dmhs`qu`ht`j`ht` n dmhs`rvnïäm cms jnjêl`rms jnrbhems. Ms `dmssbst`jns dmst`brms cm t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm säm7 ms r`dbl`s c` dmrnf, ms jnhonbs, prnbns ` ms tnp`t`s c` `rvns. @st`s `dmssbst`jns säm r`spmhsîv`bs p`fn prmcuïäm c`

 

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lbtmpfëhdtmh, p`bx`, jmfusdms, drustîd`ms. Täm `xtr`jnj`ht` prmcutbvms ` pnrn nfâj cm qu` prmcuz`j, trnhslmrjnj jntârbn mroëhbdn qu` ndnknj s`hcm trnhsl`rbcn pnrn ms mutrms `dmssbst`jns. Ns `spâdb`s jnrbhens säm7 Snrtnruons Jnrbhens ` Jnjêl`rms Jnrbhems (`spâdb`s c` Knf`bns, Omflbhems ` Cuomhom). Cncn n ndïäm nhtrmpmoâhbdn smkr` n pmpufnïäm cns `spâdb`s jnrbhens tçj vbhcm n cbjbhubr `j t`rjms hujârbdms `j vîrbns r`obð`s cn dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn. C`vbcm n `stn r`cuïäm tmcns ns `spâdb`s säm dmhsbc`rncns `j p`rbom c` `xtbhïäm ` säm prmt`obcns. >.0 Cbj`hsð`s c` Jmïnjkbqu` N `xt`hsn dmstn f`st` â knhencn p`fm Md`nhm Êhcbdm qu`, ntrnvâs cm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` (Lbourn ;), n s`pnrn cn Bfen c` Jncnoîsdnr. S`j ujn îr`n tmtnf c` ?22.459 Aj;  (BH@ ;995). @stn îr`n dmrr`spmhc` n d`rdn c` ;,> prmvêhdbns7 Hbnssn, Dnkm C`foncm, Hnjpufn (n hmrt`), Wnjkâzbn, S`t`, Jnhbdn, Tmlnfn (nm d`htrm), Bhenjknh`, Onzn, Jnputm ` Jnputm dbcnc` (nm suf). M dmjprbj`htm jîxbjm, j`cbcm `j fbhen r`dtn c`sc` n lmz cm rbm [mvujn hm Hmrt`, ntâ nm rbm Jnputm nm Tuf, â nprmxbjncnj`ht` >.599 aj1 fbhen cn dmstn, pmr s`u fncm, `stbjns` `j d`rdn c` ;.0>0 aj c` dmjprbj`htm. N fnrourn jîxbjn, j`cbcn c`sc` n Ymhtn Gnhon, hn p`hêhsufn c` Jmssurbf n @st`, ntâ n bht`rd`pïäm cm pnrnf`fm c` >0· dmj m rbm Nruëhoun n M`st`, â `stbjncn `j 2>.944 j). Tujîrbm H`stn uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn trntnjms smkr` n fmdnfbznïnm o`mornlbdn c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn. Nm fmhom cms d`rdn c` ;.099 aj c` dmstn `x `xbst`j bst`j huj`rmsns bfens s`hcm c`

c`stndnr m nrqubpâfnom cns ^ubrbjkns, hn prmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm, n Bfen c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` ns bfens c` Omn ` T`hn hn prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn, H njpufn, m nrqubpâfnom c` Knznrutm `j Bhenjknh`, ns bfens c` Bhendn, @f`lnht`s ` U`lbhn hn prmvêhdbn c` Jnputm säm ns jnbs bjpmrtnht` `j t`rjms turêstbdms.

 

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PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn >.;. @U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCMT cns Phbcnc`s c`st` S`jn. @x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM >.  >.  @j t`rjms dmsjbdm, Jmïnjkbqu` fmdnfbzn-s` `htr` ms pnrnf`fms U c` fntbtuc` Tuf ` `htr` ms j`rbcbnhms, R c` fntbtuc` @st`. Ms t`rjms U ` R r`pr`s`htn r`sp`dtbvnj`ht`7  N.  N.  >9˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ @  K.  K.  >9˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ T  D. D.   >0˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ @  C. C.   >9˗;?³ ` ;˗>;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ T  ;.  ;.  Jmïnjkbqu` fmdnfbzn-s` o`mornlbdnj`ht` hm dmhtbh`ht` nlrbdnhm n suf cm `quncmr, knhencm p`fm md`nhm Êhcbdm, `st` pnbs s` `hdmhtrn hn r`obäm cn7  

N. Îlrbdn D`htrnf K. Îlrbdn Nustrnf D. Îlrbdn Mrb`htnf C. Smcns mpdð`s `stäm `rrncns 4. Jmïnjkbqu` t`j ujn sup`rlêdb` tmtnf c` ?22459 aj; cms qunbs >499Aj; säm mdupncms pmr îouns bht`rbmr`s ` ns r`stnht`s ?5. Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htn ujn dmstn dmj r`dmrt`s, mrn dmj snfbçhdbns mrn dmj r``htrëhdbns. N prmvêhdbn pmssub jnbs bfens â n c`7 N. Hbnssn K. Hnjpufn D. Tmlnfn C. Dnkm C`foncm ;. Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htn ujn dmstn dmj r`dmrt`s, dmjm säm ms dnsms c` bfens ` knbns. ^unf cns prmvêhdbns dmst`brns cm hmssm pnês häm pmssub bfens= N. Dnkm C`foncm K. Hnjpufn D. Onzn C. Tmlnfn 4. N `xt`hsn cn dmstn f`st` â knhencn p`fm Md`nhm Êhcbdm qu`, ntrnvâs cm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` n s`pnrn cn Bfen c` Jncnoîsdnr. Ns prmvêhdbns Jmïnjkbdnhns qu` häm säm knhencm p`fm md`nhm êhcbdm säm7 N. Hbnssn ` Hnjpufn ` Jnhbdn K. Hbnssn, S`t` ` Jnhbdn D. Tmlnfn, Onzn ` S`t` C. Dnkm C`foncm ` Tmlnfn ` Onzn 3. Jmïnjkbqu` `stî cbvbcbcm `j 4 r`obð`s Hmrt`, D`htrm ` Tuf `, ` , â dmjpmstn hm tntnf pmr >> prmvêhdbns. Lnz`j pnrt` cn [`obäm d`htrm ns s`oubht`s prmvêhdbns7 N. Wnjkâzbn, S`t`, Jnhbdn, Tmlnfn K. Tmlnfn, S`t` ` Jnhbdn D. Tmlnfn, Wnjk`z` ` S`t` C. Jnhbdn, S`t`, Tmlnfn ` Bjenjknh` 0. N jnbmr  prmluhcbcn  prmluhcbcnc` c` dmhtbh`htnf r`obstn-s` hm fnom U ` â c` ?9-C, ;-D, 4-K, 3-N, 0-C

 

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@U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCMT HM S@JN. >. Hm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` n jnbmr prmluhcbcnc` r`obstn-s` n suc`st` c` Jnputm hn Lrndturn c` Jmïnjkbqu` dmj d`rdn c`7 N, 099j K. ?99j D. 0.999j C. ?999j ;. Täm c`sprmvbcns c` v`o`tnïäm ` n lnuhn â tnjkâj `sdnssm c`vbcm n ndïð`s nhtrmpmfôobdns qu` `stäm `xpmstns, `ss`s ntrbkutms säm c` prnbns7 N. Nr`hmsn K. Nrobfmsn D. Fmcmsn C. [mdemsn 4. @ss` tbpm c` prnbn säm jnbs `stîv`f ` lmrh`d` sukstrntm pnrn lbxnïäm c` bh÷j`rms nhbjnbs dmjm dmhdens, njçbgmns, dnrnhou`gms, dnjnräm ` p`bx`s, `td. `stn-s` trntnhcm c` prnbns7 pr nbns7 N. Nr`hmsn K. Nrobfmsn D. Fmcmsn C. [mdemsn 3. @stns prnbns tçj sbcm nl`dtncns p`fm jmvbj`htm cns nr`bns, c`vbcm nms lndtmr`s hnturnbs ` n `rmsäm cns cuhns, r`suftnhcm hujn ndujufnïäm c` nr`bn, tnjkâj tçj sbcm nl`dtncns p`fn r`jmïäm cns p`crns ` c`strubïäm c` mutrns pnrn usm hn dmhstruïäm c` dnsns, m qu` c`bxn bhstnv`f n dmstn. Ns dnrndt`rbstbdns nqub npmhtncns lnz`j pnrt` c` prnbns7 N. Nr`hmsn K. [mdemsn D. Fmcmsn C. Nrobfmsn

0. Bfens â ujn pmrïäm c` t`rrn `j`rsn rmc`ncn c` îoun, hms md`nhms, jnr`s ` fnoms. Hn  r`obäm Tuf ns bfens jnbs bjpmrtnht`s pnrn vbsbtn cms turbstns säm7 N. Knznrutm, Omn ` Bhendn K. Knznrutm, x`lbhn ` T`hn D. ^ubrbjkns, x`lbhn ` Bhendn C. Knznrutm, x`lbhn ` Bhendn

 

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9. M qu` säm lusms emrîrbms7 N. Â n cbstëhdbn `htr` uj pnrnf`fm ` mutrm. K. Â n cbstëhdbn `htr` uj j`rbcbnhm ` uj pnrnf`fm. D. Â n cbstëhdbn c` `spnïm dmjpr``hcbcm `htr` j`rbcbnhms qu` cbstnj n ;9·. C. Â m `spnïm dmjpr``hcbcm `htr` cmbs j`rbcbnhms qu` cbstnj n >0·. >>. Hn tmtnfbcnc` qunhtms lusms tçj n t`rrn7 N. >; Lusms. K. ;3 Lusms.

D. 4< Lusms.

>;. @j qu` lusm s` fmdnfbzn Jmïnjkbqu`7 N. Fmdnfbzn-s` hm lusm ;. K. Fmdnfbzn-s` hm lusm >.

D. Fmdnfbzn-s` hm lusm 4. C. Fmdnfbzn-s` `htr` m lusm ; ` 4.

C. >5 Lusms.

 

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>4. ^unf â m pmhtm c` r`l`rçhdbn pnrn bhcbdnr uj lusm7 N.  N.  @quncmr. D. J`rbcbnhm c` Or``hwbde. K. Fmhobtuc`. C. Ymfms Hmrt` ` Tuf   >3. ^unhcm lmb `stnk`f`dbcm m sbst`jn c` t`jpm pncräm7 N. >553. K. >559. D. >529. >0. ^unf â n cbstëhdbn c` uj lusm nm mutrm7

C. >550.

N. >9·

K. >0·

D. ;9·.

C. ;0·.

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-D, ;-N, 4-D, 3- K, 0-C, 9-C, >>-K, >;-N, >4-D, >3-N,

>0-K. 

 

49

S@JN — BB7 @TS[PSP[N O@MFÔO O@MFÔOBDN BDN @ JBH@[NBT C@ JMÏNJKB^P@ Bhtrmcuïäm N o`mfmobn jmïnjkbdnhn â dnrndt`rbzncn pmr c`pôsbtms s`cbj`htîrbms cm Yrâdëjkrbdm, qu` mdupnj cuns kndbns prbhdbpnbs7 n kndbn nustrnf qu` dmrr`spmhc` n zmhn d`htrm ` suf c` Jmïnjkbqu`, ` n kndbn cm [mvujn qu` mdupn n zmhn dmst`brn cn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm, tmrhnhcm-s` jnbs fnron hn cbr`ïäm hmrt`, c`sc` m rbm F÷rbm ntâ nm rbm [mvujn, hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm. @stn kndbn â dmhstbtuêcm pmr c`pôsbtms s`cbj`htnr`s cm j`sn-D`hmzmbdm, dmj bcnc` `htr` Dr`tîd`ms ` J`bn pfbmd`hm (Anbru nhc Hynhcwb, >22? dbtncm `j Emhounh` ;99?). N jmrlmfmobn cm fbtmrnf â dnrndt`rbzncn pmr îr`ns knbxns, dmj nftbtuc` qu` vnb ntâ d`rdn

c` ;99j ndbjn cm Hêv`f Jâcbm cm Jnr. N fbhen cn dmstn â dnrndt`rbzncn pmr `xt`hsð`s bht`rjbt`ht`s c` prnbns nr`hmsns, cuhns r`d`ht`s ` fnomns ` knbns dmst`brns, hn zmhn suf1 pmr `xt`hsn ` c`hsn v`o`tnïäm ` pëhtnhms c` jnhonf, hm d`htrm1 pmr r`dbl`s c` dmrnf, prnbns rmdemsns ` bfens hm hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Jmïnjkbqu`.  

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.>. @struturn o`mfôobdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, ornhc`s `rns o`mfôobdns, suns sukcbvbsð`s ` fmdnfbznïäm PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.;. Yrbhdbpnbs rmdens ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.4. Yrbhdbpnbs jbh`rnbs ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.3. @U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCMT cns uhbcnc`s c`st` t`jn PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.>. @struturn o`mfôobdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, ornhc`s `rns o`mfôobdns, suns sukcbvbsð`s ` fmdnfbznïäm Bhtrmcuïäm Jmïnjkbqu` â dnrndt`rbzncm p`fn mdmrrçhdbn c` ujn ornhc` cbv`rsbcnc` o`mfôobdn (o`mcbv`rsbcnc`), cn qunf lnz`j pnrt` fmdnbs o`mfôobdms dmj dnrîdt`r `xd`pdbmhnf cm pmhtm c` vbstn db`htêlbdm, db`htêlbdm, cbcîdtbdm, turêstbdm Omhïnfv`s (; (;995) 995) ` Dujk` (;99?). (; 99?). C`vbcm é dncn v`z jnbmr prmdurn c` r`dursms hnturnbs pnrn s`r`j utbfbzncms dmjm jntârbnprbjn, r`fndbmhncn dmj m dr`sd`ht` c`s`hvmfvbj`htm `dmhôjbdm juhcbnf, n bht`orbcnc` cn o`mcbv`rsbcnc` `stî dncn v`z jnbs nj`nïncn n `xbstçhdbn. N o`mfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu` â dnrndt`rbzncn p`fn mdmrrçhdbn c` uj smdm drbstnfbhm dmj bcnc` nrdnbdn-dëjkrbdn ` pmr rmdens dmj bcnc` lnh`rmzmbdn. M smdm drbstnfbhm â dmhstbtuêcm pmr pnrnohnbss`s suprn-drustnbs j`tnjmrlbzncms, ornhufbtms ` jbojntbtms, mrtmohnbss`s ` rmdens êoh`ns (OSA Dmhsmrtbuj, ;99

Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms `sp`dêlbdms  

 

Dmhe`d`r n `struturn o`mfôobdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

C`sdr`v`r ns ornhc`s `rns o`mfôobdns c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` suns sukcbvbsð`s ` fmdnfbznïäm1

 

Dmhe`d`r n fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn cn `struturn o`mfôobdns.

;.> @struturn o`mfôobdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, ornhc`s `rns o`mfôobdns, suns sukcbvbsð`s ` fmdnfbznïäm   fmdnfbznïäm N `struturn ndtunf cn o`mfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu` r`suftmu cn dmhguonïäm `htr` ms prmd`ssms ` l`hôj`hms `hcôo`hms  (jnojntbsjm, j`tnjmrlbsjm, j`tnjmrlbsjm, t`dtmhbsjm t`dtmhbsjm ` vufdnhbsjm) ` c` pr`ssð`s @xôo`hms dmjm (j`t`mrbznïäm ` n s`oj`htnïäm) t`hcm-s` s`oubcm ujn s`rb` c` c`lmrjnïð`s ` dmhs`qu`ht`j`ht` dmhsmfbcnïäm cn drustn t`rr`str`. @j Jmïnjkbqu`, c` pmhtm c` vbstn o`mfôobdn t`jms cuns ornhc`s uhbcnc`s o`mfôobdns7 M Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m lnh`rmzmbdm. M prâ-dëjkrbdm â ujn uhbcnc` dmhstbtuêcn pmr rmdens jnbs nhtbons lmrjncns n jnbs c` .> Fmdnfbznïäm o`morîlbdn cns `struturns O`mfôobdns  O`mfôobdns  Yrâ-dëjkrbdm  —— â ujn uhbcnc` o`mfôobdn dmhstbtuêcn pmr rmdens jnbs nhtbons lmrjncns Yrâ-dëjkrbdm  eî jnbs c` /4 cm t`rrbtôrbm

hndbmhnf. Lnz`j pnrt` cm lnh`rmzmbdm ns s`oubht`s lmrjnïð`s (v`r n lbo. 4 n s`oubr)7 Anrrmm — fmdnfbzn-s` hns prmvêhdbns c` Dnkm C`foncm, Hbnssn, S`t`, Jnhbdn ` Tmlnfn. Ms s`oj`htms c` Anrrmm säm dnrndt`rbzncms p`fn sun mrbo`j dmhtbh`htnf ` `stäm c`pmsbtncms hns lnfens, smkr`tucm hns prmvêhdbns c` Jnhbdn ` S`t`. @j Jmïnjkbqu` m anrrmm t`j 4 cbvbsð`s7 bhcbl`r`hdbncm, bhl`rbmr ` sup`rbmr. Ymssub `hmrj`s gnzboms c` dnrväm, o`rjnhm, p`rfbt`s, îontns ` k`htmhbt`s (Ynufbhm `t nf., ;9>9). Gurîssbdm  — fmdnfbzn-s` hns prmvêhdbns c` S`t`, Hnjpufn ` Dnkm C`foncm, mhc` lmrjn `hmrj`s kndbns dnrkmhêl`rns, cbvbcbhcm-s` `j quntrm nhcnr`s7 m Cwyan, @ddn, K`nhlmrt ` Ttrmjk`ro. @stns säm rbdns `j orâs dnfdîrbm ` dmhofmj`rncms. Dr`tîdbdm  — fmdnfbzn-s` n suc`st` cn prmvêhdbn c` S`t` `j Fupntn ` â dmhstbtuêcm pmr rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s, dmj jnbmr `hlns` pnrn ms ornhbtms, sb`hbtm, dnrkmhntbt` ` trnqubtm, qu` säm utbfbzncms hn prmcuïäm cm nfujêhbm. S`rdbîrbm ` qunt`rhîrbm7 S`rdbîrbm  qunt`rhîrbm7 `stns cuns lmrjnïð`s tçj dnrndt`rêstbdns fbtmfôobdns s`j`fenht`s. Ns rmdens qunt`rhîrbns r`suftnj cn c`dmjpmsbïäm ` c`strubïäm cns rmdens cm t`rdbîrbm (\nsdmhd`fms & Gnjnf, ;9>9). @stns cuns rmdens cmjbhnj m suf cm rbm Tnv` quns` hn tmtnfbcnc`., k`j dmjm m fbtmrnf c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Täm dmhstbtuêcns pmr dnfdîrbms. Snjkâj säm dmjpmstms c` cuhns fbtmrnbs, dnfdîrbm, fndustr`s, nfuvbð`s, orâs ` dmhofmj`rncms (v`r n lbo. 4). 4).

