Modulo 4 Refrigeración y aire acondicionado
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moulo 4 de la carrera de tecnico en refrigeracion y aire acondicionado modulo 4 de 5...
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MÓDULO IV MANTENIMIENTO A SISTEMAS DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO TIPO VENTANA, MINISPLIT Y AUTOMOTRIZ CLAVE: RAMA512
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DIRECTORIO Lic. Josefina Vázquez Mota Secretaria de Educación Pública Dr. Miguel Székely Pardo Subsecretario de Educación Media Superior M. en C. Daffny Rosado Moreno Coordinador Sectorial de Desarrollo Académico de la SEMS Biól. Francisco Brizuela Venegas Director General de Educación en Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar M. en C. Gildardo Rojo Salazar Director Técnico de la DGECyTM C.P. María Elena Colorado Coordinadora Administrativa de la DGECyTM Ing. Jorge Jaime Gutiérrez Director de Operación de la DGECyTM Q.B.P. Francisco Escamilla Rodríguez Jefe del Departamento de Planes y Programas de Estudio de la DGECyTM
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CARRERA DE TÉCNICO EN REFRIGERACIÓN Y AIRE ACONDICIONADO CLAVE: BTCMARA04 GUÍA DE APRENDIZAJE
MÓDULO IV MANTENIMIENTO DE SISTEMAS DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO ACONDICIONADO TIPO VENTANA, MINISPLIT Y AUTOMOTRIZ CLAVE: RAMA512
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Reforma Curricular del Bachillerato Tecnológico (Acuerdo Secretarial 345) Componente de Formación Profesional del Bachillerato Tecnológico Carrera de Técnico en Refrigeración y Aire Acondicionado Profesores que elaboraron la presente guía de aprendizaje del módulo IV. Mantenimiento de sistemas de aire acondicionado tipo ventana, minisplit y automotriz: José Alfredo Ríos Becerril, José Mario Julio Iribe Tapia. Coordinadores de la DGECyTM: M. en C. Gildardo Rojo Salazar Ocean. Víctor Manuel Rojas Reynosa Q.B.P. Francisco Escamilla Rodríguez Biól. José Rodrigo Nava Mora Edición: M. en A. Rodolfo Ruiz Martínez
Mantenimiento de sistemas de aire acondicionado a condicionado tipo ventana, minisplit y automotriz
Primera edición: 2007 Subsecretaría de Educación Media Superior, SEP Dirección General de Educación en Ciencia y Tecnología del Mar Dirección Técnica ISBN: 978-968-9386-28-5
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ÍNDICE Objetivo
7
Introducción
8
Submódulo I.
9
1. Funcionamiento de los componentes del sistema sistema de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
9
1.1 Funcionamiento de los componentes mecánicos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
10
1.2 Funcionamiento de los componentes eléctricos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit, precauciones en el uso
16
1.3 Funcionamiento de los componentes electrónicos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit, precauciones en el uso
21
2. Mantenimiento preventivo de los componentes mecánicos, eléctricos y electrónicos del sistema de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
23
2.1 Mantenimiento de los componentes mecánicos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
24
2.2 Mantenimiento preventivo de los componentes eléctricos eléctricos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
26
2.3 Mantenimiento de los componentes componentes electrónicos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
35
3. Mantenimiento correctivo de los componentes componentes mecánicos, eléctricos y electrónicos del sistema de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
36
3.1 Mantenimiento correctivo a los componentes mecánicos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit 3.2 Mantenimiento correctivo a los elementos eléctricos del sistema sistema de aire
36
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Submódulo II.
61
1. Funcionamiento del sistema sistema de aire acondicionado automotriz
61
1.1 Funcionamiento de los componentes mecánicos del aire acondicionado automotriz
63
1.2 Funcionamiento de los componentes eléctricos del aire acondicionado automotriz
80
1.3 Funcionamiento de los componentes electrónicos de aire acondicionado automotriz
80
2. Mantenimiento preventivo de los componentes mecánicos, eléctricos y electrónicos del sistema de aire automotriz
93
2.1 Mantenimiento de los componentes mecánicos de aire acondicionado automotriz
94
2.2 Mantenimiento preventivo de los componentes eléctricos eléctricos de aire acondicionado automotriz
100
2.3 Mantenimiento preventivo de los componentes electrónicos electrónicos de aire acondicionado automotriz
103
3. Mantenimiento correctivo de los componentes componentes mecánicos, eléctricos y electrónicos de aire acondicionado automotriz
103
3.1 Corrección de fallas mecánicas en aire acondicionado automotriz
104
3.2 Mantenimiento correctivo al sistema eléctrico eléctrico en aire acondicionado automotriz
114
3.3 Mantenimiento correctivo al sistema electrónico electrónico en aire acondicionado automotriz electrónico en aire acondicionado automotriz
115
Glosario
117
Fuentes de información
129
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OBJETIVO El objetivo de la presente guía es proporcionarle al alumno un instrumento que le sirva de apoyo para tener los contenidos del curso a la mano cuando desee consultarlos. También le permitirá darle seguimiento a todas las actividades del curso, de modo que esté mejor preparado para realizar las prácticas correspondientes.
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INTRODUCCIÓN Los sistemas de aire acondicionado han adquirido en los últimos años una demanda alta entre la población que habita en las zonas cálidas. Actualmente, todo lugar al que vamos está climatizado: el cine, el supermercado, los hospitales, las oficinas, los centros deportivos, etcétera. La competencia comercial ha contribuido a esta demanda, pues se busca proporcionar condiciones cómodas de compra a los clientes. Las estrategias de mercadotecnia también han permitido que esta demanda aumente a tal grado que en el mismo hogar ya es imprescindible contar con las mismas condiciones de comodidad en cuanto al clima. El desarrollo tecnológico ha permitido el uso doméstico de aparatos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana, que ofrecen diversas posibilidades de instalación. Además, ha impulsado la creación de los sistemas minisplit, que son una versión más completa y eficiente del sistema de ventana aplicado al ramo doméstico. La necesidad de climatización en el hogar se ha extendido hacia el transporte, a tal grado que cada vez es más común el uso del aire acondicionado automotriz. Estos tres campos brindan una gran oportunidad de trabajo para dar servicio y mantenimiento a todos estos aparatos, que cada vez son más y se necesita la preparación de técnicos capacitados que se encarguen de ellos. En este módulo se tratan los tres tipos de sistemas: ventana, minisplit y automotriz. Por tanto, se da a conocer el funcionamiento de tal manera que se pueda elaborar un diagnóstico que permita realizar adecuadamente el mantenimiento preventivo y correctivo de los tres tipos de sistemas.
