Módulo Conocimiento de Drogas Dna

 

 

UOJ@IÌM DMI@ODMJ KBJ BIRMKOS

K@SBII@ÙD DMI@ODMJ KB @DVBY[@GMI@ÙD MD[@KSOGMY YBII@ÙD IMUMI@[MI@ÙD

LÙKRJO IODOI@L@BD[O KB KSOGMY

 

 

Yrm. [mddym G`oiodkm Vmrbjm Iorodbj Gbdbrmj @dspbitor IOLMDKMD[B GBDBSMJ KB JM UOJ@IÌM DMI@ODMJ Yr. Lmrio V`d`i`o V`jjbgms Rc`jjþs Gbdbrmj kb K`str`to K@SBI[OS DMI@ODMJ KB BKRIMI@ÙD Yr. G`jcbrto G`ovmdd` Uodib Umrrm Gbdbrmj kb K`str`to K@SBI[OS DMI@ODMJ KB @DVBY[@GMI@ÙDBY @DVBY[@GMI@ÙDBY MD[@KSOGMY

Mc. Ju`s Mdìcmj V`dubzm Bsp`dosm Lmyor kb Uoj`iìm NBFB KB JM YBII@ÙD KB IMUMI@[MI@ÙD

IOLU@JMKOSBY Yr. Ju`s S`vbj`do Im`zm Gumjmimtm Ymrgbdto Ybgudko kb Uoj`iìm @DY[SRI[OS YI-KD@M. [djgo. Bk`sod Fmc`íd Ia`jjmgmdm [`pmdtuým Ymrgbdto Ybgudko kb Uoj`iìm @DY[SRI[OS YI-KD@M

MVMJ MIMKÀL@IO K@SBII@ÙD DMI@ODMJ KB BKRIMI@ÙD KB JM UOJ@IÌM DMI@ODMJ

Bj iodtbd`ko kbj prbsbdtb Lùkujo bs kb imríitbr rbsbrvmko pmrm uso bxijus`vo kb jm Uoj`iìm  Dmi`odmj bd bj írbm mimkàl`im, sb proaìcb su rbprokuii`ùd totmj o pmri`mj y jm iolbri`mj`zmi`ùd kbj l`slo.

3

 

 

ÌDK@IB

@D[SOKRII @D[SOK RII@ÙD @ÙD ............................................ ................................................................... ............................................. ............................................. ............................... ........ ;  RD@KMK RD@KM K @ .................................................. ........................................................................ ............................................ ............................................ ................................... ............. 2  =.  IODO IODOI@L@B I@L@BD[O D[O KB KSOGMY KSOGMY ........................................... .................................................................. ............................................. ........................... ..... 2  =.=.

Krogm Iodibpto................................................................. .................................................................................................................. ................................................. 2

=.3.

A`stor`m kb jms Krogms. .................................................................. ........................................................................................................ ...................................... 2

=.9.

Iùlo Mfbitmd Jms Krogms Mj Ibrbcro ................................................................................ ................................................................................ 6

RD@KMK RD@KM K @@ .......................................... ................................................................. ............................................. ............................................ .......................................... .................... 0  3.  IJMY@F@IMI@ÙD KB JMY KSOGMY ......................................................................................... 0  3.=.

Uor Yu Or`gbd...................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................... 0

3.=.=.

Krogms Dmturmjbs> ................................................................. ....................................................................................................... ...................................... 0

3.=.3.

Krogms Ybl`s`dtàt`ims> ............................................................................................. ............................................................................................. ==

3.=.9.

Krogms Y`dtàt`ims> ..................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................... =;

3.3.

Uor su Bfbito .................................................................................................................... .................................................................................................................... =7

3.3.=.

Krogms Mjui`dùgbdms> ............................................................................................... ............................................................................................... =7

3.3.3.

Krogms Bst`lujmdtbs>................................................................................................ ................................................................................................ =7

3.3.;.

Krogms Kbprbsorms ............................................................... ................................................................................................... .................................... =1

RD@KMK RD@KM K @@@ ................................................ ...................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ................................. ........... 35  9.  KSOGMY YOI@MJBY LÍY IODYRL@KMY (JBGMJBY) ............................................................ 35   Uor Yu Imríitbr............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ 35 9.=.=.

Krogms Jbgmjbs>......................................................................................................... ......................................................................................................... 35

9.=.3.

Krogms @jbgmjbs> ......................................................... ........................................................................................................ ............................................... 35

9.3.

Krogms Uor Jm Forlm Kb Rso>........................................................................................... ........................................................................................... 35

Krogms Yoi`mjbs............................................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................................ 35 9.3.=.=.

Imfbìdm>.......................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................... 35

9.3.=.3.

D`iot`dm> ................................................................................................................... ................................................................................................................... 35

9.3.=.9.

Mjioaoj> .......................................................... ..................................................................................................................... ........................................................... 3=

9.3.=.;.

Bj [à Vbrkb ............................................................................................................... ............................................................................................................... 3=

Krogms Dubvms.................................................................... .............................................................................................................................. .......................................................... 39 9.3.=.2.

Uurpjb Krmdh ............................................................................................................. ............................................................................................................. 39

9.3.=.6.

Uoppbr ........................................................... ...................................................................................................................... ........................................................... 39

GJOYMS@O GJOY MS@O ............................................. ................................................................... ............................................ ............................................ ..................................... ............... 3;  9

 

 

@D[SOKRII@ÙD

Bj bstuk`o kb jms krog krogms ms bstupbfmi`bdtbs bstupbfmi`bdtbs y ps`iotrùp`ims bbss jm iojuldm vbrtbc vbrtbcrmj rmj kbj írbm mdt`dmriùt`ios, pubs bs bj sustbdto pmrm iodoibr y amcjmr bj l`slo `k`olm kbdtro kb jms koitr`dms mdt`krogms. [bdblos qub tolmr iodi`bdi`m qub jos imrtbjbs kb jms krogms sod vbrkmkbrms blprbsms lujt`dmi`odmjbs, qub iubdtmd iod profbs`odmjbs kb jm lmyor iolpbtbdi`m bd jms k`fbrbdtbs írbms qub `dvojuirm jm prokuii`ùd y tríf`io kb bstms sustmdi`ms, bs msì iolo jms cmdkms kb dmriotrmf`imdtbs iubdtmd iod @dgbd`bros quìl`ios, biodol`stms, bxpbrtos cmdimr`os, jm iojmcormi`ùd, vojudtmr`m o `dvojudtmr`m, kb `dst`tui`odbs f`dmdi`brms bd k`fbrbdtbs s`t`os kbj orcb, lov`bdko i`bdtos kb l`jjodbs kb kùjmrbs. [bd`bdko bd iubdtm jm `lportmdi`m kb jms krogms bd jm mitumj`kmk prbsbdtmrblos udm sbr`b kb mrtìiujos kbk`imkos m iolprbdkbr y bdtbdkbr socrb bj tblm, iod rbjmi`ùd m jms krogms kbcblos iodoibr iodoibr jm a`stor`m, iodibpto, ium iumdtms dtms ijmsbs kb bjjms bx`stbd, sus bfb bfbitos itos y iolo sb prokuibd.

;

 

 

RD@KMK @ =.  IODOI@L@BD[O KB KSOGMY =.=. Krogm Iodibpto  m.  Ybgþd jm Orgmd`zmi`ùd Ludk`mj kb jm Ymjuk (OLY) krogm bs ‚ Bs ‚ Bs tokm sustmdi`m dmturmj, sbl`s`dtbt`im y s`dtàt`im qub `dtrokui`km m ud orgmd`slo v`vo por iumjqu`br vìm kb mkl`d`strmi`ùd, mjtbrm bj fudi`odml`bdto kbj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, susibpt`cjb m imusmr kbpbdkbdi`m fìs`im y ps`iojùg`im.“ ps`iojùg`im .“

 c.  Bj tàrl`do krogm  sb rbf`brb m sustmdi`ms qub provoimd provoimd mjtbrmi`ùd kbj kbj bstmko fìs`io, ps`iosoi`mj ps`iosoi`mj y sod impmi impmibs bs kb prokui`r prokui`r mk`ii`ùd. i.  Ybgþd jm Msoi`mi`ùd Mlbr`imdm kb Us`qu`mtrìm, krogms sod «tokms mqubjjms sustmdi`ms qub, `dtrokui`kms bd bj orgmd`slo, mfbitmd o mjtbrmd bj bstmko kb íd`lo y jm iodkuitm, mimrrbmd trmstordos `dimpmi`tmdtbs bd bj mspbito pbrsodmj, jmcormj, soi`mj, fìs`io y fml`j`mr, msì iolo sìdtolms y bstmkos imrmitbrìst`ios, iolo jm `dtox`imi`ùd, jm tojbrmdi`m, jm kbpbdkbdi`m y bj sìdkrolb kb mcst`dbdi`m.

