MODUL 2 Bahasa Indo

 

@GDGBGA UMLKFKFDGL CGAG^G FLKILM^FG KF ^K

@IK]B 3 UM@MSIBMAGL CGAG^G GLGD 

KF^]^]L IBMA : DMBI@UID 7 7. 3. >.

Z]BXFJGS U]SCG ^AGSG @][FGSG U]SCG ^F[F SGA@G ^FSMOGS

   

( LF@ : 1=857615= ) ( LF@ : 1= 1=8576?8= ) ( LF@ : 1= 1=8573=57 )

]LFXMS^F[G^ [MSSC]DG UIDJGS ^-7 UO^K SGL[G]USGUG[   [GA]L 3537

 

DG[G UMLOGL[GS 

Cfs`fbbgafrrga`glfrrgaf` Gssgbg`u‖gbgfdu` _r. _c. Uujf syudur dg`f pgljgtdgl gtgs dmagkfrgt Gbbga ^_[ dgrmlg aglyg kmlogl bf`pgagl rga`gt, rga`g t, tguhfd tguhfd kgl afkgyga-Lygb afkgyga-Lygbga ga pmlubfs pmlubfs kgpgt `mlymbmsgfdgl `mlymbmsgfdgl `gdgbga `gdgbga flf. Kgbg` pmlubfsgl pmlubfsgl `gdgbga flf dg`f `m`cgags `gtmrf @ikub 3 Um`mribmagl Cgagsg Glgd.  

@gdgbg @gdgbga a flf kfcugt kfcugt kgbg` kgbg` rglodg rglodg `m`pmr `m`pmrkgbg kgbg` ` pm`gag pm`gag`gl `gl `gtg `gtg dubfga dubfga Umlkfkf  Umlkfkfdgl dgl

 Cgagsg Flkilmsfg kf ^K  yglo

sglogt kfpmrbudgl kgbg` `gtmrf pmrdubfgagl pmrdubfgagl km`f `mlkgpgtdgl `mlkgpgtdgl

 pm`gag`gl yglo `gdsf`gb kgbg` `mbgdudgl dmofgtgllyg kgl smdgbfous `mbgdudgl gpg yglo `mljgkf tuogs `gagsfswg. Umlubfs `mlygkgrf cgawg dg`f tfkgd kgpgt `mlyusul `gdgbga flf tglpg gkglyg cgltugl, cf`cflogl kgl kudulogl kgrf cmrcgogf pfagd.  

Kgbg` pm`cugtgl `gdgbga flf pmlubfs `mlygkgrf `gsfa cglygd dmdurglogl kgl jgua kgrf

dmsm`purlggl. Ibma dgrmlg ftu pmlubfs kmlogl smlglo agtf `mlmrf`g sgrgl `gupul drftfd yglo sfhgtlyg `m`cgloul ultud pmrcgfdgl smbgljutlyg.  

Gdafr dgtg dg`f smcgogf pmlubfs `mloungpdgl cglygd-cglygd tmrf`gdgsfa kgl `m`iail

`ggh gpgcfbg gkg dmdurgloggl kgbg` pm`cugtgl `gdgbga flf, sm`iog `gdgbga yglo tmbga dg`f  cugt kgpgt cmr`glhggt cgof sm`ug pm`cgng. _gssgbg`u‖gbgfdu` _r. _c.  

Sgltguprgpgt, Umlubfs

 

CGC F UMLKGA]B]GL G. Bgtg Bgtgrr Cmbg Cmbgdg dglo lo

Um`m Um`mri ribm bmag agl l cgag cgagsg sg gl glgd gd gk gkgb gbga ga pris prisms ms gl glgd gd `ubg `ubgff `mlo `mloml mlgb gb di di`u `ulf lfdg dgsf sf km kmlo logl gl bf bflodu lodulogl logllyg lyg smngrg smngrg vmrcgb vmrcgb.. Kgbg` Kgbg` pmrdm` pmrdm`cglo cglogll gllyg yg pm`mri pm`mribmag bmagl l cgagsg cgagsg glgd sglogt sglogt kfpmlogruaf ibma bflodulogl, cgfd bflodulogl dmbugrog `gupul bflodulogl `gsygrgdgt Umltflo  cgof smirglo ouru ultud `m`pmbgjgrf pm`mribmagl pmrdm`cglogl cgagsg glgd kmlogl gbgsgl smcgogf cmrfdut: 7. Um`m Um`mri ribbmagl magl

cgag cgagsg sg

kgl kgl

pmrd pmrdm` m`cg cglo logl gl

cgag cgagsg sg

gl glgd gd

`mlkg mlkgssgr grff

dm`g dm`g` `pugl pugl

`mlogjgrdgl cgagsg kgl sgstrg Flkilmsfg dmpgkg sfswg kf smdibga kgsgr tmrutg`g sfswg kf dmbgs rmlkga. 3. Dgrgdt Dgrgdtmrf mrfstf stfd d smtfgp smtfgp glgd tfkgd sg`g smafloog smafloog kmlogl `m`pmbg `m`pmbgjgr jgrff pm`mri pm`mribma bmagl gl kgl  pmrdm`cglogl cgagsg glgd ouru kgpgt `mlogtgsf pmrcmkggl p mrcmkggl pmrdm`cglogl cgagsg pgkg sfswglyg. >. ^fswg ^fswg smdibga smdibga kgsgr pgkg u`u`lyg u`u`lyg cmrbgtg cmrbgtgrr cmbgdgl cmbgdglo o kwfcga kwfcgagsg gsg cgadgl cgadgl `ubtf `ubtf cgagsg, cgagsg, smafloog kmlogl `m`pmbgjgrf `gtmrf pm`mribmagl kgl pmrdm`cglogl cgagsg glgd, ouru kgpgtt cmlgrkgpg cmlgr-cmlg cmlgrr `m`gag `m`gag`f `f diltmd diltmdss sisfgb sisfgb cukgyg cukgyg bflodul bflodulogl ogl glgd glgd kfkfdl kfkfdlyg yg kgl `mloagrogf dmrgog`gl cukgyg tmrsmcut.

C. [ujugl

Gtgs kgsgr bgtgr cmbgdglo kfgtgs tujugl kgrf pmlyusulgl `gdgbga flf gkgbga gogr dftg smcgogff smcgog

ouru kgpgt kgpgt `m`gag`f `m`gag`f pm`mribmagl pm`mribmagl kgl kgl pmrdm`cglog pmrdm`cglogl l cgagsg cgagsg glgd smcgogf smcgogf kgsgr 

 pm`cmbgjgrgl cgagsg kf smdibga kgsgr dmbgs rmlkga. ^mngrg dausus dftg smcgogf ouru kfagrgpdgl kgpgt: 7. @mlj @mljmb mbgs gsdg dgl l aucul auculogl ogl ps psfd fdib ibiof iofbf bflo louf ufst stfd fd km kmlog logl l pm`mr pm`mrib ibmag magl l kg kgl l pm pmrd rdm` m`cg cglo logl gl  cgagsg, 3. @mlmrg @mlmrglod lodgl gl pm`mrib pm`mribmagl magl cga cgagsg gsg pmrtg pmrtg`g `g kgl dmkug, dmkug, >. @m`gag`f @m`gag`f rgog` rgog` pm`mribm pm`mribmagl agl cgagsg cgagsg kgl strgtmof strgtmof pm`mribm pm`mribmagl agl cgagsg cgagsg

 

;. @m`gag @m`gag`f `f pmrdm` pmrdm`cgl cglogl ogl cgagsg cgagsg glgd. glgd. Gogr dftg smcgogf pmlkfkfd cmragsfb `m`pmbgjgrf cgagl `glkfrf yglo dg`f susul, `gdg  cgngbga `gtmrf yglo tmrkgpgt kgbg` `gdgbga flf kgl sf`gd kmlogl cgfd prmsmltgsf yglo gdgl dg`f sg`pgfdgl.