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SUBMÓDULO I EJECUTAR EL MANTENIMIENTO A LOS SISTEMAS DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO ACONDICIONADO TIPO VENTANA Y MINISPLIT 1.
Funcionamiento de los componentes del sistema de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
El aire acondicionado como sistema mecánico se compone, para su funcionamiento, de dos ciclos; cada uno tiene sus elementos indispensables que realizan diferentes procesos. En el presente curso se describirán en primer término los elementos que integran el sistema de refrigeración. El sistema de aire acondicionado, ya sea del tipo ventana o minisplit, tiene la finalidad de mantener una temperatura confortable en un espacio determinado por su tamaño. Ambos sistemas tienen una aplicación doméstica y algunas aplicaciones comerciales. Por medio del aire acondicionado en su conjunto se eliminan polvo y humedad, ya que el sistema controla la temperatura pues filtra y deshumidifica el aire en el espacio donde se encuentra.
Aire acondicionado tipo ventana Los sistemas de aire acondicionado tipo ventana están confinados en un paquete diseñado para colocarse directamente en una ventana. Las propias necesidades de los consumidores también determinaron que se colocara en una pared.
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Aire acondicionado tipo minisplit Los avances de la tecnología llevaron al ámbito doméstico la aplicación de sistemas que se empleaban en locales mayores. Por esta razón, cuando el sistema dividido (split) se aplica al campo doméstico se convierte en minisplit, con las ventajas de que es más eficiente y silencioso, además de tener una mejor apariencia. La unidad condensadora está separada de la evaporadora. Ésta es la única ubicada en el área de confort, mientras la primera se coloca en un lugar donde no sea vista ni genere una mala imagen.
FIGURA 2. SISTEMA DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO MINISPLIT.
1.1
FIGURA 3. SISTEMA DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO MINISPLIT.
Funcionamiento de los componentes mecánicos de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit
Compresor Todo sistema mecánico está provisto de un elemento principal encargado de que el líquido o fluido circule en todo el sistema para que se produzca el efecto esperado. En los sistemas de refrigeración dicho elemento se llama compresor, y su función es succionar y comprimir el
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FIGURA 4. COMPRESOR HERMÉTICO RECIPROCANTE.
FIGURA 5. COMPRESOR HERMÉTICO ROTATIVO.
Cuando el estator recibe la energía eléctrica se crea un campo magnético. Éste hace que el eje rotor empiece a girar e impulsar el movimiento del pistón. En el desplazamiento descendente del pistón se origina un área de presión baja entre la parte superior del pistón, el cabezal del cilindro y la línea de succión del evaporador. Esta serie de actividades origina que el vapor del refrigerante caliente entre a esta área de baja presión y temperatura. El desplazamiento de descarga (compresión) del pistón actúa sobre un área superficial considerable de gas y lo comprime para forzarlo, a alta presión y mayor temperatura, a moverse a través de una abertura de válvula pequeña hacia el condensador por la línea de descarga. Las válvulas en el cabezal del cilindro están diseñadas de tal forma que, dependiendo de la parte del desplazamiento, una se encuentra abierta mientras la otra está cerrada. Estas válvulas controlan parte del refrigerante gaseoso, dirigiéndolo para que entre en el condensador, ya sea por la abertura hueca o la descarga a presión a través de las aberturas de las válvulas. Al regresar de la parte superior de su desplazamiento, el pistón permite nuevamente la entrada de refrigerante y el ciclo continúa. La biela de conexión origina que el pistón ascienda y descienda (movimiento aleatorio), y está acoplada con un cigüeñal giratorio y sirve para cambiar el movimiento rotatorio en movimiento lineal (rectilíneo).
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temperatura del refrigerante y éste pasa de vapor a líquido eliminando. El calor absorbido en el espacio acondicionado en el evaporador se envía al medio ambiente a una temperatura más elevada. El condensador también es un elemento de transferencia de calor. Algunos condensadores de aire acondicionado están provistos con subenfriadores para lograr una mayor eficiencia del sistema y la eliminación del calor. Termodinámicamente hablando, la capacidad de un condensador se basa en tres factores: • • •
Superficie total de radiación, formada por la del tubo y las aletas. Temperatura del aire ambiente en que se emplea el condensador. Velocidad del aire a través del condensador.
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Con el fin de llevar un enfriamiento uniforme al evaporador y disminuir la caída de presionen el mismo en los sistemas de aire acondicionado es común que se encuentren varios circuitos de capilares entrando al evaporador. En el aparato minisplit el control de flujo varía, pudiéndose encontrar del tipo de orifico calibrado cuyo diámetro dependerá de la capacidad, considerando el nivel de restricción que debe existir para lograr una evaporación adecuada en el evaporador y así lograr el enfriamiento necesario del espacio.
FIGURA 8. CONTROL DE FLUJO AIRE VENTANA.
FIGURA 9. CONTROL DE FLUJO AIRE MINISPLIT.
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Los elementos hasta aquí descritos están unidos a través de tuberías que forman el sistema por el que se llevarán a cabo los procesos y ciclos de refrigeración. Dichas tuberías se distinguen de la siguiente forma:
b
a
c
FIGURA 10. TUBERÍAS DE UN SISTEMA DE REFRIGERACIÓN
a. Línea de succión.
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2 3 1
FIGURA 11. 1. LÍNEA DE SUCCIÓN. 2. LÍNEA DE DESCARGA.
1
FIGURA 12. 1. LÍNEA DE SUCCIÓN. 3. LÍNEA DE LÍQUIDO.
Ciclo de refrigeración Para comprender mejor el funcionamiento del aire acondicionado es importante reconocer el ciclo completo de refrigeración, agregando cada uno de los procesos que se describieron anteriormente:
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proporción de aire que se alimente al área determinada depende de la capacidad del equipo, de su ubicación y del tamaño del área que se acondicionará.