=.3. A`stor`m kb jms Krogms.  Krogms.  Kbskb bj `d`i`o kb jm a`stor`m jm a`stor`m kb jm aulmd`kmk y su kbsmrrojjo iujturmj, jm krogm sb ut`j`zmcm pmrm bxpj`imr jos fbdùlbdos kbj ud`vbrso, ud`vbrso,   sb `d`i`ù bj sustmdi`ms quìl`ims qub mjtbrmcmd jm

pbribpi`ùd  kb

iodsulo 

kb

jm rbmj`kmk kbdtro kb r`tumjbs

iamlíd`ios làk`ios, mk`v`dmtor`os o fbst`vos iodtrojmkos por jos aolcrbs kbj pokbr

iolud`kmk

iìriujo kbj  kbj 

  o qu`bd gocbrdmcm jm tr`cu, jm   o bj pubcjo v`vìmd bd iodsulo kb bstms sucstmdi`ms bs udm pmrtb

kb jm

forlm kb sbr kbj aaolcrb olcrb y por jo tmdto, am `ko kb jm lmdo bd bd bj

bqu`j`cr`o iod bj ud`vbrso8 s`d blcmrgo, bj iujturm  y

kbsmrrojjo y  y bvojui`ùd kb jm i`v`j`zmi`ùd. Kb jms pjmdtms sb oct`bdb toko, bs kbi`r, iol`km, bdbrgìm, lbk`imlbdtos, pbro tmlc`àd amy mjgudms pjmdtms qub t`bdbd bfbitos `dbxpj`imcjbs, y trmdsportmd jm lbdtb aulmdm m rbg`odbs kb lmrmv`jjms btàrbms, bstms sod jos mjui`dùgbdos. Mjgudos kb bstms, iumdko jos aulmdos dbibs`tmrod kbsbdtrm kbsbdtrmýmr ýmr tokos jos fbdùlbdos dmturmjbs, fubrod iods`kbrmkos k`v`d`kmkbs y otrms fubrzms bsp`r`tumjbs8 por jo tmdto, 2

 

 

jm ìdt`lm rbjmi`ùd bdtrb jos aolcrbs y bj ludko vbgbtmj bs fíi`jlbdtb `kbdt`f`imcjb,  pbro jo qub do sb rbiodoib kb lmdbrm of`i`mj bs jm bx`stbdi`m y  prokuii`ùd kb sucstmdi`ms qub mfbitmd jms profudk`kmkbs kb jm lbdtb y bj bspìr`tu. Bj or`gbd, bdtodibs kb jms krogms, kbskb bj `d`i`o kb jm i`v`j`zmi`ùd, do brmd ut`j`zmkms pmrm `dtox`imrsb `dtox`imrsb,, s`do sojmlbd sojmlbdtb tb bd r`tos ibrblod`m ibrblod`mjbs jbs

=.9.  Iùlo Mfbitmd Jms Krogms Mj Ibrbcro Jms krogms `dtrokui`kms bd dubstro iubrpo por k`fbrbdtbs vìms jjbgmd mjonmkms bd bj torrbdtb smdguìdbo amstm bj ibrbcro mtrmvbsmdko jm cmrrbrm ablmtobdibfíj`im. Bd bj ibrbcro, mjtbrmd su dorlmj fudi`odml`bdto mitþmd socrb sustmdi`ms c`oquìl`ims dmturmjbs jjmlmkms dburotrmdsl`sorbs. Jms sbýmjbs dbrv`osms v`mnmd m trmvàs kb jms dburodms, qub bstíd iodbitmkms bdtrb sì  por jm s`dmps`s. Bd jm s`dmps`s bs kodkb sb j`cbrmd jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs, dburotrmdsl`sorbs, qub mitþmd socrb jm s`gu`bdtb dburodm bd udos pudtos bspbiìf`ios jjmlmkos rbibptorbs. Jm `dtbrmii`ùd kb jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs bd jos rbibptorbs prokuib udm sbr`b kb imlc`os qub pbrl`tbd qub jm `dforlmi`ùd pmsb kb udm dburodm m otrm.

Grmf`io Do. = Dburo-trmdsl`s`odbs

Lùkujo = Cmsbs kb jm Urbvbdi`ùd kb Krogms RDOKI Uíg. ;2

6

 

 

Jms krogms mjtbrmd bj fudi`odml`bdto ibrbcrmj lok`f`im jm prokuii`ùd, j`cbrmi`ùd o jm kbgrmkmi`ùd kb jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs ibrbcrmjbs, kb tmj forlm f orlm qub sb prokuib udm lok`f`imi`ùd kbj proibso dmturmj kb `dtbriolud`imi`ùd dburodmj, bd jm prokuii`ùd y jm rbibptmi`ùd kb jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs.

Y`dmps`s> Bspmi`o bd iumj udm dburodm sb rbjmi`odm mdmtùl`im y fudi`odmjlbdtb iod otrm. Jms krogms v`mnmd mj ibrbcro m trmvàs kb jm smdgrb. Kb bstm forlm bs iolo jms krogms jogrmd mjtbrmr dubstrm pbribpi`ùd sbdsor`mj, jm sbdsmi`ùd kb kojor o c`bdbstmr, jos r`tlos kb subýo-v`g`j`m, jm mit`vmi`ùd, bti. Bstos imlc`os c`oquìl`ios qub sb prokuibd bd bj sbdo kbj ibrbcro sb trmtmd iod lbk`imi`ùd iod bj ocnbto kb rbstmcjbibr bj bqu`j`cr`o dmturmj y pbrl`t`r bj dorlmj fudi`odml`bdto kb dubstro s`stblm dburojùg`io.

Dburotrmdsl`sorbs Jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs sod sustmdi`ms quìl`ims dmturmjbs qub bx`stbd kbdtro kbj ibrbcro y qub sod rbspodsmcjbs kb jms mit`v`kmkbs ibrbcrmjbs, bdtrb otrms> jm lot`vmi`ùd, jms bloi`odbs y jos `dst`dtos. Bstms sustmdi`ms dmturmjbs sod qu`bdbs lbk`md bd bj bstmko kb íd`lo provoimdko bufor`m o kbsgmdo, kb miubrko m udm suibs`ùd iolpjbnm kb bstìlujos, iodk`i`odml`bdtos y mprbdk`zmnbs, iuyo ocnbt`vo bs bj kb rbspodkbr r bspodkbr iodstruit`vmlb iodstruit`vmlbdtb dtb m jos bstìlujos kbj lbk`o mlc`bdtb.  Jms sustmdi`ms ps`iotrùp`ims bxtbrdms o krogms, msì iolo jos bstmkos kb bxi`tmi`ùd bxtrblm provbd`bdtbs kb iodkuitms kb bst`lujmi`ùd, mfbitmd bstos dburotrmdsl`sorbss kb lmdbrm qub bj ibrbcro jos prokuib bd bxibso o jos k`sl`duyb dburotrmdsl`sorb bxmgbrmkmlbdtb.

Jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs lís `lportmdtbs `dvojuirmkos bd jm rbspubstm mk`it`vm sod> Jm Kopml`dm. -  Bs prbkol`dmdtb bd jms írbms kbj s`stblm kb rbiolpbdsm lbso jìlc`io, bs ud dburotrmdsl`sor ibrbcrmj qub kbsblpbým vmr`ms fudi`odbs bd jos sbrbs aulmdos. Jm lblor`m, jos s`stblms kb rbiolpbdsm, bj iolportml`bdto, jm mtbdi`ùd bj mprbdk`zmnb. 7

 

 

Jms Bdkorf`dms. -  Yb prokuibd bd jms írbms lbso jìlc`im y lbso iort`imjbs, y lbk`md jms rbspubstms m jos bstìlujos kojorosos, jm rbgujmi`ùd kb jm tblpbrmturm y jm `dgbst`ùd kb mgum y mj`lbdtos.

Dormkrbdmj`dm. - Iodoi`km iolo jm aorlodm kbj bstràs, sb bdimrgm kb mit`vmr bj s`stblm dbrv`oso s`lpít`io y sb msoi`m iod jm frbiubdi`m imrkìmim y i`brtos proibsos bdimrgmkos kb jm mtbdi`ùd, mjbrtm y kb jm gbdbrmi`ùd kb udm rbspubstm mj bstràs y mds`bkmk.

Ybrotod`dm. - Bstí `lpj`imkm k`rbitmlbdtb bd k`vbrsos proibsos iolo bd jm k`gbst`ùd, jm rbgujmi`ùd kb jos d`vbjbs kb mds`bkmk y bstràs, jm rbgujmi`ùd tàrl`im iorpormj, bj subýo, subýo, bj mpb mpbt`to, t`to, bj bstmko kb íd`lo y bj kbsbo sbxumj. sbxumj. C`bdbstmr, fbj`i`kmk.

Íi`ko Gmllm Ml`do Cutìr`io GMCM. - Yb bdiubdtrm bd jm mlìgkmjm, bj cujco ojfmtor`o, bj tbjbdiàfmjo vbdtrmj y bj gjoco píj`ko tmlc`àd sb am `lpj`imko bd jm rbspubstm mk`it`vm. Ur`di`pmj dburotrmdsl`sor kbj YDI. Cmsb kbj mprbdk`zmnb y jm lblor`m. Uotbdi`mi`ùd m jmrgo pjmzo.

1

 

 

RD@KMK @@ 3.  IJMY@F@IMI IJMY@F@IMI@ÙD @ÙD KB JMY KSOGMY. KSOGMY.

3.=. Uor Yu Or`gbd  Or`gbd  3.=.=.  Krogms Dmturmjbs> Yod Mqubjjms qub sb rbiogbd k`rbitmlbdtb kb jm dmturmjbzm, bj pr`di`p`o mit`vo kb jm krogm bstí prbsbdtb bd jm lmtbr`m vbgbtmj.  vbgbtmj.  m.  Lmr`aumdm> Bs udm sustmdi`m kb or`gbd vbgbtm vbgbtmj,j, iojor vbrkoso o lmrrùd  pmrbi`km mj tmcmio qub sb oct`bdb kbsbimdko kbj cotùd fjormj y aonms kb jm pjmdtm kb imddmc`s (ií (iíýmlo), ýmlo), jm rbs`dm kb imddmc`s o amiaìs bs jm sbirbi`ùd kbsbimkm, kb iojor dbgro o lmrrùd bj iumj sb oct`bdb kb jms fjorbs kb imddmc`s, qub sb trmdsforlm bd pojvo o sb iolpr`lb bd forlm kb tmcjbtms o tortms8 bj mib`tb kb imddmc`s o mib`tb kb amiaìs bs ud jìqu`ko qub sb bxtrmb kbj lmtbr`mj kb jm pjmdtm kbsbimkm o kb jm rbs`dm. Bj mgbdtb mit`vo bs bj [AI ([btrma`kroimddmc`doj). A`stor`m.-Bj Bj imddmc`s bs or`g`dmr`o kb Ms`m ibdtrmj y kbj sur sb smcb kb  c.  A`stor`m.bv`kbdi`ms kb `damjmi`ùd kb aulo kbj imddmc`s kbskb bj 9br l`jbd`o mdtbs kb Ir`sto, iolo jo `dk`imd sbl`jjms kb imddmc`s imrcod`zmkms bdiodtrmkms mj `dtbr`or kb ud crmsbro r`tumj bd ud mdt`guo iblbdtbr`o kb jm mitumj Sulmd`m. [mlc`àd sb smcb qub jos imddmc`s fubrod ut`j`zmkos  por jos mdt`guos a`dkþbs a`dkþbs y s`ns D`amdg kb jm @dk`m y Dbpmj Dbpmj kurmdtb l`jbs 0

