Modul 3 Laju Reaksi

FMNUD < DI@U QEIJ\O \~icniq lirioic \~icniq lirioic inidik ocnoji~mq ki|od aedi`iq icg kiqu| nolirio re|eq~i nonoj# \~icniq lirioic nidif fmnud di`u qeij|o io~u 0 9#9# Re|eq~i nonoj niri~ fec`edi|jic recgiquk jmc|ec~qi|o ~eqkinir di`u qeij|o aeqni|iqjic ~emqo ~ufaujic 9#1# Re|eq~i nonoj niri~ fec`edi|jic recgiquk dui| reqfujiic aonicg |ec~uk ~eqkinir di`u qeij|o aeqni|iqjic ~emqo ~ufaujic# 9# 2$5 F fec`ino 2$9 F noreqdujic ioq + K1M / |eaicij#### # i# 922 fD a# 952 fD l# 122 fD n# >22 fD e# 522 fD Jmc|ec~qi|o diqu~ic icg noaui~ niqo 15 gq rini~ic LiLM < nic nodiqu~jic nidif ioq kocggi xmdufe diqu~ic fec`ino 522 fD inidik…F# +Iq Li 6 >2$ L 6 91$ M 6 98/ i# 2#25 F a# 2#15 F l# 2#5 F n# 2#215 F e# 2#225 F Qeij|o jofoi ufufci aeqdicg|ucg |eliqi aeq~ikir# Qicgjioic ~ikir |ui~u qeij|o no|eau~### # i# ^ocgji~ qeij|o a# Di`u qeij|o l# Mqne qeij|o n# Fejico|fe qeij|o e# Neqe~ qeij|o ^ikir qeij|o icg fecec~ujic rini qeij|o icg aeqdicg|ucg aeaeqiri ~ikir qeij|o inidik ~ikir qeij|o ### # i# Ridocg difai~ a# Ridocg leri~ l# Ridocg Iwid n# Ridocg ijkoq e# ^ikir jenui# ^ufaujic ic~iq fmdejud no nidif |ui~u qeij|o jofoi ### # i# ^onij |edidu fecgki|odjic qeij|o jofoi a# Aeqjuqicg necgic ciojci |uku l# Aeqjuqicg necgic fefreqjelod riq~ojed reqeij|o n# Aeqjuqicg necgic recifaikic jmc|ec~qi|o e# \edidu feceaiajic ~eq`inoci qeij|o# Jeciojic |uku rini qeij|o jofoi feceaiajic qeij|o aeqdicg|ucg deaok leri~# Jeciojic |uku ~eq|eau~ feceaiajic ### #

i# a# l# n# e#

Eceqgo joce~oj fmdejud pi~ yicg aeqeij|o aeq~ifaik ^ufaujic icg ~eq`ino nojuqicgo Hqejuec|o ~ufaujic |efruqci aeqjuqicg Fecguaik rm|o|o ~ufaujic ic~iq fmdejud kocggi fefucgjocjic ~ufaujic |efruqci922 % Geqij fmdejud noreqdifai~ kocggi ~eq`ino ~ufaujic fiji ~ufau jic ijic aeqdicg|ucg |efruqci# ?# ^eq`inoci jeciojjic |uku$ fequrijic loqo niqo q eij|o#### # i# Ecnm~eqf a# Ej|m~eqf l# Mj|oni|o n# Ecpofi|o e# \ua~o~u|o 1 92# Rini qeij|o I * A L noreqmdek req|ifiic di`u qeij|o x 6 j ZIV # Niqo req|ifiic di`u ~eq|eau~ niri~ no|ofrudjic aikwi…## jeluido i# di`u qeij|o norecgiquko mdek requaikic jmc|ec~qi|o I#

a# mqne qeij|o i~iu ~ocgji~ qeij|o jmc|ec~qi|o A |ifi necgic cmd# l# di`u qeij|o ~onij norecgiquko mdek jmc|ec~qi|o A# n# di`u qeij|o ki|od reqeij|o L fefrecgiquko di`u qeij~ic A# e# jmeho|oec reqeij|o I ~onij |ifi necgic mqne qeij|o# 99# Uc~uj ni~i aeqoju~ nogucijic uc~uj fec`iwia |mid cmfmq 99 nic 91# qeij|o I * A  IA noreqmdek ni~i ej|reqofec |eaigio aeqoju~ 0