Ciclo de ventilación de un aparato tipo ventana
FIGURA 13. TURBINA EVAPORADOR.
FIGURA 14. ASPA CONDENSADOR.
Ciclo de ventilación de un aparato tipo minisplit
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Unidades eléctricas Es importante saber cuáles son las variables eléctricas que se deben medir para determinar el buen funcionamiento de un sistema de aire acondicionado tipo ventana y minisplit.
Voltaje. Éste se mide en volts (V) y es la fuerza que hace que los electrones se desplacen a través de un conductor por el diferencial de potencial. En el aire acondicionado de ventana y minisplit se utilizan dos tipos de voltaje, 220 y 110 volts de corriente alterna. El voltaje se mide con un voltímetro, conectado en paralelo en el sistema eléctrico Cada aparato tiene una placa de identificación donde se indica el voltaje que debe aplicarse a esa unidad.
Amperaje. Éste se mide en amperes (amps, A)
es el número de electrones que pasa por un
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FIGURA 19. MOTOR ASPA DE UNIDAD
FIGURA 20. MOTOR TURBINA DE UNIDAD
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Selector y control de velocidad Este elemento permite definir las funciones del sistema: desde ventilación hasta frío, ambos con varias velocidades, e incluso calefacción, de acuerdo con el clima de la localidad. Hay del tipo de teclas o de perilla según el fabricante. Los mostrados son del tipo eléctrico. Los avances de la ciencia han permitido que actualmente también haya del tipo electrónico, los cuales se mostrarán posteriormente.
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Transformador de voltaje Este dispositivo se utiliza principalmente en sistemas donde se tienen dos motores, como en los sistemas minisplit, o en sistemas donde se tienen sistemas de control a bajo voltaje.
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Se recomienda elaborar una orden de trabajo que detalle el equipo y herramienta utilizados, así como el material y su costo, incluyendo el de la mano de obra, con el fin de llenar un reporte completo de los trabajos realizados y anexarlo al portafolio de evidencias.
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De acuerdo con las normas ambientales, no se recomienda el uso de sustancias ácidas para limpiar los serpentines, por lo que la única opción es emplear agua a presión. El procedimiento recomendado es el siguiente:
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La limpieza general de las partes metálicas se realizó al lavar los serpentines; sin embargo, no se eliminó el óxido ni la corrosión encontrada, para lograrlo se recomienda el siguiente procedimiento: •
Localizar las partes oxidadas o con muestras de corrosión.
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Etapa 2. Condensación El refrigerante en estado gaseoso entra en el condensador a alta presión y temperatura. Empieza la entrega de calor del refrigerante al aire que atraviesa el intercambiador, por lo que se produce la condensación del refrigerante y sale del condensador en estado líquido a alta presión y temperatura media (19 bar, 60°C).
Etapa 3. Filtrado y desecado El refrigerante en estado líquido pasa por el filtro deshidratador, que absorbe la humedad que pueda contener el refrigerante. Además, pasa a través de un elemento filtrante que retiene las impurezas presentes en el líquido. No debe producirse ningún cambio en el estado termodinámico del refrigerante.
Etapa 4. Expansión El refrigerante en estado líquido, a 19 bar y 60°C, penetra en la válvula de expansión termostática y produce una caída brusca de presión y temperatura. El refrigerante sale de la válvula en estado líquido que se va evaporando, a una presión de 3 bar y una temperatura de 0°C.
Etapa 5. Evaporación El refrigerante en el estado anterior penetra en el evaporador, donde comienza el intercambio de calor con el aire exterior que penetra a la cabina. El refrigerante necesita absorber calor para poder evaporarse, y lo toma del aire que atraviesa el evaporador. A su vez, la humedad presente en este aire se condensa sobre las aletas (superficie fría) y se acumula en una bandeja bajo el intercambiador, para después ser evacuada al exterior mediante un conducto de desagüe.
Etapa 6. Control El refrigerante a la salida del evaporador, y por lo tanto, a la entrada del compresor, debe estar en estado gaseoso para evitar posibles deterioros en el compresor. En los circuitos equipados con una válvula de expansión termostática, el control se realiza a la salida del evaporador, mediante el recalentamiento o la diferencia entre la temperatura a la salida del evaporador y la temperatura de evaporación. Dicho valor debe estar comprendido entre 2 y 10°C, y en caso de encontrarse fuera de estos márgenes, la válvula se abre más o menos para permitir la entrada de un caudal mayor o menor al evaporador. Es, por lo tanto, imprescindible no variar el ajuste de dicha válvula.
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FIGURA 101. FUNCIONAMIENTO DEL SISTEMA DE AIRE ACONDICIONADO AUTOMOTRIZ.
1.1
Funcionamiento de los componentes mecánicos del aire acondicionado automotriz
A continuación se abordan las partes que componen el sistema sistema de aire acondicionado automotriz.
Compresor El compresor es una máquina que transforma la energía que suministra el motor del vehículo. Para ello, succiona el refrigerante procedente del evaporador en forma de vapor a baja presión y baja temperatura, para después llevarlo hacia el condensador en forma de vapor a alta presión y alta temperatura. El compresor se encuentra sujeto directamente sobre el bloque del motor y lo acciona la banda que mueve el alternador y el refrigerante de enfriamiento del motor. Es fundamental que el montaje se haga de forma correcta debido a la importancia del compresor, ya que si se rompiera el soporte habría consecuencias muy graves.
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Tipos de compresores Los compresores se subdividen con base en el modo en el que comprimen el gas refrigerante; se distinguen dos tipos principales: los compresores volumétricos y los turbocompresores (axiales y centrífugos). Los compresores volumétricos se clasifican en: •
•
•
Alternativos: - De pistones pistones tipo tipo revólver. Rotativos: - De paletas. Pseudorrotativos: - De espirales (scroll ). ).
Funcionamiento de cada tipo de compresor Compresores alternativos El funcionamiento del compresor alternativo se subdivide en cuatro fases: aspiración, compresión, impulsión y expansión. En la primera fase la válvula de aspiración está abierta, por lo que el refrigerante frigorífico gaseoso entra en el compresor a presión constante.