 

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Lbourn 4. Ns ornhc`s cbvbsð`s o`mfôobdns c` Jmïnjkbqu` (OSA Dmhsmrtbuj, ;99. @U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCMT cns uhbcnc`s c`st` t`jn @x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NF NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM BNÏÄM

>.  >.  N `struturn cn o`mfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu` r`suftmu cn dmhguonïäm `htr` ms prmd`ssms ` l`hôj`hms `hcôo`hms, `ss`s l`hôj`hms säm7  N.  Jnojntbsjm ` vufdnhbsjm  K.  J`t`mrbznïäm ` s`oj`htnïäm  D.  J`t`mrbznïäm ` vufdnhbsjm  C.  Smcns mpïð`s `stäm dmrr`dtns  ;.  ;.  N `struturn cn o`mfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu` J mïnjkbqu` r`suftmu cn dmhguonïäm `htr` ms prmd`ssms ` l`hôj`hms `xmo`hmss, `ss`s l`hôj`hms säm7  N.  N.  Jnojntbsjm ` vufdnhbsjm  K.  J`t`mrbznïäm ` s`oj`htnïäm  D. D.   J`t`mrbznïäm ` vufdnhbsjm  C. C.   Smcns mpïð`s `stäm dmrr`dtns  4.  4.  @j Jmïnjkbqu`, c` pmhtm c` vbstn o`mfôobdn t`jms cuns uhbcnc`s o`mfôobdns7  N. Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m pnf`mfêtbdm. K. pnf`mfêtbdm ` m lnh`rmzmbdm. D. Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m lnh`rmzmbdm. C. Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m Jmznjkbqu` K`ft .

3. Lnh`rmzmbdm â dmhstbtuêcm `ss`hdbnfj` `ss`hdbnfj`ht` ht` pmr rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s qu` s` lmrjnrnj `htr` 499 ` ?99 jbfeð`s c` nhms. @j t`rjms c` fmdnfbznïäm `ssns rmdens s` `hdmhtrnj `hdmhtrnj tmtnfj`ht` hns Yrmvêhdbns c`7 N. Hbnssn, Onzn ` Jnputm K. Bhenjknh`, S`t` ` Jnputm D. Bhenjknh`, Onzn ` Wnjkâzbn C. Bhenjknh`, Onzn ` Jnputm 0. Gurîssbdm fmdnfbzn-s` hns prmvêhdbns c` S`t`, Hnjpufn ` Dnkm C`foncm, mhc` lmrjn `hmrj`s kndbns dnrkmhêl`rns (\). Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-N, ;-K, 4-D, 3-C, 0-\

 

40

@x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM >. Hm dmht`xtm cns ornhc`s `rns o`mfôobdns ` suns fmdnfbznïð`s `j t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm, m d`hmzmbdm lnz pnrt` c`7 N. qunt`rhîrbm ` Gurîssbdm  K. Gurîssbdm ` t`rdbîrbm D. s`duhcîrbm ` t`rdbîrbm C. qunt`rhîrbm ` t`rdbîrbm ;. M sbst`jn prâ — dëjkrbdm snb c` Jnhbdn prmfmhon-s` pnrn m bht`rbmr c` Wbjknkw`

mhc` lmrjn dbhturäm c` murm `j Jutnr` ` Mczb. M pnf`mzmbdm dmjpmrtn ns s`oubht`s

cbvbsð`s7 N. qunt`rhîrbm ` Gurîssbdm  K. Gurîssbdm ` t`rdbîrbm D. Dëjkrbdm ` anrmm C. qunt`rhîrbm ` t`rdbîrbm 4. Cns nlbrjnïð`s qu` s` s`ou`j, jnrqu` dmj ‖\‚ ns v`rc`brns ‖L‚ ns lnfsns.  

4.>. Dr`tîdbdm fmdnfbzn-s` n suc`st` cn prmvêhdbn c` S`t` `j Fupntn ` â dmhstbtuêcm pmr

rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s. 4.;. Ns rmdens qunt`rhîrbns r`suftnj cn c`dmjpmsbïäm ` c`strubïäm cns rmdens cm Yrbjîrbns. 0. Lnïn dmrr`spmhcçhdbns cn dmfuhn N pnrn dmfuhn K. smkr` rmden ` sun su n fmdnfbznïäm.  N

Dr`tîdbdm  Anrrmm 

K

Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t`  Yrmvêhdbns c` Dnkm C`foncm, Hbnssn, S`t`, Jnhbdn ` Tmlnfn  Yrmvêhdbns c` S`t`, Hnjpufn ` Dnkm C`foncm 

Gurîssbdm 

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-C, ;-D, 4-\, 3-L, 0-Fbh`nr

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.;. Yrbhdbpnbs rmdens ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn Bhtrmcuïäm Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês c` ornhc` `xt`hsäm o`morîlbdn (?22.459 Aj;) ` dmj ujn njpfn cbv`rsbcnc` o`mfôobdn, mhc` `stäm r`pr`s`htncns rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s, jnojîtbdns, j`tnjôrlbdns, ` ujn fnron cbv`rsbcnc` c` jbh`rnbs ` lôss`bs. N ornhc` `xt`hsäm t`rrbtmrbnf ` n bj`hsn o`mcbv`rsbcnc`, nssmdbncn n cbv`rsms prmd`ssms o`mfôobdms, lnz dmj qu` `j Jmïnjkbqu` mdmrrnj vîrbms sêtbms o`mfôobdms

 

4<

`xd`pdbmhnbs, cm pmhtm c` vbstn db`htêlbdm, cbcîdtbdm, dufturnf, turêstbdm mu mutrm (Dujk` ;99?). Ns rmdens cm Anrmm `j Jmïnjkbqu` mdmrr`j `j vîrbns `struturns c` rblt` cm tbpm ornk`h. @stns dmhstbtu`j (c` hmrt` n suf) m Ornk`h c` J`tnhoufn (Yrmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn), n Kndbn cm [mvujn (Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm) ` m Ornk`h cm Jâcbm Wnjk`z` (Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t`). N zmhn d`htrm c` Jmïnjkbqu` tnjkâj â dnrndt`rbzncn p`fn mdmrrçhdbn c` dnrkmhntbtms, rmdens nfdnfbhns ` j`tnssmjîtbdns nssmdbncns, pnrtbdufnrj`h pnrtbdufnrj`ht` t` prôxbjm cm vbzbhem Jnfnwb, r`pr`s`htncn r`pr`s`htncnss p`fns denjbhâs vufdëhbdns dnrkmhntêtbdns cm Jmht` Tnfnjkêcun, Jmht` Fupntn, Jmht` Junjk`, Jmht` Denhcnvn, Jmht` Dnhomjk`, Dmh` H`oms`, `htr` mutrms.

Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms `sp`dêlbdms  

 

Dmhe`d`r ns prbhdbpnbs rmdens ` sun mdmrrçhdbn `j Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

Dfnssblbdnr ns prbhdbpnbs rmdens c` Jmïnjkbqu`.

 

Dmhe`d`r n cbstrbkubïäm r`obmhnf cns prbhdbpnbs rmdens c` Jmïnjkbqu`.   Jmïnjkbqu`.

;.;. Yrbhdbpnbs rmdens ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn @j Jmïnjkbqu` mdmrr`j vîrbns jntârbns-prbjns dmht`hcm nfujêhbm (fnt`rbt`s, knuxbt` ` sb`hbtm h`l`fêhbdm). M knuxbt` mdmrr` hm jmht` cn T`rrn c` Jmrbnhonh`, T`rrn \ujkn, hn îr`n c` Debjnhbjnhb-[mtnhcn, T`rrn Tubrn (Wubrn) ` prôxbjm c` Dntnhcbdn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn. Hn prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn mdmrr`j vîrbns bhtrusð`s c` sb`hbtm h`l`fêhbdm, tnbs dmjm pmr `x`jpfm m jmht` Jn÷zm, Dnrom, T`rrn Suhcm, jmht` C`rr`, `td. N jnbs bjpmrtnht` ` jnbs dmhe`dbcn mdmrrçhdbn c` knuxbt` fmdnfbzn-s` hm jmht` Jn÷zm, n d`rdn c` 3< aj c` Jbfnho`. M c`pôsbtm cm jmht` Jn÷zm â dmhstbtuêcm pmr sb`hbtm h`l`fêhbdm dmj n`obrbhn-nuobt`, ` â bht`rs`dtncm pmr cbqu`s lmhmfêtbdms pmrlbrâtbdms (Fãde`ft, ;993). ;.;.> K`htmhbt` N k`htmhbt` mdmrr` `j Jmïnjkbqu` dmjm prmcutm c` j`t`mrbznïäm c` rbôfbtms ` tulms rbmfêtbdms. Ms c`pôsbtms ` mdmrrçhdbns jnbs dmhe`dbcns ` bhv`stboncns mdmrr`j hms Y`qu`hms Fbkmjkms, `sp`dbnfj`ht` `j Kmnh`, n d`rdn c` 40 aj n sucm`st` c` Jnputm (Nlmhsm & Jnrqu`s, >2251 Fãde`ft, ;993). ;.;.; Jîrjmr` M jîrjmr` mdmrr` `j tmcns ns uhbcnc`s cm Yrmt`rmzôbdm c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Ms c`pôsbtms c` jîrjmr` jnbs `stucncms säm ms c` Jmht`pu`z ` H`tbn. Mutrns mdmrrçhdbns c` jîrjmr` `xbst`j `j J`tmfmfn prôxbjm c` Jmrrujknfn-Debr` (prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn), Jnt`jn nm fmhom cm rbm Wnjk`z` (prmvêhdbn c` S`t`) ` `j Jnfufn n 09 aj n hmrt` c` Fbdebhon (prmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn). Täm tnjkâj c` nssbhnfnr ns mdmrrçhdbns c` Jnz`z`, J`sn ` H`omjnhm (prmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm), ns c` Jnssnhon, Juhoîrb ` Jnczubr` (prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn), ` ns c` Debr`-Jmrrujknfn (prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn) (Nlmhsm & Jnrqu`s, >225).

 

4?

;.;.4 Ornhbtms v`rj`fems ` dnstnhems Ms ornhbtms v`rj`fems säm rmdens ornhufnr`s (ornhbtms ` sb`hbtms) c` dmr v`rj`fen mu rôs`n, c`vbcm é dmfmrnïäm cm l`fcspntm pmtîssbdm. Ms ornhbtms v`rj`fems mdmrr`j hm jmht` Sdemhc` `j J`pmhcn, (prmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn). Hm jmht` Jmrrujknfn, n m`st` cn prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn, mdmrr`j ornhbtms v`rj`fems c` oräm jâcbm, sb`hbtms nfdnfbhms ` sb`hbtms nfdnfbhms v`rj`fems. Ornhbtms dnstnhems mdmrr`j `j vîrbns prmvêhdbns, jns prbhdbpnfj`ht` hn prmvêhdbn c` S`t`, n hmrt` c` Lêhomå. @stns rmdens säm c` oräm jâcbm n ormss`brn ` c` dmr dnstnhen (Fãde`ft, ;993). ;.;.3 Ornhbtms h`orms Täm cbmrbtms ` onkrms c` oräm lbhm n jâcbm, c` dmr dbhz`htn, dbhz`htn - `sdurn n v`rc`s dmhe`dbcms `j Jmïnjkbqu` pmr ‖ornhbtms h`orms‚. Mdmrr`j lr`qu`ht`j`ht` hm smdm

Yrmt`rmzôbdm `j Oóhcmfn (prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn), `j J`jkn (prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn) ` `j Kuzbjunhn, prmvêhdbn c` S`t` (Fãde`ft, ;993. Lbo. 3).  3).   ;.;.0 Nhmrtmsbtm @stns rmdens mdmrr`j hn prmvêhdbn c` S`t` nm fmhom cn fbhen-lârr`n qu` fbon H`duhons é K`brn (hm cbstrbtm c` Jmntbz`), `j Tbdnrnkm ` Debp`rn (Nlmhsm & Jnrqu`s, >225). Lbo Lbo.. >3). ;.;.< Fnkrncmrbtm M fnkrncmrbtm pmc` s`r `hdmhtrncm `j vîrbms fmdnbs c`htrm cn Tubt` c` S`t` (nhtbom Dmjpf`xm Onkrm-Nhmrtmsêtbdm c` S`t`). Ornhc`s drbstnbs c` fnkrncmrbt` mdmrr`j n d`rdn c` ;9 aj n f`st` c` Jmntbz` (Fãde`ft, ;9931 OSA Dmhsmrtbuj, ;99252), hns Lmrjnïð`s c` De`rbhomjn (@mdâhbdm) ` c` Gmlnh` (Jbmdâhbdm), n suf c` Jmïnjkbqu`, mdmrr`j dnfdîrbms purms. Ms c`pôsbtms cn îr`n c` Debr` ` c` Dnhxbx` - Jnrbhouâ säm r`dmhe`dbcms dmjm dmht`hcm dnfdîrbms purms c` qunfbcnc` `f`vncn (Fãde`ft, ;993). @j t`rjms o`hâtbdms, `j Jmïnjkbqu` m dnfdîrbm mdmrr` `j Kndbns s`cbj`htnr`s j`sm-d`hmzôbdns (Fãde`ft, ;993)7   Tnfnjnhon, Tîkbå ` Jnouc`, hn prmvêhdbn c` Jnputm1   Jnpufnhou`h` ` Jnssbhobr, hn prmvêhdbn c` Onzn1   Bhenrrbj`, Jmrrujk`h`-Emjmêh`, Gmlnh` ` \bfnhaufm, hn prmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`1

[bm Tnv`, hns prmvêhdbns c` Bhenjknh`, Tmlnfn ` Jnhbdn1   K÷zb ` De`rbhomjn, hn prmvêhdbn c` Tmlnfn1   Hndnfn, hn prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn1   Y`jkn ` Jmdêjkmn cn Yrnbn, hn prmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm.  

Tujîrbm H`stn uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn nkmrcnjms smkr` ns prbhdbpnbs rmdens ` sun mdmrrçhdbn `j Jmïnjkbqu`. Srmux`jms nfouhs `x`jpfms c` rmdens bjpmrtnht`s ` s`u vnfmr n hêv`f `dmhôjbdm ` dufturnf. Npr`s`htnjms n cbstrbkubïäm r`obmhnf cns prbhdbpnbs rmdens qu` mdmrr`j ` hmutrms dnsms r`l`r`hdbnjms n sun utbfbcnc` n hêv`f hndbmhnf.

@x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏ NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM ÄM >.  >.  Mdmrr` `j Jmïnjkbqu` dmjm prmcutm c` j`t`mrbznïäm c` rbôfbtms ` tulms

rbmfêtbdms. Ms c`pôsbtms ` mdmrrçhdbns jnbs dmhe`dbcns mdmrr`j hms Y`qu`hms Fbkmjkms (Kmnh`). M tbpm c` rmden qu` s` trntn â7  N. K`htmhbt` K. Jîrjmr` D. Nhmrtmsbtm C. Fnkrncmrbtm ;.  ;.  @st` tbpm c` rmden dmrr` `j tmcns ns uhbcnc`s cm Yrmt`rmzôbdm c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Tun mdmrrçhdbn säm Jmrrujknfn-Debr`, Jnt`jn, H`omjnhm ` Jnczubr`. 

N. K`htmhbt` K. Jîrjmr` D. Nhmrtmsbtm C. Fnkrncmrbtm

 

39

4.  @stns rmdens mdmrr`j hn prmvêhdbn c` S`t` nm fmhom cn fbhen-lârr`n qu` fbon H`duhons hm cbstrbtm c` Jmntbz`. Srntn-s` c` rmden cm tbpm7 N. K`htmhbt` K. Jîrjmr` D. Nhmrtmsbtm C. Fnkrncmrbtm 3.  Täm cbmrbtms ` onkrms c` oräm lbhm ` jâcbm, c` dmr dbhz`htn, dbhz`htn - `sdurn n v`rc`s. Mdmrr`j lr`qu`ht`j`ht` hm smdm Yrmt`rmzôbdm `j Oóhcmfn, J`jkn ` Kuzbjunhn. Täm rmdens7 N. K`htmhbt`

K. Jîrjmr` D. Nhmrtmsbtm C. Ornhbtms h`orms 0. M knuxbt` mdmrr` hm jmht` cn T`rrn c` Jmrbnhonh`, T`rrn \ujkn, hn îr`n c` Debjnhbjnhb-[mtnhcn,, T`rrn Tubrn ` Dntnhcbdn. Debjnhbjnhb-[mtnhcn

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-N, ;-K, 4-D, 3-C, 0-\

@x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM >.  @j Jmïnjkbqu`, m dnfdîrbm t`j sbcm `xpfmrncm dmjm jntârbn-prbjn pnrn n

bhc÷strbn `xtrntbvn. ;.  M dnfdîrbm hn prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn mdmrr` hm cbstrbtm c`7  N.  Nhdomde`   K.  J`jkn  D.   Hndnfn  C.  Jnf`jn 

4.  4.  M fnkrncmrbtm pmc` s`r `hdmhtrncm `j vîrbms fmdnbs c`htrm cn Tubt` cm nhtbom

Dmjpf`xm Onkrm-Nhmrtmsêtbdm fmdnfbzncn hn prmvêhdbn c`7  

N.  S`t`  K.  Jnhbdn  D.   Hnjpufn  C.  Jnputm  3.  3.  N jnbs bjpmrtnht` ` jnbs dmhe`dbcn mdmrrçhdbn c` knuxbt` fmdnfbzn-s` hm jmht`

Jn÷zm, `j Jbfnho`. 0.  0.  Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês c` ornhc` `xt`hsäm o`morîlbdn ` dmj ujn njpfn cbv`rsbcnc` o`mfôobdn, mhc` `stäm r`pr`s`htncns rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s,

 

3>

jnojîtbdns, j`tnjôrlbdns, ` ujn fnron cbv`rsbcnc` c` [mdens c` mrbo`j Jmïnjkbdnhn.  Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-L, ;-D, 4-N, 3- \, 0-L

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn ;.4. Yrbhdbpnbs jbh`rnbs ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn Bhtrmcuïäm Jmïnjkbqu` â dnrndt`rbzncm p`fn mdmrrçhdbn c` ujn ornhc` vnrb`cnc` c` jbh`rnbs ` rmdens c` vîrbms tbpms, dmj bcnc`s qu` väm c`sc` m Nrdnbdm nm [`d`ht`. Nfoujns cns mdmrrçhdbns dmhstbtu`j r`dursms o`mfôobdms dmj bht`r`ss` `dmhôjbdm. Ms lôss`bs mdmrr`j `j o`rnf hn Kndbn cm [mvujn n hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` `, n suf, hn Kndbn c`

Jmïnjkbqu` `j rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s c`pmsbtncns curnht` m c`s`hvmfvbj`htm cm Tbst`jn cm [blt` cn Îlrbdn Mrb`htnf. Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms `sp`dêlbdms  

 

Dmhe`d`r ns prbhdbpnbs rmdens c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` sun mdmrrçhdbn1   mdmrrçhdbn1

 

Dfnssblbdnr ns [mdens c` Jmïnjkbqu`.  Jmïnjkbqu`. 