Req|ifiic di`u uc~uj qeij|o no i~i| inidik…# i# x 6 j ZIV a# x 6 j ZIVZAV 1 l# x 6 j ZIV ZAV 1 n# x 6 j ZIVZAV 1 1 e# x 6 j ZIV ZAV 91# Niqo ni~i no i~i| kiqgi ~e~iric di`u uc~uj  qeij|o ~eq|eau~ inidik…# i# 5222 a# 522 l# 92 n# 2$21 e# 2$229 I1A noje~ikuo aikwi qeij|o aeqmqne cmd ~eqkinir A# Kuaucgic di`u 9# Uc~uj qeij|o I * A di`u qeij|o cioj 1 jido deaok leri~$ `oji I nic A fi|ocg&fi|ocg nociojic nui jido$ di`u qeij|o fec`ino nediric jido deaok ae|iq# Req|ifiic di`u qeij|oci inidik### # i# j Z I V Z A V 1 a# j Z I V Z A V l# j Z I V 1 Z A V n# j Z I V 1 Z A V 1 e# j Z I V Z A V < 95# Ji~ido| icg fefreqdifai~ qeij|o no|eau~ ### # i# Ji~ido| rm|o~oh  a# Ji~ido| kmfmgec l# Ji~ido| ke~eqmgec n# Ockoao~mq e# Ecpof

JR 1 FI^EQO 0 ^EMQO ^UFAUJIC

Qeij|o ic~iqi fmdejud&fmdejud reqeij|o niri~ aeqdicg|ucg iriaodi ~eq`ino ~ufaujic# Uc~uj |idocg aeq~ufaujic$ fmdejud&fmdejud reqeij|o kiqu| fefrucio eceqgo joce~oj focofuf ~eq~ec~u# Eceqgo focofuf icg noreqdujic igiq ~ufaujic ~eq`ino nic qeij|o niri~ aeqdicg|ucg no|eau~ Eceqgo Ij~o|o +Ei/#

^onij |efui ~ufaujic ijic fecki|odjic qeij|o jofoi# Kici ~ufaujic necgic eceqg icg lujur icg niri~ fecgki|odjic qeij|o jofoi$ |efijoc aicij ~ufaujic necgic eceqg icg lujur fiji qeij|o icg ~eq`inoruc fijoc aicij#

GM ^M DIA +Fi|ujjic je kid ?8 no aiwik recgiquk jmc|ec~qi|o/ Reqlmaiic recgiquk jmc|ec~qi|o ~eqkinir di`u qeij|o Gedi| ujuq 5 fD nic 15 fD Gedi| jofoi 52 fD nic 922 fD \~mrwi~lk Recginuj jili \ronmd Jeq~i| KX\ Am~md |efrqm~ Diqu~ic Ci1\1M< 2$9F Diqu~ic KLd 2$5 F

Idi~ nic aikic 0

Dicgjik Jegoi~ic 0

O

95 fD KLd +iy/

OO

92 fD Ci1\1M< 2$9F

95 fD KLd +iy/

7$5 fD Ci1\1M< 2$9F * 1$5 fD ioq

OOO

95 fD KLd +iy/

OX

5 fD Ci1\1M< 2$9F * 5 fD ioq

95 fD KLd +iy/

1$5 fD Ci1\1M< 2$9F * 7$5 fD ioq

Req~icyiic 0

9# 1# # 5#

Ifi~odik iri icg ~eq`ino= No|ju|ojic nidif jedmfrmj Icni fecgiri niri~ ~eq`ino |ereq~o icg Icni ifi~o = Aui~dik gqihoj kuaucgic ic~iqi jmc|ec~qi|o necgic wij~u= Aui~dik je|ofrudicci ) ^ec~ujicdik xiqoiaed ficorudi|o$ xiqoiaed jmc~qmd nic xiqoiaed qe|rmcci=

Recgiquk \uku ~eqkinir di`u qeij|o + fi|ujjic je kid ?7 / Idi~ nic aikic 0

Gedi| ujuq 15 fD Gedi| jofoi 52 fD \~mrwi~lk ^eqfmfe~eq \ronmd Jeq~i| KX\ Am~md |efrqm~ Diqu~ic Ci1\1M< 2$25F Diqu~ic KLd 2$5 F Ijuine| Refaijiq auc|ec nic jijo ~ogi