Compresor alternativo de pistones con sistema biela-manivela Está constituido por un cilindro con un pistón interior, su respectiva biela y manivela y las toberas de aspiración y descarga, equipadas equipa das con sus válvulas automáticas.
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La tubería de descarga siempre es de un diámetro menor que la de aspiración, debido a que el refrigerante a alta presión necesita una menor sección de paso. Estos compresores tienen un elevado rendimiento volumétrico, entre 80 y 90%, pero producen un nivel elevado de vibraciones. En este valor de rendimiento se toman en cuenta las pérdidas de fluido producidas durante el llenado del cilindro, así como las posibles fugas desde éstos hacia el exterior a través de los tubos.
Compresor alternativo de pistones tipo revólver El principio de funcionamiento de estos compresores consiste en la transformación del movimiento rotativo del eje en un movimiento alternativo de los pistones por medio de un plato oscilante inclinado. La unión entre la varilla del pistón y el plato se efectúa mediante rótulas.
Compresor de cilindrada fija Estos compresores comprimen la misma cantidad de refrigerante en cada rotación, ya que disponen de un cigüeñal en forma de plato que no puede modificar su ángulo en relación con el árbol del compresor.
FIGURA 103. COMPRESOR DE CILINDRADA CI LINDRADA FIJA.
Los sistemas de aire acondicionado que emplean estos compresores conectan y desconectan la bobina del embrague, dependiendo de la temperatura del aire a la salida del evaporador, de manera que el compresor comprime o no según las necesidades. La decisión de conectar o desconectar el compresor la toma un sensor de temperatura que se encuentra, como se ha mencionado, en la salida del aire del evaporador. La desconexión se realiza cuando la temperatura del aire a la salida es muy alta. Estos sistemas tienen el problema de la pérdida de potencia del motor, lo que provoca la conexión brusca del compresor, con las consecuencias que implica en cuanto al confort de marcha. Además, en ocasiones la potencia consumida es mayor que la que se necesita realmente.
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mayor será el desplazamiento de los pistones, y por lo tanto, mayor será la cilindrada del compresor. Estos compresores, que aparecieron en 1987, no necesitan el empleo de un sensor de temperatura a la salida del aire del evaporador, ya que se regulan por sí mismos.
FIGURA 104. COMPRESOR DE CILINDRADA VARIABLE.
Así pues, el ángulo de inclinación depende de la presión en el cárter. Por medio de un orificio calibrado existe constantemente una inyección de parte del gas comprimido hacia el cárter. Además, una válvula de control pone en equilibrio las presiones de aspiración, de salida y del cárter, lo que permite la reinyección hacia la aspiración de la cantidad sobrante de fluido refrigerante en el cárter, de manera que el caudal coincida con las necesidades de refrigeración. La variación de la cilindrada se lleva a cabo mediante la válvula de control. Al aumentar la carga térmica en el evaporador (aumenta la temperatura de la cabina) la presión de evaporación aumenta, ya que aumenta la temperatura. Esta presión aumenta por encima del punto de regulación de la válvula (2 bar efectivos). En esta situación se produce un paso de gas entre la cámara de aspiración y el cuerpo del compresor; no hay presión diferencial entre estas cámaras y los pistones tienen una carrera máxima. Al aumentar la cilindrada, el flujo de refrigerante en circulación aumenta, con lo que el frío generado es mayor. La temperatura en el evaporador bajará junto con la de la cabina y la presión de succión disminuye hasta estar por debajo del valor de regulación de la válvula. Esta válvula abre un paso entre la cámara de descarga y el cuerpo del compresor, por lo que se eleva la presión en el cuerpo. Simultáneamente, la válvula de control reduce el paso entre la cámara de aspiración y el cuerpo del compresor. La regulación del diferencial de presión produce una fuerza que actúa sobre cada una de las bases de los pistones. Como resultado, se obtiene un par de giro que por medio del plato oscilante hace variar el ángulo de la leva giratoria. El plato del cigüeñal, por lo tanto, se desplazará hacia el otro lado, disminuyendo la cilindrada. En la práctica, el plato se sitúa en una posición intermedia que varía muy despacio, permitiendo cumplir en todo momento las necesidades térmicas del sistema.
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• • • • • • •
Eliminación de los golpes bruscos de puesta en marcha del compresor. Mejor deshumidificación del aire. Temperatura constante del aire de los difusores. Mayor confort de marcha. Compresor con una duración de vida superior. Supresión de la sonda de temperatura del evaporador. Mayor duración del resto de los accesorios del compresor, como embrague electromagnético, de la banda y de los rodamientos.
Compresores rotativos El principio de funcionamiento de un compresor de paletas se basa en la rotación de un rotor y en la disminución progresiva del espacio ocupado por el fluido atrapado entre las paletas. La estanqueidad se asegura por el contacto entre las paletas y el estator, producida por la fuerza centrífuga aplicada a las paletas al girar el rotor a gran velocidad. Existen dos tipos de compresores rotativos: • •
Rotor centrado y estator de sección ovalada: Rotor excéntrico y estator de sección circular:
En el núcleo se disponen una serie de ranuras en oposición en las que introducen las paletas. La excentricidad del núcleo al girar hace que en función de las respectivas posiciones unas paletas estén introducidas en las ranuras mientras que otras salen al exterior, siguiendo tangencialmente el perfil del cuerpo cilíndrico.
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En estos compresores el rendimiento volumétrico es del orden de 75 a 90%, debido a las pérdidas por los juegos existentes entre las paletas y el cuerpo cilíndrico.
Compresores pseudorrotativos Estos compresores se emplean fundamentalmente en vehículos de propulsión eléctrica y en instalaciones industriales. En esencia, su funcionamiento se basa en la rotación de una espiral móvil respecto de otra espiral fija. La selección de un compresor para una instalación frigorífica se realiza con base en su capacidad, de modo que pueda mantener un flujo de refrigerante tal que permita el intercambio completo del calor a través del evaporador y del condensador. Otras consideraciones que deben tomarse en cuenta son las dimensiones y el peso, ya que a veces los espacios limitados disponibles para su montaje limitan también su selección.