 

C`sdr`v`r n sun bjpmrtëhdbn hn `dmhmjbn c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Jmïnjkbqu`.  

4.;. Yrbhdbpnbs jbh`rnbs ` suns îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn M hmssm pnês t`j ujn vnrb`cnc` c` jbh`rnbs qu` pmc`jms norupnr cn s`oubht` jnh`brn7 Jbh`rnbs `h`roâtbdms   Jbh`rnbs j`tîfbdms   Jbh`rnbs häm j`tîfbdms   Îouns jbh`rnbs-j`cbdbhn jbh`rnbs-j`cbdbhnbs bs  

@j Jmïnjkbqu`, mdmrr`j ms s`oubht`s tbpms c` jbh`rnfbznïð`s c` l`rrm ` jnhonhçs. Ms L`-qunrtzbtms cns rmdens nrdnbdns c` Jnhbdn lmrjnj gnzboms knhc`ncms têpbdms (gnspbfbtms) ` säm dmjpmstms pmr jnoh`tbt`, jnrtbt jnrtbt`` ` en`jntbt` (Fãde`ft, ;993). Gnzboms knhc`ncms c` bcnc` nrdnbdn tnjkâj mdmrr`j `j Jnvbtn (prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn). H`stn îr`n ns mdmrrçhdbns jnbs bjpmrtnht`s sbtunj-s` hns fmdnfbcnc`s c` Ss`ts`rrn, De`p`dutm, Jmdukn, Ubouhcm ` Jussnpn. Ms Lmrjnïð`s c` L`rrm Knhc`ncns (KBLs) tnjkâj mdmrr`j hns prmvêhdbns c` S`t`, Hnjpufn, Dnkm C`foncm ` Wnjkâzbn. L`qunrtzbtms cm Yrmt`rmzmbdm mdmrr`j hm Tup`rorupm c` Wëjkuå ` Tup`rorupm c` Lêhomå, hn prmvêhdbn c` S`t`. Gnzboms c` jnhonhçs mdmrr`j hm Orupm c` [usebhon, n sucm`st` cn prmvêhdbn c` S`t`, hn lrmht`brn dmj m Wbjknkw`.

 

3;

Mdmrrçhdbns c` r÷tbfm tçj sbcm `xpfmrncns hn zmhn hmrt` c` Y`jkn ` m  Yfnd`rs dmj knbxm t`mr c` Dr ;M4 mdmrr`j `j Y`knh` ` Nhomde` (Fãde`ft, ;993). C`pôsbtms c` bfj`hbt` ` r÷tbfm tnjkâj mdmrr`j hn zmhn suf c` Jmïnjkbqu`, prôxbjm c` Unb-Unb ` Demhom`h`. M jnbmr c`pôsbtm c` cbôxbcm c` tbtëhbm cm juhcm mdmrr` `j Debkutm, hn prmvêhdbn c` Onzn, suf c` Jmïnjkbqu`. @j o`rnf, pmc` dmhdfubr-s` qu` dmhd`htrnïð`s c` nr`bns p`sncns mdmrr`j nm fmhom c` tmcn n dmstn jmïnjkbdnhn. Ms c`pôsbtms c` nr`bns p`sncns jnbs bjpmrtnht`s cn zmhn dmst`brn c` Jmïnjkbqu` säm ms c` Jm`kns`/J`dnfmhon/Sbo`h, hn prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn, ` c` Dmhomfmh`/^ubhon/Jmjn, Dmhomfmh`/^ubhon/Jmj n, hn prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn. N prntn mdmrr` pnrdbnfj`ht` `j nssmdbnïäm dmj m murm hns prmvêhdbns c` S`t` ` Jnhbdn. C`pôsbtms c` murm tnjkâj mdmrr`j hns Yrmvêhdbns c` Hbnssn, Dnkm C`foncm, Hnjpufn, Wnjkâzbn ` Tmlnfn (Fãde`ft, ;993).

Nsk`stms  Nsk`stms  @j Jmïnjkbqu`, c`pôsbtms ` mdmrrçhdbns c` nsk`stms drbsôtbfm ` nhtmlbfbt` mdmrr`j `j vîrbms fmdnbs (Dêf`a, >2521 Lbo. 0)7   T`rrn Jnhomtn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn1   Jnvbtn hm Orupm c` Jnhbdn1   Wmhn c` Lêhomå hn Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t`1   Jmht` Ntdebzn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t`1   Debdón hn Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t` prôxbjm é knrrno`j c` Dnkmrn Knssn1   Ssnhonhm hn Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t` hn lrmht`brn dmj m Jnfnwb1   Juf`vnfn hn Yrmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn1   Jufntnfn hn zmhn c` Hndnfn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn1   Y`jkn-Nhdunk` hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm. Ns prbhdbpnbs gnzbcns c` nsk`stms säm ns c` Jnvbtn, ns cn r`obäm c` Juf`vnfn ` ns c` Jufntnfn (Nlmhsm & Jnrqu`s, >225). K`rbfm  K`rbfm  N prbhdbpnf lmht` c` k`rbfm â m p`ojntbtm cm Nftm Fbomhen, hn prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn (Dêf`a, >2521 Nlmhsm & Jnrqu`s, >2251 Fãde`ft, ;993). Mutrns lmht`s c` k`rbfm säm (Dêf`a, >252)7   Jmhnpm-Hndnfn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn1   [bknuå-Jmht`pu`z-Hbp [bknuå-Jmht`pu`z-Hbp`p` `p` hns Yrmvêhdbns c` Hnjpufn ` Hbnssn1   Knfnjn-Jmht`pu`z-Ju Knfnjn-Jmht`pu`z-Ju`cn-rbm `cn-rbm [mvujn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C C`foncm1 `foncm1  

Wujkm-Wëjkuå hn Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t`.

Ornlbt` Ornlbt` mu Ornlbt`  mu ornlbtn â uj jbh`rnf uj  jbh`rnf dbhzn `sdurm, `sdurm, j`tîfbdm ` jndbm, jndbm, qu` mdmrr` hn hntur`zn `j lmrjn c` drbstnbs e`xnomhnbs dmj `struturn `j dnjncns. Ns îr`ns jnbs bjpmrtnht`s c` mdmrrçhdbn c` ornlbt` säm (Fãde`ft, ;993)7   Wmhn c` Nhoôhbn hn Yrmvêhdbn c` S`t`1   @struturn c` Jmhnpm hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn1   Wmhn c` Nhdunk` hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm1   Lnbxn cm F÷rbm hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm1   @struturn c` Jmrrmfn `j Jmht`pu`z hn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm, `td.

 

34

Smcns `stns îr`ns s` sbtunj `j zmhns c` j`tnjmrlbsjm c` nftm ornu c` c`pôsbtms j`tns s`cbj`htnr`s. Hn Nhoôhbn tnjkâj pmc`j s`r `hdmhtrncns mdnsbmhnfj`ht` ornlbt`s `pbo`hâtbdns.

Lbourn 0.  0.  Jnpn c` mdmrrçhdbn c` c`pôsbtms c` l`rrm, l`rrm-tbtëhbm ` häm-l`rrmsms (Fãde`ft, ;993).

 

33

Snk`fn >7 dfnssblbdnïäm cms tbpms c` jbh`rnbs ` sun fmdnfbznïäm

[`dursms   [`dursms Jbh`rnbs `h`roâtbdms   `h`roâtbdms

Jbh`rnbs j`tîfbdms   j`tîfbdms

Îr`ns c` mdmrrçhdbn  mdmrrçhdbn  Dnrväm

S`t`, Jnhbdn ` Hbnssn

Y`trôf`m

Kndbns c` [mvujn, Wnjk`z` ` Tnv`

Oîs hnturnf

Dnkm C`foncm ` Bhenjknh`

Murm

Hnjpufn, Jnhbdn S`t` ` Wnjkâzbn

Jbh`rnbs häm j`tîfbdms   j`tîfbdms

L`rrm

Jnhbdn ` Hnjpufn

Dmkr`

Jnhbdn ` S`t`

Nr`bns p`sncns

Onzn, Hnjpufn ` Wnjkâzbn

Jîrjmr`

Dnkm c`foncm (jmht`pu`z)

Ornlbt`

Dnkm c`foncm (Nhdunk` ), S`t` ` Hnjpufn

Lfmrbt` Y`crns pr`dbmsns ` s`jbpr`dbmsns

Wnjkâzbn, Hnjpufn, Dnkm C`foncm, Hbnssn ` S`t`

Nfpntbt`

Hnjpufn ` S`t`

K`htmh`t`

Jnputm

Knuxbt`

Jnhbdn @ Wnjkâzbn

Dnfdîrbm

Jnputm, Tmlnfn ` Hnjpufn

Dnufbhn

Hnjpufn ` Wnjkâzbn

Nrobfn

@j tmcm pnês

Lmht`7 ncnptncm p`fm nutmr (;9>5), n pnrtbr c` Rno`r, (;9>3). 

 

30

Lbourn 4

Phbcnc` S`jîtbdn ;.07 @U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCM BHS@O[NCMTT hm t`jn

@x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏ NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM ÄM >.  Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês c` ornhc` `xt`hsäm o`morîlbdn ` dmj ujn njpfn cbv`rsbcnc` o`mfôobdn, mhc` `stäm r`pr`s`htncns rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s, jnojîtbdns, j`tnjôrlbdns, j`tnjôrlbdns, ` ujn fnron cbv`rsbcnc` c` jbh`rnbs ` lôss`bs.  ;.  Gnzboms c` jnhonhçs mdmrr`j hm Orupm c` [usebhon, n sucm`st` cn prmvêhdbn c` S`t`, hn lrmht`brn dmj n Snhzëhbn. 4.  Ornlbt` Ornlbt`  â uj jbh`rnf dbhzn `sdurm, `sdurm, j`tîfbdm ` jndbm, jndbm, qu` mdmrr` hn hntur`zn `j lmrjn c` drbstnbs e`xnomhnbs dmj `struturn `j dnjncns.  Hn Wmhn D`htrm `st` jbh`rnf fmdnfbzn-s` hn Yrmvêhdbn c`7  N.  S`t`. K. Jnhbdn. D. Wnjk`zbn. C. Tmlnfn.  3.  N prbhdbpnf lmht` c` k`rbfm â m p`ojntbtm fmdnfbzncn hn prmvêhdbn7   N.  S`t`. K. Jnhbdn. D. Wnjk`zbn. C.Tmlnfn  0- Lnïn dmrr`spmhc`hdbns cn tnk`fn nknbxm  

Hr < ?

Sbpms c` Jbh`brns Dnrväm Y`trôf`m

Fmdnfbznïäm S`t`, Jnhbdn ` Hbnssn Kndbns c` [mvujn, Wnjk`z` ` Tnv`

5 2

Oîs hnturnf Murm

Dnkm C`foncm ` Bhenjknh` Hnjpufn, Jnhbdn S`t` ` Wnjkâzbn

>9

Y`crns pr`dbmsns ` s`jb-pr`dbmsns

Wnjkâzbn, Hnjpufn, Dnkm C`foncm, Hbnssn ` S`t`

 

32

-\, ;-L, 4-N, 3-D, 0-Fbh`nr, 222). M fbtmrnf jmïnjkbdnhm smlr` bhlfuçhdbns cn dmrr`ht` qu`ht` Jmïnjkbqu` Noufens ` cms dmrr`spmhc`ht`s v`htms cmjbhnht`s jnrêtbjms cm quncrnht` F`st`. @j Jmïnjkbqu` `xbst`j cuns `stnïð`s7 `stnïäm qu`ht` ` deuvmsn ` `stnïäm s`dn ` lr`sdn. N `stnïäm qu`ht` ` deuvmsn t`j bhêdbm hm jçs c` Mutukrm ` t`rjbhn `j Jnrïm. N `stnïäm s`dn ` lr`sdn vnb c` Nkrbf n T`t`jkrm. Jmïnjkbqu` pmssub, c` ujn jnh`brn o`rnf, uj dfbjn qu`ht` ` e÷jbcm. Ns prbhdbpnbs

vnrbnïð`s dfbjîtbdns `stäm r`fndbmhncns dmj ms s`oubht`s lndtmr`s7 dmhtbh`htnfbcnc`, nftbtuc`, `xpmsbïäm ` pmsbïäm o`morîlbdn. M dnrîdt`r pr`cmjbhnht`j`ht` trmpbdnf cm dfbjn jmïnjkbdnhm, `xprbj`-s` smkr`tucm p`fn dmbhdbcçhdbn `htr` m p`rêmcm c` deuvns ` m p`rêmcm qu`ht`, ` p`fn njpfbtuc` târjbdn nhunf qu` â, `j tmcm Ynês, bhl`rbmr é cburhn. T`ouhcm Judenhoms (>222), n t`jp`rnturn jâcbn nhunf â s`jpr` sup`rbmr n ;9mD, `xd`ptm hns jmhtnhens cns Yrmvêhdbns c` Hbnssn, Wnjkâzbn, S`t` ` Jnhbdn, mhc` mdmrr`j t`jp`rnturns bhl`rbmr`s n >. Dfbjn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, dnrnt`rêstbdns o`rnbs cm dfbjn PHBCNC@ t`jîtbdn 4.;7 Ms lndtmr`s qu` bhlfu`hdbnj m dfbjn c` Jmҡnjkbqu`  PHBCNC@ t`jîtbdn 4.47 Ebcrmo`mornlbn c` Jmïnjkbqu`  — Dfnssblbdnïäm, lndtmr`s PHBCNC@ t`jîtbdn 4.37 @U@[DÊDBMT BHS@O[NCMT cns uhbcnc`s c`st` t`jn

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 4.>. Dfbjn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, dnrndt`rêstbdns o`rnbs cm dfbjn Bhtrmcuïäm Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês qu` hn sun jnbmrbn fmdnfbzn-s` hn zmhn bht`rtrmpbdnf, pmr bssm m dfbjn â qu`ht`. M p`rêmcm cns deuvns, qu` t`j bhêdbm `j Mutukrm, â jnbs durtm qu` m p`rêmcm s`dm, `xd`ptm `j nfoujns r`obð`s dmst`brns mhc` ns deuvns curnj nprmxbjncnj`ht` < (s`bs) j`s`s Jnhebïn (;9>4).

 

0>

Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms `sp`dêlbdms

 

Dmhe`d`r dfbjn c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

Npr`s`htnr n Npr`s`htnr  n dfnssblbdnïäm dfbjîtbdn c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

Dmhe`d`r n cbstrbkubïäm cms tbpms c` dfbjn `j Jmïnjkbqu`. 

 

Dmhe`d`r ms lndtmr`s qu` bhlfu`hdbnj m dfbjn df bjn c` Jmïnjkbqu`.

M dfbjn jmҡnjkbdnhm cbvbc`-s` `j quntrm (3) tbpms (lbourn (lbourn ?), ?), hmj`ncnj`ht`7   

Dfbjn trmpbdn e÷jbcm1

Dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm1   Dfbjn trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc`1   Dfbjn trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm.  

Dfbjn trmpbdnf e÷jbcm  e÷jbcm  Fmdnfbzn-s` dfbjn mdupn quns` n tmtnfbcnc`, bstm â, jnbmr pnrt` cms t`rrbtôrbms cm d`htrm ` hmrt` cm Ynês, dnrndt`rbzncm pmr ujn âpmdn deuvmsn jnbs fmhon qu` n s`dn. N bhlfuçhdbn md`ëhbdn dmhtrbkub pnrn ujn d`rtn uhblmrjbznïäm cm dfbjn c` tmcn n zmhn fbtmrnf, mhc` ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs (SJN) vnrbnj `htr` ;3 ` ;999 ` >399jj/nhm (Jnssnfmhon `t nf (;9>;). Dmjm bfustrn n Lbourn nknbxm. Dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm  s`dm  Fmdnfbzn-s` hm bht`rbmr cns prmvêhdbns n Tuf cm rbm Tnv` (Jnputm, Onzn ` Bhenjknh`), Hmrt` c` Jnhbdn ` Tuf c` S`t`, dnrndt`rb dnrndt`rbzncm zncm pmr ujn âpmdn c` s`dn jnbs prmfmhoncn qu` n âpmdn deuvmsn. Ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs (SJN) uftrnpnssnj ;5 ` ;9¹D (lbo lbo.. 2) ` n pr`dbpbtnïäm â sup`rbmr n >399jj/nhm Jnssnfmhon `t nf (;9>;). Dfbjn trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm  s`jb-îrbcm  Fmdnfbzn-s` hm bht`rbmr cn prmvêhdbn c` Onzn `j Ynl÷rb `htr` ns lnbxns c` Debdunfndunfn ` Jnssbhobr. N pfuvbmsbcnc` â bhl`rbmr n 399jj/nhm. Ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs säm sup`rbmr`s n ;9). 

 

04

Lbourn 5. Cbstrbkubïäm cn pr`dbpbtnïäm jâcbn nhunf `j Jmïnjkbqu`. Cncms d`cbcms p`fm BHNJ (;99?).

 

03

Lbourn 2. Cbstrbkubïäm cns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs `j Jmïnjkbqu`. Lmht`7 BHNJ, (;9>9)

Tujîrbm H`stn uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn nkmrcnjms qu` dfbjn c` Jmïnjkbqu` â pr`cmjbhnht`j`ht`

trmpbdnf e÷jbcm, e÷jbc m, dmj cuns `stnïð`s7 lr`sdn ` s`dn ` qu`ht` ` e÷jbcn. Ms `f`j`htms cm dfbjn säm l`hôj`hms ntjmslârbdms qu` c`lbh`j ` dnrndt`rbznj m dfbjn. Ymr `x`jpfms7 n t`jp`rnturn, n eujbcnc` ntjmslârbdn, n h`kufmsbcnc`, n pr`ssäm ntjmslârbdn, n pr`dbpbtnïäm ntjmslârbdn, v`htms, `td.