 

CGC FF UM@CGAG^GL

G.

Um`mribmagl Cgagsg Umrtg`g 7.

Umlomrtfgl Um`mribmagl Cgagsg

Um`mribmagl cgagsg (bglougom gnqufsftfil) gkgbga prisms pm`fbfdgl dm`g`pugl  cmrcgagsg smngrg gbg`fga. Urisms pm`mribmagl cgagsg `m`fbfdf dgrgdtmrfstfd cmrfdut: g.

Cmrjgbgl smngrg spiltgl, tglpg sgkgr, kgl tglpg cmcgl.

 c.

[mrjgkf smngrg bglosulo kgbg` sftugsf flhir`gb, tglpg `mbgbuf pm`cmbgjgrgl hir`gb.

n.

Kfkirilo Kfkirilo ibma dmcutuagl, dmcutuagl, cgfd dmcutuagl dmcutuagl ultud `m`gag`f `m`gag`f `gupul kfpgag`f kfpgag`f irglo bgfl.

k.

Cmrbgl Cmrbglosu osulo lo smngrg smngrg tmrus-`m tmrus-`mlmr lmrus us kgbg` kgbg` diltmds diltmds cmrcgagsg cmrcgagsg yglo yglo lygtg lygtg kgl  cmr`gdlg.

m.

Kfpmribma Kfpmribma smngrg smngrg bfsgl `mbgbuf `mbgbuf tflkgd cmrcgagsg cmrcgagsg `mlyf`gd/`m `mlyf`gd/`mlkmlogr lkmlogrdgl dgl kgl  cmrcfngrg. Dmofgtgl Dmofg tgl pm`mribmagl pm`mribmagl cgagsg `mbfcgtdgl `mbfcgtdgl kug dm`g`pugl. dm`g`pugl. Umrtg`g, Umrtg`g, dm`g`pugl dm`g`pugl

rmsmpt rms mptfh, fh, ygftu ygftu dm` dm`g`p g`pugl ugl `mlymr `mlymrgp, gp, `mlmrf `mlmrf`g, `g, kgl `m`gag `m`gag`f `f tuturg tuturgl l irglo irglo bgf bgfl. l. Dmkug Dmk ug,,

dm dm`g `g`p `pugl ugl prik prikudt udtfh fh,,

yg ygft ftu u

dm dm`g `g`p `pugl ugl `mloa `mloags gsfb fbdgl dgl tu tutu turg rgl, l, ultud  ultud 

`mlomdsprmsfdgl kfrf gtgu `mlgloogpf rglosglo cgagsg yglo kfsg`pgfdgl ibma irglo bgfl. Dmtfdg glgd `mbgdudgl dmofgtgl cmrcgagsg smngrg bglosulo, smngrg pmrbgagl kgl tmltu sgjg tglpg kfsgkgrf, tmbga tmrcgloul ulsur kgl dgfkga cgagsg (disgdgtg, strudtur, kgl `gdlg) kgl dgfkga cmrcgagsg. Cgagsg pmrtg`g (C7) gkgbga cgagsg yglo pmrtg`g dgbf kfpmbgjgrf kgl kfdugsgf ibma smirglo glgd. Cgagsg pmrtg`g ftu cfsg aglyg sgtu cgagsg gtgu kug cgagsg yglo kfdugsgf glgd smngrg cmrsg`ggl. ^m`mltgrg ftu, cgagsg dmkug gkgbga cgagsg yglo kfdugsgf glgd  smtmbga smtmb ga `mlougsgf cgagsg pmrtg`g. Kgbg` `mlougsgf kug cgagsg gtgu bmcfa, glgd kgpgt `mbg `m bgdud dudgl gllyg lyg sm smng ngrg rg sm smrm rm`p `pgd gd gt gtgu gu cm cmru ruru rut. t. Um Um`m `mri ribm bmag agl l sm smrm rm`p `pgd gd kug cgags cgagsgg

 

(sf`ubtglmius cfbflougb gnqufsftfil) tmrjgkf pgkg glgd yglo kfcmsgrdgl kgbg` `gsygrgdgt  cfbflougb (kug cgagsg) gtgu `ubtfbflougb (bmcfa kgrf kug cgagsg). Glgd `mlomlgb, `m`pmbgjgrf `m`pmb gjgrf,, kgl `mlooulgdgl `mlooulgdgl dmkug cgagsg tmrsmcut tmrsmcut sg`g cgfdlyg smngrg smngrg cmrsg`ggl. cmrsg`ggl. Um`mri Um` mribma bmagl gl cmruru cmrurutt kug cgagsg cgagsg (sunnm (sunnmssf ssfvm vm cfb cfbflo flougb ugb gnqufs gnqufsftf ftfil) il) tmr tmrjgk jgkff gpgcfb gpgcfbgg  pmlougsggl glgd gtgs kug cgagsg gtgu bmcfa tmrjgkf kgbg` rmltglo wgdtu yglo cmrjguagl. Cgagsg Flkilmsfg smcgogf cgagsg pmrtg`g glgd cfgsglyg tmrjgkf dgrmlg cmcmrgpg agb  cmrfdut: g.

Ugsglogl sug`f fstrf aglyg `mlougsgf cgagsg Flkilmsfg.

 c.

Umrdgwflgl gltgrpmlutur cgagsg kgmrga yglo cmrcmkg. @gsflo-`gsflo pfagd tfkgd  `mlougsgf cgagsg pgsglogllyg kmlogl cgfd.

n.

Umrdgwflgl gltgrpmlutur cgagsg kgmrga yglo sg`g, kmlogl sftugsf cmrfdut: 7)

Bflodulogl Bflodulogl smdftg smdftgrr `mlooulgdg `mlooulgdgl l cgagsg cgagsg Flkilms Flkilmsfg fg smcgogf smcgogf gbgt di`ulfdgsf di`ulfdgsf dmsmagrfgllyg.

3)

Bflodul Bflodulogl ogl sisfgb sisfgb smdftgr smdftgr tm`pgt tm`pgt tfloogb tfloogb dmbugro dmbugrogg tmrsmcut tmrsmcut `mlooulg `mlooulgdgl dgl  cgagsg kgmrga yglo tfkgd kfdugsgf ibma dmbugrog tmrsmcut (`ulodfl dmbugrog  pmlkgtglo).

>)

Bflodul Bflodulogl ogl smdftg smdftgrr `mlooul `mlooulgdgl gdgl cgagsg cgagsg kgmrg kgmrga a yglo sg`g sg`g kmlogl kmlogl cgagsg cgagsg yglo ygl o kfoulgd kfoulgdgl gl kgbg` kgbg` sugtu sugtu dmbugr dmbugrog. og. [mtgpf [mtgpf dgrmlg dgrmlg pmrtf` pmrtf`cgl cglogl ogl prgdtf prgdtfs, s, dmbugr dmb ugrog og tmrsmc tmrsmcut ut `m`utu `m`utusdg sdgl l ultud ultud `mlooul `mlooulgdgl gdgl cgagsg cgagsg Flkilm Flkilmsfg sfg kgbg` kgbg`  cmrdi`ulfdgsf.  