Dicgjik Jegoi~ic 0 Dicgjik 9#

\uku docgjucgic

92 fD Ci1\1M<

92 fD KLd

92 fD Ci1\1M<

Jegoi~ic 1

92 fD KLd

92 fD Ci 1\1M<

92 fD Ci1\1M<

Req~icyiic 0 9# 1# # 5#

Ifi~odik iri icg ~eq`ino# No|ju|ojicdik nidif jedmfrmj Icni fecgiri niri~ ~eq`ino |ereq~o icg Icni ifi~o# Aui~dik gqihoj kuaucgic ic~iqi |uku nic wij~u# Aui~dik je|ofrudicci# ^ec~ujicdik xiqoiaed ficorudi|o$ xiqoiaed jmc~qmd nic xiqoiaed qe|rmc#

@MA WMQJ \KEE^

9# Irijik icg nofij|un necgic di`u qeij|o = ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1# Hij~mq&hij~mq icg fefrecgiquko di`u qeij|o inidik0 i………………………………………………………………#…  a…………#################################################################################### l……………################################################################################# n…………………………………………………………………# +iy/  Fg\M> +iy/ * K1+g/ 9# Fecocgji~jic jmc|ec~qi|o diqu~ic K 1\M> 1# Feciojjic |uku qeij|o # Fecgkodicgjic gi| konqmgec ki|od qeij|o Niqo reqci~iic no i~i| yicg niri~ fecocgji~jic ~ufaujic ic~iqi reqeij|o inidik…

>#

i# 9 nic 1 a# < nic > l# 9$ 1$ nc < n# 1$ e# 9$ 1$ \e~oir jeciojic feco~ l# 8 feco~ n# < feco~

8#

7#

;#

e# 9$5 feco~ Ficijik niqo qeij|o aeqoju~ icg ridocg leri~ aeqdicg|ucg LiLM< KLd i# 9 gqif amcgjikic 9F a# 9 gqif |eqauj 9F l# 9 gqif au~oqic 9F n# 1 gqif au~oqic 1F e# 1 gqif |eqauj 1F 1 Req|ifiic di`u qeij|o X6 j#Z I V#Z A V `oji fi|ocg&fi|ocg jmc|ec~qi|o diqu~ic nociojjic 1[$fiji di`u cqiej|o i# 1[ |efudi a# >[ |efudi l# ;[ |efudi n# 98[ |efudi e# 9$> 9$1$> 9$1$

Uc~uj |mid cmfmq ? |ifrio 99 reqki~ojic ni~i no aiwik oco# Ni~i reqlmaiic uc~uj qeij|o I * A Rqmnuj

Reqlmaiic Fi||i - aec~uj pi~ I Jmc|ec~qi|o A +F/ Wij~u +|/ 9 95 gqif diqu~ic 2#15 952 1 95 gqif |eqauj 2#52 912 < 95 gqif diqu~ic 2#52 72 > 95 gqif rini~ic 2#52 122 5 95 gqif |eqauj 2#52 ;2 ?# Rini reqlmaiic 1 nic 5$ hij~mq yicg fefrecgiquko di`u inidik… i# wij~u a# jmc|ec~qi|o l# |uku n# aec~uj  e# ji~ido| 92# Rini reqlmaiic 9 nic 5$ hij~mq yicg fefrecgiquko di`u inidik… i# wij~u a# jmc|ec~qi|o nic wij~u l# Jmc|ec~qi|o$ dui| reqfujiic nic |uku n# Aec~uj nic ji~ido| e# ji~ido| 99# Rini reqlmaiic < nic > $ hij~mq yicg fefrecgiquko di`u inidik… i# wij~u a# jmc|ec~qi|o l# Dui| Reqfujiic n# aec~uj  e# ji~ido|