 

00

@x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏ NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM ÄM >.  >.  @j Jmïnjkbqu` `xbst`j cuns `stnïð`s7 `stnïäm qu`ht` ` deuvmsn ` `stnïäm s`dn

` lr`sdn. N `stnïäm qu`ht` ` deuvmsn t`j bhêdbm hm jçs c` Gnh`brm ` t`rjbhn `j Jnbm.  ;.  ;.  Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês qu` hn sun jnbmrbn fmdnfbzn-s` hn zmhn bht`rtrmpbdnf, pmr bssm m dfbjn â7  N.  ^u`ht`  K.  Lrbm 

D.  Jmc`cncm  C.  nftbtuc`  4.  4.  N bhlfuçhdbn md`ëhbdn dmhtrbkub pnrn ujn d`rtn uhblmrjbznïäm cm dfbjn c` tmcn n zmhn fbtmrnf, mhc` ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs (SJN) vnrbnj `htr` ;3 ` ;999 ` >399jj/nhm. >399 jj/nhm. Srntn-s` c`7  N.  N.  trmpbdnf s`dm  K.  trmpbdnf e÷jbcm D. D.   trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc`  C. C.   trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm  3.  3.  Fmdnfbzn-s` hm bht`rbmr cns prmvêhdbns n Tuf cm rbm Tnv` (Jnputm, Onzn ` Bhenjknh`), Hmrt` c` Jnhbdn ` Tuf c` S`t`, dnrndt`rbzncm pmr ujn âpmdn c` s`dn jnbs prmfmhoncn qu` n âpmdn deuvmsn. @st` tbpm denjn-s` c` dfbjn7  N.  N.  trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc`  K. K.   trmpbdnf e÷jbcm 

D.  trmpbdnf s`dm C. C.   trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm  0- Ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs (SJN) vnrbnj `htr` >5 ` ;9¹D ` n pr`dbpbtnïäm â

sup`rbmr n >399jj/nhm. Srntn-s` c` dfbjn7 N.  N.  trmpbdnf e÷jbcm  K.  trmpbdnf s`dm D.  trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm C. C.   trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc` 

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-L, ;-N, 4-K, 3-D, 0-C

 

0<

@x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM >.  Fmdnfbzn-s` hm bht`rbmr cn prmvêhdbn c` Onzn `j Ynl÷rb `htr` ns lnbxns c` Debdunfndunfn ` Jnssbhobr. N pfuvbmsbcnc` â bhl`rbmr n 399jj/nhm, `stnjms p`rnht` dfbjn7 N.  N.  trmpbdnf e÷jbcm  K.  trmpbdnf s`dm D. D.   trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm C. C.   trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc`  ;.  ;.  Dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm, ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs uftrnpnssnj 39¹D `

pr`dbpbtnïäm â bhl`rbmr n ;99jj/nhm.  Lnïn dmrr`spmhc`hdbn cns dmfuhns N ` K

 Hr Sbpm c` dfbjn 4.  Srmpbdnf s`dm 3.  Srmpbdnf jmcblbdncm  p`fn nftbtuc`

Tun fmdnfbznïäm Tuf cm rbm Tnv`, Hmrt` c` Jnhbdn ` Tuf c` S`t`.

Yfnhnftm c` Fbdebhon, Dnc`bn c` Debjnhbjnhb, Dnc`bn cms Fbkmjkms, Debr`-Hnj÷fb, Jnrîvbn ` Nhoôhbn. 

0.  Srmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm  Ynl÷rb, Debdunfndunfn ` Jnssbhobr  

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-D, ;-L, 4, 3, ` 0- Fbh`nr

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 4.;. Ms Lndtmr`s qu` Bhlfu`hdbnj m Dfbjn c` Jmҡnjkbqu` 

Bhtrmcuïäm Ms lntmr`s dfbjîtbdms säm ms `f`j`htms hnturnbs ` eujnhms dnpnz`s c` bhlfu`hdbnr ` nft`rnr ns dnrndt`rêstbdns mu n cbhëjbdn cm dfbjn, `j `sdnfns t`jpmrnbs ` `spndbnbs cbv`rsns. Ms lndtmr`s qu` bhlfu`hdbnj m dfbjn c` Jmҡnjkbqu` säm7  fntbtuc`, nftbtuc`, dmhtbh`htnfbcnc`, dmrr`ht` qu`ht` cm dnhnf c` Jmҡnjkbqu` ` v`htms nfês`ms mu o`rnbs . 4.;.> Fntbtuc`  Fntbtuc`  N fntbtuc` â prmxbjbcnc` mu nlnstnj`htm cm `quncmr.  `quncmr. N t`jp`rnturn vîrbn `j luhïäm cn fntbtuc`, pmbs v`rblbdn-s` qu` î j`cbcn qu` n fntbtuc` nuj`htn n t`jp`rnturn cbjbhub, vbstm qu` c`vbcm î lmrjn `slârbdn cn t`rrn, fbo`brnj`ht` ndentncms hms pôfms, ms rnbms smfnr`s bhdbc`j dmj jnbmr bht`hsbcnc`. N r`obäm Hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` â n jnbs qu`ht` qu` n r`obäm Tuf. Ymr bssm hn r`obäm Hmrt` ns deuvns säm jnbs lr`qu`ht`s, lr `qu`ht`s, cnê eî pr`cmjbhëhdbn cm dfbjn trmpbdnf e÷jbcm. 4.;.; Nftbtuc`  Nftbtuc` 

 

0?

^unhtm jnbmr lmr n nftbtuc` j`hmr s`rî n t`jp`rnturn, `st` l`hôj`hm, denjn-s` orncb`ht` târjbdm. târjbdm. N t`jp`rnturn cbjbhub î j`cbcn qu` n nftbtuc` nuj`htn. @j dncn >999 j`trms c` nftbtuc` n t`jp`rnturn cbjbhub 9..  N t`jp`rnturn vîrbn `j luhïäm cn fntbtuc`, pmbs v`rblbdn-s` qu` î j`cbcn qu` n

fntbtuc` nuj`htn n t`jp`rnturn cbjbhub. ;.  N r`obäm Hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` â n jnbs qu`ht` qu` n r`obäm Tuf. Ymr bssm hn r`obäm Hmrt` ns deuvns säm jnbs lr`qu`ht`s, cnê eî pr`cmjbhëhdbn cm dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm. 4.  4.  ^unhtm jnbmr lmr n nftbtuc` j`hmr s`rî n t`jp`rnturn, `st` l`hôj`hm, denjns`7  N.  orncb`ht` târjbdm

K. K.   S`rjbhmfmobstn D. D.   `l`btm nj`hbzncmr  C. C.   Smcns mpïð`s `stnm `rrncns  3.  3.  Hns zmhns jmhtnhemsns dmjm Jnhbnjkn-njnrnjkn, Debr`-Hnj÷fb, Jnrîvbn-

Nhoôhbn, Ju`cn, Jmht`s Fbkmjkms ` Jnhbdn, ns deuvns säm jnbs nkuhcnht`s ` ns t`jp`rnturns säm knbxns c`vbcm nm lndtmr r`f`vm  0.  0.  Ns zmhns cm fbtmrnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htnj jnbmr`s eujbcnc`s, pr`dbpbtnïð`s ` `vnpmrnïð`s, bstm c`vbcm nm7  N.  orncb`ht` târjbdm K.  nprmxbjnҡäm cm Jnr D. D.   nlnstnj`htm cm Jnr C. C.   Smcns mpïð`s `stnm `rrncns  Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-\, ;-L, 4-N, 3-\, 0-K

@x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM

>.  Hm bht`rbmr c` Jmïnjkbqu` ns deuvns säm rnrns c`vbcm nm nlnstnj`htm `j r`fnҡäm nm jnr, smkr`tucm hm bht`rbmr cn zmhn Tuf cm Tnv`, Hmrt` c` Jnhbdn ` Tuf c` S`t`, s`r`jqu` zmhns c` Jmhtnhens. ;.  pmr N j`cbcn s` dnjbhen cm jnr pnrn m bht`rbmr cm pnês m nr e÷jbcm tmrhn-s` dncn v`z jnbs s`dm, pmr bssm m dfbjn â7 N.  Srmpbdnf s`dm K. K.   Srmpbdnf Eujbcm D. D.   Srmpbdn s`jb-nrbcm  C. C.   Smcns mpïð`s `stnm dmrr`dtns 

4.  N dmrr`ht` qu`ht` cm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` pnrt` cm @quncmr pnrn m Yôfm Tuf ` bhlfu`hdbn cbr`drn mu bhcbr`dtnj`ht` pnrn n mdmrrçhdbn c` pr`dbpbtnïð`s.

 

02

3.  Täm v`htms dmhstnht`s qu` smprnj c` Tuc`st` `j cbr`dïäm nm @quncmr. Curnht` n sun pnssno`j, bhlfu`hdbnj pnrn mdmrrçhdbn c` deuvns hn r`obäm Hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` smkr`tucm nm fmhom cn dmstn. Srntn-s` c`7 N.  Srmpbdnf s`dm K. K.   Srmpbdnf Eujbcm D. D.   Srmpbdn s`jb-nrbcm  C. C.   \`htms nfês`ms  0.  Lndtmr`s cm dfbjn säm `f`j`htms o`morîlbdms qu` ndtunj ` jmcblbdnj m dfbjn c`

ujn r`obäm.

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-L, ;-N, 4-\, 3-C, 0-\

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 4.47 Ebcrmo`mornlbn c` Jmïnjkbqu`  —  Dfnssblbdnïäm ` lndtmr`s Bhtrmcuïäm N Ebcrmo`mornlbn â n dbçhdbn qu` `stucn n ebcrmsl`rn mu s`gn ns îouns dmhtbh`htnbs (rbms, fnoms, fnomns ` pëhtnhms), îouns sukt`rrëh`ns ` îouns jnrêtbjns. Ns dnrndt`rêstbdns ebcrmorîlbdns cm t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm `hdmhtrnj-s` r`l`rbcns `j Judenhoms (>222), c` qu` s` npr`s`htn ujn kr`v` sêht`s`. 

Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms

Dmhe`d`r Ebcrmo`mornlbn c` Jmïnjkbqu`1 C`sdr`v`r m r`obj` cms rbms c` Jmïnjkbqu`1 Dnrndt`rbznr Ns prbhdbpnbs kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

@sp`dêlbdms   Dmhe`d`r ms prbhdbpnbs fmoms c` Jmïnjkbqu` suns @sp`dêlbdms mrbo`hs.

4.4.> [bms c` Jmïnjkbqu`  Jmïnjkbqu`  C` ndmrcm dmj Judenhoms (>222), hmrt` pnrn suf, ns prbhdbpnbs kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns qu` cr`hnj m pnês säm7 [mvujn, J`ssnfm, Jmht`pu`z, F÷rbm, Jmhnpm, Fbomhen, Fbduhom, Wnjk`z`, Y÷houå, K÷zb, Tnv`, Omvurm, Bhenrrbj`, Fbjpmpm, Bhdmjîtb, Pjk`f÷zb, S`jk` ` Jnputm (Lbourn (Lbourn  >9 >9). ).

 

222). Ns msdbfnïð`s cm dnucnf cms rbms nm fmhom cm nhm säm dmhcbdbmhncns pmr lndtmr`s dfbjîtbdms, r`obstnhcm ms jîxbjms hn âpmdn cns deuvns ` ms jêhbjms hn `stnïäm s`dn.

Hns t`rrns nftns ms rbms pmssu`j ornhc` dnpndbcnc` `rmsbvn ` dmhstbtu`j dnsdntns, fbjbtnhcm pmr bssm n hnv`onkbfbcnc`. Hns pfnhêdb`s, lmrjnj j`nhcrms ` c`pmsbtnj ns suns nfuvbð`s mu lmrjnj fnomns ` pëhtnhms. Ynrn nfâj cm r`f`vm, n hntur`zn cms smfms tnjkâj bhlfu`hdbn m dnucnf, n `struturn ` m pncräm cn r`c` ebcrmorîlbdn. ^unhtm és kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns, cncm qu` ns dmhcbïð`s mrmorîlbdns, ntjmslârbdns, dfbjîtbdns ` p`cmfôobdns `x`rd`j ornhc` bhlfuçhdbn smkr` m r`obj` ` dnucnf, cbstbhou`j-s` trçs r`obð`s hm qu` r`sp`btn nm dmjpmrtnj`htm cms rbms (Judenhoms, >222)7 r`obäm hmrt`, r`obäm `htr` ns kndbns cms rbms Wnjk`z` ` Tnv`, r`obäm n suf cm rbm Tnv`. Hn pnrt` hmrt` cm pnês, c`vbcm é j`femr cbstrbkubïäm lr`quçhdbn cns deuvns ` é jnbmr cbsp`rsäm c` rmdens jnojîtbdns ` j`tnjôrlbdns, ns`kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns npr`s`htnj pr`cmjbhnht`j`ht` pr`cmjbhnht`j` ht` uj pncräm c`hcrêtbdm. 4.4.>.> [`obj` cms [bms â [bms â n vnrbnïäm cm hêv`f c` dnucnf cuj rbm curnht` uj d`rtm p`rêmcm, pmc` s`r s`jnhn, jçs mu j`sjm nhm. @j Jmïnjkbqu` ms rbms tçj nhunfj`ht` uj p`rêmcm c` `stbno`j, mhc` ms dnucnbs cms rbms r`cuz-s` ` ntâ nfouhs rbms s`dnj ` uj p`rêmcm qu` npr`s`htnj jnbmr`s dnucnbs, bstm â, hn âpmdn deuvmsn. M r`obj` c` uj rbm mu vnrbnïäm cm s`u dnucnf c`p`hc` c` vîrbms lntmr`s qu` säm7   M tbpm c` dfbjn1   M tbpm cm smfm (sun p`rj`nkbfbcnc`)1   M r`f`vm (bhdfbhnïäm cm s`u f`btm)1   N `xbstçhdbn c` v`o`tnïäm1  

N `xt`hsäm cn kndbn ebcrmornlbn.

[bms c` r`obj` dmhstnht` mu p`rjnh`ht` p`rjnh`ht`  - säm rbms qu` npr`s`htnj m j`sjm dnucnf nm fmhom cm nhm pmr `x`jpfm7 ms rbms Wnjk`z` ` [mvujn. [bms c` r`obj` p`rbôcbdm - säm rbms cns zmhns trmpbdnbs qu` hn âpmdn deuvmsn npr`s`htnj de`bns ` hn âpmdn s`dn npr`s`htnj `stbno`j pmr `x`jpfm7 ms rbms Fbjpmpm, Tnv`, `td. [bms c` r`obj` brr`oufnr - säm rbms cns zmhns c`sârtbdns qu` curnht` n âpmdn s`dn m f`btm lbdn dmjpf`tnj`ht` s`dm.

 



4.4.>.; Yrbhdbpnbs [bms Ms prbhdbpnbs rbms c` Jmïnjkbqu` säm7 [mvujn, F÷rbm, Wnjk`z`, K÷zb, Y÷houå, Tnv`, Fbjpmpm, Bhdmjîtb ` Pjk`f÷zb (@DF, ;999). [bm [mvujn  [mvujn  M rbm [mvujn hnsd` hn Snhzëhbn ` t`j sun lmz hm Md`nhm Êhcbdm, p`rtm c` Ynfjn, `j lmrjn c` `stuîrbm. Dmj uj tmtnf c` ?9) hm cbstrbtm c` Kmnh` Judenhoms (>222).

Lbourn >9. Knrrno`j >9. Knrrno`j cms Y`qu`hms Fbkmjkms (Dmjpmrtns). Lmht`7 N[N N[ N — TPF, ;9>9

4.4.; Kndbns Ebcrmorîlbdns c` Jmïnjkbqu` C` ndmrcm dmj n @strntâobn Hndbmhnf c` O`stäm c` [`dursms Eêcrbdms c` Jmïnjkbqu`, m pnês pmssub tr`z` kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns prbhdbpnbs n c`stndnr hn lbourn >> >>77   Hmrt`7 Kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns c` Fbduhom, Fbomhen, F÷rbm, J`ssnfm ` [mvujn.   D`htrm7 Kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns c` K÷zb, Y÷houå ` Wnjk`z`   Tuf7 Kndbns cms rbms Jnputm, Bhdmjîtb, Pjk`f÷zb, Fbjpmpm, Tnv` ` Omvurm

 

Dnrndt`rêstbdns cns prbhdbpnbs kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns c` Jmïnjkbqu` N kns` c` tmcns ns kndbns â dmhstbtuêcn pmr rmdens drbstnfbhns ` j`tnjôrlbdns cm Yrâdëjkrbdm (Fmp`s, ;995).

Kndbn c` [mvujn  [mvujn  N kndbn cm [mvujn dmkr` ujn sup`rlêdb` tmtnf c` d`rdn c` >00 999 aj ;. N kndbn â pnrtbfencn pmr trçs pnês`s, hmj`ncnj`ht`, Jmïnjkbqu`, Snhzëhbn ` Jnfnwb. Dmj d`rdn c` %. Dmj uj dnucnf jâcbm c` 40< j4/s n kndbn cm [mvujn â dmhsbc`rncn n s`ouhcn jnbmr

kndbn c` Jmïnjkbqu` c`pmbs cn kndbn cm Wnjk`z`, qu` t`j uj dnucnf ndbjn c` (4 005 j4/s). N kndbn cm [mvujn â tnjkâj ujn zmhn bjpmrtnht` c` dnptnïäm c` îoun c` vnfmr drudbnf pnrn n dmhs`rvnïäm cn Kbmcbv`rsbcnc`. @j Jmïnjkbqu` n kndbn `stî ncjbhbstrntbvnj`ht` fmdnfbzncn hn r`obäm hmrt` cm Ynbs dmkrbhcm pnrdbnfj`ht` n Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm ` Yrmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn. Kndbn c` J`ssnfm  J`ssnfm  N kndbn cm rbm J`ssnfm mdupn ornhc` pnrt` cn Yrmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm ` ujn pnrt` cn Yrmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn. N kndbn c` J`ssnfm t`j ujn îr`n tmtnf c` ;3.34.3 jbfeð`s c` qubfôj`trms quncrncms, `st`hc`hcm-s` pmr mbtm pnês`s j`jkrms cn TNCD, hmj`ncnj`ht`, Nhomfn, Kmtswnhn, Jnfnwb, Jmïnjkbqu`, Hnjêkbn, Snhzëhbn, Wëjkbn ` Wbjknkw` N[N - Tuf (;9>9).

 

>099Aj;, â m jnbs bjpmrtnht` rbm cn r`obäm Hmrt` cn Yrmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`. Hnsd` `j Jnpbhenh` cbstrbtm c` \bfnhdufms ` c`s`hvmfv`-s` c` Tuf pnrn Hmrt` nm fmhom c` jnbs c` >09Aj, p`rdmrr`hcm ms cbstrbtms c` \bfnhdufms ` Bhenssmrm, c`snoun hm Md`nhm Êhcbdm hn [`obäm c` Jndmvnh`. Kndbn c` Bhenrrbj`  Bhenrrbj`  Ymssub ujn îr`n c` >>509Aj;  ` uj dmjprbj`htm c` >09Aj nkrnho`hcm tmtnf mu pnrdbnfj`ht` ms cbstrbtms c` Ynhcn, Wnvnfn ` Bhenrrbj`. Hnsd` hn prmvêhdbn c` Onzn ` c`snoun hn Fnomn Ym`f`fn `j Bhenrrbj`.