Funcionamiento del embrague electromagnético En los compresores que se emplean en los equipos de aire acondicionado se utiliza un dispositivo especial, llamado embrague electromagnético, que permite mantener solidario el compresor con el motor. Este elemento posibilita la interrupción de la conexión entre el motor del vehículo y el compresor. Esta interrupción puede realizarse a voluntad del conductor o bien de forma automática cuando se ha alcanzado la temperatura adecuada. De este modo, el embrague transmite el movimiento, generalmente mediante una banda, desde la polea motriz del motor del vehículo hasta el compresor. En la figura correspondiente al embrague electromagnético pueden verse los elementos de que se compone. Disco de embrague electromagnético
Rodamiento de la polea
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FIGURA 108. PARTES DE LA BOBINA DE EMBRAGUE.
FIGURA 109. FUNCIONAMIENTO DE LA BOBINA DE EMBRAGUE.
Cuando el equipo no está en funcionamiento la polea gira loca sobre el cojinete, ya que se mantiene siempre en rotación accionada por la banda que le une con la polea sujeta al eje del motor. Mientras tanto, el compresor permanece en reposo. En el momento de conectarse el equipo se crea un campo magnético debido a la circulación de la corriente eléctrica por la bobina. La fuerza generada por ésta atrae el disco hacia la polea, venciendo la fuerza de las
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• •
El fluido que circula por el conjunto de tubos se enfría y se condensa. El aire que atraviesa el condensador se calienta.
Funcionamiento En el condensador, el fluido cede al aire la energía que ha absorbido en el evaporador y en el compresor.
Descripción del intercambio térmico Balance energético del aire. El condensador está sometido a la ventilación forzada del o de los ventiladores axiales, así como a la ventilación inducida por el propio movimiento del vehículo. El aire que atraviesa el condensador se calienta al entrar en contacto con el intercambiador debido al intercambio térmico con el fluido . El calor cedido por el fluido al aire se descompone en: •
•
Calor sensible por un lado, cuando la temperatura del fluido evoluciona (enfriamiento del fluido gaseoso entre T3 y Tc, y subenfriamiento del fluido líquido entre Tc y T4). Calor latente por otro lado, cuando el fluido cambia de estado (condensación del fluido).
El fluido penetra en estado gaseoso en el tubo de entrada del intercambiador, situado en la parte superior, y llega en estado líquido a la parte inferior del condensador. Una circulación de este tipo favorece el movimiento de este fluido. Se desprecian en este caso las posibles pérdidas de presión del circuito, y en particular las que se producen en el condensador, así como en las tuberías. Se considera, por lo tanto, que los intercambios térmicos en el condensador se producen a presión y temperatura constantes, es decir, a la presión de alta del circuito y a la temperatura de condensación del circuito. No se tiene en cuenta en este caso la eventual presencia de aire u otros incondensables en el circuito. En ese caso se debería considerar la presión parcial del fluido en el condensador, y no
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El haz de tubos del condensador puede ser de tipo: • • •
Serpentín. Tubos/aletas. Flujo paralelo.
Condensador de serpentín Están compuestos de un tubo plano extruido cuya sección ovoide está dividida en tres o cuatro partes, con el fin de crear el mismo número de canales paralelos. Este tubo forma un serpentín, entre cuyos meandros se intercalan las aletas en acordeón. Los componentes se sueldan mediante calor.
FIGURA 110. CONDENSADOR TIPO SERPENTÍN.
Condensador tubo aletado Están constituidos de tubos cilíndricos en forma de horquilla, insertados paralelamente en un conjunto de aletas, que se expanden en forma mecánica para asegurar un buen contacto térmico con éstas. Se unen los tubos entre ellos en cada extremidad mediante codos. El
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Colectores
FIGURA 111. CONDENSADOR DE FLUJO PARALELO. P ARALELO.
Recomendaciones No se debe sustituir un condensador por uno adaptable. Se debe verificar que la superficie externa del condensador esté exenta de suciedad y de corrosión.
Evaporadores
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Si no hay condensación, es decir, si el aire se lleva a una temperatura superior a la temperatura de rocío, la potencia calorífica cedida por el aire al refrigerante se limita a la potencia de refrigeración. El fluido refrigerante penetra como líquido en proceso de evaporación al evaporador, y sale de éste en estado de vapor. Se define el recalentamiento (RC) como la diferencia entre la temperatura a la que sale el fluido del evaporador y la temperatura de evaporación: Se debe garantizar un recalentamiento superior a 2°C para asegurar que la totalidad del fluido entrará en estado de vapor al compresor, y proteger dicho componente. Los intercambios térmicos entre el aire y el fluido se realizan principalmente por: •
•
Conducción térmica, el calor se propaga por proximidad a través de los diferentes materiales, desde las zonas más calientes a las más frías del evaporador. Convección térmica, entre el aire y la superficie externa del evaporador por un lado, y entre el fluido y la superficie interna del evaporador por otro.
La sustitución de un evaporador por otro de menor eficacia representa una variación de la presión de baja del circuito, e implica unas menores prestaciones del circuito, así como un corte cíclico del compresor ocasionado por la sonda del evaporador, que mide una temperatura inferior en las aletas del evaporador.
Tipos de evaporadores
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FIGURA 112. EVAPORADOR DE TUBO Y ALETAS.
Evaporadores de placas En la actualidad se están sustituyendo progresivamente los evaporadores de tubos y aletas, ya que resultan más económicos para grandes series. El circuito lo forman placas colocadas unas sobre otras, en forma de cubetas. Entre dichos tubos planos se intercalan las aletas en forma de acordeón. El conjunto se galvaniza en un horno, al vacío o bajo una atmósfera neutra. Esta tecnología la utilizan tradicionalmente los constructores estadounidenses.