 

 

kb mýos. Jm a`brcm brm jjmlmkm jjmlmcm gmdn`hm bd sídsir`to (gmdnm bd `k`olms lokbrdos kb jm @dk`m). Bj solm kb krogms mdt`gums lbdi`odmko bd jos Vbkms, sb msoi`m m vbibs iod bj imddmc`s. i.  Cotíd`im.Cotíd`im.-Bj Bj imddmc`s bs or`g`dmr`o kb Ms`m ibdtrmj y kbj sur sb smcb kb bv`kbdi`ms kb `damjmi`ùd kb aulo kbj imddmc`s kbskb bj 9br l`jbd`o mdtbs kb Ir`sto, iolo jo `dk`imd sbl`jjms kb imddmc`s imrcod`zmkms bdiodtrmkms mj `dtbr`or kb ud crmsbro r`tumj bd ud mdt`guo iblbdtbr`o kb jm mitumj Sulmd`m. [mlc`àd sb smcb qub jos imddmc`s fubrod ut`j`zmkos  por jos mdt`guos a`dkþbs a`dkþbs y s`ns D`amdg kb jm @dk`m y Dbpmj Dbpmj kurmdtb l`jbs kb mýos. Jm a`brcm brm jjmlmkm jjmlmcm gmdn`hm bd sídsir`to (gmdnm bd `k`olms lokbrdos kb jm @dk`m). Bj solm kb krogms mdt`gums lbdi`odmko bd jos Vbkms, sb msoi`m m vbibs iod bj imddmc`s. k.  Bfbitos> Bj iodsulo prokuib soldojbdi`m, sbkmi`ùd y muto a`pdos`s sumvb, k`sl`dui`ùd kb jos d`vbjbs kb tbstostbrodm8 bd jms lunbrbs lbdstrumi`odbs `rrbgujmrbs, k`sl`dui`ùd bd jm impmi`kmk kb amibr tmrbms iolpj`imkms, pbrturcmi`ùd tblpormr`m kb jm lblor`m ibrimdm, bdtorpbi`l`bdto kb jm ioork`dmi`ùd ono-lmdo, mfbitm mj rbdk`l`bdto `dtbjbitumj y lblor`m, pàrk`km kbj sbdt`ko kbj t`blpo, k`stors`ùd kb jos sod`kos, `dsbds`c`j`kmk mj tmito, pàrk`km kb bstmc`j`kmk y ocduc`jmi`ùd (pàrk`km pmsmnbrm kbj bdtbdk`l`bdto y kb jm impmi`kmk kb rmzodmr o kb kmrsb iubdtm iod ijmr`kmk kb jms iosms). Bj iodsulo kb grmdkbs imdt`kmkbs, pubkb prokui`r rbmii`odbs kb mds`bkmk, pmrmdo`m y mjgudms mjui`dmi`odbs8 iodsul`korbs irùd`ios kb lmr`aumdm pubkbd sufr`r mjui`dmi`odbs8 sìdkrolb kb mcst`dbdi`m iod kojorbs kb imcbzm, mds`bkmk, kbprbs`ùd `dqu`btuk y pbrturcmi`odbs kbj subýo.  subýo.   b.  Ubyotb  ’   Lbzimj`dm> Bs bj `dgrbk`bdtb mit`vo kbj imitus kb pbyotb. Bfbitos> Iolbr cotodbs kb pbyotb o cbcbrjos bd tà, prokuib v`s`odbs iojor`kms y vìv`kms mjui`dmi`odbs kbspuàs kb jm díusbm y jm bst`lujmi`ùd fìs`im `d`i`mj.  `d`i`mj.  f.  Aodgos mjui`dùgbdos  ’   Us`joi`c`dm> Ur`di`p`o mit`vo kb jos aodgos mjui`dùgbdos u «aodgos líg`ios¸.

=5

 

 

g.  Bfbitos> Kbspuàs kb jm ddíusbm íusbm o vùl`to `d`i`mj, `jus`odbs v`sumjbs y i`brto bstmko kb iodi`bdi`m mjtbrmko. Jos aodgos y jos cotodbs kb  pbyotb amd s`ko ut`j`zmkos bd ibrblod`ms rrbj`g`osms bj`g`osms por luiams tr`cus `dkìgbdms.   `dkìgbdms. a.  Fjor`podk`o> Yod pjmdtms qub iodt`bdbd bsiopojml`dm y mtrop`dm, Bfbitos> Bd kos`s cmnms cmnms prokuib prokuibdd bstupor, m lbk`km qub mulbdtm mulbdtm jm kos`s, sb prokuib kbj`r`o, mjui`dmi`odbs y jm sbpmrmi`ùd kb jm rbmj`kmk.  rbmj`kmk.  3.=.3.  Krogms Ybl`s`dtàt`ims> Yod sustmdi`ms sustmdi`ms octbd`kms por sìdtbs`s pmri`mj qub  pbrl`tbd bj m`sjml`bdto m`sjml`bdto kb mjimjo`kbs m pmrt`r kb krogms dmturmjbs. dmturmjbs.   m.  Ioimìdm> Yustmdi`m qub sb bxtrmb kb jms aonms kb jm Ujmdtm kb ioim (Brytaorxyjul ioim) ud mrcusto or`g`dmr`o kb Mlàr`im kbj Yur irbib bdtrb 255 y 9.555 lbtros socrb bj d`vbj kbj lmr, amstm 3.2 l 3.2  l kb mjturm, kb tmjjos jbýosos y aonms bj`pso`kmjbs,  bj`pso`kmjbs,  lbk`mdms, luy frmgmdtbs y kb iojor vbrkb `dtbdso, jms fjorbs jms fjorbs sod l`dþsiujms y kb iojor cjmdio, cjmdio, frutos,  frutos,   kb iojor rono do t`bdbd pujpm, posbb bfbitos lbk`i`dmjbs, k`gbst`vo, ym sbm sojm o iolc`dmkm iod otrms sustmdi`ms (iolo `dfus`ùd) y tmlc`àd iolo mdmjgàs`io mdmjgàs`io joimj lbk`m lbk`mdtb dtb su uso bd bd blpjmstos, jm `dfus`ùd kb aonm kb ioim bs ud bxibjbdtb pmj`mt`vo pmrm bj lmj kb mjturm pmrm jms  pbrsodms qub do bstíd miostulcrmkms m v`v`r bd jms zodms mjto mjto-mdk`dms, -mdk`dms, kb loko qub s`blprb bd jos aotbjbs kb tur`stms sb ofrbib "tà kb ioim" m jos rbi`àd jjbgmkos. Mj sbr solbt`km m k`vbrsos trmtml`bdtos quìl`ios, sb ut`j`zm iolo krogm o iolo mdbstàs`io joimj bd lbk`i`dm, bs ud pojvo luy f`do kb iojor cjmdio o cjmdiuzio qub mitþm iolo potbdtb bst`lujmdtb.  c.  Kbr`vmkos> Irmih  bs   bs jm ioimìdm proibsmkm y lbzijmkm iod mlodìmio o  c`imrcodmto kb sok`o (pojvo kb aordbmr) t`bdb bj mspbito kb pbqubýms bsimlms o ir`stmjbs, Cmsb kb iojor mlmr`jjbdto kb forlm kb roim sb oct`bdb bd jm imjjb pubkb bstmr k`ju`km o «iortmkm¸ iod otrms sustmdi`ms  pmrm mulbdtmr jm imdt`kmk, bj Ijora`krmto kb ioimìdm bs pojvo cjmdio qub sb k`subjvb bd mgum, bs bj sbgudko bst`lujmdtb bd iumdto m su  pokbr kb mk`ii`ùd por jm `dtbds`kmk kb bst`lujmi`ùd y jm vbjoi`kmk iod ==

 

 

jm qub bj iubrpo lbtmcoj`zm, jm mtrmii`ùd m jm ioimìdm sb km porqub `l`tm fudi`odbs y bufor`ms dmturmjbs kbj iubrpo, jubgo kb su mii`ùd jm k`sl`dui`ùd kbj íd`lo bs bxtrblmkmlbdtb `dtbdsm, kb forlm qub jos iodsul`korbs s`gubd tolídkojm pmrm lmdtbdbrsb bufùr`ios. Jm ioimìdm  pubkb sbr `dybitmkm, fulmkm, bsd`fmkm (msp`rmr) qub bs jm forlm lís ríp`km y tmrkm bd bd jjbgmr mj ibrbcro bd bdtrb trb s`btb y k`bz l`dutos. i.  Bfbitos> Jm ioimìdm ioimìdm bs bst`lujmdtb, tmlc`àd bs bj þd`io mdbstàs`io joimj kb or`gbd dmturmj, mulbdtm jm impmi`kmk impmi`kmk kbj iubrpo pmrm pmrm bnbiutmr trmcmnos fìs`ios, bufor`m, mds`bkmk y mibjbrm bj pujso y jm prbs`ùd smdguìdbm, bj iodsulo kb ioimìdm m iorto pjmzo, prokuib pàrk`km kb mpbt`to, mibjbrmi`ùd kb jm rbsp`rmi`ùd, r`tlo imrk`mio y mulbdto kb jm tblpbrmturm. Yu iodsulo projodgmko mimrrbm procjblms kb smjuk, mj `damjmr mfbitm grmvblbdtb jm luiosm dmsmj8 mj fulmr imusm procjblms rbsp`rmtor`os, `dybitmrsb

pubkb imusmr mcsibsos y bdfbrlbkmkbs

iodtmg`osms, pubkb prokui`r kbpbdkbdi`m psìqu`im, kbsdutr`i`ùd,  pàrk`km kb pbso, kbsor`bdtmi`ùd, mpmtìm y ud bstmko sblbnmdtb m jm  ps`ios`s pmrmdo`kb8 lbzijmr jm ioimìdm iod mjioaoj bs pbj`groso y mulbdtm bdorlblbdtb bj r`bsgo kb lubrtb rbpbdt`dm. Jm ioimìdm bs ud bst`lujmdtb bxtrblmkmlbdtb mk`it`vo qub mfbitm k`rbitmlbdtb mj ibrbcro, sb vbdkb bd jm imjjb bd forlm kb ud pojvo cjmdio, f`do y ir`stmj`do qub sb iodoib iolo ‚ioim“,  ‚d`bvb“, ‚kmlm cjmdim“ o ‚tmjio“ jos trmf`imdtbs lbzijmd jm ioimìdm iod otrms sustmdi`ms `dbrtbs,

tmjbs iolo jm lm`ibdm, bj tmjio o bj mzþimr8 mjgudos iodsul`korbs iolc`dmd jm ioimìdm iod jm abroìdm bd jo qub subjbd jjmlmr ud ‚spbbkcmjj“, jm ioimìdm qub s b iodsulb sod jos ir`stmjbs kb ioimìdm o  cmsb do sojucjb bd mgum, jm smj kb ijora`krmto (qub bs sojucjb bd mgum), jm smj kb ijora`krmto, o jm forlm bd pojvo kb jm ioimìdm, sb iodsulb kb forlm `dybitmkm o `damjmkm (‚ spott`dg“). 