Kndbn c` Jutnjkn  Jutnjkn  Â uj rbm dmj ujn îr`n c` ?35Aj; ` uj dmjprbj`htm c` % cn îr`n tmtnf c` d`rdn c` >93Aj c` dmjprbj`htm pmssub ujn kndbn dmj ujn îr`n c` 3>;.999 Aj;  c` `xt`hsäm â pnrtbfencn pmr quntrm pnês`s cn r`obäm cn TNCD, hmj`ncnj`ht` Îlrbdn cm Tuf, Kmtswnhn, Wbjknkw` ` Jmïnjkbqu`. @fn fmdnfbzn-s` `htr` ms pnrnf`fms ;;· ` ;· ` 40·, ` dmhlbhn n hmrt` dmj n kndbn cm [bm Tnv`, n suf dmj n cm [bm Bhdmjîtb ` n `st` dmj n cm [bm Omvurm (N[N-Tuf ;9>9). M rbm Fbjpmpm ` s`us nlfu`ht`s säm dmhsbc`rncms dmjm s`hcm p`r`h`s ms rbms Fbjpmpm ` @f`lnht`s, ` bht`rjbt`ht`s ms rbms Denhonh` ` Hunh`tz`.

 

2525

Lbourn >4. O`mjmrlmfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu` (ncnptncm c` JBH@C, >25254), n o`mjmrlmfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu` pmc` s`r c`sdrbtn p`fns jmrlm`struturns qu` c`sdr`v`j n s`oubr7

 

?;

>. Tup`rlêdb`s cms duj`s ` drbstns, c` mrbo`j bhtrusbvm-t`dtôhbdn ` `rmsbvm c`shucncn   c`shucncn Nknbxm npr`s`htnjms n sun dnrndt`rêst dnrndt`rêstbdn bdn têpbdn7   ‖Bhs`fk`ros‚ ornhêtbdms 

Ms ‖bhs`fk`ros bhs`fk`ros‚‚ ` lmrjns r`fndbmhncns mdmrr`j prbhdbpnfj`ht` hms cbstrbtms c` ‖ bhs`fk`ros‚‚ dfîssbdms c` Hnjpufn ` c` [uvnjn-Jnvnom. Nfouhs `x`jpfms säm ms ‖bhs`fk`ros

Jurrupufn (>.925j), Hnjkbudn (>.;55j) ` Jnncgn (>.>5;j).  

Jndbïms `rmsbvms-c`shucncms

[`f`vms ornhêtbdms npfnhncms ` `j vbns c` r`guv`h`sdbj`htm @stns `struturns mdmrr`j hm hmrc`st` c` Jmïnjkbqu`, hm cbstrbtm c` J`fudm (prmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm) ` `htr` ms rbms J`tnjkmn ` Judnhen (prmvêhdbn c` S`t`). Cbstbhou`j-s` qu`r p`fns nftbtuc`s, qu`r p`fn prôprbn pmsbïäm hm quncrm o`rnf cm r`f`vm. N jmrlm`struturn c` J`fudm, pmr `x`jpfm, â ujn `f`vnïäm qu` t`j nsp`dtm c` j`sn, dmj p`qu`hns `f`vnïð`s c` nftbtuc` vnrbnhcm `htr` 009 n ?99j.   [`f`vms c`shucncms ` pnrdbnfj`ht` p`h`pfnhbzncms dmj dmk`rturn denrhmquêtbdn  

 

[`f`vms `hruoncms k`j prmhuhdbncms, c` mrbo`j qunrtzêtbdn ` xbstm-ohnbssbdn

Ns `struturns c`st` tbpm `stäm sbtuncns hn prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn. ornhc` bht`r`ss` â n T`rrn Tbtntmhon, dmhstbtuêcn pmr durtns ` `str`btns s`rrns C` sukj`rbcbmhnbs dmj nftbtuc`s nksmfutns c` 509 ntâ 299 j`trms ` c`shbv`fnïäm r`fntbvn c` 399 n 309 j`trms (Lbo. >4). >4).

 

?4

Lbourn >3. T`rrn Tbtntmhon vbstn `j bjno`j c` sntâfbt`. Lmht`7 Ommof` @nrte.

[`f`vms `struturnbs nftms ` dmjpnrtbj`htn dmjpnrtbj`htncms cms @st` orupm c` jmrlm`struturns `stî njpfnj`ht` r`pr`s`htncm `j tmcm t`rrbtôrbm c` Jmïnjkbqu`, n hmrt` cm rbm Tnv`. Lnz`j pnrt` c`st` orupm ns jmhtnhens jnbs nftns c` Jmïnjkbqu`, tnbs dmjm, pmr `x`jpfm, ms duj`s mdbc`htnbs cn pnrt` d`htrnf cn dnc`bn Debjnhbjnhb, r`pr`s`htncms p`fm jmht` Kbhon (;.34< j), J`surud`rm (;.>?< j), Jndnd` (;.>43 j), `td (Judenhoms, >222).  

 

?3

Lbourn

>0.

Jmht`

Kbhon.  Kbhon. 

Lmht`7

ettps7//;.kp.kfmospmt.dmj/-

oWP4rK5YSyP/_UxL5xrGpeB/NNNNNNNNNDm/]xdlLkz>jMJ?h-h_Nbx[5r0vqJ ]@Ls9^DFdKONs/s>%0C%0K;%0C.gpo.  ]@Ls9^DFdKONs/s>%0C%0K;%0C.gpo.

;. Tup`rlêdb`s cms duj`s ` drbstns, c` mrbo`j bhtrusbvm-t`dtôhbdn Npr`s`htn s`oubht`s dnrndt`rêstbdns7 dnrndt`rêstbdns7   [`f`vms `j pntnjnr cn zmhn cm rblt` Täm r`pr`s`htncms p`fn `f`vnïäm c` De`rbhomjn, n f`st` cm jndbïm c` Omrmhomsn. M pfnhnftm `stî jubtm p`h`pfnhbzncm p`fm lndtm c` `st` s` sbtunr hn bht`rs`dïäm cms ornk`hs c` Debr`-Pr`jn ` Wnjk`z`. Ns nftbtuc`s vnrbnj `htr` ;>9 ` ;;9j.   [`f`vms c` c`sfbonj`htm   [`f`vms bhtrusbvms `j pntnjnr   [`f`vms kîsbdms   [`f`vms ornhêtbdms @st` tbpm c` r`f`vm â jubtm dmjuj `j Jmïnjkbqu` ` pmc` s`r vbstm `j tmcm t`rrbtôrbm, n hmrt` cm rbm K÷zb. 4. Tup`rlêdb`s cms duj`s ` drbstns c` mrbo`j `rmsbvm-c`shucncn Ns sup`rlêdb`s cms duj`s ` drbstns c` mrbo`j `rmsbvm-c`shucncn säm dnrndt`rbzncns pmr7   [`f`vms `sdufpbcms pmr c`shucnïäm (rubhblmrj`s) M r`f`vm rubhblmrj` `stî k`j c`s`hvmfvbcm hn prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn, hn r`obäm c` [bknuâ  —  Fnfnun. Ms jmht`s nl`dtncms p`fn c`shucnïäm drbnj ujn pnbsno`j nksmfutnj`ht` lnhtîstbdn, hmj`ncnj`ht` ms jndbïms [bknuâ B (>.??? j), [bknuâ BB (>.04< j), Hmrr` (>.945 j), F`p` (>.>03 j).

 

?0

Nfoujns lmrjns nss`j`fenj-s` n tmrr`s c` lmrtnf`zns nhtbons, mutrns n cbhmssîurbms, `td. @stns jmrlm`struturns säm dmhstbtuêcns `j ornhbtmbc`s ` ns suns lmrjns `stäm r`fndbmhncns dmj ns pnrtbdufnrbcnc`s cn nft`rnïäm quêjbdn, `xpr`ssn hn c`snor`onïäm `sl`rmbcnf qu` npr`s`htnj. Hn prmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn `stns jmrlm`struturns mdmrr`j hms nrr`cmr`s c` Jnuî ` hm Jndbïm Jbhcg` (>.>?< j).  j).    [`f`vms sunv`s ` dmjpnrtbj`htncms dmjpnrtbj`htncms Ns jmrlm`struturns c`st` tbpm mdmrr`j `j tmcm m t`rrbtôrbm c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` mdmrr`j hns zmhns p`rblârbdns cms sbst`jns jmhtnhemsms jnbs nftms, `x`jpfm jmht` Kbhon, Hnj÷fb, `td.  `td. 

[`f`vms `j d÷pufn c` mrbo`j s`cbj`htnr M `x`jpfm jnbs r`pr`s`htntbvm c`stn jmrlm`struturn â m pfnhnftm c` Ju`cn, `j pnrtbdufnr hn sun pnrt` p`rblârbdn, mhc` ms c`pôsbtms qunt`rhîrbms lmrnj r`jmvbcms ` tmcns ns lmrjns prbhdbpnbs säm dmhstbtuêcns `j nr`hbtms. @st` tbpm c` jmrlm`struturns tnjkâj pmc` s`r mks`rvncm hn pnrt` suf cm rbm Tnv`, dmhstbtubhcm ns `f`vnïð`s c` Smj` (>?3j) ` Ynhcn (;>2j). M dnrîdt`r ` m nsp`dtm c`stns jmrlm`struturns lmrnj c`t`rjbhncms p`fn hntur`zn cn sun fbtmfmobn.   [`f`vms sunv`s hns lmrjnïð`s cm Anrmm N fbtmfmobn (nr`hbtms, tbfbtms, dmhofmj`rncms, xbstms, `td.), c`t`rjbhmu ujn cbss`dïäm v`rtbdnf sbohblbdntbvn. N c`shucnïäm s`f`dtbvn mrbobhmu ujn pnbsno`j c` dmfbhns ornhc`s, jnbs dnrndt`rêstbdns dnrndt`rêstbdns hms vnf`s cms rbms Fuhem ` J`ssbho` (prmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn) ` hm dursm bhl`rbmr cms rbms Ynhenj`, Dem`, Bjpntn, Cnqu`, Juz` (nlfu`ht`s cn jnro`j cbr`btn cm rbm Wnjk`z`, prmvêhdbn c` S`t`). Ns nftbtuc`s hn prmvêhdbn c` S`t` vnrbnj c` ?99 n ?09j ` hn prmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn c` >59 n ;09j. Ns jmrlm`struturns tçj o`rnfj`ht` uj nsp`dtm npfnhncm ` dóhdnvm, r`fndbmhncm dmj n t`dtôhbdn ` dmj ns pnrtbdufnrbcnc`s cn s`cbj`htnïäm s`cbj`htnïäm cns rmdens cm Anrmm hm ornk`h c` J`ssbho` ` cm Jâcbm Wnjk`z`.   Dmfbhns hns zmhns c` smpâ @j Jmïnjkbqu`, n zmhn `htr` ms jndbïms jmhtnhemsms ` ns zmhns npfnhncns pmc` `st`hc`r-s` ntâ ?9-59aj, de`onhcm huj dnsm n ntbhobr ms ;99aj. Snf l`hôj`hm â dmhs`quçhdbn cm dnrîdt`r c` pfntnlmrjn cns `struturns prbhdbpnbs ` cns pnrtbdufnrbcnc`s cn dmjpmsbïäm fbtmfôobdn. M r`f`vm c` dmfbhns `st`hc`-s` pmr vnstms `spnïms, hms qunbs s` `f`vnj pmr v`z`s orupms c` bhs`fk`ros. Ns dmfbhns rnrnj`ht` uftrnpnssnj n nftbtuc` jâcbn c` >09-;99j, mdupnhcm n zmhn ebpsmjâtrbdn c` >59;09j c` nftbtuc` nksmfutn.   Dmrhbgns c` du`stns M r`f`vm c` du`stns, r`pr`s`htncm pmr cmkrns jmhmdfbhnbs, â dnrndt`rêstbdm cns r`obð`s dmhstbtuêcns pmr rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s. @st` tbpm c` r`f`vm `stî r`pr`s`htncm, pmr `x`jpfm, p`fms `str`btms duj`s c` du`stns cm dmjpf`xm s`cbj`htnr cn jnro`j cbr`btn cm rbm Wnjk`z`. Pj orupm c`stns jmrlm`struturns mdupn ujn lnbxn `htr` m rbm Fu`hen ` n kmdn c` Fupntn. Ns jmrlm`struturns `stäm sbtuncns ujns pmr c`trîs cns mutrns, c`sdnbhcm pnrn m fncm cm rbm Wnjk`z`. Ns nftbtuc`s cms duj`s c` du`stns säm cn mrc`j c` 499 n 4;9j.

 

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Eî nbhcn c` snfb`htnr uj orupm c` jmrlm`struturns c` du`stns c`s`hvmfvbcns hm dmjpf`xm ohnbssbdm - jbojntêtbdm, r`suftnht`s cn nft`rnïäm s`f`dtbvn, cn `rmsäm lfuvbnf ` cn t`dtôhbdn. @stns jmrlm`struturns mdupnj n r`obäm `htr` Junhcbhn ` Debfm (cbstrbtm c` Jmrrujknfn).

Yrmd`ssms @hcmoâhbdms ` @xmoâhbdms Ns lmrjns cn sup`rlêdb` t`rr`str`, dmhtbh`htnbs ` md`ëhbdns, r`pr`s`htnj huj bhstnht` uj c`t`rjbhncm m `l`btm cn bht`rnïäm, cms prmd`ssms `hcôo`hms ` `xôo`hms smkr` n sup`rlêdb` p`rt`hd`j bht`rhn ` mst`rr`str`. `xôo`hmsMsnmprmd`ssms ëjkbtm cn`hcôo`hms o`mcbhëjbdn `xt`rhn. `xt`rhn. nm ëjkbtm cn o`mcbhëjbdn

Ms prmd`ssms `hcôo`hms mu `hcmo`hâtbdms mrbobhnj-s` hm bht`rbmr cn t`rrn ` säm

o`rnfj`ht` dmhstrutbvms, hn j`cbcn `j qu` hmrjnfj`ht` dmhcuz`j n uj bhdr`j`htm cn `f`vnïäm ` cm r`f`vm, nm pnssm qu` ms prmd`ssms `xôo`hms (`xmo`hâtbdms) t`hc`j n r`cuzbr n pnbsno`j t`rr`str` n c`t`rjbhncm hêv`f c` kns`, hmrjnfj`ht` m hêv`f cm jnr. Yrmd`ssms @hcôo`hms mu Cbhëjbdn Bht`rhn Täm prmd`ssms qu` mdmrr`j utbfbznhcm `h`robn prmv`hb`ht` cm bht`rbmr cn S`rrn, lmrjnhcm ` jmcblbdnhcm n dmjpmsbïäm ` n `struturn cn drmstn, `j ujn nïäm jnbs dmhstrutbvn. Täm prmd`ssms o`mfôobdms `hcôo`hms7 vufdnhbsjm, t`rr`jmtms, pfutmhbsjm, mrmoçh`s`, `pbrmoçh`s`, jnojntbsjm, j`tnjmrlbsjm, `td. Snbs prmd`ssms häm mdmrr`j bsmfncnj`ht`, `f`s s` bht`rr`fndbmhnj cn s`oubht` jnh`brn7 Ms s`cbj`htms (nr`bn, dnsdnfem, `td.) qunhcm c`pmsbtncms pmc`j s` dmhsmfbcnr lmrjnhcm ns rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s. Mdmrr`hcm nuj`htm c` pr`ssäm ` t`jp`rnturn (j`tnjmrlbsjm) `stns rmdens s` trnhslmrjnj `j rmdens j`tnjôrlbdns. Nuj`htnhcms` nbhcn jnbs n pr`ssäm ` t`jp`rnturn, `stns rmdens pmc`j s` luhcbr mrbobhnhcm uj jnojn, bhbdbnhcm-s` m jnojntbsjm. Hm s`u jmvbj`htm hm bht`rbmr cn drmstn, m jnojn pmc` ntbhobr n sup`rlêdb` (vufdnhbsjm) mhc` s` r`slrbn rnpbcnj`ht` lmrjnhcm ns rmdens vufdëhbdns. T` m jnojn häm ntbho` n sup`rlêdb` ` s` r`slrbn hm bht`rbmr cn drmstn, t`j-s` m pfutmhbsjm dmj n dmhs`qu`ht` lmrjnïäm c` rmdens pfutóhbdns. Ns rmdens `xbst`ht`s pmc`j smlr`r p`rturknïð`s, c`vbcm n `slmrïms qu` mdmrr`j hm bht`rbmr cn drmstn, c`lmrjnhcm mu qu`krnhcm-s`, mrbobhnhcm cmkrns ` lnfens. Snbs `slmrïms nm prmvmdnr`j r`ndmjmcnïð`s c` pnrt`s cn drmstn prmcuz`j vbkrnïð`s qu` s` prmpnonj `j lmrjn c` mhcns dmhstbtubhcm ms t`rrnjmtms. t`rrnjmtms.  

Yrmd`ssms @xôo`hms mu Cbhëjbdn @xt`rhn Täm prmd`ssms qu` mdmrr`j usnhcm n `h`robn prmv`hb`ht` cm `xt`rbmr cn S`rrn, dmhsbstbhcm knsbdnj`ht` cn `h`robn smfnr qu` ntun cbr`tn mu bhcbr`tnj`ht` smkr` n sup`rlêdb` cn drmstn, `j ujn nïäm jnbs c`strutbvn. Täm prmd`ssms o`mfôobdms `xôo`hms7 m bht`jp`rbsjm ` n nïäm cns îouns sup`rlbdbnbs ` sukt`rrëh`ns, cm v`htm, cm o`fm ` cms mronhbsjms. Ms prmd`ssms c` c`snor`onïäm ` c`dmjpmsbïäm c` rmdens pmr nïäm cns îouns sup`rlbdbnbs ` sukt`rrëh`ns, cm v`htm, cm o`fm ` cms mronhbsjms dmhstbtu`j m bht`jp`rbsjm. M bht`jp`rbsjm ` n lmtmssêht`s` säm cmbs prmd`ssms luhcnj`htnbs pnrn n vbcn pmbs s`j m bht`jp`rbsjm häm env`rbn c`strubïäm cns rmdens ` n lmrjnïäm cms

 

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smfms, ` s`j n lmtmssêht`s` häm env`rbn lbxnïäm cn `h`robn smfnr, vbtnf nm dbdfm c` vbcn cn S`rrn. N îoun ntun tnhtm hn sup`rlêdb` dmjm hn suksup`rlêdb`, t`hcm nïäm bht`jpârbdn  —  â m prbhdbpnf no`ht` c` bht`jp`rbsjm quêjbdm  —  `rmsbvn ` trnhspmrtncmrn. Nm p`rdmfnr, n îoun trnhspmrtn (fbxêvbn) smfutms pnrn m f`hïmf lr`îtbdm, ntbhobhcm m jnr mu mutrm njkb`ht` c` s`cbj`htnïäm, s`cbj`htnïäm, pmc`hcm mdmrr`r nê pr`dbpbtnïäm ` dmhs`qu`ht` lmrjnïäm c` rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s quêjbdns. Nm `sdmnr p`fn sup`rlêdb`, trnhspmrtn s`cbj`htms (`rmsäm), c`pmsbtnhcm-ms dmj n cbjbhubïäm c` sun `h`robn, lmrjnhcm c`pôsbtms qu` mrbobhnräm smfms mu rmdens s`cbj`htnr`s dfîstbdn dfîstbdns. s. M v`htm ` m o`fm säm no`ht`s bht`jpârbdms ` trnhspmrtncmr`s. M bht`jp`rbsjm s` cî p`fn nïäm nkrnsbvn c` pnrtêdufns pmr `f`s trnhspmrtncns.