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Funcionamiento de válvulas de expansión termostática Los primeros sistemas de aire acondicionado automotriz utilizaban una válvula de expansión termostática (VET) para controlar el flujo de refrigerante hacia el evaporador. Muchos sistemas modernos emplean un orificio (TO) para dosificar el flujo. Una VET es una válvula variable que modifica el tamaño de la abertura de la válvula en respuesta a la carga de enfriamiento del evaporador. Una VET está controlada por la temperatura y presión del evaporador, de manera que se abre para que fluya tanto refrigerante como sea posible cuando se requiere mucho enfriamiento. Pero todo el refrigerante tiene que hervir en el evaporador, y el vapor debe estar ligeramente sobrecalentado cuando se alcanza la salida del evaporador. Casi todas las VET se calibran para que la temperatura de salida sea de algunos grados arriba de la presión/temperatura de entrada, el refrigerante tendrá algunos grados de sobrecalentamiento. Cuando hay una carga de enfriamiento inferior, la VET debe reducir el flujo. En la mayor parte de los sistemas que emplean una VET, la salida del evaporador está conectada a la entrada del compresor por una manguera con diámetro interno de aproximadamente 16 a 19 mm (5/8” a ¾”). Ciertos sistemas de VET utilizan una válvula estranguladora de succión (VES) para evitar que la presión el evaporador caiga debajo de cierta presión, alrededor de 30 PSI. La presión inferior con su temperatura menor puede causar la formación de hielo en el evaporador. Las VET pueden tener muchas formas; las más utilizadas, las primeras, se enroscaban a la entrada del evaporador y la tubería del líquido se enroscaba a la válvula. El bulbo sensor se
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resistencia al derrame del fluido refrigerante. En efecto, el recalentamiento estático aumenta con las pérdidas de carga del evaporador. Si estas pérdidas son demasiado elevadas, una parte importante del evaporador participa en el recalentamiento, en vez de evaporar el fluido.
Válvulas de expansión con igualador externo. Funcionan dependiendo de la presión al final de la evaporación. Incluyen las pérdidas de carga en el evaporador. De esta forma, el efecto de éstas se elimina y ya no influye sobre el funcionamiento de la válvula.
Tubos de orificio (TO) Un TO es un orificio de diámetro fijo a través del cual debe fluir el refrigerante. Su producción es mucho más sencilla y económica que la VET, pero es incapaz de responder a la temperatura del evaporador. Cuando hay cargas de enfriamiento bajas fluye demasiado refrigerante que puede inundar de líquido el evaporador. Un sistema TO debe incluir un acumulador en el lado de baja, entre el evaporador y el compresor, para atrapar y almacenar refrigerante líquido. El acumulador suele estar unido a la salida del evaporador y conectado al compresor mediante una manguera. Los primeros TO utilizados en camionetas y camiones GM, y en algunos autos, eran unidades de bronce poroso de aspecto parecido a los filtros de combustible. Los TO más modernos son unidades de plástico más largos y esbeltos que se han usado en vehículos GM desde mediados de la década de 1960, y en casi todos los Ford a partir de la década de 1980. Los fabricantes usan códigos de color en los TO para identificar la fabricación y modelo del automóvil para el que se diseño el tubo.
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Válvula de bloque.
Válvula de ángulo.
Orificio calibrado.
FIGURA 114. DIFERENTES TIPOS DE DISPOSITIVOS DE EXPANSIÓN.
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Acumulador El acumulador es un componente asociado al orificio calibrado para evitar la entrada de líquido al compresor de cilindrada variable. Desempeña la misma función de filtración y secado que el filtro deshidratador. Tiene la capacidad de separar el líquido y el gas para sólo dejar pasar gas hacia el compresor. Si no se sustituye el acumulador el material desecante se saturará de humedad, lo que producirá una obstrucción obstrucción en el circuito y provocará una posexpansión que hará perder eficiencia al sistema. También la humedad que penetra en el circuito puede reaccionar químicamente con el aceite lubricante y provocar la aparición de ácidos altamente altamente corrosivos, lo que deteriora el compresor y la válvula de expansión. Se recomienda sustituir el acumulador cada dos años. Cada vez que se abra el sistema es
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FIGURA 116. TUBERÍAS.
FIGURA 117. COMPOSICIÓN DE LA MANGUERA.
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El filtro deshidratador cumple la función complementaria de ser una reserva de líquido para absorber las variaciones de caudal de fluido en el circuito (en caso de ciclado del compresor), y para retener el gas residual y alimentar la válvula de expansión únicamente con fluido en estado líquido. También, como ya se mencionó, tiene filtros para detener las impurezas que podrían llegar hasta la válvula de expansión y taponar el orificio. Como el fluido frigorífico y el aceite arrancan partículas metálicas del circuito, debido a la presión y a la velocidad, hay que eliminarlas filtrándolos para proteger las válvulas del circuito y el compresor.
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FIGURA 121. CONTROL ELÉCTRICO.
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Presostato Este dispositivo es el órgano de protección y seguridad del sistema. Es un interruptor que actúa sobre el paro y arranque del compresor, así como sobre el arranque y paro de la segunda velocidad del motor del impulsor GMV.
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Termostato
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1.3
Funcionamiento de los componentes electrónicos de aire acondicionado automotriz
Control electrónico
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Tratamiento de información
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• • • •
De concepción económica simple. Difíciles de regular. Funcionan en par de bloqueo todo o nada, abierto o cerrado. Mando de apertura y cierre del deflector de reciclado o regulación progresiva, caliente o frío.