3.

[mirf Um`mribmagl Cgagsg g.

Uglkglogl Lgtfvfstfs

@mlurut pglkglogl lgtfvfstfs, smtfgp glgd yglo bgafr tmbga kfbmlodgpf kmlogl dm`g`p dm` g`pugl ugl cgwggl cgwggl gtgu gtgu gbg`f gbg`f ultud ultud kgpgt kgpgt cmrcgag cmrcgagsg. sg. Cudgl Cudgl bflodul bflodulogl ogl yglo yglo `m`cugt `m` cugt glgd `g`pu `g`pu cmrcga cmrcgagsg gsg.. Juog Juog cudgl cudgl dgrmlg dgrmlg `mlfru `mlfru irglo irglo bgf bgfl l dgrmlg dgrmlg  cglygd juog ulodgpgl drmgtfh yglo kf`ulnubdgl glgd dmtfdg cmrcgagsg, yglo cmbu`

 

 pmrlga kfniltiadgl smcmbu`lyg. Jgkf, dgbgu cudgl dgrmlg dm`g`pugl cgwggl, `ustgafb glgd kgpgt `m`pmbgjgrf kgl `mlougsgf sugtu cgagsg yglo di`pilml kgl gturgllyg cmoftu ru`ft aglyg kgbg` wgdtu yglo cmoftu sflodgt. Aglyg kgbg` wgdtu smdftgr m`pgt tgaul glgd tmbga kgpgt cmrcgagsg kmlogl rgpf kgl di`ulfdgtfh. ^mbg`g  cmbgjgr cgagsg, smkfdft km`f smkfdft pitmlsf cmrcgagsg yglo smngrg omlmtfs tmbga tmrpriorg` `mljgkf tmrcudg kgl cmrdm`cglo. Dm`g`p Dm` g`pugl ugl cgwggl cgwggl cmrcgag cmrcgagsg sg ft ftu u kfsmcut kfsmcut kmlogl kmlogl ‖pfrgl ‖pfrgltf tf pm`mri pm`mribmag bmagl l  cgagsg‖ (bglougom gnqufsftfil kmvfnm gtgu BGK) yglo cmrpusgt c mrpusgt kf itgd. Ufrgltf ftubga yglo `m`cugt `m`cugt glgd kgpgt kgpgt cmrcga cmrcgagsg gsg,, smcgogf smcgogf`glg `glg agblyg agblyg sfr sfrfp fp kgl mdir mdir yglo `m`ulodfldgl smmdir fdgl cfsg cmrmlglo. Ngrg Ng rg dmrjg dmrjg BGK BGK yg ygft ftu u ]j ]jgr grgl gl gt gtgu gu tu tutu turg rgl l bf bfsg sgl l kgbg` kgbg` bf bflo lodul dulog ogl l gl glgd  gd  `m`cmr `m` cmrfdg fdgl l `gsudg `gsudgl l dmpgkg dmpgkg glgd. glgd. ^mbglj ^mbgljutl utlyg, yg, kgtg kgtg tmr tmrsmc smcut ut kfibga kfibga ibma ibma BGK kmlogl `m`gdgf pitmlsf pitmlsf org`gtfdg org`gtfdg cgagsg glgd smafloog smafloog tmrsusulbg tmrsusulbga a pibg-pibg pibg-pibg dgfkga dgf kga cgagsg cgagsg kgl dgfkga dgfkga cmrcgag cmrcgagsg sg pgkg kfrf kfrf glgd, glgd, dm`ukf dm`ukfgl gl tmr tmrnmr nmr`fl `fl kgbg` kgbg` tflkgd cmrcgagsg (ujgrgl) yglo kfagsfbdgl glgd yglo smsugf kmlogl pibg ujgr irglo kmwgsg. c.

Uglkglogl Cmagvfirfstfs

@mlurut cmagvfirfs, pmlougsggl cgagsg glgd kftmltudgl ibma rglosglogl yglo kfcm kfcmrf rfdg dgl l bflod bflodul ulogl oglly lyg. g. Glgd Glgd tfkgd tfkgd `m`f `m`fbf bfdf df pm pmrg rglg lgl l gdtfh gdtfh,, aglyg aglyg sm smcgo cgogf gf  pmlmrf`g pgsfh. Umrdm`cglogl cgagsg glgd tmrutg`g kftmltudgl ibma dmdgyggl kgl bg`glyg bgtfagl yglo kfcmrfdgl ibma bflodulogl, smrtg pmlfrugl yglo kfbgdudgl glgd  tmragkgp tflkgd cmrcgagsg bflodulogllyg. n.

Uglkglogl Diolftfh 

@mluru @ml urutt pglkglog pglkglogl l diolftf diolftfh, h, pmlougs pmlougsggl ggl kgl pmrdm` pmrdm`cglo cglogl gl cgagsg cgagsg glgd  kftmlt kftmltudg udgl l ibma ibma kgyg kgyg diolft diolftfhl fhlyg. yg. Bflodu Bflodulogl logl tfkgd tfkgd smrtg smrtg `mrtg `mrtg `m`cmr `m`cmrfdg fdgl l  pmlogrualyg tmragkgp pmrdm`cglogl fltmbmdtugb kgl cgagsg glgd, dgbgu sf glgd  smlkfr sml kfrff tfkgd tfkgd `mbfcg `mbfcgtdg tdgl l smngrg smngrg gdtfh gdtfh kmlogl kmlogl bf bflodu lodulogl logllyg lyg.. Kmlogl Kmlogl dgtg dgtg bgf bgfl, l,

 

glgdbga yglo cmrpmrgl gdtfh ultud tmrbfcgt kmlogl bflodulogllyg gogr pmlougsggl  cgagsglyg kgpgt cmrdm`cglo smngrg iptf`gb.  

>.

Hgdtir-Hgdtir yglo @m`pmlogruaf Um`mribmagl Cgagsg Glgd  g.

Hgdtir Cfibiofs

Umrglo Umr glodgt dgt cfibio cfibiofs fs yglo `mlmlt `mlmltudg udgl l pmlougs pmlougsggl ggl cgagsg cgagsg glgd gkgbga gkgbga itgd  itgd  (sfstm` (sfs tm` sygrgh), gbgt kmlogr, kgl gbgt ungp. Dmtmrogltul Dmtmrogltulogl ogl pgkg sgbga sgtu, gpgbgof dmtfoglyg, gdgl `mloag`cgt dm`g`pugl cmrcgagsg glgd. Dm`g`pugl cmrcgagsg glgd-gl glg d-glgd gd tulgru tulgrulou, lou, bm`ga bm`ga `mltgb `mltgb,, ogogp ogogp gtgu gtgu tulgwf tulgwfngr ngrgg `gdg `gdg dm`g`p dm`g`pugl ugl  cmrcgagsg `mrmdg pgstf cmrcmkg kmlogl glgd yglo dmtfog pmrglodgt cfibiofslyg smagt kgl lir`gb. c.