Tujîrbm H`stn uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn lnfnjms cn o`mjmrlmfmobn c` Jmïnjkbqu`, sun mrbo`j ` suns dnrndt`rêstbdns, dnrndt`rêstbd ns, c`sdr`v`jms n jmrlm`strutur jmrlm`struturns ns `j cbl`r`ht`s r`obð`s c` Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htnjms `x`jpfms `fudbcntbvms `fudbcntbvms `j dncn c` r`obäm cm pnês. Srmux`jms c` lmrjn sujnrbn ms prmd`ssms `hcôo`hms ` `xôo`hms pnrn m prmd`ssm c` lmrjnïäm cns jmrlm`struturns cn drmstn t`rr`str`.  t`rr`str`.  @x`rdêdbms c` NPSM-N\NFBNÏ NPSM-N\NFBNÏÄM ÄM >.  Ms prmd`ssms `hcôo`hms mu `hcmo`hâtbdms mrbobhnj-s` hm bht`rbmr cn t`rrn ` säm o`rnfj`ht` dmhstrutbvms.  Lnïn dmrr`spmhc`hdbn `htr` dmfuhn N ` K  Hr N K ; Yrmd`ssms @hcôo`hms Cbhëjbdn Bht`rhn  4 Yrmd`ssms @xôo`hms Cbhëjbdn @xt`rhn  3 [`f`vms `j d÷pufn c` mrbo`j s`cbj`htnr Ju`cn 0 [`f`vms sunv`s ` dmjpnrtbj`htncms Jmht` Kbhon ` Hnj÷fb. Fbh`nr Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-\.

@x`rdêdbms c` N\NFBNÏÄM >.  >.  Hm prmd`ssm `xmo`hm, s` m jnojn häm ntbho` n sup`rlêdb` ` s` r`slrbn hm

bht`rbmr cn drmstn, t`j-s` m pfutmhbsjm dmj n dmhs`qu`ht` lmrjnïäm c` rmdens pfutóhbdns.  ;.  ;.  Ms prmd`ssms c` c`snor`onïäm ` c`dmjpmsbïäm c` rmdens pmr nïäm cns îouns sup`rlbdbnbs ` sukt`rrëh`ns, cm v`htm, cm o`fm ` cms mronhbsjms dmhstbtu`j m bht`jp`rbsjm.

 

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4.  4.  Täm prmd`ssms qu` mdmrr`j usnhcm n `h`robn prmv`hb`ht` cm `xt`rbmr cn S`rrn,

dmhsbstbhcm knsbdnj`ht` cn `h`robn smfnr qu` ntun cbr`tn mu bhcbr`tnj`ht` smkr` n sup`rlêdb` cn drmstn, `j ujn nïäm jnbs c`strutbvn. @stnjms p`rnht`7  N.  N.  K. K.   D. D.   C. C.  

Yrmd`ssm `hcmo`hm Yrmd`ssm `xôo`hms Bht`jp`rbsjm \ufdnhbsjm

3.  [`f`vms `hruoncms k`j prmhuhdbncms, c` mrbo`j m rbo`j qunrtzêtbdn ` xbstm-ohnbssbdn. Ns `struturns c`st` tbpm `stäm sbtuncns hn prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn. Jnhbdn .

0.  J`tnc` cm t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm â dmhstbtuêcm pmr jmhtnhens, dmj nftbtuc`s ntâ ;999 j`trms.

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-L, ;-\, 4-K, 3-\, 0-L

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 3.;. Dnrndt`rêstbdns cns prbhdbpnbs lmrjns c` r`f`vm c` Jmïnjkbqu` Bhtrmcuïäm N sup`rlêdb` cm t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm npr`s`htn-s` c` lmrjn c`sbounf. c `sbounf. @fn npr`s`htn zmhns nftns ` mutrns knbxns, dmjm r`suftncm c` jubtms ndmht`dbj`htms qu` s` r`obstnj hn sup`rlêdb` cn S`rrn `, hm bht`rbmr cn S`rrn. Snbs ndmht`dbj`htms bhdfu`j vufdð`s, tr`jmr`s tr`jmr`s c` t`rrn, `td. T`hcm nssbj, m r`f`vm c` Jmïnjkbqu` npr`s`htn-s` `j lmrjn c` `sdncn. N nftbtuc` nuj`htn é j`cbcn qu` dnjbhenjms cm fbtmrnf pnrn m bht`rbmr.

Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms `sp`dêlbdms  

 

Dmhe`d`r ns lmrjns c` r`f`vm c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

C`sdr`v`r ms C`sdr`v`r  ms prbhdbpnbs pfnhnftms c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

Dmhe`d`r ns  ns  prbhdbpnbs dnc`bns jmhtnhemsns c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

3.;.>  Ns Lmrjns c` r`f`vm c` Jmïnjkbqu` 3.;.>

 

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3.;.>.> Yfnhêdb` 3.;.>.>  Â n sup`rlêdb` qu` s` `st`hc` `j tmcm fbtmrnf, dugns nftbtuc`s häm uftrnpnssnj ms ;99 j`trms. Ns pfnhêdb`s fmdnfbznj - s` hm suf cm rbm snv` ` nm fmhom c` tmcm m fbtmrnf c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Mdupn d`rdn c` ;09 jbf aj», n sun jnbmr `xt`hsäm â hns prmvêhdbns c` Onzn, Bhenjknh` ` Tmlnfn. Nm fmhom cms vnf`s cns prbhdbpnbs kndbns ebcrmorîlbdns c`stndnj - s` ns s`oubht`s pfnhêdb`s7    

Yfnhêdb` cm snv`, ntrnv`ssncm p`fm rbm snv`1 Yfnhêdb` cm Bhdmjîtb, ntrnv`ssncm p`fm rbm Bhdmjîtb1

Yfnhêdb` cm Wnjk`z`, ntrnv`ssncm p`fm rbm Wnjk`z`1   Yfnhêdb` cm Fbjpmpm, ntrnv`ssncm p`fm rbm Fbjpmpm.  

3.;.>.; Yfnhnftm 3.;.>.;  Pj t`rr`hm `xt`hsm quns` pfnhm qu` npr`s`htn nftbtuc`s qu` vnrbnj `htr` ;99 n >999 j`trms. N jnbmr `xt`hsäm cms pfnhnftms `hdmhtrnj - s` hns r`obð`s hmrt` ` d`htrm cm pnês. Mdupn cmbs t`rïms cm t`rrbtôrbm hndbmhnf, m qu` dmrr`spmhc` n 099jbf aj». Sbpms c` Yfnhnftms Jmrlmfmobdnj`ht`, cbstbhou`j cbstbhou`j - s` `j Jmïnjkbqu` ms s`oubht`s pfnhnftms7 Yfnhnftms jâcbms – dmj ujn nftbtuc` dmjpr``hcbcn `htr` ;99 - 099j   Yfnhnftms Nftms – dmj nftbtuc` dmjpr``hcbcn `htr` 099 - >999j  

Yrbhdbpnbs Yfnhnftms c` Jmïnjkbqu` Ms prbhdbpnbs pfnhnftms `hdmhtrnj-s` fmom n s`oubr és pfnhêdb`s ` säm pfnhnftms n c`stndnr7   Yfnhnftm Jmïnjkbdnhm – hns prmvêhdbns c` Wnjkâzbn ` Hnjpufn1   Yfnhnftm c` Nhoôhbn ` Jnrîvbn – hn prmvêhdbn c` S`t`1   Yfnhnftm cn Ju`cn – hn prmvêhdbn c` Dnkm C`foncm.   Yfnhnftm c` Fbdebhon — Yrmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn   Yfnhnftm c` Debjmbm — Yrmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn 3.;.>.4 Jmhtnhens 3.;.>.4  Denjn-s` zmhns c` jmhtnhen nms fuonr`s cn sup`rlêdb` t`rr`str` qu` npr`s`htnj nftbtuc`s sup`rbmr`s n >999 j`trms. Ns Yrbhdbpnbs dnc`bns jmhtnhemsns Ns prbhdbpnbs jmhtnhens `stäm fmdnfbzncns hm d`htrm ` hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` ns jnbs bjpmrtnht`s säm7 Dnc`bn jmhtnhemsn Jnhbnjkn-Njnrnjkn Jnhbnjkn-Njnrnjkn,, qu` `stî fmdnfbzncn hn prmvêhdbn c` Hbnssn, mhc` n s`rrn Gâdb npr`s`htn ns jnbmr`s nftbtuc`s, >54< j`trms (Judenhoms, >222).

 

59

Lmrjnïð`s Debr`-Hnj÷fb, Debr`-Hnj÷fb, hn  hn prmvêhdbn cn Wnjkâzbn, t`j dmjm pmhtms jnbs `f`vncms m jmht` Hnj÷fb, ;3>2 j`trms ` n s`rrn Bjnom dmj >59? j`trms. Dnc`bn c` Jnhbdn, Jnhbdn, `st`hc`-s` nm fmhom cn lrmht`brn `htr` n prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn ` m t`rrbtôrbm zbjnkw`nhm. H`stn dnc`bn fmdnfbzn-s` m jmht` Kbhon, qu` â m jnbs `f`vncm cm pnês dmj ;34< j`trms. Snjkâj h`stn dnc`bn `hdmhtrnjms m Jmht` Omrôhouâ Omrôhouâ,, dmj >55? j`trms ` n s`rrn Demn dmj >533 j`trms. N dnc`bn cms Fbkmjkms  Fbkmjkms  `st`hc`-s` nm fmhom cn lrmht`brn dmj n Îlrbdn c` Tuf, hns prmvêhdbns c` Onzn `cm Jnputm. c`stn dnc`bn`fn hämc`stndn-s` ntbho`j mspmr >999 pmrâj hm dmhguhtm r`f`vm Ns cm nftbtuc`s suf c` Jmïnjkbqu`, s`rj`trms, n ÷hbdn

lmrjnïäm `f`vncn. M pmhtm jnbs `f`vncm c`stn dnc`bn â m Jmht` Jpmhcuêh`, dmj 59> j`trms, ` `stn fmdnfbzncn hm cbstrbtm cn Hnjnnden, prmvêhdbn c` Jnputm (lbourn ( lbourn >0). >0).

Lbourn. >< Bjno`j c` sntâfbt` bfustrnhcm n dnc`bn cms Fbkmjkms. Lmht`7 Ommof` @nrte.

3.;.>.3 C`pr`ssð`s Cns prbhdbpnbs c`pr`ssð`s `xbst`ht`s `j Jmïnjkbqu` c`stndnj  — s` ms vnf`s cms rbms ` ns lmrjns c` r`f`vm h`ontbvns mhc` s` fmdnfbznj  —  s` ms fnoms ` Ynhtnhms. @stns c`pr`ssð`s bht`rrmjp`j lr`qu`ht`j`ht` n dmhtbhubcnc` cns pfnhêdb`s1 pfnhnftms ` cns jmhtnhens.

 

5>

Ns jnbs bjpmrtnht`s c`pr`ssð`s säm7 C`pr`ssäm cm vnf` cm rbm Wnjk`z` Wnjk`z`  - â n jnbmr häm pmr dmhstbtubr uj cms jnbmr`s cm dmhtbh`ht` nlrbdnhm, dmjm tnjkâj pmr ntrnv`ssnr r`obð`s c` fbtmfmobn ` t`dtôhbdn dmjpfbdncn, îs qunbs m rbm t`v` s` ncnptnr. @j nfouhs pmhtms cm s`u p`rdursm m rbm Wnjk`z`, cncn n r`sbstçhdbn c` d`rtns lmrjnïð`s rmdemsns pmr mhc` ntrnv`ssn, `sdnvn m s`u f`btm, dmhstbtubhcm onronhtns np`rtncns ` prmluhcns, dmj ornhc` r`f`vëhdbn pnrn n tmpmornlbn cm r`f`vm. C`pr`ssð`s Debr`  — Pr`jn ` @spuhonk`rn - `stns lmrjns h`ontbvns â r`suftncm c`

jmvbj`htms ornk`hs t`dtôhbdms ` r`pr`s`htnj cns sup`rlêdb`s lnfencns qu` dnrndt`rbznj n Îlrbdn Mrb`htnf. C`pr`ssäm cm Hbnssn Hbnssn - mhc` s` fmdnfbznj ms fnoms Hbnssn, Debrun, Deb÷tn ` Njnrnjkn. C`pr`ssäm c` Debss`hon Debss`hon - â prmfmhonj`htm cm nluhcnj`htm c` Pr`jn — Wnhouâ pnrn Tuf1 `st` nk`ron m dursm bhl`rbmr cm Y÷houâ ` qu` s` c`svbn pnrn jnr mhc` dmhtbhun hn pfntnlmrjn dmhtbh`htnf. C`pr`ssäm c` Luhenfmurm - dmhstbtu` uj cms jnbs bjpmrtnht`s nluhcbj`htms t`dtôhbdm î Tuf cm [bm Tnv`. C`pr`ssäm cm Unb — Unb  Unb  - dmhstbtu` uj fnrom ` prmluhcm nluhcnj`htm qu` r`pr`s`htn m vnf` cm rbm Fbjpmpô. C`pr`ssäm cns Ynfj`brns - hn - hn prmvêhdbn c` Jnputm, `st` nluhcnj`htm â p`rdmrrbcm p`fm rbm Bhdmjntb, hm `xtr`jm Tuf dmjpmstn m nluhcnj`htm t`dtôhbdm dmrr`spmhc`ht` n knbn c` Jnputm, `td.

 

5;

Lbourn >?. Lmrjns c` r`f`vm c` Jmïnjkbqu` . Lmht`7 JBH@C, >25.  s`rrn Gâdb  ;.  Debr`-Hnj÷fb  4.  Jmht` Omrôhouâ  3.  Jmht` Jpmhcuêh`  0.  s`rrn Bjnom

Yrmvêhdbn c` Fmdnfbznïäm  Hbnssn Wnjkâzbn  Jnhbdn Jnputm Wnjkâzbn

 Hr Jmht` Nftbtuc`s (`j j`trms) 5459?  5 Jmht` Omrôhouâ  >55?  2 Jmht` Jpmhcuêh`  59>  >9 Demn >533  >> T`rrn Bjnom >59? 

 

53

S@JN — \7 KBMO@MO[NLBN C@ JMÏNJKB^P@ PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 0.>. N Lbtmo`mornlbn ` Wmmo`mornlbn ` n sun cbstrbkubïäm o`mornlbdn `j Jmïnjkbqu` PHBCNC@ t`jîtbdn 0.; Lnuhns, Ynrqu`s, [`s`rvns ` Dmutncns c` Jmïnjkbqu` PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 0.4. @x`rdêdbms Bht`orncms cns Phbcnc`s c`st` S`jn. S `jn.  PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 0.>. N Lbtmo`mornlbn ` Wmmo`mornlbn ` n sun

cbstrbkubïäm o`morîlbdn `j Jmïnjkbqu`

cbstrbkubïäm o`morîlbdn `j Jmïnjkbqu`  Bhtrmcuïäm Kbmo`mornlbn â n dbçhdbn qu` `stucn ms s`r`s vbvms (lbtmo`mornlbn ` n zmmo`mornlbn). N lbtmo`mornlbn `stucn n v`o`tnïäm `hqunhtm n zmmo`mornlbn `stucn n lnuhn. Kbmo`mornlbn â n îr`n cn dbçhdbn kbmfôobdn qu` `stucn n cbstrbkubïäm cms s`r`s vbvms hm `spnïm ` ntrnvâs cm t`jpm. Nssbj, `stucn-s` n cbstrbkubïäm cn vbcn dmj kns` `j sun cbhëjbdn hn `sdnfn `spndbnf ` t`jpmrnf hm pfnh`tn S`rrn. Nm dmjpf`tnr `stn uhbcnc`, vmdç c`v`rî s`r dnpnz c`7

Mkg`dtbvms @sp`dêlbdms  

 

Dmhe`d`r ns r`obð`s lbtmo`morîlbdns c` Jmïnjkbqu`1

 

Cbl`r`hdbnr ms Wmmo`mornlbn1   Wmmo`mornlbn1

 

C`sdr`v`r n cbstrbkubïäm cn v`o`tnïäm ` lnuhn c` Jmïnjkbqu`.   Jmïnjkbqu`.

dmhd`btms

c`  Lbtmo`mornlbn c` 

`

0.>.> Lbtmo`mornlbn( v`o`tnïäm) Judenhoms (>222) c`sdr`v` ns dnrndt`rêst dnrndt`rêstbdns bdns cn lfmrn jmïnjkbdnhn ` sun cbstrbkubïäm r`obmhnf. T`ouhcm `st` nutmr, Jmïnjkbqu` sbtun-s` hn r`obäm sucnhm - znjk`zêndn, cn qunf tnjkâj lnz`j pnrt` n Snhzëhbn, m Jnfnwb, n Wëjkbn, m Wbjknkw`, m Kmtswnhn ` n Twnzbfëhcbn. N v`o`tnïäm hnturnf â dmhstbtuêcn pmr cbl`r`ht`s tbpms c` lmrjnïäm v`o`tnf c`vbcm n cbl`r`hҡn c` fntbtuc`, nftbtuc`, o`mfmobn, dfbjn, smfms `htr` mutrms lndtmr`s.   C` ujn lmrjn o`rnf, `j Jmïnjkbqu` `xbst` jnbs c` vbht` (;9) r`obð`s lbtmo`morîlbdns, jnbs bjpmrtn c`stndnr trçs(4) r`obð`s. >.  D`htrm r`obmhnf c` @hc`jbhbsjm Wnjk`zbnhm ;.  Jmznbdm r`obmhnf Wnhzbknr — Bhenjknh` 4.  Jmznbdm r`obmhnf Smhomfnhc — Smhomfnhc N cbstrbkubïäm o`morîlbdn cn v`o`tnïäm lfmrêstbdn (lfmrn dmst`brn) cn Îlrbdn c` ndmrcm dmj _ebt` (>254) `hofmkn ns s`oubht`s lbtmr`obð`s dmj `f`vncm vnfmr `hcâjbdm7 D`htrm r`obmhnf c` `hc`jbsjm (Oubh`m-Dmhomfbnh, Wnjk`zbnh, Tucnhbnh, Tmjnfbn-

