MODULE 09A. HUMAN FACTORS
Short Description
MODULE 09A. HUMAN FACTORS...
Description
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) Part-66
PREFACE These notes have been written specifically to meet the EASA Part-66 syllabus and to answer the questions being asked during the examinations. The EASA Part-66 syllabus for each sub-module is printed at the beginning of each of the chapter in these course notes and is used as the “learning objectives”. We regularly have a review of our training notes in order to improve the quality of the notes and of the service. So, if you discover within these course notes, any errors or typos, or any subject which is not particularly well, or adequately explained, please tell us, via our instructors or our secretary. We will be sure to review your feedback and incorporate any changes necessary.
AUTHORITY It is IMPORTANT to note that the information in this book is for study/training purposes only. When carrying out a procedure/work on aircraft/aircraft equipment you MUST always refer to the relevant aircraft maintenance manual or equipment manufacturer’s handbook. You should also follow the requirements of national/international regulatory authority and published company policy as regards local procedures, recording, report writing, documentation etc. For health and safety in the workplace you should follow the regulations/guidelines as specified by the equipment manufacturer, your company, national safety authorities and national governments.
COPYRIGHT NOTICE © Copyright. All worldwide rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form by any other means whatsoever: i.e. photocopy, electronic, mechanical recording or otherwise in whole or in part without the prior written permission of Part-66 Free
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Module 9A – Human Factors For Training Purposes Only
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KNOWLEDGE LEVELS Basic knowledge are indicated by the allocation of knowledge levels indicators (1, 2 or 3) against each applicable subject. The knowledge level indicators are defined as follows: LEVEL 1 A familiarisation with the principal elements of the subject. Objectives:
The applicant should be familiar with the basic elements of the subject. The applicant should be able to give a simple description of the whole subject, using common words and examples. The applicant should be able to use typical terms.
LEVEL 2 A general knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. An ability to apply that knowledge. Objectives:
The applicant should be able to understand the theoretical fundamentals of the subject. The applicant should be able to give a general description of the subject using, as appropriate, typical examples. The applicant should be able to use mathematical formulae in conjunction with physical laws describing the subject. The applicant should be able to read and understand sketches, drawings and schematics describing the subject. The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using detailed procedures.
LEVEL 3 A detailed knowledge of the theoretical and practical aspects of the subject. A capacity to combine and apply the separate elements of knowledge in a logical and comprehensive manner.
Objectives:
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The applicant should know the theory of the subject and interrelationships with other subjects. The applicant should be able to give a detailed description of the subject using theoretical fundamentals and specific examples. The applicant should understand and be able to use mathematical formulae related to the subject. The applicant should be able to read, understand and prepare sketches, simple drawings and schematics describing the subject. The applicant should be able to apply his knowledge in a practical manner using manufacturer's instructions. The applicant should be able to interpret results from various sources and measurements and apply corrective action where appropriate.
Module 9A – Human Factors For Training Purposes Only
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EASA PART-66
MODULE CONTENTS AND LEVELS
SubModule
Subject
Level
9.1
General
2
9.2
Human Performance and Limitations
2
9.3
Social Psychology
1
9.4
Factors Affecting Performance
2
9.5
Physical Environment
1
9.6
Tasks
1
9.7
Communication
2
9.8
Human Error
2
9.9
Hazards in the Workplace
2
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.1 General
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Module 9.1 General For Training Purposes Only
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Table of Contents
Module 9.1 General ___________________________________________________ 5 The Need To Take Human Factors Into Account _______________________________________ 5 What is "Human Factors"? _________________________________________________________ 5 The SHEL Model __________________________________________________________________ 7 Incidents and Accidents Attributable To Human Factors / Human Error ____________________ 9 Examples of Incidents and Accidents _______________________________________________ 11 Incidents and Accidents - A Breakdown in Human Factors ______________________________ 13 Murphy's Law ___________________________________________________________________ 14 Dr James Reason ________________________________________________________________ 15
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EASA PART-66
SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.1
General
LEVEL 2
The need to take human factors into account; Incidents attributable to human factors/human error; ‘Murphy's’ law.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.2 Human Performance and Limitations
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Table of Contents
Module 9.2 Human Performance and Limitations __________________________ 5 Human Performance as Part of the Maintenance Engineering System _____________________ 5 Vision ___________________________________________________________________________ 7 The Basic Function of the Eye _____________________________________________________ 7 Components of the Eye ___________________________________________________________ 8 Factors Affecting Clarity of Sight ____________________________________________________ 9 Physical Factors _______________________________________________________________ 11 Environmental Factors __________________________________________________________ 12 The Nature of the Object Being Viewed _____________________________________________ 12 Colour Vision __________________________________________________________________ 13 Vision and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________________________ 14 Hearing ________________________________________________________________________ The Basic Function of the Ear _____________________________________________________ Components of the Ear __________________________________________________________ Impact of Noise on Performance ___________________________________________________ Hearing Impairment _____________________________________________________________ High and Low Tone Deafness _____________________________________________________ Hearing Protection______________________________________________________________ Presbycusis ___________________________________________________________________ Hearing and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer _______________________________________
15 15 16 18 18 19 19 19 20
