Module 1. Unit 2.: Historical Antecedents of Science and Technology

 

Gknuam 6. ]ebt 4. Jbstkrbofa Fetmomnmets Fetmomn mets kc _obmeom _obmeom fen ^mojekakly

 

Betmenmn Amfrebel Kutokgms 6. Abst nkwe sobmetbcbo sobmetbcbo fen tmojeka tmojekaklbo klbofa fa bevme bevmetbkes tbkes forkss forkss tbgm. tbgm. 4. Nbsouss Nbsouss tjm jbstkrbo jbstkrbofa fa fetmomn fetmomnmets mets,, m.l., skobfa skobfa,, ouaturf ouaturfa, a, mokekgbo mokekgbo,, fen pkabtbofa oketmxts, wjboj sjfpmn fen wfs sjfpmn dy tjm nmvmakpgmet kc _&^ forkss tbgm. ?. Nbsouss Nbsouss Xjbabppb Xjbabppbem em sobmetbc sobmetbcbo bo fen tmojekakl tmojekaklbofa bofa bevmetb bevmetbkes kes fen fen jkw jkw tjmsm, tkk, sjfpmn fen wmrm sjfpmn dy vfrbkus skobfa oketmxts.

 

\ftoj fe 6:-gbeutm ^ ^mnx mnx ^fai dy Jfeeu Tf`febmgb.

 

Jbstkrbofa Fetmomnmets kc _&^ ✟

Kem kc tjm imy betmrmsts kc _obmeom, ^mojekakly, fen _kobmty fs fe fofnmgbo cbman

✟

ckousms ke jkw _&^ ojfelmn forkss tbgm fen tjm bgpfots kc ckousms sobmetbcbo fen tmojekaklbofa beekvftbke ke prmvfbabel prmvfbabel skobfa, ouaturfa, pkabtbofa, fen mokekgbo oketmxts oketmxts forkss tbgm

✟

pfys fttmetbke tk tjm oketmxtufa obrougstfeoms tjft sjfpmn _&^

✟

betmrmsts abm be jbstkrbofa fetmomnmets kc sobmetbcbo fen tmojekaklbofa beekvftbke

 

\jft‒s be f jbstkrbofa fetmomnmet; ✟

ofe dm uenmrstkkn fs f prmourskr kc f tjbel

✟

fe fetmomnmet kc f skgmtjbel ueckanmn kr mxbstmn dmckrm bt

✟

jbstkrbofa fetmomnmets be _&^ ofe dm uenmrstkkn fs tjm prmvbkus stftm kc sobmeom fen tmojekakly kr prmvbkus sobmetbcbo kr tmojekaklbofa tkkas tjft pfvmn tjm wfy ckr gkrm fnvfeomn fen skpjbstboftmn _&^ tk frbsm

 

Feobmet Xmrbkn •

^jm rbsm kc feobmet obvbabzftbkes pfvmn tjm wfy ckr fnvfeoms be _&^. ^jm fnvfeoms be _&^ nurbel tjm feobmet pmrbkn faakwmn obvbabzftbkes tk cakurbsj dy cbenbel dmttmr wfys kc abvbel, okggueboftbke, trfespkrtftbke, fen smac-krlfebzftbke.

 

Feobmet Xmrbkn0 Feobmet \jmma

Cblurm 6. _ugmrbfe \jmma

Cblurm 4. Xkttmr‒s \jmma

 

Feobmet Xmrbkn0 Xfpmr

Cblurm ?. ^jm Mnwbe _gbtj Xfpyrus

 

Feobmet Xmrbkn0 _jfnkkc 

Cblurm >. _jfnkkc 

 

Feobmet Xmrbkn0 Fetbiytjmrf Gmojfebsg

Cblurm =. F crflgmet kc tjm Fetbiytjmrf Fetbiytjmrf gmojfebsg

 

Feobmet Xmrbkn0 Fmkabpbam

Cblurm 3. Fe baaustrftbke kc Jmrk‒s melbem

 

Gbnnam Flms •

Gf`kr fnvfeoms be sobmetbcbo fen tmojekaklbofa nmvmakpgmet, beoaunbel f stmfny beormfsm kc emw bevmetbkes, betrknuotbke kc beekvftbkes be trfnbtbkefa prknuotbke, fen mgmrlmeom kc sobmetbcbo tjbeibel fen gmtjkn, jfn tfime pafom. Gfey gmnbmvfa uebvmrsbtbms ft tjm tbgm stbrrmn sobmetbcbo tjbeibel fen prkvbnmn becrfstruoturm ckr sobmetbcbo okgguebtbms tk cakurbsj. jugfebty ‒s gkst bgpkrtfet, prmsmet-nfy tmojekaklbms _kgm kc jugfebty‒ okuan dm trfomn dfoi tk jbstkrbofa fetmomnmets be tjm Gbnnam Flms.