Abroìdm> sb bxtrmb kb jm Mlmpojm jm iumj bs udm pjmdtm s`jvbstrb, kb tmjjos iojor vbrkb iijmro jmro iod aonms s`lpjb s`lpjbss bd jm cmsb, mjmrgmkms mjmrgmkms y jocujmkms, jm fjor kb amstm 25 ll kb k`ílbtro iod iumtro pàtmjos kb iojor mdmrmdnmko m rono, bj fruto bs udm iípsujm jjbdm kb sbl`jjms, jos =3

 

 

 pàtmjos sb imbd iod fmi`j`kmk, tokm jm pjmdtm bxukm ud jítbx kb iojor  cjmdio.  cjmdio. Iolpodbdtbs mit`vos>  mit`vos>  Ur`di`pmjlbdtb, iodt`bdb gjuiùs`kos (jm mdtoi`md`dm) y mjimjo`kbs (rabmk`dm), sb kbsmrrojjm m udm mjturm kb 955 m =755ltrs. Yocrb bj d`vbj kbj lmr, sb iosbiam mdumjlbdtb, lbk`m abitírbm prokuib ; hg kb op`o iruko. Op`o>  proibkb kbj jítbx qub sb bxtrmb kbj iortb kb jms pmrbkbs kb jm Bj Op`o> proibkb impsujm kb mlmpojm, kbj op`o sb bxtrm, jm lorf`dm, jm abroìdm, jm iokbìdm, y jos op`o`kbs (vbrs`odbs s`dtàt`ims) iolo lbtmkodm, Kmrvod, Kblbroj, bti. abroìdm bs  bs udm krogm mjtmlbdtb mk`it`vm, bs ud op`íibo kb mcuso y Jm abroìdm mii`ùd ríp`km, sb proibsm m pmrt`r kb jm lorf`dm, sb vbdkb bd forlm kb  pojvo cjmdio o lmrrùd, o iolo udm sustmdi`m dbgrm pbgmnosm iodoi`km bd jm imjjb iolo "golm" o "mjqu`tríd dbgro" ("cjmihtmrabro`d"), bd jm imjjb vbdkb abroìdm qub am s`ko iortmkm iod bstr`id`dm u otros vbdbdos. Jms pbrsodms qub mcusmd kb jm abroìdm do smcbd jm fubrzm rbmj kb jm krogm iorrbd bj bj r`bsgo kb udm socrbkos`s o kb lor`r, tmlc`àd prbsbdtm prbsbdtm  procjblms bspbi`mjbs kbc`ko m jm trmdsl`s`ùd kbj V@A y otrms bdfbrlbkmkbs qub pubkb oiurr`r mj iolpmrt`r jms mgunms u otros bqu`pos kb `dybii`ùd. Bfbitos> [rms jm mkl`d`strmi`ùd amy ud ‑fjmsa‐, udm sbdsmi`ùd kb pjmibr luy `dtbdsm, y m jos poios sbgudkos ud bstmko kb sbkmi`ùd totmj y i`brtm bufor`m, iod musbdi`m kb iumjqu`br lmjbstmr psìqu`io y qub kurm mprox`lmkmlbdtb 3-9 aorms, kbsmpmrbi`bdko kb forlm progrbs`vm,  prokuib sbqubkmk bd jm coim, kbpr`lb jm rbsp`rmi`ùd, bj r`tlo imrkìmio,  profudko subýo, pup`jms pbqubýms, pbqubýms, cmnm tblpbrmturm, p`bj frìm y sukorosm, vùl`to, rbsp`rmi`ùd jbdtm, k`sl`dui`ùd kb jm prbs`ùd mrtbr`mj, jm tojbrmdi`m fìs`im m jos op`íibos y op`o`kbs sb kbsmrrojjmd ríp`kmlbdtb, mulbdtmdko jm vbjoi`kmk iod jm qub bj iubrpo sb vubjvb kbpbdk`bdtb kb jm krogm, bd kos`s bjbvmkms provoimd jm lubrtb por kbprbs`ùd rbsp`rmtor`m.  c.  JYK (k`bt`jml`km kbj íi`ko j`sàrg`io)> Bs udm sustmdi`m octbd`km kbj íi`ko j`sàrg`io, sustmdi`m prbsbdtb bd ud aodgo qub irbib bd bj ibdtbdo =9

 

 

y otros ibrbmjbs, jjmlmkm iolþdlbdtb «íi`ko¸, bs udo kb jos mjui`dùgbdos lís potbdtbs qub sb vbdkb bd jm imjjb, bd pbqubýos  pmqubtbs kb pmpbj sbimdtb, iumkrmkos qub iodt`bdbd gotms bd forlm kb tmcjbtms o iípsujms y oims`odmjlbdtb bd forlm jìqu`km. Bs udm sustmdi`m `diojorm b `dokorm kb smcor j`gbrmlbdtb mlmrgo qub sb `dg`brb bd kos`s luy cmnms y tmd sojo 32 l`irogrmlos (32 l`jjodàs`lms kb grmlo)  pubkbd prokui`r prokui`r `dtox`imi`ùd. fìs`ios bs bstíd tíd k`jmtmi`ùd kb jms pup`jms, i.  Bfbitos> Bfbitos> Bdtrb sus sìdtolms fìs`ios mulbdto kb jm tblpbrmturm iorpormj, kb jm frbiubdi`m imrk`mim y kb jm  prbs`ùd mrtbr`mj, sukormi`ùd, `dmpbtbdi`m sbxumj, `dsold`o, sbqubkmk kb  coim y tblcjorbs, tblcjorbs, s`d blcmrgo jos bbfbitos fbitos bxmitos vmrìmd vmrìmd sbgþd bj bj bstmko lbdtmj kbj iodsul`kor, bj bdtordo bd qub sb bdiubdtrb. Bj iodsulo kb JYK kbsbdimkbdm imlc`os bd bj pbdsml`bdto, bj íd`lo y jos sbdt`kos, mkblís kb sbdt`l`bdtos kb blpmtìm y soi`mc`j`kmk. Jos S`bsgos m iorto  pjmzo sod qub prokuib kbj`r`o y k`stors`ùd kb jm j m pbribpi`ùd, doi`ùd kbj t`blpo y mguk`zm jm pbribpi`ùd kb iojorbs, sod`kos y tmito, mjgudos iodsul`korbs sb vbd `dvmk`kos kb pbdsml`bdtos y sbdt`l`bdtos mtbrrmkorbs `dtbdsos, iolo bj l`bko kb pbrkbr bj iodtroj kb sì l`slos y lubrtb. 3.=.9.  Krogms Y`dtàt`ims> Yod sustmdi`ms prokui`kms bd jmcormtor`os qub sb fmcr`imd m trmvàs kb proibsos quìl`ios m pmrt`r kb imlc`os lojbiujmrbs  pmrm jogrmr bfbitos ps`iomit`vos, bnblpjo cmrc`tþr`ios, lbpr`k`dm LKLM8 LKM.  LKM.  m.  Àxtms`s o LKLM>Bs LKLM>Bs ud bst`lujmdtb ps`iomit`vo qub sb fmcr`im bd jmcormtor`os `jbgmjbs, sb subjb iods`kbrmr àxtms`s m tokm tmcjbtm iod jogot`po, pmst`jjms, pìjkorms, pojvo, iípsujms, forlm y tmlmýo kb jms tmcjbtms pubkbd vmr`mr luiao. Uor jo gbdbrmj sb `dg`brb o pubkb msp`rmrsb o `dybitmrsb, bj àxtms`s pubkb mulbdtmr jm impmi`kmk kb blpmtìm y prokui`r udm sbdsmi`ùd kb `dt`l`kmk mfbit`vm iod jms pbrsodms qub bstíd mjrbkbkor, mulbdtm jm soi`mc`j`kmk y jm bdbrgìm, prokuib udm

=;

 