Hgdtir Bflodulogl ^isfgb

[mbga [mb ga kfdm`u kfdm`udgd dgdgl gl smcmbu smcmbu`ly `lygg cgawg cgawg smtfgp smtfgp glgd `m`fbf `m`fbfdf df dm`g`p dm`g`pugl ugl  cgwggl

kgl

dmbmlodgpgl

cmrcgagsg.

Lg`ul

km`fdfgl,

ultud 

`mlu`c `ml u`cuadm uadm`cg `cglodg lodgl l dm`g`p dm`g`pugl ugl cmrcga cmrcgagsg gsglyg, lyg, smirgl smirglo o glgd glgd `m`mrb `m`mrbudgl udgl bflodulogl sisfgb smcgogf niltia gtgu `ikmb cmrcgagsg, `m`cmrfdgl rglosglogl, kgl tgloogpgl, smrtg `mbgdudgl `mbgdudgl bgtfagl bgtfagl kgl ujf nicg cmrcgagsg kgbg` diltmds yglo smsulooualyg. Bflodul Bfl odulogl ogl sisfgb sisfgb kf sflf sflf gkgbga gkgbga pmrfbg pmrfbgdu du cmrcgag cmrcgagsg sg irglo irglo tug, tug, sgukgr sgukgrg, g, dmrgcgt, dmbugrog, tm`gl gtgu glooitg `gsygrgdgt. Bflodulogl yglo dgyg su`cmr, `mlkudulo, `mlkudu lo, kgl gdtfh kgbg` cmrfltmrgdsf cmrfltmrgdsf kmlogl glgd, gdgl `m`cugt `m`cugt pm`mribmagl pm`mribmagl  cgagsg glgd sm`gdfl cmrglmdg kgl nmpgt. ^mcgbfdlyg, bflodulogl yglo `fsdfl kmlogl gdtfvftgs cmrcgagsg, tmrbgbu cglygd `mlmdgl kmlogl `mbgdudgl pmbgrglogl kgl `mlygbgadgl, `mlygbgadgl, kgl rmlkga kgbg` cmrfltmrgds cmrfltmrgdsf, f, gdgl `mljgkfdgl pm`mribmagl pm`mribmagl  cgagsg glgd pul tfkgd cmrgog`, `fsdfl, kgl bg`cgt. Kudulogl kgl dmtmrbfcgtgl sisfgb cmoftu pmltflo cgof glgd kgbg` cmbgjgr cgagsg. Flfbga yglo kfsmcut kmlogl

 

‖^fstm ‖^f stm` ` Umlkudu Umlkudulo lo Um`mri Um`mribma bmagl gl Cgagsg‖ Cgagsg‖ gtgu gtgu Bgloug Bglougom om Gnqufsf Gnqufsftfi tfil l ^uppir ^uppirtt ^ystm` gtgu BG^^. Ngrgg bflodu Ngr bflodulogl logl sisfgb sisfgb `m`cmr `m`cmrfdg fdgl l kudulogl kudulogl dmpgkg dmpgkg glgd glgd kgbg` kgbg` cmbgjg cmbgjgr  r   pm`mribma cgagsg gkgbga smcgogf cmrfdut: 7)

Cgagsg sm`glo (`itamrbmss), ygftu ngrg cgagsg yglo kfbgdudgl irglo kmwgsg tmragkgp cgyf gtgu cgbftg `mbgbuf pmlymkmraglggl dgtg gtgu dgbf`gt, kmlogl  pmlooulggl tm`pi yglo bmcfa bg`cgt kgl lgkg yglo bmcfa bm`cut. Ngrg cgagsg flf `m`fbfdf pmrgl pmltflo ultud kgpgt `mlglodgp pmragtfgl kgl `m`mbfagrg di`ulfdgsf kmlogl glgd.

3)

Ugrghrgsm, Ugrghrgsm, ygftu pmloulodgpgl pmloulodgpgl dm`cgbf dm`cgbf ujgrgl ujgrgl yglo kfungpdgl kfungpdgl glgd kmlogl ngrg yglo cmrcmkg, ultud `m`cgltu glgd cmbgjgr cgagsg.

>)

@mlmogsdgl dm`cgbf (mnaiflo), ygftu `mloubglo gpg yglo kfsg`pgfdgl glgd, tmrutg`g gpgcfbg tuturgllyg tfkgd bmlodgp, tfkgd jmbgs gtgu tfkgd smsugf kmlogl `gdsuk.

;)

@m`p @m`pmr mrbu bugs gs

(m (mxp xpgl glkf kflo lo), ),

yg ygft ftu u

`mlo `mloul ulod odgp gpdg dgl l

dm dm`c `cgb gbff

gp gpgg

yg yglo lo

kfsg`pgfdgl glgd kgbg` cmltud dmcgagsggl yglo bmcfa di`pbmds. =)

@mlg`gf @mlg`gf (bgcmbflo) (bgcmbflo),, ygftu `mbgdudgl `mbgdudgl fkmltfhfdg fkmltfhfdgsf sf sugtu cmlkg kmlogl lg`g yglo smsugf.

8)

Umlougtgl (rmflhirnm`mlt), ygftu `mlgloogpf kgl `m`cmrfdgl rmspils pisftfh  gtgs pmrfbgdu cmrcgagsg glgd.

?)

n.

Um`ikmbgl (`ikmbfzflo), ygftu pm`cmrfgl niltia gtgu `ikmb cmrcgagsg yglo kftuljuddgl irglo kmwgsg dmpgkg glgd. Hgdtir Fltmbmomlsf

Fltm Fltmbf bfom omls lsff gk gkgb gbga ga dm dm`g `g`p `pug ugl l sm smsm smir irgl glo o kg kgbg bg` ` cm cmrp rpfd fdfr fr gt gtgu gu cm cmrl rlgb gbgr gr,, tmr`gs tmr`gsud ud `m`mng `m`mngadgl adgl sugtu sugtu `gsgbg `gsgbga. a. Fltmbf Fltmbfomls omlsff cmrsfh cmrsfhgt gt gcstrg gcstrgd d kgl tgd kgpgt kgpgt kfg`gtf bglosulo, dmnugbf `mbgbuf pmrfbgdu. Kgbg` dgftgllyg kmlogl pm`mribmagl  cgagsg, glgd-glgd yglo cmrlgbgr cm rlgbgr tfloof tflodgt pmlngpgfgllyg nmlkmrulo bmcfa nmpgt, bmcfa dgyg, kgl bmcfa cmrvgrfgsf dagsglga cgagsglyg, kgrfpgkg glgd yglo cmrlgbgr 

 

smkglo gtgu rmlkga. Jgkf, pmlogrua fltmbfomlsf tmrbmtgd pgkg jglodg wgdtu kgl tflodgt drmgtfvftgs pmrdm`cglogl cgagsglyg. k.