 

50

Jnsnb, Dnp`, Anrrmm-Hnjbk, J`cbt`rrnh`nh, Nlrm-jmhtnh` nrdebp`fnom-fba` r`obmhnf d`htr` ml `hc`jbsj), r`obäm cm `xtr`jm c` `jpmkr`dbj`htm lfmrbstbdm (Nlrm-nfpbh` nrdebp`fnom-fba` r`obmh ml `xtr`j` lfmrbstbd bjpmv`rbsej`ht), zmhn r`obmhnf c` trnhsbïäm (Oubh`m-Dmhomfbnh/Wnjk`zbnh, Oubh`mDmhomfbnh/Tucnhbn, AnfnenrbEboev`fc, Tne`f, Tnenrn, J`cbt`rrnh`nh/Tnenrn) ` jmsnbdm r`obmhnf (Fna` \bdtmrbn, Wnhzbknr-Bhenjknh` ` Smhomfnhc-Ymhcmfnhc). N \`o`tnïäm dmst`brn Jmïnjkbdnhn c` ndmrcm dmj _ebt` (>254) fmdnfbzn-s` hn zmhn r`obmhnf c` jmsnbdm ` `hofmkn cuns lbtmr`obð`s, m jmsnbdm r`obmhnf c` WnhzbknrBhenjknh`, qu` s` `st`hc` cm [bm [mvujn n lmz cm [bm Fbjpmpm ` m jmsnbdm r`obmhnf c` Smhomfnhc-Ymhcmfnhc mu zmhn c`Fbznk`te. trnhsbïäm@stns c` Jnputnfnhc-Ymhcmfnhc, qu` s` `st`hc` cn lmz cm [bm Fbjpmpm n Ymrtm cuns r`obð`s säm lfmrbstbdnj`ht`

cbl`r`ht`s, jns njkns dmjpr``hc`j ujn dmjpf`xn jntrbz c` lfmr`stn. C` ndmrcm \nh _ya (>223) bc`htblbdmu m d`htrm c` `hc`jbsjm cm Md`nhm Êhcbdm mu c` Jnputnfnhc. Ymr mutrm turhm, Dfnra` (;999) dfnssblbdmu `stn r`obäm n @st` cn dmstn mrb`htnf cn Îlrbdn dmjm r`obäm cm d`htrm c` `hc`jbsjm c` Twnebfbnh qu` pnrt` c` Tmjîfbn n hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` mutrn ncgnd`ht` n r`obäm c` zmhn c` trnhsbïäm c` TwnebfbnhJnputnfnhc qu` s` `st`hc` c` d`htrm n suf c` Jmïnjkbqu`. N Yrnbn cm Kbf`h` sbtuns` c`htrm cn `dmr`obäm cm jmsnbdm dmst`brm c` Smhomfnhc-Ymhcmfnhc, nkrnho` uj pmudm m d`htrm c` `hc`jbsjm cm Md`nhm Êhcbdm. Êhcbdm.   Sbpms c` v`o`tnïäm Jmïnjkbqu` â rbdm `j lfmrn, t`rr`str` ` jnrêtbjn. N mrmornlbn ` m dfbjn c`t`rjbhnj trçs tbpms c` v`o`tnïäm7 lfmr`stn c`hsn hns t`rrns nftns cm Hmrt` ` D`htrm cm Ynês, lfmr`stn nk`rtn ` snvnhn hm Tuf `, hn zmhn dmst`brn, ms jnhonbs. @st`s `dmssbst`jns dmhstbtu`j m enkbtnt c` `spâdb`s s`fvno`hs dmjm `f`lnht`s, f`ð`s, f`mpnrcms, debtns, ebpmpôtnjms, nhtêfmp`s, tnrtnruons, jndndms ` ornhc` h÷j`rm c` nv`s. Ns `stns rbqu`zns nssmdbnj-s` k`fns pnbsno`hs, qu`r hns zmhns nftns, qu`r hns zmhns dmst`brns C` ndmrcm dmj ms lndtmr`s ndbjn r`l`rbcms qu` bhlfu`hdbnj hm dfbjn cm hmssm pnês, t`jms ms s`oubht`s tbpms c` v`o`tnïäm7 Tnvnhn  Tnvnhn  T`ouhcm Knrdn & Tnhtms (;99?), Tnvnhn â ujn lmrjnïäm v`o`tnf knbxn qu` s` c`s`hvmfv` hns r`obð`s dmj lrndn pr`dbpbtnïäm. Â ujn v`o`tnïäm dmhstbtuêcn pmr uj dmhguhtm c` îrvmr`s (v`o`tnïäm nrkustbvn ` nrkmr`n, dnpbj ` tr`pnc`brns). Fmdnfbzn-s` hm dfbjn trmpbdnf e÷jbcm. @j r`obð`s c` r`fntbvn lrndn pfuvbmsbcnc`, hmrjnfj`ht` nlnstncns cn dmstn, ` c` smfms s`dms, mdmrr` n snvnhn snvnhn.. N snvnhn pmc` s`r nrkôr`n mu nrkustbvn c` ndmrcm dmj n pr`cmjbhëhdbn c` îrvmr`s mu nrkustms hms r`sp`dtbvms `strntms, jns dmj m `strntm e`rkîd`m s`jpr` pr`s`ht`. C` ujn jnh`brn o`rnf n snvnhn â ujn lmrjnïäm knbxn (pfnhtns c` nfturn ntâ >9j), pmr v`z`s c`orncncn, dmj pfnhtns `spbhemsns ` mu mutrns trns c` lmfen dncudn. Ns `spâdb`s säm c` pmrt` jâcbm, vnrbnhcm c` >9 n >0j, ` cbstrbku`j-s` n hmrt` cn prmvêhdbn c` Jnhbdn, `j Onzn, Bhenjknh` `, `j o`rnf, hns jnro`hs cms prbhdbpnbs dursms c` îoun, mhc` n pfuvbmsbcnc` häm uftrnpnssn ms 5). N >5). N sun jnbmr îr`n c` mdmrrçhdbn â n pnrt` j`rbcbmhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu`, `xd`ptm ns `str`btns lnbxns c` lfmr`stn suk - fbtmrnf ` n lfmr`stn c` jmhtnhen hms Fbkmjkms.

 

5<

Lbourn >5. >5. Cbstrbkubïäm c` Lfmr`stn c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Cncms d`cbcms p`fn Phbcnc` c` Bhv`htîrbm Lfmr`stnf — Jbhbstârbm cn Norbdufturn (Gnh`brm c` ;995).

 

5?

Lbourn  >2. Lbourn >2. @x`jpfm  @x`jpfm v`o`tnïäm c` snvnhn nrkustbvn ` nrkôr`n (Nfkbhm ;9>;).

Lbourn >2.> @x`jpfm >2.> @x`jpfm v`o`tnïäm c` snvnhn nrkustbvn ` nrkôr`n (Nfkbhm ;9>;).

@st`p`s   @st`p`s

 

55

 ujn v`o`tnïäm qu` s` fmdnfbzn hm dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm ` s`jb-îrbcm smkr`tucm hm Tuf cn Yrmvbhdbn c` S`t` ` hm bht`rbmr cns prmvêhdbns c` Jnputm, Onzn ` Bhenjknh`. Ns `st`p`s säm r`sbst`ht`s é `sdnss`z c` îoun `j p`rbmcm c` s`dn prmfmhoncn. @x`jpfm `jkmhc`brms Lbourn ;9.

Lbourn ;97 lfmr`stn @st`p` c` Jmïnjkbqu` Jnhonf  Jnhonf  C` ndmrcm dmj (T`j`sb ` Emw`ff, >22;, Hmhh, >2?3 Dmutm,>224), dbtncm pmr Knbn (;993) m jnhonf â ujn dmjuhbcnc` v`o`tnf qu` dmfmhbzn ns fnomns dmst`brns, ms `stuîrbms ` ns c`pr`ssð`s cms c`ftns. Â ujn v`o`tnïäm dmst`brn qu` s` c`s`hvmfv` hms `stuîrbms ` c`ftn cms rbms. M jnhonf â m vbv`brm cms nhbjnbs nquîtbdms (lbourn (lbourn  ;> ;>). ). T`ouhcm Knbn, (>225), dbtncm pmr Fuês (;9>>), ns lfmr`stns c` jnhonf `hdmhtrnj-s` `j îr`ns r`fntbvnj`ht` prmt`obcns, prmt`obcns, `htr` m dmhtbh`ht` ` m jnr, mhc` n `h`robn cns mhcns cm jnr â r`cuzbcn. Ms jnhonbs c`s`hvmfv`j-s` j`femr `j îr`ns `xpmstns n uj nknst`dbj`htm dmhtêhum `j îoun cmd`, dmjm ns r`obð`s c` `f`vncn pfuvbmsbcnc`, bhlbftrnïäm c` îoun cmd` ` hms c`ftns cms rbms. M jnhonf dr`sd`j hn îr`n `htr` ms hêv`bs cn jnrâ jâcbn nftn ` zmh`nj`htm cns `spâdb`s, `stn r`fndbmhncn dmj n curnïäm cn bhuhcnïäm p`fn jnrâ, ujn v`z qu` n dnpndbcnc` c` r`spmstn nms hêv`bs c` snfbhbcnc` vîrbn c` `spâdb` pnrn `spâdb`.

 

52

Lbourn ;>7 Lfmr`stn Jnhonf

Lfmr`stns trmpbdnbs  trmpbdnbs  Fmdnfbznj-s` hms dfbjns trmpbdnbs e÷jbcm ` c` nftbtuc` hns r`obð`s c` d`htrm ` hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Lfmr`stn c` onf`rbn  onf`rbn  Â ujn v`o`tnïäm qu` s` c`s`hvmfv` nm fmhom cms rbms dmj uj lmrjntm c` uj t÷h`f (pnr`d`r qu` `stnn n dmkrbr). @st` tbpm c` lfmr`stn npr`s`htn tr`s lmrjns7 e`rkîd`m, nrkustbvn ` nrkmr`m. N bjpmrtëhdbn cn v`o`tnҡäm  N v`o`tnҡäm â jubtm bjpmrtnht` pmrqu`7                

lmrh`d`-hms m mxboâhbm1 `vbtn n `rmsäm1 hms cî j`cbdnj`htms j`cbdnj`htms11 c`fn s` `xtrnb n jnc`brn, r`sbhn1 nfbj`htn ms nhbjnbs1 c`fn mkt`jms f`hen ` dnrväm1 jnhtâj m `qubfêkrbm `dmfôobdm1 lmrh`d` lrutms.

0.>.; N zmmo`mornlbn( lnuhn) c` Jmҡnjkbqu` 

 

29

M t`rrbtôrbm jmïnjkbdnhm p`rt`hd` n r`obäm @tbôpbdn, nkrno`hcm îr`ns cns suk  —  r`obð`s Nustrnf ` Mrb`htnf. @hdmhtrn  —  s` nqub ujn rbdn ` cbv`rsblbdncn lnuhn, dmhe`d`hcm  — s` jubtms jbfenr`s c` `spâdb`s c` cbl`r`ht`s orupms zmmfôobdms, dugn r`pnrtbïäm o`morîlbdn c`p`hc` c` vîrbms lndtmr`s c`htr` `f`s, ms fntbtucbhnbs, nftbtucbhnbs, dfbjîtbdms ` kbmfôobdms (Judenhoms >222). Dmhsmnht` m j`bm o`morîlbdm cn sun r`pnrtbïäm ` m ornu c` bht`rv`hïäm eujnhn, n lnuhn pmc` sukcbvbcbr-s` `j t`rr`str`, nquîtbdn ` dufturnf. Ms lndtmr`s qu` bhlfu`hdbnj hn lnuhn Jmïnjkbdnhn säm7   m dfbjn1   m smfm1     n n o`mfmobn1 v`o`tnҡäm1 

r`c` ebcrmornlbdn1   nftbtuc`1   fntbtuc`, `td.  

N bhlfuçhdbn cn fntbtuc` ` cm dfbjn â luhcnj`htnf tnhtm hm r`v`stbj`htm dutëh`m cns `spâdb`s dmjm nbhcn hm s`u nsp`dtm ` `stî bhlfuçhdbn lnz-s` s`htbr nbhcn smkr` m c`s`hvmfvbj`htm cn lfmrn qu` dmhstbtub n kns` nfbj`htnr cn jnbmrbn cns `spâdb`s. N cbstrbkubïäm cn lnuhn jmïnjkbdnhn `stî nbhcn dmj n cbstrbkubïäm cns nssmdbnïð`s v`o`tnbs ` dmj ns dmhcbïð`s c` nd`ssm n îoun. M lndtmr kbmfôobdm c` dmjkbhnïäm cms tbpms lnuhêstbdms â luhcnj`htnf, smkr`tucm hm `stnk`f`dbj`htm cn dnc`bn nfbj`htnr `j qu` ms e`rkêvmrms h`d`ssbtnj cn lfmrn pnrn sun nfbj`htnïäm ` nm j`sjm t`jpm, `f`s j`sjms s`rv`j c` nfbj`htm nms dnrhêvmrms. ^unhtm é lnuhn nquîtbdn, Jmïnjkbqu` cbspð` hms s`us >;9.999 aj; c` îr`n md`ëhbdn ` d`rdn c` >4.999 aj;  c` îouns bht`rbmr`s c` ujn `hmrj` vnrb`cnc` c` `spâdb`s (Judenhoms >222). N sun cbstrbkubïäm c`p`hc` cns suns `xboçhdbns c` snfbhbcnc`, t`jp`rnturn, prmluhcbcnc`, fbjpbc`z ` cbhëjbdn cns îouns. @fn â pnrtbdufnrj`ht` cbv`rsblbdncn hm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` mhc` vbv`j huj`rmsns `spâdb`s c` jnjêl`rms, r`pt`bs, p`bx`s, jmfusdms, nrtrôpmc`s ` prmtmzmîrbms. Ms `stucms cms zmmo`ôornlms säm `xtr`jnj`ht` `xtr`jnj`ht` bjpmrtnht`s pnrn n dmjpr``hsäm cm emj`j smkr` n `vmfuïäm ` n fmdnfbznïäm cns `spâdb`s hm pfnh`tn. N bjpmrtëhdbn `dmhôjbdn cn lnuhn snm7   Â ujn r`s`rvn nfbj`htnr    

Yrntbdn-s` m `dmturbsjm turbsjm c` r`drbnҡäm   Yrntbdn-s` m   Yrntbdn-s` m turbsjm dbh`roâtbdm.

@dmturbsjm â m dmhguhtm c` ndtbvbcnc`s turêstbdns qu` vbsnj n dmhs`rvnҡäm cm j`bm njkb`ht` ` n dmhs`rvnҡäm cm k`j `stnr   cn dmjuhbcnc`. Nm pnssm qu`, turbsjm dbh`roâtbdm â m dmhguhtm c` ndtbvbcnc`s turêstbdns r`fndbmhncns dmj n dnҡn, lbfjno`j, lmtmornlbns ` dmjpf`j`htnҡäm c` nhbjnbs s`fvno`hs, r`dr`ntbvms mu dmj`rdbnbs.  

Surbsjm â m dmhguhtm c` ndtbvbcnc`s prmlbssbmhnbs r`fndbmhncns dmj trnhspmrt`, nfmhgnj`htm, dmht`jpfnҡäm, ` mutrns fboncns nm fnz`r cms turbstns. M turbsjm â ujn cns ndtbvbcnc`s cn `dmhmjbn jmïnjkbdnhn `j lrnhdm dr`sdbj`htm, np`snr c` `hlr`htnr ujn dmhdmrrçhdbn r`obmhnf ` bht`rhndbmhnf jubtm lmrt`, hn qunf m jnbmr dmhdmrr`ht` hn r`obäm t`j sbcm n vbzbhen Îlrbdn cm Tuf.

 

2>

Snk`fn ;7 @x`jpfm c` fmdnbs lnvmrîv`bs é prîtbdn c` `dmturbsjm `j Jmïnjkbqu`.   Yrmvêhdbn  Fmdnbs lnvmrîv`bs 

Dnkm C`foncm  ^u`cns cm rbm F÷rbm    Hbnssn Fnom Hbnssn Lôss`bs c` trmhdms sbfbdblbdncms Jmht` Dnk`ïn cm \`fem Jmhtnhens c` Y`henfmhon Jnhbdn  Ybhturns [up`str`s  S`t`  Knrrno`j c` Dnemrn Knssn

Wnjkâzbn  Tmlnfn  Onzn  Bhenjknh`  Jnputm

Jmht` Wujkm Lôss`bs c` trmhdms sbfbdblbdncms  Hnsd`ht`s t`rjnbs c` Jmrrujknfn, Jmrrujknfn, Fuo`fn ` Obfâ  T`rrn cn Omrmhomsn Dnv`rhns cm pfnhnftm c` De`rbhomjn  Fnomns bht`rbmr`s Srmhdms sbfbdblbdncms c` Jnssbhobr   Orutns c` \bfnhdufms Fnomns c` bht`r`ss`s turêstbdns  Cbqu`s c` @st`v`f ` cn Jmnjkn Dnsdntns cn Hnjnnden Nlfmrnj`htm dmj lôss`bs c` Njmhbt`s `j Jne÷km

Lmht`7 Ncmptncm n pnrtbr cm nutmr (;9>5)

 

2;

Lbourn ;;. Jnpn bfustrnhcm ns îr`ns mhc` mdmrr`j trmhdms lmssbfbzncms (L`rrnrn, ;993).

 

24

Tujîrbm H`stn uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn nkmrcnjms n cbstrbkubҡäm cns cbl`r`ht`s `spâdb`s cns pfnhtns c`p`hc`hcm cm dfbjn, cn tmpmornlbn, cm t`rr`hm, smfms ` cm emj`j. Nssbj `hdmhtrnjms vîrbms tbpms c` v`o`tnҡäm qu` c`p`hc`j prbhdbpnfj`ht` cn deuvn7 hm

dfbjn trmpbdnf e÷jbcm c`s`hvmfv` ns lfmr`stns nk`rtns, onf`rbn, jnhonf ` n snvnhn nrkôr`n ` nrkustbvn. Hm dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm c`s`hvmfv` n `st`p`. N v`o`tnҡäm â jubtm bjpmrtnht`, pmrqu` lmrh`d` m mxboâhbm, jnc`brn, j`cbdnj`htms, dnrväm, `vbtn n `rmsäm ` nfbj`htn ms nhbjnbs ` emj`hs.