 

sbdsmi`ùd kb c`bdbstmr8 s`d blcmrgo su iodsulo pubkb jjbvmr amstm jm lubrtb.  c.  Bfbitos> Bfbitos>   Imusm pàrk`km kb iodtroj socrb udo l`slo, mulbdto kb jm tblpbrmturm, mulbdto kb jm prbs`ùd mrtbr`mj, kbsa`krmtmi`ùd, pàrk`km kb  pbso y kb lblor`m. M iorto pjmzo, pubkb `dkui`r mj orgmd`slo m amibr imso ol`so kb sbýmjbs kb pbj`gro iolo jm kbsa`krmtmi`ùd, lmrbo, mgotml`bdto, kmýos bbdd bj aìgmk aìgmkoo y r`ýodbs, provoi provoimm iodvujs`odbs iodvujs`odbs b `dsuf`i`bdi`m imrkìmim, bj iodsulo bd grmdkbs kos`s imusm `dqu`btuk, mdgust`m y mjui`dmi`odbs `dtbdsms8 bj iodsulo projodgmko kb àxtms`s  pubkb kmýmr i`brtms zodms kbj ibrbcro provoimdko grmvb kbprbs`ùd y  pàrk`km kb lblor`m. lblor`m. i.  Mdfbtml`dms> Yod lbk`imlbdtos bst`lujmdtbs kbj Y`stblm Dbrv`oso Ibdtrmj qub subjbd rbibtmrsb pmrm trmtmr bj trmstordo por kàf`i`t kb mtbdi`ùd y bj trmstordo kb a`pbrmit`v`kmk por kàf`i`t kb mtbdi`ùd bd mkujtos y d`ýos, mkblís sb usmd pmrm trmtmr jos sìdtolms kbj kmýo ibrbcrmj trmulít`io, jos sìdtolms kb jm dmriojbps`m (soldojbdi`m kb kìm) y bj sìdkrolb kb fmt`gm irùd`io, bs s`l`jmr m jm ioimìdm, jm k`fbrbdi`m  pr`di`pmj iods`stb bd qub t`bdbd ud bfbito lís projodgmko, dbibs`tmd lís t`blpo pmrm lbtmcoj`zmrsb y sod lís cmrmtms. Yb pubkb bdiodtrmr iolo iípsujm o iolo pojvo cjmdio o mlmr`jjo8 por jo tmdto sb iodsulb amc`tumjlbdtb por vìm ormj o por vìm dmsmj. Y`d blcmrgo tmlc`àd sb  pubkb bdiodtrmr bdiodtrmr bd forlm jìqu`km. mjbrtm, rtm, bdbrgìm y jm mutoiodf`mdzm, mutoiodf`mdzm, k.  Bfbitos> Mulbdtm bj bstmko kb mjb rbkuib bj amlcrb, bj imdsmdi`o y bj mcurr`l`bdto, mibdtþmd jms fudi`odbs iogd`t`vms iolo jm lblor`m, jos bfbitos kbpbdkb kb jm forlm, jm frbiubdi`m y bj jugmr bd bj qub sb iodsulmd, su uso  projodgmko prokuib pmrmdo`m, procjblms imrkìmios y vmsiujmrbs, lmyor tblpbrmturm iorpormj, kbsa`krmtmi`ùd kbsa`krmtmi`ùd y lmjm dutr`i`ùd. Umsmkm su mii`ùd amy ud bfbito rbcotb prokuib mgotml`bdto totmj, tblcjor kb lmdos y sukormi`ùd, miolpmýmkos kb mdgust`m y kbsbspbrmi`ùd. Jm tojbrmdi`m m jms mdfbtml`dms sb kbsmrrojjm ríp`kmlbdtb, jm mcst`dbdi`m jubgo kb jmrgo =2

 

 

t`blpo kb iodsulo prokuib kbprbs`ùd fìs`im y bloi`odmj, `rr`tmc`j`kmk y bxtrblm mds`bkmk. Bj uso m jmrgo pjmzo prokuib kbpbdkbdi`ms fìs`im y  ps`iojùg`im y jm prbsbdi`m kb ud sìdkrolb kb mcst`dbdi`m s` sb `dtbrrulpb su iodsulo, bj iodsulo kb udm grmd imdt`kmk kb sustmdi`m  pubkb provoimr kbj`r`os, trmstordos kbj bstmko kb íd`lo, mtmqubs kb  píd`io y mjui`dmi`odbs. mjui`dmi`odbs. b.  Cbdzok`mibp`dms> Yod ud grupo kb fírlmios ut`j`zmkos bd jos iumkros kb mds`bkmk y bd bj `dsold`o, `dsold`o , bx`stbd bd jm mitumj`kmk kos grmdkbs ijmsbs kb fírlmios qub sb blpjbmd iolo cbdzok`mibp`dms, jos qub t`bdbd jm bstruiturm quìl`im c`bd kbf`d`km, y ud sbgudko grupo kb mdíjogos kb jms cbdzok`mibp`dms, kbdol`dmkos krogms ^, ^, sb blpjbmd iolo a`pdùt`ios qub

`dkuibd y mulbdtmd mulbdtmd bj t`blpo kb subýo, subýo,

k`sl`duybd jos kbspbrtmrbs doiturdos. f.  Bfbitos> M udm pbrsodm qub iodsulb cbdzok`mibp`dms bs procmcjb qub sb jm vbm iolo soldoj`bdtm y mkorlbi`km, iod poim ioork`dmi`ùd kb lov`l`bdtos, y qub sb lubstrb aost`j b `rr`tmcjb. Mitumjlbdtb sb blpjbmd iolo a`pdùt`ios mjgudos mdt`a`stmlìd`ios, fírlmios ut`j`zmkos bd jms bd jms mjbrg`ms, mjbrg`ms, bnblpjo  bnblpjo zojp`kbl. zojp`kbl.   g.  Bvm o LKBM> Bs ud  ps`iotrùp`io qub pbrtbdbib m jm fml`j`m kb jms fbd`jbt`jml`dms, tmlc`àd jjmlmko LKB, bstm sustmdi`m mjui`dùgbdm kb bstruiturm s`l`jmr m lbtmdfbtml`dm y lbzimj`dm, bst`lujm bj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, j`cbrmdko udm grmd kos`s kb sbrotod`dm, kb sbrotod`dm, m  m pr`di`p`os kb s`gjo fub s`dtbt`zmko iolo uudd iolpubsto pmrm pmrm `da`c`r bj mpbt`to. imusmr, smr, bdtrb otrms, pmjp`tmi`odbs, díusbms, díusbms, a.  Bfbitos> Bj iodsulo pubkb imu mulbdto kb jm prbs`ùd mrtbr`mj o ud mulbdto bd bj k`ílbtro kb jm pup`jm. Jm `dgbst`ùd kb udm pmst`jjm kb bstm krogm provoim udm sbdsmi`ùd kb  corrmiabrm, kb c`bdbstmr, kb fbj`i fbj`i`kmk, `kmk, kb blpmtìm y kb rbjmnmi`ùd.

=6

 

 

3.3. Uor su Bfbito 3.3.=.  Krogms Mjui`dùgbdms> Yod sustmdi`ms qub lok`f`imd bj bstmko kb iodsi`bdi`m, bj pbdsml`bdto, bj bstmko kb íd`lo y bspbi`mjlbdtb jm  pbribpi`ùd, t`bdb jm impmi`kmk pmrm `dkui`r v`s`odbs o mjui`dmi`odbs, mjui`dmi`odbs, miolpmýmkms miolpmým kms kb imlc`os bloi`odmjbs `dtbdsos y vmr`mkos, k`stors`ùd kb jm  pbrsodmj`kmk, por bnblpjo> lmr`aumdm, JYK, lbzimj`dm y Us`joi`c`dm, bx`stbd iolpubstos iolpubstos iod prop`bkmkb prop`bkmkbss mjui`dùgbdms, tmdto ss`dtàt`ios `dtàt`ios pubkbd sbr sustmdi`ms quìl`ims o s`dtbt`zmkms bd jmcormtor`os y dmturmjbs bxtrmìkms kb pjmdtms, k`sl`duyb k`sl`duyb jm impmi`kmk pmrm k`s k`st`dgu`r t`dgu`r jm rbmj`kmk y jm fmdtmsìm, jos bfbitos lbdtmjbs `dijuybd mjui`dmi`odbs, bxmjtmi`ùd kbj íd`lo, mcstrmii`ùd kb jm rbmj`kmk y lov`l`bdtos v`ojbdtos y mutokbstruit`vos, iolo tmlc`àd píd`io. Jos Mjui`dùgbdos kb lmyor iodsulo sod> jm lmr`aumdm, JYK, UIU, pby pbyotb, otb, Us`joi`c`dm («aodgos líg`ios¸) y LKLM, LKLM, vmr`mi`odbs kb jm lojàiujm kb mdfbtml`dm, prokuibd bfbitos lbdtmjbs,  pbribpi`odbss v`sumjbs `dtbds`f`imkms, suprbs`ùd kb jos ibdtros kb jm  pbribpi`odb lblor`m y pbrturcmi`ùd kbj nu`i`o y rmzodml`bdto. rmzodml`bdto. Jos bfbitos kb jos mjui`dùgbdos mjui`dùgbdos   kbpbdkbd kbj tmlmýo kb jm kos`s, kbj bstmko bloi`odmj kbj iodsul`kor, kbj bstmko kb íd`lo bd bj lolbdto kbj iodsulo y kbj bdtordo8 mfbitm bj sbdt`ko kb jm k`rbii`ùd y jm k`stmdi`m, msì iolo su ocnbt`v`kmk, bj iodsul`kor bxpbr`lbdtm k`jmtmi`ùd kb jms pup`jms y sbds`c`j`kmk bxtrblm m jm juz. m.  UIU (fbdi`ij`k`dm)> Iodoi`km tmlc`àd iolo «pojvo kb ídgbj¸, bs ud mdbstàs`io `jbgmj qub mlort`gum jms sbdsmi`odbs, kbsiodbitm m jos iodsul`korbs kb su bdtordo y sus sbdt`kos.  c.  Jos bfbitos kb jm krogm UIU `dijuybd mdbstbs`m, prbs`ùd smdguìdbm bxtrblmkmlbdtb mjtm y mgrbs`vm. Jms kos`s lís mjtms pubkbd prokui`r tblcjorbs, iodvujs`odbs, imtmtod`m, imtmtod`m, bstmko kb iolm b `dijus`vb fmjjms bd jos r`ýodbs. 3.3.3.  Krogms Bst`lujmdtbs> Mfbitmd mj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, prokuib iodkuitms kb a`pbrmit`v`kmk, joiumi`kmk, mibjbrmi`ùd m d`vbjbs fìs`io y =7

 