\uku + / 15 15 15 15 { 92 I*1L IL1

&>

F-|# @oji req|ifiic qeij|oci0

Di`u refaec~ujic |eciwi IL 1 inidik… &> i# 91 { 92 F-| &5 a# 9#1 { 92 F-| &> l# 9#1 { 92 F-| &< n# 9#1 { 92 F-| &1 e# 9#1 { 92 F-| 9# Reqki~ojic gqihoj kuaucgic ic~iqi di`u qeij|o necgic jmc|ec~qi|o reqeij|o rini qeij|o F1 * C  rqmnuj aeqoju~0 Di`u qeij|o |ii~ reqeij|o F 1~e~ir Di`u qeij|o |ii~ reqeij|o C ~e~ir

x

x

ZCV

ZF1V

Req|ifiic di`u qeij|o yicg ~eri~ aeqni|iqjic gqihoj no i~i| inidik… 1 i# x 6 j ZF1V ZCV 1 1 a# x 6 j ZF1V ZCV 1 l# x 6 j ZF1V ZCV 1 n# x 6 j ZF1V e# x6 j ZCV 95# Dmgif Fg aeqeij|o necgic diqu~ic KLd fecuqu~ qeij|o aeqoju~0 Fg +|/ * KLd +iy/  FgLd1+iy/ * K1 +g/ Igiq noniri~jic di`u qeij|o icg ~ocggo$ diqu~ic icg |eaiojci nogucijic inidik… +Iq K 6 9 : Fg 6 1>$ Ld 6 5 F |eaicyij…fD i# 5 fD a# 92 fD l# 1#5 fD n# 95 fD e# 5#5 fD \eaicij 522 fD diqu~ic Fg+MK/ 1 2#9 F nolifruq necgic diqu~ic 152 fD Fg+MK/ 1 2#> F# Jmc|ec~qi|o lifruqic ~eq|eau~ inidik…F i# 2#221 a# 2#21 l# 2#15 n# 2#1 e# 1 &9 Xmdufe i|if jdmqoni #?7 l# >?7 n# 2#>?7 e# 2#2>?7 \eaicij 2#5 fmd gi| CM 1 norici|jic nidif quicgic necgic xmdufe 5 do~eq |ekocggi fefaec~uj noco~qmgec rec~imj|oni fecuqu~ req|ifiic qeij|o 0 >CM1 +g/ * M1 +g/  >C1M5 +g/ Nidif 92 ne~oj req~ifi ~eqaec~uj 2#5 fmd C 1M5# Di`u recguqicgic CM 1 inidik … &1 i# 9 { 92 &> a# 5 { 92 &< l# 9 { 92 &< n# 5 { 92 &9 e# 5 { 92 Rini qeij|o aeqoju~$ LiLM < +|/ * 1KLd +iy/  LiLd1 +iy/ * K1M +d/ * LM1 +g/ # Hij~mq icg ~onij fefrecgiquko di`u qeij|o no i~i| inidik…# i# Dui| reqfujiic jid|ouf jiqamci~ a# Jmc|ec~qi|o i|if jdmqoni l# \uku diqu~ic i|if jdmqoni n# Xmdufe diqu~ic i|if jdmqoni e# Recifaikic ji~ido| Reqci~iic ~ec~icg ~ocgji~ qeij|o icg ~onij ~eri~ inidik #### i# ricgji~ niqo reqeij|o nidif req|ifiic jeleri~ic a# fecuc`ujjic ~ocgji~ jeleri~ic l# niri~ no~uqucjic niqo jmeh|oec qeij|ocyi n# codioci niri~ |ifi i~iuruc aeqaeni necgic jmeho|oec qeij|o e# niri~ aequri aodicgic audi~ i~iu relikic Kiqgi ~e~iric di`u qeij|o aeq~ifaik ~ogi jido dori~ `oji |uku nociojjic 2²L# @oji qeij|o o~u aeqdicg|ucg rini |uku 92²L nic 9r eji~

Ioq 52

\eqauj 

\eqauj 

F LM

F LM

l#

n#

K1\M>

Ioq 1;

Diqu~ic K1\M>

Ioq 1;

eji~

jerocgic

\eqauj  F LM F LM

e#

K1\M> Ioq 1; eji~ Jerocgic F LM

?#

Noigqif eceqgo uc~uj |ui~u qeij|o ~icri ji~ido| no~uc`ujjic mdek gqihoj no aiwik oco# Eceqgo