Hgdtir @itfvgsf

Kgbg` cmbgjgr cgagsg, glgd tfkgd `mbgdudgllyg km`f cgagsg ftu smlkfrf. Glgd   cmbgjgr cgagsg dgrmlg gkglyg dmcutuagl kgsgr yglo cmrsfhgt prgdtfs, smpmrtf bgpgr, agus, sgdft, smrtg pmragtfgl kgl dgsfa sgyglo. Flfbga yglo kfsmcut kmlogl `itfvgsf fltrflsfd, yglo cmrgsgb kgrf kfrf glgd ftu smlkfrf. Um`cmr Um` cmrfgl fgl `itfvg `itfvgsf sf kgrf kgrf bflodul bflodulogl ogl sisfgb sisfgb sglogt sglogt cmrgrt cmrgrtff cgof glgd glgd ultud  ultud  `m`cugtlyg `m`cug tlyg dfgl cmrogfrga cmrogfrga cmbgjgr cgagsg. cgagsg. Glgd yglo kfcmsgrdgl kfcmsgrdgl kmlogl `itfvgsf `itfvgsf  cmbgjgr cgagsg yglo tfloof gdgl dfgl `m`fnu prisms cmbgjgr cgagsg glgd. Um`fnugl `itfvg `it fvgsf sf ftu, ftu, kf gltgrg gltgrglyg lyg kmlogl kmlogl ngrg ngrg `mrmsp `mrmspils ils kmlogl kmlogl cfjgd cfjgd pmrtgl pmrtglyggl yggl kgl di`mltgr glgd, `m`pmrcgfdf tflkgd cmrcgagsg glgd smngrg agbus kgl tfkgd bglosulo, kgl tfkgd smomrg `mlygbgadgl cfbg glgd `mbgdudgl sugtu dmsgbgagl.   ;.

^trgtmof Um`mribmagl Cgagsg

^mju`bga strgtmof kgbg` cmbgjgr sugtu cgagsg, kf gltgrglyg gkgbga smcgogf cmrfdut: g.

@mloflogt @mloflogt `m`gfldgl pmrglgl yglo nudup pmltflo kgbg` cmbgjgr cgagsg gtgu  cmbgjgr gpg pul. ^mtfgp pmlogbg`gl flkrgwf yglo kfbgbuf glgd, kfngtgt kgbg`  cmlgdlyg. Dmtfdg kfg `mlymltua, `mlymrgp, `mlnfu`, `mlkmlogr, kgl `mbfagt smsugtu, `m`irf glgd `mrmdg`lyg. Ugkg tgagp gwgb cmbgjgr cgagsg, glgd `ubgf `m`cgloul pmlomtgaugl tmltglo  culyf kgl di`cflgsf culyf-culyf tmrtmltu yglo `mrujud pgkg smsugtu yglo kfg kmlogr gtgu gbg`f. Flogtgl ftu gdgl sm`gdfl dugt gpgcfbg pmlymcutgl gdgl cmlkg gtgu pmrfstfwg ftu tmrjgkf cmrubglo-ubglo. Kmlogl ngrg flf glgd gdgl `mloflogt

 

 culyf, di`cflgsf culyf gtgu dgtg, tmltglo smsugtu smdgbfous `mloflogt pubg ngrg `mloulodgpdgllyg. Aglyg sgjg, dmtfdg kfulodgpdgl culyflyg tfkgd smbgbu tmpgt. @ulodfl bghgblyg tfkgd pgs, strudturlyg tmrcgbfd gtgu aglyg sudu dgtg gwgb gtgu gdafr yglo tmrungpdgl. Agb flf tmrjgkf dgrmlg pmrtu`cuagl itgd kgl dmbmlodgpgl hfsfd cmrcgagsg glgd `gsfa smkglo cmrdm`cglo. Ibma dgrmlg ftu, kgbg` cmrcgagsg glgd-glgd cfgsglyg kfcgltu ibma mdsprmsf `udg, omrgd tglogl, omrgd tucua, kgl diltmds.  c.

@mlfru Kgbg` cmbgjgr cgagsg glgd pul `mlooulgdgl strgtmof pmlfrugl. Umlfrugl kf sflff cfsg sfl cfsg cmrgrt cmrgrtff `mlnil `mlniltia tia smngrg smngrg drmgtf drmgtfhh gtgu gtgu `mlofl `mloflspf spfrgs rgsf. f. Ugkg Ugkg kgsgrl kgsgrlyg, yg,  pmlfrugl yglo kfbgdudgl glgd tfkgd smbgbu cmrupg pmloubglogl yglo pmrsfs sg`g gtgs gpg sgjg yglo kfkmlogrlyg. Agb flf dgrmlg kgbg` cmbgjgr cmbgjgr cgagsg, smirglo glgd tfkgd  smdgkgr `mlglodgp dgtg-dgtg. Kfg juog juog `mlnmr `mlnmrlg lg kgl `mloib `mloibga ga prflsf prflsfp-p p-prf rflsf lsfp p iroglf iroglfsgs sgsff cgagsg cgagsg smngrg smngrg gbg`f. Kmlogl km`fdfgl, pmlfrugl yglo kfbgdudgl glgd cmrsfhgt kflg`fs kgl drmgtfh. Dgrmlg strgtmof pmlfrugl ftu pubg `gdg irglo yglo `mljgkf `ikmb (`m`cmrfdgl niltia nilt ia kgl `gsudg `gsudgl) l) cmrcgag cmrcgagsg sg gdgl sglogt sglogt `m`pmlo `m`pmlogru gruaf af nirgd nirgd cgagsg cgagsg yglo kf`fbfdf glgd. Gpgcfbg `ikmblyg cgfd `gdg glgd pul gdgl `m`pmbgjgrf vmrsf cgagsg yglo cgfd, biofs, kgl sgltul. ^mcgbfdlyg, gpgcfbg `ikmblyg durglo cgfd `gdg vmrsf  cgagsg yglo durglo cgfd ftubga yglo gdgl kfpmbgjgrf kgl kfoulgdgl glgd. g lgd.

n.

@mlogbg`f Bglosulo ^trgtmof ^trgt mof bgfl yglo `m`pmrnmpgt `m`pmrnmpgt glgd `mlougsgf `mlougsgf cgagsg pmrtg`glyg pmrtg`glyg gkgbga `mlo `m logb gbg` g`ff bg bglo losu sulo lo dm dmof ofgt gtgl gl cm cmrc rcga gags gsgg kg kgbg bg` ` dilt diltmd mdss yg yglo lo ly lygt gtg. g. Glgd  Glgd  `mlooul `ml ooulgdg gdgl l cgagsgl cgagsglyg yg cgfd cgfd dmtfdg dmtfdg cmrdi` cmrdi`ulf ulfdgs dgsff kmlogl kmlogl irglo irglo bgf bgfl, l, `gupul `gupul smwg smwgdt dtu u sm smlk lkfr frfg fgl. l. Kfg Kfg `mly `mlyf` f`gd gd kg kgl l cm cmrc rcfn fngr grgg bg bglo losu sulo lo,, kg kgl l sm smdg dgbf bfou ouss `m`pmribma `m`pmr ibma tgloogpgl tgloogpgl kgrf `ftrg cfngrglyg. cfngrglyg. Kgrf tgloogpgl tgloogpgl yglo kfpmribmalyg, kfpmribmalyg, smngrg smn grg tfkgd tfkgd sgkgr sgkgr glgd glgd `m`pmr `m`pmribm ibma a `gsudg `gsudgl l tmltgl tmltglo o dmwgjgr dmwgjgrgl gl kgl dmtmpgt dmtmpgtgl gl

 

 pmrfbgdu cmrcgagsglyg, kgl kgbg` kg bg` wgdtu yglo sg`g juog sf glgd `mlkgpgt `mlkgp gt `gsudgl kgrf tflkgd cmrcgagsg yglo kfbgdudgl `ftrg cmrcfngrglyg. k.