Information Processing ___________________________________________________________ An Information Processing Model __________________________________________________ Sensory Receptors and Sensory Stores _____________________________________________ Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________ Decision Making _______________________________________________________________ Memory ______________________________________________________________________ Motor Programmes _____________________________________________________________ Situation Awareness ____________________________________________________________ Information Processing Limitations _________________________________________________ Attention and Perception _________________________________________________________ Decision Making, Memory, and Motor Programmes ____________________________________ Summary _____________________________________________________________________
21 21 22 22 23 24 26 26 27 27 29 30
Claustrophobia, Physical Access and Fear of Heights _________________________________ 31 Physical Access and Claustrophobia _______________________________________________ 31 Fear of Heights ________________________________________________________________ 31 Other Phobias _________________________________________________________________ 32
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EASA PART-66
SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.2
Human Performance and Limitations
LEVEL 2
Vision; Hearing; Information processing; Attention and perception; Memory; Claustrophobia and physical access.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.3 Social Psychology
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Table of Contents
Module 9.3 Social Psychology __________________________________________ 5 The Social Environment ___________________________________________________________ 5 Responsibility: Individual and Group _________________________________________________ 6 Motivation and De-motivation _______________________________________________________ 9 Introduction ____________________________________________________________________ 9 External and Internal Motivation ____________________________________________________ 9 Reward and Punishment: Effects on Behaviour _______________________________________ 10 Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs _____________________________________________________ 11 De-motivation _________________________________________________________________ 12 Peer Pressure ___________________________________________________________________ 15 Experiments in Conformity _______________________________________________________ 15 Countering Peer Pressure and Conformity ___________________________________________ 16 Culture Issues ___________________________________________________________________ 17 Safety Culture _________________________________________________________________ 18 Social Culture _________________________________________________________________ 19 Engineering a Just Culture (Dr.Reason) _____________________________________________ 20 The Blame Cycle _______________________________________________________________ 22 David Marx Scenarios ___________________________________________________________ 25 The Substitution Test ___________________________________________________________ 27 The Blame Scale _______________________________________________________________ 28 Summary _____________________________________________________________________ 28 Personality Types ________________________________________________________________ 29 Five Factor Model ______________________________________________________________ 29 "Accident Prone" _______________________________________________________________ 30 Team Working ___________________________________________________________________ The Concept of a Team _________________________________________________________ Some Advantages and Disadvantages of Team Working _______________________________ Important Elements of Team Working_______________________________________________
31 31 31 32
Management, Supervision and Leadership ___________________________________________ The Management Role __________________________________________________________ The Supervisory Role ___________________________________________________________ Characteristics of a Leader _______________________________________________________
35 35 36 37
Maintenance Resource Management (MRM) __________________________________________ 39 CRM and MRM ________________________________________________________________ 39 The Dirty Dozen _______________________________________________________________ 41
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EASA PART-66
SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.3
Social Psychology
LEVEL 1
Responsibility: individual and group; Motivation and de-motivation; Peer pressure; ‘Culture’ issues; Team working; Management, supervision and leadership.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.4 Factors Affecting Performance
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Table of Contents
Module 9.4 Factors Affecting Performance _______________________________ 5 Fitness and Health ________________________________________________________________ Pre-employment Disposition _______________________________________________________ Day-to-Day Fitness and Health _____________________________________________________ Positive Measures _______________________________________________________________
5 5 6 7
Stress ___________________________________________________________________________ 9 Causes and Symptoms ___________________________________________________________ 9 Domestic Stress _______________________________________________________________ 10 Work Related Stress ____________________________________________________________ 10 Stress Management ____________________________________________________________ 11 Time Pressure and Deadlines ______________________________________________________ 13 The Effects of Time Pressure and Deadlines _________________________________________ 13 Managing Time Pressure and Deadlines ____________________________________________ 14
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Workload - Overload and Underload ________________________________________________ Arousal ______________________________________________________________________ Factors Determining Workload ____________________________________________________ Overload _____________________________________________________________________ Underload ____________________________________________________________________ Workload Management __________________________________________________________
15 15 17 17 18 18
Sleep, Fatigue and Shift Work ______________________________________________________ What Is Sleep? ________________________________________________________________ Circadian Rhythms _____________________________________________________________ Fatigue ______________________________________________________________________ Shift Work ____________________________________________________________________ Sleep, Fatigue, Shift Work and the Aircraft Maintenance Engineer ________________________
21 21 23 24 27 28
Alcohol, Medication and Drug Abuse________________________________________________ Alcohol _______________________________________________________________________ Railways and Transport Safety Act 2003 ____________________________________________ Alcohol and Sleep ______________________________________________________________ Alcohol and Attention ___________________________________________________________ Medication ____________________________________________________________________ Drugs ________________________________________________________________________ Non-Prescribed Drugs ___________________________________________________________
33 33 34 40 41 42 43 43