Ei

qeij~ic

∈K

rqmnuj

Qeij|o ~eq|eau~ noudicg necgic fecggucijic |ui~u ji~ido|# Irijik recgiquk inici ji~ido| nidif qeij|o ~eq|eau~ ~eqkinir codio Ei nic ∈K =

i#

Ei ^onij aequaik

∈K

Fecocgji~

a# l#

Fecuquc Fecuquc

^onij aequaik Fecuquc

n# ^onij aequaik Fecuquc e# Fecocgji~ fecocgji~ 92# Jeq`i ji~ido| nidif fefreqleri~ qeij|o inidik |eaigio aeqoju~ jeluido…# i# ^uqu~ |eq~i nidif ~ikir&~ikir qeij|o

a# Fefaui~ `idic id~eqci~oh igiq eceqg recgij~oxic fec`ino deaok qecnik l# Fecgin|mqr|o reqeij|o gi| nic qeij|o ~eq`ino rini reqfujiicci n# Rini ijkoq qeij|o$ ji~ido| ~onij noqegeceqi|o jefaido e# In|mqr|o reqeij|o$ qeij|o rini reqfujiic ji~ido| ke~eqmgec$ ne|mqr|o ki|od qeij|o 99# Req|ifiic di`u qeij|o fefreqdoki~jic kuaucgic fi~efi~o| ic~iqi jmc|ec~qi|o qeij~ic i~iu rqmnuj necgic wij~u qeij|o# Niqo ki|od reqlmaiic qeij|o Y * Q  [ noreqmdek ni~i |eaigio aeqoju~ 0 Reqlmaiic

Y F Q  F

9

2$1

2$1

;2

1

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2$1

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92

Niqo ni~i no i~i| fiji req|ifiic di`u qeij|ocyi…# 1 i# x 6 j  Y a# x 6 j  Y Q  1 l# x 6 j  Y Q 

n# x 6 j Y Q  1 e# x 6 j  Y Q  Uc~uj |mid cmfmq 99&9> reqki~ojic ni~i aeqoju~# Ni~i reqlmaiic recec~uic di`u qeij|o R * Y  Q Cm ZRV +F/ ZYV +F/ Di`u qeij|o +F-|/ 9 2#>2 2#12 2#9 1 2#;2 2#12 2#> < 2#12 2#>2 2#25 > 2#>2 2#;2 2#1 5 2#12 2#12 2#215 91# Mqne qeij|o ~eqkinir R inidik…# i# 9 a# 1 l# < n# ⁎ e# 2 9# Mqne ~m~id niqo qeij|o ~eq|eau~ inidik…# i# 9 a# 1 l# < n# ⁎ e# 2 95# Req|ifiic di`u qeij|ocyi inidik…# i# x 6 j ZRV a# x 6 j ZYV 1 l# x 6 j ZYV n# x 6 j ZRV ZYV 1 e# x 6 j ZRV ZYV 1

1

Wij~u +ne~oj/

1

I1A$ noreqmdek di`u qeij|o x 6 2$; ZIV ZAV # Je nidif winik > D 98# Niqo qeij|o0 1 I * A nofi|ujjic >#; fmd pi~ I nic x < >ə a x > >ə >a 98 x Req|ifiic jeleri~ic di`ucyi inidik…# 1 i# x 6 j ZIV ZAV 1 1 a# x 6 j ZIV ZAV l# x 6 j ZAV 1 n# x 6 j ZAV e# x 6 j ZIV 19# Jidouf omnoni noqeij|ojic necgic ci~qouf kormjdmqo~ fecuqu~ req|ifiic 0 JO +iy/ * CiMLd +iy/  JOM +iy/ * CiLd +iy/ Ni~i reqlmaiic niqo qeij|o no i~i| no~iaudi|ojic |eaigio aeqoju~ 0 Reqlmaiic ZJOV ZCiMLdV Wij~u +ne~oj/ 2#91 2# ʊ 2#28 2# l# ; e# 82 11# Noje~ikuo qeij|o aeqoju~ Ci1\1M2

Necgic ji~ido|

e# & 12 82 18# 9 gqif |eqauj |ecg noqeij|ojic |ereq~o aeqoju~0 Pc+|/ * 1KLd+iy/  PcLd1+iy/ * K1+g/ Reqlmaiic

^icri ji~ido|

\uku

Jmc|ec~qi|o

+ L/

KLd +F/

9

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