 

Gbnnam Flms0 Jmfvy Xakulj

Cblurm . @foqufrn Akkg

 

Gknmre Flm0 Melbem-Xkwmrmn Fbrpafem

Cblurm 6=. ^jm cabljt kc tjm Caybel Gfojbem kc Krvbaam fen \badur \rbljt

 

Gknmre Flm0 ^mamvbsbke ^mamvbsbke

Cblurm 63. Dfbrn‒s tmamvbsbke

 

Bevmetbkes kc Cbabpbek _obmetbsts •

^jm Xjbabppbems dkfsts kc bts kwe jbstkry fen trfnbtbke kc sobmetbcbo fen tmojekaklbofa beekvftbke. Cbabpbek sobmetbsts jfvm akel dmme iekwe ckr tjmbr belmeubty. Fs wbtj faa ktjmr bevmetbkes, emomssbty jfs fawfys dmme tjm gktjmr kc Xjbabppbem bevmetbkes. Gkst Cbabpbek bevmetbkes fppmfamn tk tjm uebqum skobfa kc tjm frojbpmaflbo eftbke. Mvme nurbelfen tjm ouaturfa feobmet oketmxt pmrbkn, kur Cbabpbek feomstkrs nmvmakpmn sobmetbcbo fen tmojekaklbofa beekvftbkes ckousmn ke efvblftbke, trfnbtbkefa sjbpdubanbel, tmxtbams, ckkn prkomssbel, benblmekus frts fen tmojebqums, fen mvme ouaturfa bevmetbkes.

 

Xjbabppbem Bevmetbkes0 M-@mmpemy

Cblurm 6) Xjbabppbem bevmetbkes. (6) feobmet tbgms, (4) gbnnam flms, (?) gknmre flm, Ke f 6= x ?8 baaustrftbke dkfrn kr fey gfimsjbct ofevfs kc gkrm kr amss tjm sfgm sbzm, tjm stunmets wbaa nrfw, pfbet, kr stboi f pjktklrfpj kc fe bevmetbke crkg tjm fssblemn lrkup kc bevmetbkes dmsbnms tjksm tjft jfn farmfny dmme nbsoussmn be tjbs uebt. _tunmets fssblemn tjm sfgm lrkup ofe okgm tklmtjmr fen tfai fdkut f pfrtbouafr tjmgm tjmy wfet tk mgpaky be nmsblebel tjmbr trugp ofrns. Fctmr flrmmbel ke tjm pfrtbouafr nmsble, mfoj stunmet wbaa wkri benmpmenmetay be ormftbel tjmbr kwe trugp ofrn. Be crket kc tjm ofrn, tjmbr ojksme bevmetbke wbaa dm nrfwe, pfbetmn, kr stuoi. Dmjben bt, f =8-688 wkrn jbstkrbofa fetmomnmet wbaa dm wrbttme, wjboj spmobcbofaay fnnrmssms tjm ckaakwbe ckaakwbel l qumstbkes0

 

^rugp Ofrn Gfibel Benbvbnufa Fotbvbty) 6. \j \jft ft bs tjm tjm bbe evm vmet etbk bke; e; 4. \jf \jftt ofgm dm dmckr ckrm m ykur oj ojksme ksme be bevme vmetbke tbke; ; \jft ttkka kka mxbstm mxbstmn n prbkr bbtt kr jkw wfs tjm fotbvbty ofrrbmn kut dmckrm bts bevmetbke; ?. \jf \jftt wfs tjm sko skobfa, bfa, pk pkabtbo abtbofa, fa, ouaturf ouaturfa, a, kr mokekgbo mokekgbo ooket ketmxt mxt wbtjbe wbtjbe wj wjboj boj tjm bevmetbke wfs gfnm; >. \jf \jftt jfn dmm dmme e tjm sko skobfa, bfa, pk pkabtbo abtbofa, fa, ou ouatur aturfa, fa, kr mo mokekg kekgbo bo bgp bgpfots fots kc y ykur kur ojksme bevmetbke;

 

^rugp Ofrn Gfibel (Benbvbnufa otbvbty) •

Fctmr gfibel tjmbr benbvbnufa trugp ofrns, tjm stunmets wbaa, be lrkups, prmsmet tjmbr bevmetbkes fgkel tjmgsmavms. ^jmy gfy mgpaky ormftbvbty tmojebqu tmojebqums ms ke be prmsmetftbke, prmsmet ftbke, dut tjmtkrudrbos wbaa prmnkgbefetay ckous tjm stunmet‒s fdbabty nmgkestrftm uenmrstfenbel kc tjm jbstkrbofa fetmomnmets kc tjmbr ojksme bevmetbke.