Diet and Nutrition ________________________________________________________________ Eating Habits/Patterns___________________________________________________________ Culture _______________________________________________________________________ Nutrition ______________________________________________________________________ Glycaemic Index (GI)____________________________________________________________ Drinking Habits ________________________________________________________________ Dehydration ___________________________________________________________________
45 45 45 45 45 49 49
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EASA PART-66
SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.4
Factors Affecting Performance
LEVEL 2
Fitness/health; Stress: domestic and work related; Time pressure and deadlines; Workload: overload and underload; Sleep and fatigue, shiftwork; Alcohol, medication, drug abuse.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.5 Physical Environment
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Table of Contents
Module 9.5 Physical Environment _______________________________________ 5 Noise ___________________________________________________________________________ 6 Fumes __________________________________________________________________________ 7 Illumination ______________________________________________________________________ 9 Climate and Temperature _________________________________________________________ 11 Motion and Vibration _____________________________________________________________ 13 Confined Spaces ________________________________________________________________ 15 Working Environment ____________________________________________________________ 17
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EASA PART-66
SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.5
Physical Environment
LEVEL 1
Noise and fumes; Illumination; Climate and temperature; Motion and vibration; Working environment.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.6 Tasks
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Table of Contents
Module 9.6 Tasks ____________________________________________________ 5 Physical Work ____________________________________________________________________ 7 Planning ______________________________________________________________________ 7 Physical Tasks _________________________________________________________________ 8 Repetitive Tasks __________________________________________________________________ 9 Visual Inspection ________________________________________________________________ 11 Complex Systems________________________________________________________________ 13
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SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.6
Tasks
LEVEL 1
Physical work; Repetitive tasks; Visual inspection; Complex systems.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.7 Communication
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Table of Contents
Module 9.7 Communication ____________________________________________ 5 Within and Between Teams _________________________________________________________ 5 Modes of Communication _________________________________________________________ 5 Transactional Analysis (TA) _______________________________________________________ 6 The Freudian Approach __________________________________________________________ 9 Verbal and Written Communication ________________________________________________ 11 Non-verbal Communication _______________________________________________________ 11 Communication Within Teams ____________________________________________________ 12 Communication Between Teams __________________________________________________ 12 Shift Handover _________________________________________________________________ 13 Communication Problems ________________________________________________________ 21 Work Logging and Recording ______________________________________________________ 23 Keeping Up-to-Date, Currency _____________________________________________________ 25 Dissemination of Information ______________________________________________________ 27
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SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.7
Communication
LEVEL 2
Within and between teams; Work logging and recording; Keeping up to date, currency; Dissemination of information.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.8 Human Error
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Table of Contents
Module 9.8 Human Error ______________________________________________ 5 Error Models and Theories _________________________________________________________ 6 Design Vs Operator - Induced Errors ________________________________________________ 6 Variable Vs Constant Errors _______________________________________________________ 6 Reversible Vs Irreversible Errors ___________________________________________________ 7 Slips, Lapses and Mistakes ________________________________________________________ 8 Skill-, Rule- and Knowledge-Based Behaviours and Associated Errors _____________________ 10 The 'Swiss Cheese Model' _______________________________________________________ 14 Failures ______________________________________________________________________ 15 Three Common Mistakes in Aircraft Maintenance _____________________________________ 21 Summarising Error Types ________________________________________________________ 24 Types of Error in Maintenance Tasks________________________________________________ 25 Violation in Aircraft Maintenance ___________________________________________________ 25 Errors Associated With Visual Inspection ____________________________________________ 33 Implications of Errors (ie Accidents) ________________________________________________ 34 Avoiding and Managing Errors _____________________________________________________ Error Management _____________________________________________________________ Maintenance Error Decision Aid (MEDA) ____________________________________________ Safety and Risk ________________________________________________________________
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SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.8
Human Error
LEVEL 2
Error models and theories; Types of error in maintenance tasks; Implications of errors (i.e accidents) Avoiding and managing errors.
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European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) PART-66 Aircraft Maintenance Licence
Licence Category B1 Module 9A Human Factors
9.9 Hazards in the Workplace
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Table of Contents
Module 9.9 Hazards in the Workplace ___________________________________ 5 Recognising and Avoiding Hazards __________________________________________________ Potential Hazards in Aircraft Maintenance Engineering __________________________________ Relevant Legislation an d the Maintenance Organisation's Responsibilities __________________ Engineer's Individual Responsibilities ________________________________________________ Safety in the Working Environment __________________________________________________ Safety when Working On Aircraft ___________________________________________________
5 5 5 7 7 7
Dealing With Emergencies _________________________________________________________ 9 Risk Assessment ________________________________________________________________ 11 What is risk assessment? ________________________________________________________ 11 How to assess the risks in your workplace ___________________________________________ 11
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EASA PART-66
SUB-MODULE SYLLABUS
SUBMODULE SUBJECT AND CONTENTS 9.9
Hazards in the Workplace
LEVEL 2
Recognising and avoiding hazards; Dealing with emergencies.
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