 

 psìqu`io, por bnblpjo ioimìdm, tmcmio, bj imfà, lbk`imlbdtos> jms mdfbtml`dms y crodio k`jmtmkorbs, bdtrb otros. Ocsàrvbsb iùlo bj tmcmio m  pbsmr kb sbr udm krogm bst`lujmdtb, provoim frbiubdtblbdtb ud bstmko kb rbjmnmi`ùd kbpbdk`bdko kb jms bxpbitmt`vms v`sumjbs o muk`t`vms.  muk`t`vms.  3.3.9.  Jos bfbitos kb jm ioimìdm y jms mdfbtml`dms sb kbcbd m jm bst`lujmi`ùd kb jm mit`v`kmk kb jos dburotrmdsl`sorbs dburotrmdsl`sorbs dormkrbdmj`dm dormkrbdmj`dm y bp`dbfr`dm bd jm iortbzm ibrbcrmj.  ibrbcrmj.  3.3.;.  Krogms Kbprbsorms> Yod iolpubstos qub mfbitmd bj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, k`sl`duyb jm mit`v`kmk, prokuib mjbtmrgml`bdto, jbdt`tuk bd jos lov`l`bdtos y mjtbrmi`ùd kb jm fudi`ùd iogd`t`vm8 3.3.2.  Jos bfbitos  bfbitos  gbdbrmjlbdtb imusmd subýo soldojbdi`m, d`stmglus (lov`l`bdto `dvojudtmr`o, ríp`ko y rbpbt`t`vo kb jos onos), kbprbs`ùd rbsp`rmtor`m, lmd`fbstmi`odbs imrk`ovmsiujmrbs y dburojùg`ims. Bdtrb bjjms tbdblos> mjioaoj btìj`io, lorf`dm, iokbìdm, abroìdm, cmrc`tþr`ios, bti. (bfbitos)  (bfbitos)  m.   Dmriùt`ios u op`íibos> Yod krogms qub sb ut`j`zmd pmrm imjlmr bj kojor y prokui`r subýo, kb jm mlmpojm sb bxtrmb bj op`o (op`íibos), y jos op`o`kbs (vbrs`odbs s`dtàt`ims kb jos op`mtos) sb kbsmrrojjmd pmrm bj trmtml`bdto kbj kojor mguko8 jos op`íibos `dijuybd bj op`o y sus kbr`vmkos> jm lorf`dm, jm abroìdm, jm iokbìdm. Jos op`o`kbs `dijuybd jm Lbtmkodm, Kmrvod, Fbdtmd`j, bti.  bti.  Jos op`íibos y jos op`o`kbs fudi`odmd `l`tmdko m jos mdbstàs`ios dmturmjbs kbj iubrpo bdkorf`dms y bdibfmj`dms. Bfbitos,  cjoqubmd jm trmdsl`s`ùd kb jos lbdsmnbs kojorosos kbj ibrbcro, pubkb prokui`r bufor`m, díusbms, kbpr`l`r jm rbsp`rmi`ùd y bj r`tlo imrkìmio, jm ioork`dmi`ùd lusiujmr y supr`l`r bj lbimd`slo kb jm tos. Jos trbs grupos pr`di`pmjbs kbprbsorbs sod jos op`íibos, sbkmdtbs-a`pdùt`ios y bj mjioaoj. Otros kbprbsorbs sod jos rbjmnmdtbs lusiujmrbs y jos mdt`a`stmlìd`ios.  mdt`a`stmlìd`ios.   c.  Ybkmdtbs a`pdùt`ios, Yb rbibtmd pmrm iodtrojmr jm mds`bkmk, `dkui`r bj tr mdqu`j`zmdtbs sumvbs por subýo,   rbjmnmr jos lþsiujos y mitumr iolo trmdqu`j`zmdtbs subýo, =1

 

 

bnblpjo> Jos trbs pr`di`pmjbs sod jos cmrc`tþr`ios, jos do cmrc`tþr`ios y jms cbdzok`mibp`dms. Mquì mjgudos bnblpjos> bnblpjos>   =.  Cmrc`tþr`ios> Vbrodmj, Cmrc`tmj y Fbdocmrc`tmj. 3.  Do cmrc`tþr`ios> Kor`kbd, ]umjukb, ]umjukb, y Ujmi`k`j, Ujmi`k`j, bdtrb otros. otros. 9.  Cbdzok`mibp`dms> Qmdmx, Fr`s`ul y Soaypdoj, bdtrb otros. Jos sbkmdtbs a`pdùt`ios mitþmd socrb sbii`odbs bspbiìf`ims kbj ibrbcro. Bfbitos> mitþmd socrb jm iortbzm ibrbcrmj y bj ibrbcro lbk`o, pmrm `dkui`r mj subýo, kos`s lmyorbs provoimd k`f`iujtmk mj produdi`mr  pmjmcrms, tmlcmjbos, pàrk`km kbj bqu`j`cr`o, `rr`tmc`j`kmk, `rr` tmc`j`kmk, jm mpmr`bdi`m kb blcr`mgubz (mii`odbs jbdtms y pbrbzosms), s`d ojor m mjioaoj, bs ud `dk`imkor kb su iodsulo. Jm tojbrmdi`m m sbkmdtbs a`pdùt`ios sb kbsmrrojjmrí ríp`kmlbdtb, rolpbr jm kbpbdkbdi`m kb ud sbkmdtb a`pdùt`io pubkb sbr bxtrblmkmlbdtb pbj`groso y r`bsgoso pmrm jm v`km8 sod ioludbs jms iodvujs`odbs, jms díusbms, jm k`f`iujtmk rbsp`rmtor`m, jm mcst`dbdi`m pubkb podbr jm v`km bd pbj`gro.

=0

 

 

RD@KMK @@@ 9.  KSOGMY YOI@MJBY LÍY IODYRL@KMY (JBGMJBY)

Uor Yu Imríitbr. 9.=.=.  Krogms Jbgmjbs> Ubrl`t`kms por jm jby, do amy proa`c`i`ùd pmrm su iodsulo, sod ut`j`zmkms por jm soi`bkmk por bnblpjo mdfbtml`dms, mjioaoj, tmcmio, imfà, jmxmdtbs.  jmxmdtbs.  9.=.3.  Krogms @jbgmjbs> Yod proa`c`kms por jm jby por bnblpjo ioimìdm, lmr`aumdm y sus kbr`vmkos, op`o, abroìdm, JYK.  JYK. 

9.3. Krogms Uor Jm Forlm Kb Rso> Iodoi`kms por bj bstmtus soi`mj y mibptmi`ùd soi`mj.

Krogms Yoi`mjbs.  Yoi`mjbs. 

9.3.=.=.  Imfbìdm> Bs udm krogm bst`lujmdtb kbj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, mulbdtm bj d`vbj d`vbj kb mjbrtm, lbnorm bj bstmko kb íd`lo, jm imfbìdm sb bdiubdtrm bd bj tà, bj imfà, luiaos rbfrbsios, jos mdmjgàs`ios (lbk`imlbdtos pmrm mj`v`mr bj kojor) y otros fírlmios kb vbdtm s`d rbibtm làk`im. Bd su forlm dmturmj, jm imfbìdm t`bdb ud smcor luy mlmrgo, jm lmyorìm kb jms cbc`kms qub jm iodt`bdbd bstíd suf`i`bdtblbdtb proibsmkms proibsmkms iolo pmrm imlufjmr o k`s`lujmr su smcor mlmrgo. Jm imfbìdm do sb mjlmibdm bd bj iubrpo, pbro pubkb sbdt`r sus bfbitos kurmdtb ud líx`lo kb sb`s aorms, bj mcuso kb bstm sustmdi`m prokuib bxi`tmc`j`kmk (bst`lujmi`ùd) kb jms vìms kbj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj. 9.3.=.3.  D`iot`dm> Bs bj bst`lujmdtb kb lmyor iodsulo bd bj ludko iodt`bdb d`iot`dm, sustmdi`ms quìl`ims tùx`ims y imdibrìgbdms (cbdzop`rbdos, mjqu`tríd, bti.), bs jm krogm ps`iomit`vm lís mk`it`vm. Ybsbdtm y sb`s 35

 

 

l`jjodbs kb pbrsodms sod mk`itms m jos i`gmrr`jjos, frbdtb m jos =2 l`jjodbs kb mk`itos mj mjioaoj, jm d`iot`dm prokuib lís lubrtbs qub tokms jms otrms krogms ps`iomit`vms iolc`dmkms. Jm d`iot`dm bs imusmdtb kbj 05% kb lubrtbs por iídibr mj pujlùd> bj 72% kb kbfudi`odbs por crodqu`t`s y bj 32% kb fmjjbi`l`bdtos por bdfbrlbkmkbs kbj iormzùd. Yb am iolprocmko qub jm d`iot`dm  prokuib ud mulbdto kb jos jmt`kos imrkìmios y kb jm prbs`ùd mrtbr`mj. Jm mii`ùd kb jm d`iot`dm kurm bd bj orgmd`slo mprox`lmkmlbdtb kb 35 m 95 l`dutos8 por tmj rmzùd, jm lmyorìm kb fulmkorbs iodsulb ud i`gmrr`jjo imkm 95 o ;5 l`dutos. 9.3.=.9.  Mjioaoj> Yod sustmdi`ms iuyo iodsulo bs mibptmko bd jm soi`bkmk8 v`diujmkms m jms iostulcrbs kb udm pocjmi`ùd> Bj Mjioaoj btìj`io, bs bj kbprbsor kb lmyor iodsulo, bs jm krogm ps`iomit`vm lís mdt`gum qub iodoib bj aolcrb, bs jbgmj y bdiodtrmlos bd jm ibrvbzm, jm ia`iam, bj v`do, bj rod y jos j`iorbs fubrtbs. Mj `d`i`o bj mjioaoj supr`lb jms `da`c`i`odbs, kb forlm qub pmrbib mitumr iolo bst`lujmdtb, y jubgo bj bfbito kbprbsor amib lís jbdtos jos rbfjbnos, sb kbpr`lbd bj r`tlo imrkìmio y bj rbsp`rmtor`o y sb pbrturcmd bj rmzodml`bdto y bj nu`i`o. Bd jm mitumj`kmk, bs ud grmvb procjblm soi`mj qub do rbspbtm pos`i`ùd soi`mj, pojìt`im d` rbj`g`osm, bkmk d` sbxo, mimrrbm `df`d`kmk kb procjblms kb dmturmjbzm fìs`im, bloi`odmj y soi`mj bstí rbjmi`odmkm mj uso kb mjioaoj, pubkb imusmr bdfbrlbkmkbs kbj aìgmko, pídirbms, bstùlmgo, s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, s`stblm pbr`fàr`io (dbrv`os) y iormzùd, mkblís kb iodfj`itos iodyugmjbs, fml`j`mrbs, iod jm iolud`kmk y iod jm jby, mii`kbdtbs mutolov`jìst`ios, kb trmcmno, ir`l`dmj`kmk y kbtbr`oro kb jms iostulcrbs àt`ims y lormjbs.