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 0.;. @x`rdêdbms Bht`orncms cns Phbcnc`s c`st` S`jn.

>.  >.  N Wmmo`mornlbn â ujn îr`n c` `stucm qu` lnz pnrt` cn denjncn kbmo`mornlbn.   ;.  ;.   ujn v`o`tnïäm dmhstbtuêcn pmr uj dmhguhtm c` îrvmr`s (v`o`tnïäm nrkustbvn ` nrkmr`n, dnpbj ` tr`pnc`brns).  N.  N.  Tnvnhn K. K.   @st`p` D. D.   Jnhonf   C. `stämqu` dmrr`dtns 4.  4.  Smcns  ujnmpïð`s v`o`tnïäm s` fmdnfbzn hm dfbjn trmpbdnf s`dm ` s`jb-îrbcm smkr`tucm hm

Tuf cn Yrmvbhdbn c` S`t` ` hm bht`rbmr cns prmvêhdbns c` Jnputm, Onzn ` Bhenjknh`  N.  N.  K. K.   D. D.   C. C.   3.  3. 

Tnvnhn @st`p` Jnhonf Smcns mpïð`s `stäm dmrr`dtns

N.  N.  K. K.   D.  C. C.  

Tnvnhn @st`p` Jnhonf Smcns mpïð`s `stäm dmrr`dtns

Dr`sd`j hn îr`n `htr` ms hêv`bs cn jnrâ jâcbn nftn ` zmh`nj`htm cns `spâdb`s, `stn r`fndbmhncm dmj n curnïäm cn bhuhcnïäm p`fn jnrâ, ujn v`z qu` n dnpndbcnc` c` r`spmstn nms hêv`bs c` snfbhbcnc` vîrbn c` `spâdb` pnrn `spâdb` 

0.  Lfmr`stns trmpbdnbs fmdnfbznj-s` hms dfbjns trmpbdnbs s`dm ` c` nftbtuc` hns r`obð`s c` d`htrm ` hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-\, ;-N, 4-K, 3-D, 0-L

 

23

>.  >.  N v`o`tnҡäm â jubtm bjpmrtnht`, pmrqu` lmrh`d` m mxboâhbm, jnc`brn, j`cbdnj`htms, dnrväm, `vbtn n `rmsäm ` nfbj`htn ms nhbjnbs ` emj`hs. 

;.  Lfmr`stn c` onf`rbn â ujn v`o`tnïäm qu` s` c`s`hvmfv` nm fmhom cms rbms dmj uj lmrjntm c` uj t÷h`f. Hr 4 3 0

Sbpm c` v`o`tnïäm Tnvnhn @st`p`s Lfmr`stns trmpbdnbs

Sbpm c` dfbjn trmpbdnf e÷jbcm trmpbdnf s`dm ` s`jb-îrbcm Srmpbdnf e÷jbcm ` c` nftbtuc`

Denv`s c` [`spmstns7 >-\, ;-\. Fbh`nr

PHBCNC@ S`jîtbdn 0.; Ynrqu`s, [`s`rvns ` Dmutncns c` Jmïnjkbqu` Bhtrmcuïäm Yrbhdbpnbs ntrnddð`s turêstbdms c` Jmïnjkbqu` säm ns îr`ns c` dmhs`rvnïäm njkb`htnf. Ndtunfj`ht`, dmkr`j d`rdn c` >;, Ms prbhdbpnbs pnrqu`s c` Jmïnjkbqu`  Jmïnjkbqu`  Ynrqu`s säm îr`ns c` dmhs`rvnïäm mhc` â prmbkbcm dnïnr ` n `htrncn cms vbsbtnht`s â

dmhtrmfncn. Täm jubtns cns v`z`s utbfbzncms dmjm fmdnbs c` vbsbtns turêstbdns. Ms pnrqu`s hndbmhnbs säm7

 

20

Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf c` Omrmhomsn, Omrmhomsn, fmdnfbzncn hn prmvêhdbn c` Tmlnfn, guhtm cn s`rrn cn Omrmhomsn. Â n jnbmr ` n jnbs bjpmrtnht` zmhn c` prmt`ïäm hm hmssm pnês. Ms nhbjnbs qu` nê `xbst`j, säm dmhsbc`rncms cms jnbs k`fms r`pr`s`htnht`s cn lnuhn `xbst`ht`s hn t`rrn. Dnfdufn-s` `j jbfenr`s m h÷j`rm c` `spâdb`s c` nhbjnbs `xbst`ht`s. Täm nhbjnbs têpbdms c`st` pnrqu`7 pnfn-pnfns, z`krn, kmbs - dnvnfm, f`ð`s, `f`lnht`s, f`mpnrcms, k÷lnfms, bjpnfns, ebpmpôtnjms, drmdmcbfms, jndndms, dîoncms, pîssnrms, `htr` mutrms. Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cm Knznrutm, fmdnfbzncm hm nrqubpâfnom cm Knznrutm, hn prmvêhdbn c` ; `xt`hsn pnrt` jnrbhen ` ns 0 bfens cm nrqubpâfnom, mdupnhcm Bhenjknh`. @hofmkn ujn

ujn îr`n c` >.349aj . H`st` pnrqu` säm prmt`obcns ns `spâdb`s v`o`tnbs ` nhbjnbs `xbst`ht`s. C`stndn-s` `j `sp`dbnf, ms nhbjnbs jnrbhems dmjm pmr `x`jpfm n tnrtnruon jnrbhen ` m cuomhom. Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cm Wbhnv`, fmdnfbzncm hm cbstrbtm c` Omvurm, hn prmvêhdbn c` Bhenjknh`, pmssub d`rtns `spâdb`s dnrndt`rêstbdns dmjm n obrnln ` m nv`struz. @st`s nhbjnbs `stäm `j p`rbom c` `xtbhïäm.  Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf c` Knhebh`, fmdnfbzncm guhtm és jnro`hs cm rbm Denhonh`, hm cbstrbtm c` Debdunfndunfn, hn prmvêhdbn c` Onzn. Ymssub nprmxbjncnj`ht` 49 aj ;, cms qunbs >.>50 aj ; dmhstbtu`j n pnrt` jnrbhen qu` bhdfub >> bfens (Bkm, Jnt`jm, ^ubsbw`, ` ^ubrbjkn, ^ubpndm, J`luhcvm, ^ubfnf`n, T`hdnr, T`hdnr, ^ubrnjkm, Lbmh ` Bfen cns [mfns), ` m Knhdm c` T. Fîznrm, s`hcm qu` n pnrt` t`rr`str` dmkr` 0.253 aj ; ` nkrnho` pnrdbnfj`ht` quntrms cbstrbtms (J`fudm, Y`jkn-J`tuo`, Nhdunk` ` Jndmjbn) ` n tmtnfbcnc` cms cbstrbtms c` Bkm ` ^ubssnhon (pmr uj tmtnf c` >4 pmstms ncjbhbstrntbvms), ujn v`z qu` s` dmhsbc`rn n Wmhn Snjpäm, qu` t`j ujn îr`n c` 0.?93 aj;, â tnjkâj pnrdbnfj`ht` nkrnhobcm m Cbstrbtm c` Jmht`pu`z (pmstms ncjbhbstrntbvms c` Jbrnt` ` Hnbrmtm).

 

2<

Snk`fn 4. Ynrqu`s Hndbmhnbs c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Fmdnfbznïäm (prmvêhdbn) Hmj`

Îr`n (Aj;)

Tmlnfn

Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf c` Omrmhomsn Omrmhomsn  

0.4?9

Bhenjknh`

Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cm Wbhnv`

.9.999 ?.099

0.;.; Ns prbhdbpnbs r`s`rvns c` Jmïnjkbqu` [`s`rvns säm îr`ns c` prmt`ïäm njkb`htnf pnrn p`s`rvnr n vbcn s`fvno`j, k`j dmjm ms `dmssbst`jns lrnoâbs. Hm t`rrbtmrbm Jmïnjkbdnhm `xbst`j 0 prbhdbpnbs r`s`rvns qu` bfustrnjms hn tnk`fn nknbxm7 Snk`fn 3 [`s`rvns Hndbmhnbs c` Jmïnjkbqu`. Fmdnfbznïäm (prmvêhdbn) Hmj` Tmlnfn

[`s`rvn c` Jnrrmj`u Jnrrmj`u  

Bhenjknh`

[`s`rvn c` Ymj`h`

Wnjkâzbn

[`s`rvn cm Obfâ

Hbnssn Jnputm

[`s`rvn cm Hbnssn [`s`rvn @sp`dbnf c` Jnputm

Îr`n (Aj;) >099 ;99 ;.>99 3;.;99 ?99

Lmht`7 JBSP[, ;993.

0.;.4 Dmutncns Mlbdbnbs c` Jmïnjkbqu` Ns Dmutncns Mlbdbnbs (Lbourn (Lbourn ;4) ;4) säm îr`ns c`fbjbtncns c` cmjêhbm p÷kfbdm, c`stbhncm pnrn dnïn c`spmrtbvn, lmj`htm cm turbsjm dbh`oâtbdm ` prmt`dïäm cns `spâdb`s, hns qunbs m cbr`btm c` dnïnr sô â r`dmhe`dbcm pmr vbn c` uj dmhtrndtm c` dmhd`ssäm

 

2?

d`f`krncm `htr` m mp`rncmr ` m @stncm (F`b c` Lfmr`stns ` Lnuhn Krnvbn h· >9/22 c` 9? c` Gufem, Nrtbom >). N nhtbon Dmutncn >< (v`gn n lbourn >9) lmb dmhv`rtbcn hm ndtunf Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cm Fbjpmpm, pmr j`bm cm C`dr`tm 45/;99> c` ;? c` Hmv`jkrm. Ns dmutncns >, ; ` 4 lmrnj `xtbhtns ` ndtunfj`ht` lnz`j pnrt` cm Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cn Omrmhomsn. Nknbxm npr`s`htnjms n tnk`fn qu` bfustrnj ns dmutncns ` suns îr`ns qu` mdupnj. Snk`fn 07 Dmutncns Mlbdbnbs c` Jmïnjkbqu`.

Fmdnfbznïäm (prmvêhdbn) Jnhbdn Tmlnfn Tmlnfn Tmlnfn Tmlnfn Jnhbdn Tmlnfn Tmlnfn Tmlnfn Jnhbdn Tmlnfn

Hmj` Îr`n (Aj;) Dmutncn h·3 3.499 Dmutncn h·0 > >.2;5 Dmutncn h·>; ;.24 0.3 >.404

Jnhbdn

Dmutncn h·>0

;.499

Lmht`7 Nutmr (;9>5)

 

25

Lbourn ;4. Ynrqu`s Hndbmhnbs, [`s`rvns Hndbmhnbs ` Dmutncns Mlbdbnbs c` Jmïnjkbqu`

 

22

Tujîrbm H`stn uhbcnc` t`jîtbdn nkmrcnjms ms prbhdbpnbs pnrqu`s, r`s`rvns ` dmutncns c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` suns fmdnfbznïð`s. Npr`s`htnjms c` lmrjn sujnrbn ms vnfmr`s `dmhôjbdms, smdbnf ` dufturnf c` dncn uj c`f`s n bfustrnjms `j tnk`fns ns suns cbj`hsð`s. Lnfnjms tnjkâj qu` n nhtbon Dmutncn >< lmb dmhv`rtbcn hm ndtunf Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cm Fbjpmpm ` ns dmutncns >, ; ` 4 lmrnj `xtbhtns lnz`j pnrt` cm Ynrqu` Hndbmhnf cn Omrmhomsn. 

 

>99

S`jn 9˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ @   K.  >9˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ T  D.  >0˗;?³ ` ;;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ @   C.  >9˗;?³ ` ;˗>;‒ ` 39˗0>‒ T   3.  3.  Jmïnjkbqu` fmdnfbzn-s` o`mornlbdnj`ht` hm dmhtbh`ht` nlrbdnhm cm `quncmr, knhencm p`fm md`nhm Êhcbdm, `st` pnbs s` `hdmhtrn hn r`obäm cn7  N. Îlrbdn D`htrnf K. Îlrbdn Nustrnf D. Îlrbdn Mrb`htnf C. Smcns mpdð`s `stäm `rrncns 4. N lrmht`brn qu` s`pnrn Jmïnjkbqu` ` Jncnonsdnr denjn-s`7 N. dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` K. Nftm Lnrmf cn Dnt`jk` D. Y`hêhsufn c` Jmssurbf C. Smcns mpïð`s `stnm dmrr`dtns 3. N `xt`hsn cn dmstn f`st` â knhencn p`fm Md`nhm Êhcbdm qu`, ntrnvâs cm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` n s`pnrn cn Bfen c` Jncnoîsdnr. Ns prmvêhdbns Jmïnjkbdnhns qu` häm säm knhencm p`fm md`nhm êhcbdm säm7 N. Hbnssn ` Hnjpufn ` Jnhbdn K. Hbnssn, S`t` ` Jnhbdn D. Tmlnfn, Onzn ` S`t` C. Dnkm C`foncm ` Tmlnfn ` Onzn 0. N jnbmr  prmluhcbcnc` dmhtbh`htnf r`obstn-s` hm fnom U ` â c` ?9

K. Dnkm C`foncm ` Hbnssn D. Wnjk`zbn ` Hnjpufn C. Hnjpufn ` Bhenjknh`

?. N `xt`hsn cn dmstn f`st` â knhencn p`fm Md`nhm Êhcbdm qu`, ntrnvâs cm Dnhnf c` Jmïnjkbqu` n s`pnrn cn Bfen c` Jncnoîsdnr. Ns prmvêhdbns Jmïnjkbdnhns qu` häm säm knhencm p`fm md`nhm êhcbdm säm7 N. Hbnssn ` Hnjpufn ` Jnhbdn K. Dnkm C`foncm ` Tmlnfn ` Onzn

D. Tmlnfn, Onzn ` S`t` C. S`t`, S`t`, Jnhbdn ` Hbnssn. 5. @j Jmïnjkbqu`, c` pmhtm c` vbstn o`mfôobdn t`jms cuns uhbcnc`s o`mfôobdns7  N. Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m pnf`mfêtbdm. K. pnf`mfêtbdm ` m lnh`rmzmbdm. D. Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m lnh`rmzmbdm. C. Yrâ-dëjkrbdm ` m Jmznjkbqu` K`ft . 2. M sbst`jn prâ — dëjkrbdm snb c` Jnhbdn prmfmhon-s` pnrn m bht`rbmr c` Wbjknkw`

mhc` lmrjn dbhturäm c` murm `j Jutnr` ` Mczb. M pnf`mzmbdm dmjpmrtn ns s`oubht`s cbvbsð`s7 N. qunt`rhîrbm ` Gurîssbdm  K. Gurîssbdm ` t`rdbîrbm D. Dëjkrbdm ` anrmm C. qunt`rhîrbm ` t`rdbîrbm

>9. M dnfdîrbm hn prmvêhdbn c` Hnjpufn mdmrr` hm cbstrbtm c`7  N.  Nhdomde`   K.  J`jkn  D.   Hndnfn  C.  Jnf`jn  >>. Ornlbt` Ornlbt`  â uj jbh`rnf dbhzn `sdurm, `sdurm, j`tîfbdm ` jndbm, jndbm, qu` mdmrr` hn hntur`zn `j lmrjn c` drbstnbs e`xnomhnbs dmj `struturn `j dnjncns.   Hn Wmhn D`htrm `st` jbh`rnf fmdnfbzn-s` hn Yrmvêhdbn c`7  N.  S`t`  K.  Jnhbdn  D.  Wnjk`zbn  C.  Tmlnfn  >;. Jmïnjkbqu` â uj pnês qu` hn sun jnbmrbn fmdnfbzn-s` hn zmhn bht`rtrmpbdnf, pmr bssm m dfbjn â7  N.  ^u`ht` 

 

>9;

K.  Lrbm  D.  Jmc`cncm  C.  nftbtuc`  >4. Fmdnfbzn-s` hm bht`rbmr cns prmvêhdbns n Tuf cm rbm Tnv` (Jnputm, Onzn ` Bhenjknh`), Hmrt` c` Jnhbdn ` Tuf c` S`t`, dnrndt`rbzncm pmr ujn âpmdn c` s`dn jnbs prmfmhoncn qu` n âpmdn deuvmsn. @st` tbpm denjn-s` c` dfbjn7  N.  N.  trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc`  K. K.   trmpbdnf e÷jbcm 

D.  trmpbdnf s`dm C. C.   trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm  >3. Ns t`jp`rnturns jâcbns nhunbs (SJN) vnrbnj `htr` >5 ` ;9¹D ` n pr`dbpbtnïäm

â sup`rbmr n >399jj/nhm. Srntn-s` c` dfbjn7 N.  N.  trmpbdnf e÷jbcm  K.  trmpbdnf s`dm D. D.   trmpbdnf s`jb-îrbcm C. C.   trmpbdnf jmcblbdncm p`fn nftbtuc`  >0. ^unhtm jnbmr lmr n nftbtuc` j`hmr s`rî n t`jp`rnturn, `st` l`hôj`hm, denjns`7  N.  orncb`ht` târjbdm

K. K.   S`rjbhmfmobstn D. D.   `l`btm nj`hbzncmr  C. C.   Smcns mpïð`s `stnm `rrncns 

>?. Täm v`htms dmhstnht`s qu` smprnj c` Tuc`st` `j cbr`dïäm nm @quncmr. Curnht` n sun pnssno`j, bhlfu`hdbnj pnrn mdmrrçhdbn c` deuvns hn r`obäm Hmrt` c` Jmïnjkbqu` ` smkr`tucm nm fmhom cn dmstn. Srntn-s` c`7 N.  Srmpbdnf s`dm K. K.   Srmpbdnf Eujbcm D. D.   Srmpbdn s`jb-nrbcm  C. C.   \`htms nfês`ms 

 

>94

>5.  Täm prmd`ssms qu` mdmrr`j usnhcm n `h`robn prmv`hb`ht` cm `xt`rbmr cn S`rrn, >5. 

dmhsbstbhcm knsbdnj`ht` cn `h`robn smfnr qu` ntun cbr`tn mu bhcbr`tnj`ht` smkr` n sup`rlêdb` cn drmstn, `j ujn nïäm jnbs c`strutbvn. @stnjms p`rnht`7  N.  Yrmd`ssm `hcmo`hm K.  Yrmd`ssm `xôo`hms D.  Bht`jp`rbsjm C.  \ufdnhbsjm