Cmr`gfl

Dmofgt Dmof gtgl gl cm cmr` r`gf gfl l sg sglo logt gt pm pmlt ltfl flo o ul ultu tud d `mlk `mlkir iril ilo o pm pmlo lom` m`cg cglo logl gl dm`g`pugl cmrcgagsg glgd. Kgbg` cmr`gfl, sf glgd dgkglo cmrpmrgl smcgogf irglo kmwgsg4 smcgogf pmljugb gtgu pm`cmbf kgbg` cmr`gfl kgoglo-kgoglogl4 fcu, cgpgd  gtgu glgd kgbg` cmr`gfl ru`ga-ru`gagl4 smcgogf kidtmr, pmrgwgt gtgu pgsfml4 gtgu smcgogf ouru kgl `urfk kgbg` cmr`gfl smdibga-smdibgagl. [glpg kfsgkgrf, `mrmdg smkglo cmr`gfl krg`g, smdgbfous `mrmdg cmrbgtfa cm rbgtfa cmrcfngrg kgl `mlyf`gd. m.

Umlymkmraglggl

Kf sg sg`p `pfl flo o pmrcug pmrcugtg tgl l glgd glgd cm cmrs rsfh fhgt gt mo mois isml mltr trfs fs (c (cmr mrpu pusg sgtt pg pgkg kg kf kfrf rflyg lyg,,  pmrdm`cglogl dm`g`pugl glgd yglo cmrtgagp yglo `m`cugt tuturgl yglo kfoulg kfo ulgdgll dgllyg yg bmcfa bmcfa smkmra smkmraglg glg kgl bglosu bglosulo. lo. ^gtu ^gtu gtgu gtgu kug dgtg dgtg `mwgdf `mwgdfbf bf sgtu sgtu dgbf`g dgb f`gt. t. Nfrf Nfrf cmrcga cmrcgagsg gsg glgd smpmrt smpmrtff ftu kfsmcut kfsmcut pmlymkm pmlymkmrag raglgg lggl l gtgu gtgu rmkuds rmkudsf. f. ^trgtmof ftu tmltu sgjg tfkgd kfsgkgrf sf glgd. @msdfpul smkmraglg, dftg smcgogf irglo km kmwg wgsg sg gdgl gdgl `m`g `m`gag ag`f `flyg lyg dgrml dgrmlgg kf kfcg cglt ltu u ib ibma ma di dilt ltmd mdss tm tmrj rjgk gkfl flyg yg pm pmrf rfbg bgdu du  cmrcgagsg glgd.   =.

[gagp-[gagp Um`mribmagl Cgagsg

g.

[gagp Urgbfloufstfd  Ugkg tgagp flf, culyf-culyf cgagsg yglo kfagsfbdgl gdgl sm`gdfl `mlkmdgtf  culyf vidgb gtgu dilsilgl tmrtmltu. [mtgpf, u`u`lyg culyf-culyf tmrsmcut cmbu`bga `mlo `m logn gnu u pg pgkg kg dg dgtg tg gt gtgu gu dg dgbf bf`g `gtt km kmlo logl gl `gdl `gdlgg tm tmrt rtml mltu tu.. Ib Ibma ma dg dgrm rmlg lg ft ftu, u,  pmrdm`cglogl cgagsg glgd pgkg hgsm flf kfsmcut tgagp prgbfloufstfd. Hgsm flf cmrbglosulo smjgd glgd bgafr sg`pgf cmru`ur smdftgr 73 cubgl.

 

7)

Ugkg u`ur 5 - 3 cubgl, cubgl, glgd aglyg `mlombugrdgl `mlombugrdgl culyf-culyf culyf-culyf rmhbmdsfh rmhbmdsfh ultud  `mlygt `ml ygtgdgl gdgl rgsg rgsg bgpgr, bgpgr, agus, agus, sgdft sgdft gtgu gtgu dmtfkg dmtfkgdlyg dlyg`gl `glgl, gl, smr smrtg tg culyf-c culyf-culyf ulyf vmomtgtfh vmomtg tfh yglo cmrdgftgl cmrdgftgl kmlogl gdtfvftgs gdtfvftgs tucua, smpmrtf cgtud, cmrsfl, smlkgwg, smlkgwg, tmbglgl (dmtfdg `gdgl), kgl tmoudgl (dmtfdg `mlyusu gtgu `flu`).

3)

Ugkg u`ur 3 „ = cubgl, cubgl, glgd `ubgf `mlkmdut `mlkmdut kgl kgl `mlombug `mlombugrdgl rdgl culyfculyf culyfculyf vidgb yglo cmrng`pur kmlogl culyf-culyf `frfp dilsilgl. Culyf ftu cfgsglyg `ulnub smcgogf rmspils tmragkgp smlyu` gtgu ungpgl irglo tuglyg.

>)

Ugkg u`ur ; „ ? cubgl, glgd `ubgf `mlombugrdgl culyf yglo gogd utua kmlogl rmltgl rml tglo o wgdtu wgdtu yglo bmcfa bmcfa bg`g. bg`g. Culyf Culyf `frfp `frfp vidgb vidgb kgl dilsilg dilsilgllyg llyg bmcfa  cmrvgrfgsf. Dilsilgl lgsgb /`/ kgl /l/ sukga `ubgf `ulnub. k. Ugkg u`ur 8 „ 73  cubgl, glgd `ubgf cmrnmbitma. Nmbitmagllyg cmrupg rmkupbfdgsf gtgu pmloubglogl dilsilgl dilsil gl kgl vidgb yglo sg`g, smpmrtf /cg-cg-cg/, /cg-cg-cg/, /`g-`g-`g/ /`g-`g-`g/,, kgl /kg-kg-kg/. /kg-kg-kg/. Xidgb yglo `ulnub gkgbga vidgb kgsgr /g/ kmlogl dilsilgl ag`cgt bgcfgb /p, c/, lgsgb /`, l, l/, kgl gbvmibgr /t, k/. ^mbgljutlyg, nmbitmagl rmkupbfdgsf tmrsmcut  cmrucga bmcfa cmrvgrfgsf. Xidgblyg sukga `ubgf `mluju vidgb /u/ kgl /f/. Dilsilgl hrfdgtfh pul, smpmrtf /s/ sukga `ubgf `ulnub.

 c.

[gagp ^gtu-Dgtg gtgu Aibihrgsfs Hgsm flf cmrbglosulo dmtfdg glgd cmrusfg 73 „ 71 cubgl. Ugkg tgagp flf, glgd  `mlo `m loou oulg lgdg dgl l

sg sgttu

dgt dgtg

yglo yglo cmr cmr`gdl `gdlgg

`mwg `mwgdf dfbbf

dms dmsmb mbur urua uagl gl fkm

yglo yglo

kfsg`p kfs g`pgfd gfdgll gllyg. yg. [mogsl [mogslyg, yg, sgtu sgtu dgtg dgtg yglo yglo kfungp kfungpdgl dgl glgd glgd `mwgdf `mwgdfbf bf sgtu sgtu hrgsg, hrgsg, dgbf`gt gtgu wgnglg. Dgrmlg ftu, hgsm flf kfsmcut juog tgagp aibihrgsfs. Dgtg-dgtg yglo kfungpdgl glgd gkgbga dgtg-dgtg yglo tmbga kfdmlgb kgl kfdugsgflyg. Dgtg-dgtg ftu cfgsglyg smrflo `ulnub kgbg` tuturgl dmsmagrfgl dmsmagrfgl kf bflodulogl bflodulogl glgd. Dgtg-dgtg Dgtg-dgtg ftu u`u`ly u`u`lygg cmrdgf cmrdgftgl tgl kmlogl kmlogl dmofgt dmofgtgl gl rutfl rutfl glgd, glgd, pm` pm`glo gloofb ofbgl gl irgloirglo-irg irglo lo smdftgr, kgl cmlkg gtgu icjmd yglo kmdgt kmlogl glgd. n.