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Interruptor eléctrico de presión. Interruptor de algunos sistemas de acondicionamiento de aire que activa y desactiva el embrague del compresor para evitar la formación de hielo en el evaporador. Ocupa el lugar de la válvula de estrangulamiento de succión. Interruptor magnético. Interruptor equipado con bobina. Cuando ésta se activa al conectarse a una batería o a un alternador el interruptor abre o cierra un circuito. Interruptor termostático. Componente ajustable utilizado en un sistema de embrague de funcionamiento clásico para acoplar y desacoplar el compresor. Impide que el agua se congele sobre el serpentín del evaporador y controla la temperatura que fluye del evaporador. Jaula de ardilla. Ventilador que tiene álabes paralelos a su eje y mueve aire en ángulos rectos o perpendicularmente a su propio eje. Juego. Espacio comprendido entre dos piezas móviles o entre una pieza móvil y otra fija, como una mangueta y un cojinete. Se considera que el juego del cojinete se llena con aceite lubricante cuando el mecanismo está en marcha. Junta. Banda plana, normalmente de corcho o de metal o de ambos, situada entre dos superficies mecanizadas para proporcionar un sello fuerte entre ambas. Kelvin. Escala de temperatura en la que el cero absoluto es cuando el movimiento molecular es nulo. Kilowatt. Unidad de potencia eléctrica igual a 1000 watts. Lado de alta. Parte del sistema refrigerante que está bajo presión de condensación o alta presión. Lado de baja. Parte del sistema refrigerante que tiene una presión menor, la de evaporación. Línea de líquido. Tubo que lleva el refrigerante líquido del condensador o del depósito de líquido a la entrada del mecanismo de control de refrigerante. Línea de succión. Parte del sistema entre la salida del evaporador y la entrada al compresor. Lubricación forzada. Sistema lubricante que usa una bomba para forzar el aceite hasta las superficies de las partes móviles. Magnético. Que tiene la capacidad de atraer el hierro. Puede ser magnetismo natural o permanente, o electromagnetismo que se produce mediante una corriente eléctrica. Manómetro. Instrumento para medir presión de gases y vapores, la primera es balanceada con una bomba de líquido, como mercurio, en un tubo en forma de U. Mantenimiento preventivo. Inspección sistemática, detección y corrección de fallas en un vehículo, antes de que ocurran o antes de que se desarrollen defectos más importantes.
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Medidor micrón. Instrumento para medir vacíos muy cerca del vacío perfecto. Medidor de vacío. Instrumento usado para medir presiones bajo la presión atmosférica. Micrón. Unidad de medida en el sistema métrico; la milésima parte de un milímetro. Motor con capacitor. Motor de inducción de una sola fase que tiene un embobinado de encendido auxiliar conectado en serie con un condensador para mejores características de encendido. Motor eléctrico. Dispositivo para convertir energía eléctrica en mecánica, por ejemplo: el motor de arranque. Motor quemado. Condición en la cual el aislamiento de un motor eléctrico se ha deteriorado por sobrecalentamiento. Movimiento alternativo. Movimiento de un objeto entre dos posiciones límite; movimiento hacia atrás y hacia delante, arriba y abajo, etcétera. Neopreno. Caucho sintético que no resulta afectado por varios productos químicos que sí son nocivos para el caucho natural. Nitrógeno. Gas inerte usado para detección de fugas y barrido de sistemas. Núcleo. En un radiador, un conjunto de pasos de refrigerante rodeados de aletas a través de las cuales circula aire para llevarse calor. Ohmímetro. Instrumento utilizado para medir en ohms la resistencia eléctrica de un conductor eléctrico o de un circuito. Orificio. Abertura de tamaño preciso para controlar el flujo de fluido. Ozono. Forma gaseosa de oxígeno obtenida por la descarga silenciosa de electricidad en oxígeno o aire. PAO. Potencial de agotamiento de ozono. Partícula. Pieza muy pequeña de metal o suciedad o de otro tipo de impureza que puede estar en el aire, en el combustible o en el aceite lubricante usado en un sistema de acondicionamiento de aire. Peine de condensador. Elemento parecido a un peine, metálico o de plástico, que se emplea para limpiar o enderezar las aletas metálicas de los condensadores o evaporadores. Pinza pinchadora. Herramienta que sirve para acceder a un sistema que no tiene válvula de acceso o servicio; útil para recuperar el refrigerante en un tanque especial de recuperación y usarlo posteriormente y no derramarlo a la atmósfera. Recuperado el refrigerante, se coloca la
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Polea. Rueda metálica con una ranura en forma de V alrededor de la llanta que mueve o está movida por una banda. Presión. Energía ejercida en un área unitaria; fuerza o empuje ejercidos sobre una superficie. Presión de succión. Presión en el lado de baja de un sistema refrigerante. Presurizar. Aplicar presión superior a la atmosférica a un gas o un líquido. Protector de sobrecarga. Un equipo operado por temperatura, presión o corriente que detiene el funcionamiento de la unidad si se llega a condiciones peligrosas. Purgar. Sacar humedad o aire de un sistema o de un componente lavándolos con un gas seco; por ejemplo, nitrógeno. PSI. Símbolo o iniciales usadas para indicar la presión medida en libras por pulgada cuadrada. PSIA. Símbolo o iniciales usadas para indicar la presión absoluta medida en libras por pulgada cuadrada. La presión absoluta es igual a la presión de manómetro más la presión atmosférica. PSIG. Símbolo o iniciales usadas para indicar la presión de manómetro medida en libras por pulgada cuadrada. La “g” indica que es presión de manómetro y no presión absoluta. Recibidor de líquido. Cilindro conectado a la salida del condensador para almacenar el refrigerante líquido en un sistema. Reciprocante. Acción en la cual el movimiento es hacia atrás y hacia delante en línea recta. Recuperar. Acción de pasar el refrigerante de un sistema de aire acondicionado a un cilindro especial para recargarlo posteriormente. Recuperadora. Máquina que extrae el refrigerante de un sistema y lo deposita en un tanque especial de recuperación para evitar derramarlo a la atmósfera y utilizarlo posteriormente. Reductor de capacidad. En un compresor, un elemento como la cavidad despejada o un cilindro de cabeza móvil. Refrigerante. Sustancia usada en los mecanismos de refrigeración para absorber calor en el serpentín del evaporador, cambiando de estado de líquido a gas y liberándolo en un condensador mientras la sustancia cambia de nuevo de gas a líquido. Regulador de presión. Válvula automática de regulación de presión. Se monta en la línea de succión entre la salida del evaporador y la succión del compresor (CPR o EPR). Su propósito es mantener una temperatura y presión predeterminadas en el evaporador. Rejilla. Una abertura ornamental o una lumbrera situada al final de un ducto de aire.