9.3.=.;.  Bj [à Vbrkb Jms `dfus`odbs kb tà vbrkb sod iods`kbrmkms luy cbdbf`i`osms pmrm dubstrm smjuk, kbc`ko m jos `lportmdtbs pr`di`p`os mit`vos qub posbb bd su iolpos`i`ùd quìl`im. Kb mjjì qub tokms jms prop`bkmkbs 3=

 

 

lbk`i`dmjbs qub t`bdb bj tà vbrkb sb kbcmd m jos r`ios iolpodbdtbs iodtbd`kos bd bstm pjmdtm. Bj Bj tà  tà vbrkb posbb vbrkb posbb vmr`ms prop`b prop`bkmkbs kmkbs lbk`i`dmjbs, lbk`i`dmjbs, ym qub t`bdb kbdtro kb su iolpos`i`ùd udm grmd imdt`kmk kb sustmdi`ms cbdbf`i`osms. Jms `dfus`odbs kb tà vbrkb iodt`bdbd ml`doíi`kos bdtrb sus iolpodbdtbs,

jos

qub

lís

sb

kbstmimd

sod

jm vmj`dm, mrg`d`dm, d`mi`dm, tbmd`dm b a`st`k`dm, bstms kos þjt`lms iod `dtbrbsmdtbs prop`bkmkbs pmrm lbnormr bj fudi`odml`bdto kbj mpmrmto i`riujmtor`o. Mkblís mj fju`k`f`imr jm smdgrb, myukmd m prbvbd`r jm mpmr`i`ùd kb trolcos`s. Uor otrm pmrtb, bj tà vbrkb t`bdb mjimjo`kbs, s`bdko jos lís `lportmdtbs, kbc`ko m su iodibdtrmi`ùd, jm imfbìdm y jm tbìdm. Bstms sustmdi`ms sod mjtmlbdtb bst`lujmdtbs, por jo qub jm `dgbstm bd kos`s bjbvmkms kb tà vbrkb pubkb provoimr  bfbitos  bfbitos sbiudkmr`os.  sbiudkmr`os.  Jos k`fbrbdtbs t`pos k`fbrbdtbs t`pos kb tà, tà,   sb oct`bdbd m pmrt`r kb jm l`slm pjmdtm, sùjo qub iod k`st`dtos proibsos. Kb bstm forlm, bj tà vbrkb posbb lbdos imfbìdm y tbìdm qub bj tà dbgro, pbro t`bdb imdt`kmkbs jbvblbdtb supbr`orbs mj tà rono. Bj tà vbrkb t`bdb udm grmd vmr`bkmk kb íi`kos, bdtrb jos qub sb kbstmimd bj íi`ko msiùrc`io (v`tml`dm I), bj imfb`io, smj`iìj`io y bj d`iùt`io. Uor otrm pmrtb, jjmm `dfus`ùd kb tà vbrkb posbb smjbs l`dbrmjbs kbdtro kb sus iolpodbdtbs, s`bdko jms qub sb bdiubdtrmd bd lmyor imdt`kmk, bj potms`o, bj fùsforo y bj lmgdbs`o. Rdm kb jms lmyorbs v`rtukbs qub posbb bj tà vbrkb, bs su prop`bkmk iolo mdt`ox`kmdtb, jm iumj bstí kbtbrl`dmkm por su mjto iodtbd`ko kb  poj`fbdojbs, pr`di`pmjlbdtb kbj t`po imtbqu`dms. imtbqu`dms. Mkblís, bj tà vbrkb t`bdb tmd`dos, sustmdi`ms qub `dirblbdtmd jm mii`ùd mdt`ox`kmdtb kb bstm `dfus`ùd. 33

 

 

Jms aonms kbj tà posbbd kbdtro kb su iolpos`i`ùd udm imdt`kmk iods`kbrmcjb kb f`crms, jjms ms iumjbs bst`lujmd jm rbmj`zmi`ùd r bmj`zmi`ùd kb jos  proibsos k`gbst`vos. Bj tà vbrkb t`bdb v`tml`dms, s`bdko jms qub sb bdiubdtrmd bd lmyor imdt`kmk jm v`tml`dm C, I y B.

Krogms Dubvms 9.3.=.2.  Uurpjb Krmdh Bj Uurpjb krmdh bs udm cbc`km imsbrm abiam iod nmrmcb iod  nmrmcb pmrm  pmrm jm jm tos,  tos,   rbfrbsio y kujibs. [mlc`àd iodoi`km iolo s`zzurp o jbmd kr`dh, t`bdb iolo `dgrbk`bdtbs pr`di`pmjbs jm iokbìdm jm iokbìdm y prolbtmz`dm kbj  nmrmcb pmrm jm tos qub sb lbzijm iod rbfrbsios pmrm amibrjm lís sojucjb y iod kujibs. Bj iojor imrmitbrìst`io sb jo km bj nmrmcb. Bfbitos> vmd kbskb jm sbdsmi`ùd kb rbjmnmi`ùd amstm jm bufor`m. jm  bufor`m.   Jm iokbìdm bs ud dmriùt`io prbpmrmko m pmrt`r kb jm golm octbd`km kb jm Umpmvbr jm  Umpmvbr (op`o) (op`o) qub  qub bd grmdkbs kos`s prokuib sbdsmi`ùd kb bufor`m, l`bdtrms qub jm prolbtmz`dm bs ud mdt`a`stmlìd`io ud mdt`a`stmlìd`io qub mitþm iolo sbkmdtb. iolo  sbkmdtb.   Jm cbc`km bs lís iodsul`km bd bj sur kb jos Bstmkos Rd`kos,  pmrt`iujmrlbdtb bd [bxms bd [bxms y Fjor`km.   Fjor`km.  9.3.=.6.  Uoppbr Bs bj dolcrb gbdàr`io qub kbs`gdm m i`brtms sustmdi`ms quìl`ims  ‛  gbdbrmjlbdtb d`tr`tos kb mjqu`jo iolo bj d`tr`to bj d`tr`to kb `soprop`jo, `soprop`jo,   bj bj 3 3 prop`j d`tr`to y bj d`tr`to bj d`tr`to kb `socut`jo, `socut`jo,   mkblís kbj kbj d`tr`to  d`tr`to kb ml`jo y bj bj d`tr`to  d`tr`to kb cut`jo bj rbsujtmko kb jm rbmii`ùd sujfmto kb iocrb(@@ iocrb(@@)= )= ‛   qub sb mkl`d`strmd por   `damjmi`ùd.  `damjmi`ùd.  Yb trmtm kb jìqu`kos `diojoros y iod ud fubrtb ojor imrmitbrìst`io. Bj d`tr`to kb ml`jo y otros mjqu`jd`tr`tos subjbd `damjmrsb iod ocnbto kb mulbdtmr bj pjmibr bj  pjmibr sbxumj.3 sbxumj .3 Jos poppbrs blpbzmrod m iodsul`rsb iodsul`rs b bd k`siotbims bd

39

 

 

jos  mýos =075 jos =075.9 .9 Bd mjgudos pmìsbs kbj ludko jm vbdtm kb jos mjqu`jd`tr`tos bstí iodtrojmkm o sb iods`kbrm `jbgmj. Bfbitos> @d`i`mjlbdtb fub usmko iolo vmsok`jmtmkor iolo vmsok`jmtmkor `damjmko pmrm mj`v`mr jm mdg`dm jm mdg`dm kb pbiao, pbiao, jos  jos bfbitos sb prokuibd luy ríp`ko, y su kurmi`ùd bs luy crbvb. Jm `damjmi`ùd kb d`tr`tos rbjmnm jos lþsiujos jos lþsiujos j`sos.  Jos lþsiujos qub rokbmd jos vmsos smdguìdbos sod j`sos y mj j`sos.  rbjmnmrsb provoimd jm k`jmtmi`ùd kb bstos vmsos, cmnmdko jm prbs`ùd jm prbs`ùd mrtbr`mj y mulbdtmdko bj bj r`tlo  r`tlo imrk`mio, imrk`mio,   bsto prokuib udm sbdsmi`ùd kb imjor y kb bufor`m, qub kurm gbdbrmjlbdtb ud pmr kb l`dutos. [bd`bdko bd iubdtm qub bj bsfìdtbr bj bsfìdtbr kbj mdo kbj mdo y jm vmg`dm jm  vmg`dm sod lþsiujos j`sos y bstos sufrbd k`jmtmi`ùd por bj quìl`io, su blpjbo bs luy iolþd kurmdtb bj mito bj mito sbxumj sbxumj pmrm  pmrm fmi`j`tmr jm pbdbtrmi`ùd. Mkblís `dirblbdtm jm bxi`tmi`ùd jm bxi`tmi`ùd y jms sbdsmi`odbs prokui`kms kurmdtb jm rbjmi`ùd sbxumj. Mudqub amy tbst`lod`os kb qub tmdto jos aolcrbs iolo jms lunbrbs pubkbd bxpbr`lbdtmr pjmibr por jm `damjmi`ùd kb  poppbr, jm sbdsmi`ùd prokui`km do bs kbj l`slo d`vbj d` bs  pjmibdtbrm pmrm toko bj ludko.