[gagp Kug-Dgtg

 

Hgsm flf cmrbglosulo smwgdtu glgd cmrusfg smdftgr 71 „ 3; cubgl. Ugkg tgagp flf disgdgtg kgl org`gtfdg glgd cmrdm`cglo kmlogl nmpgt, smfrflo kmlogl dm`gtglogl itgd kgl gbgt ungplyg. Kgbg` cmrtutur glgd-glgd `ubgf `mlooulgdgl kug dgtg: pgpg fdut fdut,, `g`g `g`ga a `gfl `gfl,, `gu `gu ci cici ci,, kgl sm smcgo cgogf gflyg lyg.. Aglyg Aglyg dg dgtg tg-dg -dgtg tg pi pidid did yglo yglo kfungpdgl glgd, smpmrtf dgtg cmlkg, dgtg dmrjg (kgsgr), kgl/gtgu dgtg sfhgt. [gd gkg dgtg tuogs smpmrtf dgtg kmpgl gtgu dgtg pmloauculo. k.

[gagp [mbmorghfs Gltgrg usfg 3 „ > tgaul glgd tmbga `mloagsfbdgl ujgrgl kgbg` cmltud dgbf`gtdgbf`gt pmlkmd. Nfrf yglo pgbflo `mlnibid pgkg hgsm flf cudglbga pgkg ju`bga dgtg yglo kfagsfbdgl glgd, tmtgpf pgkg vgrfgsf cmltud dgtg yglo sukga `ubgf `ulnub.  Lg`ul km`fdfgl, pgkg hgsm flf, glgd cmbu` c mbu` `mlooulgdgl dgtg tuogs kgbg` cmrtutur. Ibma dgrmlg ftu, pmrdm`cglogl cgagsg glgd pgkg hgsm flf kfsmcut kmlogl tgagp tmbmorghfs. ^mfrflo kmlogl cmrtg`cgalyg usfg kgl pmrdm`cglogl itgd kgl pmrglodgt  cfibiofs bgfllyg `gdg dm`g`pugl glgd pul (dgfkga cgagsg kgl dgfkga cmrcgagsg) gdgl sm`gdfl `mlflodgt afloog `mlkmdgtf tuturgl irglo kmwgsg.  

C.

Um`mribmagl Cgagsg Dmkug 7.

Umlomrtfgl kgl Ngrg Um`mribmagl Cgagsg Dmkug

^ugtu ^ugt u cgagsg cgagsg kfsmcut kfsmcut cgagsg cgagsg dmkug dmkug gpgcfb gpgcfbgg cgagsg cgagsg tmr tmrsmc smcut ut kfdugs kfdugsgf gf glgd  glgd  `mbgbuf cmbgjgr smngrg hir`gb. Kgbg` `m`pmribma C3 cglygd ngrg yglo kfbgdudgl. ^mngrg u`u`, tfpm pmribmagl C3 kgpgt kfcmkgdgl `mljgkf pm`mribmagl C3 smngrg tmrpf`pfl, smngrg gbg`fga, smrtg tmrpf`pfl kgl gbg`fga (Bfagt ^ucygdti-Lgcgcgl, 7663). Um`mribmagl C3 smngrg tmrpf`pfl kfbgdudgl `mbgbuf gdtfvftgs pm`cmbgjgrgl,  cgfd kf smdibga `gupul dursus gtgu bms. ]`u`lyg, rgog` cgagsg yglo kfpmbgjgrf  cmrsfhgt hir`gb gtgu cgdu. ^m`mltgrg ftu, pm`mribmagl C3 smngrg gbg`fga kfbgdudgl smngrg smn grg spiltg spiltgl. l. Kmlogl Kmlogl km`fdf km`fdfgl gl smirgl smirglo o glgd cfsg cfsg `m`fb `m`fbfdf fdf cmcmrgp cmcmrgpgg cgagsg cgagsg  pmrtg`g kgl juog cmcmrgpg cgagsg dmkug.

 

Duln Du lnff

dm dmcm cmra rags gsfb fbgl gl

cm cmbg bgjg jgrr

C3

gk gkgb gbga ga

dm dm`g `gug ugl l

cm cmbg bgjg jgr, r,

dm dmcm cmrg rglf lfgl gl

`m`prgdtfddgl kgbg` sftugsf rfmb, kgl dmfltmlsfhgl kgbg` cmrdi`ulfdgsf kmlogl C3. @m`glo @m`gl o pmltflo pmltflo cmbgjgr cmbgjgr disgdgtg kgl dgfkga cgagsg kmlogl `mlooulgdgl `mlooulgdgl cmrcgogf su`cmr. [mtgpf, tgd dgbga pmltflolyg gkgbga hgdtir flkfvfku pm`cmbgjgr C3, kgbg` agb flf dmcmrglfgl `mlooulgdgl cgagsg tmrsmcut kgbg` fltmrgdsf kmlogl pmlutur gsbf gtgu  pmlooulg C3. [fkgd `gbu, tfkgd tgdut sgbga, kgl tfkgd pmrbu dagwgtfr kftmrtgwgdgl dgbgu uljud cmrcgagsglyg durglo pgs. ^m`gdfl cmrglf kgbg` cmrcgagsg kgl sm`gdfl fltmlsfh kgbg` cmrfltmrgdsf, cfgsglyg sm`gdfl nmpgt C3 tmrsmcut kfdugsgf.   3.

[mirf Um`mribmagl Cgagsg Dmkug

g.

@ikmb Gdubturgsf Gdubtu Gdu bturgs rgsff gkgbga gkgbga prisms prisms gkgptg gkgptgsf sf gtgu gtgu pmlymsu pmlymsugfg gfgl l kmlogl kmlogl dmcukgy dmcukgyggl ggl  cgru. Kgbg` pm`mribmagl C3, gdubturgsf kfpglkglo pmltflo dgrmlg cgagsg smcg smcgogf ogf ulodg ulodgpg pgl l cu cukgy kgygg sm smrt rtgg cmrau cmraucul culog ogl l km kmlog logl l sg sgbf bflo lo `mlf `mlfbg bgff gl gltg tgrg rg `gsygr `gs ygrgdgt gdgt C7 kmlogl kmlogl C3. Gdubtu Gdubturgs rgsff kft kftmlt mltudg udgl l ibma ibma jgr jgrgd gd sisfgb sisfgb kgl jgr jgrgd  gd   psfdibiofs gltgrg pm`cmbgjgr (C7) kmlogl cukgyg cgagsg sgsgrgl (C3). Jgrgd  sisfgb gkgbga pmlogrua hgdtir-hgdtir pm`cmbgjgr smcgogf glooitg `gsygrgdgt yglo agrus agr us cmrauc cmrauculog ulogl l kmlogl kmlogl `gsygr `gsygrgdgt gdgt ‖pm`f ‖pm`fbfd bfd‖‖ C3. ^m`mlt ^m`mltgrg grg ft ftu, u, jgr jgrgd  gd   psfdibiofs gkgbga pmlogrua hgdtir ghmdsf pm`cmbgjgr smcgogf prfcgkf pm`cmbgjgr. Hgdtir-hgdtir yglo `mlmltudgl jgrgd sisfgb gltgrg dmbi`pid C7 kgl C3 gkgbga: 7)

dmsg`ggl kmrgjgt sisfgb4

3)

tf`cublyg dmfloflgl gsf`fbgsf4

>)

sgbflo tmrbfcgtlyg gltgrkug dmbi`pid4

;)

dmbi`pid cmbgjgr C3 dmnfb kgl tfkgd diamsfh4

=)

dmsmsugfgl cukgyg4

8)

sgbflo `m`fbfdf sfdgp pisftfh4

 