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Relevador térmico. Control eléctrico usado para activar un sistema de refrigeración. Este sistema usa alambre para convertir energía eléctrica en energía calorífica. Rodamiento. Instrumento de baja fricción para soportar y alinear una parte móvil. Rotor. Parte rotatoria de un mecanismo Saturación. Condición que existe cuando una sustancia contiene el máximo de otra para una temperatura y presión dadas. Sello del compresor. Sello a prueba de fugas entre la carcasa y el cuerpo del compresor. Sensor. Material o elemento que sufre cambios físicos en sus características electrónicas cuando las condiciones cambian. Serpentín. Conjunto de bobinas para transmisión de calor con que se calienta el aire que es inducido o forzado, a través de él, por un ventilador y que puede usarse como evaporador o condensador. Serpentín evaporador. Elemento hecho de un serpentín de tubería que funciona como evaporador de refrigerante. Sistema tipo minisplit. Sistema de aire acondicionado dividido y de pequeña capacidad; la unidad condensadora se coloca fuera del espacio que se enfriará, y la unidad condensadora, en el interior. Sistema tipo ventana. Sistema de aire acondicionado en el que todos los elementos están contenidos en un espacio definido y que se puede colocar sobre una ventana o una pared. Sobrecalentamiento. Temperatura del vapor por encima de la temperatura de ebullición de su líquido a esa presión. Soldadura. Unión de dos metales base empleando un tercero (fundente) a una temperatura inferior a 426 °C. Solenoide. Bobina de hilo eléctrico diseñada para conducir una corriente eléctrica y producir un campo magnético. Sonda del evaporador. Dispositivo que se coloca sobre las aletas del evaporador en el punto mas frío. La sonda del evaporador es un elemento de seguridad que previene la aparición de hielo en el evaporador. Subenfriamiento. Enfriamiento de un líquido refrigerante por debajo de su temperatura de condensación. Sustituir. Extraer una pieza y cambiarla por otra de repuesto de la primera. Esta operación incluye limpieza, lubricación y ajuste cuando sea necesario.
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Tacómetro. Dispositivo para medir la velocidad de un motor en RPM. Temperatura. Grado de calor o frío medido con un termómetro; medida de la velocidad del movimiento de las moléculas. Termistor. Dispositivo eléctrico sensible al calor con un coeficiente de resistencia negativo con la temperatura; es decir, cuando la temperatura aumenta, la resistencia disminuye. Se utiliza como dispositivo sensor para instrumentos indicadores de temperatura del motor. Termómetro. Instrumento para medir temperatura. Termostato. Equipo que responde a los cambios de temperatura. Tornillo de fijación. Tipo de fijación metálica, con frecuencia utilizada para fijar un collar o un engranaje en un eje; en este caso, el tornillo de fijación se prolonga a través del collar en filetes de rosca en el eje. Transformador de voltaje. Elemento eléctrico que transforma el voltaje de entrada, elevándolo o reduciéndolo a la salida. Tubería. Línea de transporte de fluido que tiene una pared delgada. Tubos con aletas . Tubos de transformación de calor con superficies extendidas en forma de discos o aletas. Ultravioleta. Ondas luminosas que sólo pueden ser observadas con una lámpara especial. Unión roscada. Una junta a prueba de fuga de gas obtenida mediante la unión de partes metálicas enroscadas una dentro de otra. Unión soldada. Una junta a prueba de fuga de gas obtenida mediante la unión de partes metálicas en estado plástico o de fusión. Vacío. Reducción de presión por debajo de la presión atmosférica. Vacuómetro. Instrumento que mide el vacío que se practica a un sistema de aire acondicionado en el proceso de servicio. Válvula. Elemento usado para controlar el flujo de un fluido. Válvula de acceso. Válvula colocada en los sistemas de aire acondicionado para conectar el múltiple de manómetros, generalmente del tipo Schrader. Válvula de alivio. Elemento de seguridad diseñado para abrirse después de que se alcance una presión peligrosa. Válvula de expansión termostática. Válvula de control operada por la temperatura y la presión
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el fin usarlo posteriormente y no derramarlo a la atmósfera. Recuperado el refrigerante, se coloca la válvula de acceso y se tapa el orificio que dejó la pinza.
Válvula de servicio . Elemento que se une al sistema y que permite la abertura de orificios para medidores y/o líneas de carga. También proporciona el medio de cerrar o abrir medidores y puntos de carga, así como controlar el flujo de refrigerante. Válvula Schrader. Elemento cargado a resorte que permite el flujo de fluido en una dirección cuando se oprime un pasador central y en la otra dirección cuando existe una diferencia de presión. Válvula de agua. La mayoría de las unidades enfriadas por agua está equipada con válvulas de agua. Estas válvulas proporcionan un flujo de agua para enfriar el sistema cuando está funcionando. La mayoría está controlada por solenoides. Vapor. Agua en estado gaseoso. Vapor refrigerante. Refrigerante en estado gaseoso. Vapor saturado. Vapor en contacto con el líquido que lo ha generado en un espacio cerrado. Tiene la misma temperatura que el líquido. Vapor sobrecalentado. Vapor refrigerante a una temperatura mayor que la de su punto de ebullición para una presión dada. Ventilador. Elemento de flujo axial o radial usado para mover o producir corrientes artificiales de aire. Ventilador centrífugo. Rotor o rueda de ventilador dentro de una carcasa de tipo espiral, que incluye un mecanismo de soporte y mando por correas o conexión directa. Ventilador con álabes . Una rueda de tipo disco dentro de un cilindro que tiene juego de álabes directrices, tanto antes como después del rotor, que incluye un mecanismo de soporte y mando por correas o conexión directa. Voltímetro. Instrumento para medir voltajes en circuitos eléctricos.
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FUENTES DE INFORMACIÓN Alerich, Walter N. (2001), Control de motores eléctricos , Diana, México. Ari (1999), Manual de refrigeración y aire acondicionado , Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana, 3ª ed., México. Birch, Tom (1996), Aire acondicionado y calefacción en el automóvil , Prentice Hall, México. Botero y Montaño (1986), Refrigeración y aire acondicionado , Prentice Hall Hispanoamericana, México. Boyce H., Dwiggins, (1987), Aire acondicionado para automóviles , CECSA Carrier (1996), Manual de aire acondicionado , Marcombo, España. Crouse y Anglin (1977), Aire acondicionado en el automóvil , Marcombo/Algaomega, Barcelona. Jennings, Lewis (1983), Aire acondicionado y refrigeración , CECSA, 11ª ed., México. Valeo (2000), Manual de aire acondicionado automotriz , Valeo Clim Service, España. Whitman, Johnson (1997), Tecnología de refrigeración y aire acondicionado , Marcombo, España.
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