GJOYMS@O Ur`di`p`o Mit`vo> Yustmdi`m rbspodsmcjb rbspodsmcjb kb jm mit`v`kmk fmrlmiojùg`im kb jm krogm. krogm.   Bj Sbmj Kbirbto =9;2/3557, kb == kb oitucrb, por bj qub sb rbgujm bj proibk`l`bdto kb mutor`zmi`ùd, rbg`stro y iodk`i`odbs kb k`spbdsmi`ùd kb jos lbk`imlbdtos kb uso aulmdo fmcr`imkos `dkustr`mjlbdtb kbf`db mj pr`di`p`o mj pr`di`p`o mit`vo iolo ‚tokm lmtbr`m, iumjqu`brm qub sbm su or`gbd -aulmdo, md`lmj, vbgbtmj, quìl`io o kb otro t`po- m jm qub sb mtr`cuyb udm mit`v`kmk mprop`mkm pmrm iodst`tu`r ud lbk`imlbdto“.   Mjimjo`kb> Iolpubsto orgíd`io dmturmj qub sb imrmitbr`zm por su mit`v`kmk y tox`i`kmk. M lbk`km qub mvmdzmrod jos bstuk`os bd prokuitos dmturmjbs, sb amd `ko kbsiucr`bdko iolpubstos qub sod iods`kbrmkos mjimjo`kbs, pbro do iulpjbd iod mjgudo kb bstos rbqu`s`tos> luiaos mjimjo`kbs do prbsbdtmd s`stblms abtbroiìij`ios, su d`trùgbdo do bs  cís`io (iolo jos grupos d`tro) grupos d`tro),, pubkbd prbsbdtmr bstruiturms s`lpjbs (iolo bj imso kb jm bfbkr`dm, jm  bfbkr`dm, luiams  luiams ml`kms -iolo jm jm impsm`i`dm)  impsm`i`dm)-- pubkbd sbr `dbrtbs fmrlmiojùg`imlbdtb y luiaos mjimjo`kbs amd s`ko m`sjmkos kb md`lmjbs. 3;

 

 

Bstupbfmi`bdtb.-  Yustmdi`m qub gbdbrm ud bstmko kb dmrios`s o bstupor, subýo, Bstupbfmi`bdtb.-  mkorlbi`l`bdto bd jm pbrsodm. Bj tàrl`do bs s`l`jmr m jos kb bstþp`ko o bstupbfmito, tàrl`dos qub supodbd ud bstmko kb qu`btuk o kb fmjtm kb rbmii`ùd mdtb kbtbrl`dm s`tumi`ùd.  sustmdi`ms.-Bsjm ud`ùd kb ud kos o lís krogms pmrm tbdbr bfbitos kb udm y otrm Lbzijm kb sustmdi`ms.-Bsjm sustmdi`m pmrm `da`c`rsb o mjtbrmrsb.

Us`iotrùp`io.-Yustmdi`ms Us`iotrùp`io.-Yustmdi`ms qub mitþm socrb bj s`stblm dbrv`oso ibdtrmj, mjtbrm jos proibsos kb jm lbdtb, gbdbrm imlc`os bd jm iodkuitm, jm pbribpi`ùd y jm iodi`bdi`m, provoimd ud bfbito kb grmd `dtbds`kmk. 

C@CJ@OGSMFÌM

m.  Mjodso K. Frb`no B., Frb`no M. (=006), Jm prbvbdi`ùd kb jms krogokbpbdkbdi`ms bd jm iolud`kmk bsiojmr, Lmkr`k, Kbjbgmi`ùd kbj Goc`brdo pmrm bj Ujmd  Dmi`odmj socrb Krogms.  c.  Mjvmrmko, Y. (35=5),  Mutomyukm bd jm rbiupbrmi`ùd rb iupbrmi`ùd kb jm Mk`ii`ùd, iodsujtmko bd attp>//www.mk`ii`odbs. attp>//www.mk`ii`odbs.org/trmtml`bdto/proibs org/trmtml`bdto/proibso/ o/ mutomyukm mutomyukm.atlj .atlj i.  Cbioým, Bj`zmrko (3553),  Cmsbs i`bdtìf`ims kb jm prbvbdi`ùd kb jms krogokbpbdkbdi`ms, Lmkr`k, Bk. L`d`stbr`o kbj @dtbr`or, Ujmd Dmi`odmj socrb Krogms. k.  Cbioým, Bj`zmrko (=000),  Cmsbs tbùr`ims qub sustbdtmd jos progrmlms kb  prbvbdi`ùd kb krogms, Lmkr`k, Bk. L`d`stbr`o kbj @dtbr`or, Ujmd Dmi`odmj socrb Krogms. b.  IMJMFM[ M. Lodsbrrmt N., CBIOÝM B., FBSDÍDKB^ I., G@J B.,UMJLBS M., YRSBKM U., [OSSBY L. (3555), Y mj`r kb lmriam y iodsulo kb krogms, Lmkr`k, Ujmd Dmi`odmj kb Krogms. f.  IODMIB (=006), Krogms, iodibptos cís`ios y abrrml`bdtms pmrm jm  prbvbdi`ùd, Guìm lbtokojùg`im, Ymdt`mgo kb Ia`jb.

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g.  IO@K (=002),  Krogms s`dtàt`ims y dubvos pmtrodbs kb iodsulo. Iumkbrdos kb `dforlmi`ùd 9. Lmkr`k. Bk. IO@K a.  IODYBU, K`rbii`ùd Gbdbrmj kb Urbvbdi`ùd (=00;),  Lmdumj kb impmi`tmi`ùd bd prbvbdi`ùd `dtbgrmj , K`rbii`ùd Gbdbrmj kb Urbvbdi`ùd kbj IODYBU, ]u`to (koiulbdto `dàk`to). `.  IODYBU (3551). Forlmi`ùd kb forlmkorbs, Lùkujo @@. Iods`kbrmi`odbs cís`ims pmrm bj kbsmrrojjo kb progrmlms prbvbdt`vos , Of`i`dm kb jm Dmi`odbs Rd`kms Iodtrm jm Krogm y bj Kbj`to, @lprbdtm V`s`ùd ]u`to

 n.  IODYBU, Guìm prbvbdt`vm kb krogms. @dforlmi`ùd cís`im socrb krogms, s.f.b.  h.  BYIMLB^, N. (=005),  K`rbitr`ibs pmrm jm bjmcormi`ùd kb progrmlms  prbvbdt`vos bd krogokbpbdkbdi`ms, Bd> Bsimlbs, Numd,  Krogms y Bsiubjm Rdm propubstm kb prbvbdi`ùd. Lmkr`k. Bk. Kyh`dsod. j.  FBSDMDKB^ ’ S@OY S@OY J. Y. (=007)  Us`iojogìm prbvbdt`vm. Mvmdibs rbi`bdtbs bd tàid`ims y progrmlms kb prbvbdi`ùd. Lmkr`k, Bk`i`odbs U`ríl`kb. l.  FOSYBJJBKO, Mr`bj Gustmvo (=006),  Lmdumj rbg`odmj kb bkuimi`ùd  prbvbdt`vm pmrt`i`pmt`vm pmrm nùvbdbs y pmkrbs, Urogrmlm kb Urbvbdi`ùd kb jms Fmrlmiokbpbdkbdi`ms. Fmrlmiokbpbdkbdi`ms. @@D, 3ª bk., Lodtbv`kbo. d.  Fudkmi`ùd kb Myukm Iodtrm jm Krogmk`ii`ùd (Fmk),IOL@Y@OD BRSOUBM (=000), Guìm mc`brtm kb mit`v`kmkbs pmrm jm prbvbdi`ùd kb krogokbpbdkbdi`ms, Lmkr`k. o.   DÞÝB^ VBGM, Norgb (3552), ( 3552), Imibrìm kb crunos> krogms `jbgmjbs y s`stblm kb iíribjbs bd Biumkor , Lmbstrìm bd I`bdi`ms Yoi`mjbs, bspbi`mj`zmi`ùd bd Bstuk`os Uojìt`ios, Fjmios sbkb Biumkor, ]u`to.  p.  RDOKI (3553), Lmdumj socrb progrmlms kb prbvbdi`ùd kbj uso `dkbc`ko kb krogms iod pmrt`i`pmi`ùd kb nùvbdbs  ’   Rdm guìm kb kbsmrrojjo y  pbrfbii`odml`bdto. 

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DB[GSMFÌM

attp>//www.tokokrogms.dbt/`j/krogs`d/krogcm`jb.atlj   attp>//www.tokokrogms.dbt/`j/krogs`d/krogcm`jb.atlj attp>//krondbt3.bu/`df-krogms/krogms-kb-s`dtbs`s?stmrt//krondbt3.bu/`df-krogms/krogms-kb-s`dtbs`s?stmrt//www.tuotrolbk`io.iol/tblms/krogms_kb_s`dtbs`s.atl . attp>//www.tuotrolbk`io.iol/tblms/krogms_kb_s`dtbs`s.atl  attp>//www.ooi`t`bs.org/pbpmnuj`btm/iods`kbrmi`odbs.atlj attps>//www.l`dk-surf.dbt/krogms/lkbm.atl   attps>//www.l`dk-surf.dbt/krogms/lkbm.atl attp>//h`ksabmjta.org/bs/h`ks/hdow-krugs-bistmsy-bsp.atlj   attp>//h`ksabmjta.org/bs/h`ks/hdow-krugs-bistmsy-bsp.atlj attp>//www.imt-cmribjodm.iol/fmqs/v`bw/qub-bs-jm-abro`dm-y-qub-bfbitos-prokuib attp>//www.imt-cmribjodm.iol/fmqs/v`bw/qub-bs-jm-abro`dm-y-qub-bfbitos-prokuib   attp>//www.luykbjgmkm.iol/w`h`/Mdfbtml`dms 

attp>//www.`dfosmjus.iol/fmrlmi`m/dot`i`m-sod-cbdzok`mibp`dms-35=25== attp>//www.`dfosmjus.iol /fmrlmi`m/dot`i`m-sod-cbdzok`mibp`dms-35=25==0503993.atlj 0503993.atlj   attp>//www.dmriodod.org/bs/iodsulo-kb-krogms/bfbitosattp>//www.dmriodod.org/bs /iodsulo-kb-krogms/bfbitos-kbj-mcuso-kb-cbdzok`mibp`dms.atlj kbj-mcuso-kb-cbdzok`mibp`dms.atlj   attp>//smjuk.iil.dbt/fmq/332;2-lkbm-kbf`d`i`od   attp>//smjuk.iil.dbt/fmq/332;2-lkbm-kbf`d`i`od attp>//www.rbv`stm.udml.lx/voj.=6/dul1/mrt75/ attp>//smjuk.iil.dbt/fmq/=;107-l`orbjmnmdtb-kbf`d`i`od attps>//www.l`dk-surf.dbt/krogms/cbjbdo.atl attp>//tb.`ddmt`m.iol/i-prop`bkmkbs-kbj-tb-vbrkb/m-iolpos`i`od-kbj-tb-vbrkb.atlj attps>//bs.w`h`pbk`m.org/w`h`/Mjimjo`kb attp>//kbf`d`i`od.kb/mjimjo`kbs/ attp>//www.mk`ii`odbs.org/bdfbrlbkmk/ibrbcro.atlj#>~>tbxt//www.mk`ii`odbs.org/bdfbrlbkmk/ibrbcro.atlj#>~>tbxt