?)

bg`g tfkgdlyg cmrgsf`fbgsf gltgrg dmbi`pid C7 kgl C3.

^m`mlt ^m` mltgrg grg ftu, ftu, hgdtir hgdtir-hg -hgdti dtirr pmlmlt pmlmltu u jgr jgrgd gd psfdib psfdibiof iofss yglo smcmlgr smcmlgrlyg lyg bmcfa bmcfa  cmrsfhgt ghmdtfh, `mbfputf dmjutgl cgagsg, oulnglogl cukgyg, `itfvgsf, kgl cgtgs cgtgs dmgdugl.  c.

[mirf Gdi`ikgsf [mirf gdi`ikgsf `mlygtgdgl cgawg auculogl `gsygrgdgt C7 kmlogl C3 kgbg` cmrfltmrgd cmrfltmrgdsf sf sglogt `mlmltudgl pm`mribmagl pm`mribmagl C3. Hgdtir-hgdt Hgdtir-hgdtir ir cmrfdut cmrfdut gdgl gdg l

`m`p `m`pmr mr`u `ukga kga kg kgl l

`m`p `m`pmlo mlogr gruaf uaf dm dmcmr cmrag agsf sfbg bgl l

pm`cmb pm`cmbgj gjgr gr

kg kgbg bg` `

`m`pmbgjgrf C3: 7)

3)

Gloo Gloogp gpgl gl pm pm`c `cmb mbgj gjgr gr C3 cg cgaw awgg

kf kfrf rfly lygg

`mru `mrupg pgdg dgl l

cg cgof ofgl gl kg kgrf rf

`gsygrgdgt C3. [fkgd `m`glkglo rmlkga dmbi`pid `gsygrgdgt C3.

>)

Umrsmpsf pm`cmbgjgr tmltglo pmltflolyg mtlibfloufstfd.

;)

[mrcudg kgl tfkgd dmtgt kgbg` `m`pmrsmpsfdgl cgtgs dmbi`pid C7 kmlogl C3.

=)

Um`cmbgjgr C7 `mlofkmltfhfdgsf kfrf sg`g dugt kgl `m`ugsdgllyg kmlogl dmbi`pid sisfgb bgfllyg.

n.

[mirf _gnglg [mirf wgnglg `mlmdgldgl pmltflolyg pm`cmbgjgr C3 `mlm`udgl `gdlg  cgagsg `mbgbuf dmtmrbfcgtgllyg kgbg` cmrdi`ulfdgsf. @mbgbuf dmsmrtggllyg kgbg` kgb g` di`ulf di`ulfdgs dgsf, f, pm`cmb pm`cmbgjgr gjgr kgpgt kgpgt `mlom` `mlom`cglo cglodgl dgl dgfkga dgfkga org`gt org`gtfdg fdg kgl  pmlooulggl cgagsglyg. [mirf wgnglg `m`pulygf smju`bga prflsfp utg`g  cmrfdut: 7)

Um`mribmagl C3 `mlofdutf urutgl gbg`fga kgbg` pmrdm`cglogl sfltgdsfs.

3)

Umlutur Umlutur gsbf gdgl `mlymsugfdgl `mlymsugfdgl tuturgllyg tuturgllyg ultud `mlngpgf `mlngpgf `gdlg yglo kfsmpgdgtf cmrsg`g pmlutur lilgsbf.

 

>)

^trgtmof pmrngdgpgl yglo kftm`pua ultud `mlngpgf `gdlg yglo kfsmpgdgtf kgl `gsudgl `m`pmlogruaf dmnmpgtgl kgl urutgl pm`mribmagl C3.

@mlurut tmirf wgnglg fltmrgdsf sisfgb sglogt pmltflo dgrmlg kgpgt `m`cmrfdgl kgtg tmrcgfd cgof pm`cmbgjgr ultud kgpgt kfibga ibma itgd. @mbgbuf kgtg tmrsmcut kfsusulbga sugtu `ikmb `gsudgl yglo pgltgs p gltgs kgl tmrdgft. k.

@ikmb @ilftir  @ilftir @ilf tir gkgbga prisms dilstrudsf dilstrudsf drmgtfh kgbg` cmrcgagsg. cmrcgagsg. @ikmb @ilftir  `m`fbfdf bf`g afpitmsfs cmrfdut yglo `m`pmlogruaf pm`mribmagl C3: 7)

Afpitmsfs pm`mribmagl-pm`cmbgjgrgl

3)

Afpitmsfs urutgl gbg`fga

>) ;)

Afpitmsfs `ilftir  Afpitmsfs `gsudgl

=)

Afpitmsfs sgrflogl ghmdtfh 

m.

@ikmb di`pmtmlsf vgrfgcmb @ikmb @ik mb flf `mlygt `mlygtgdgl gdgl cgawg cgawg ngrg ngrg smsmir smsmirglo glo `m`pmb `m`pmbgjg gjgrf rf cgagsg cgagsg gdgl `mlnmr`fldgl ngrg irglo ftu `mlooulgdgl cgagsg yglo kfpmbgjgrflyg. Urikud   pmlooulggl cgagsg tmrkfrf gtgs cmrcgogf `gng` prikud cgagsg (wgnglg) kgrf yglo tfkgd tmrmlnglg sg`pgf yglo tmrmlnglg. Urikud yglo tfkgd kfrmlnglgdgl gkgbga wujuk pmlooulggl cgagsg yglo pmlyg`pgfgllyg cmrsfhgt spiltgl, tglpg  pmrsfgpgl, kgl tfkgd `mbgbuf pm`fdfrgl yglo `gtglo. Umlooulggl cgagsg flf tmrjgkf kgbg` di`ulfdgsf rutfl smpmrtf tutur-sgpg, pmrngdgpgl. @ikmb di`pmtmlsf vgrfgcmb `mlyg`pgfdgl prflsfp-prflsfp cmrfdut: 7)

Um`cmbgjgr Um`cmbgjgr `mlyf`pgl `mlyf`pgl pmlomtgaugl pmlomtgaugl tuloogb tuloogb yglo cmrfsf cmrfsf dgfkga-dgfk dgfkga-dgfkga ga  cgagsg gltgrg (fltmrbgloum). ^mngrg iti`gtfs, pmlyf`pgl flf gdgl gdtfh gpgcfbg kfrglosglo, kfkirilo, kgl kfpfnu ultud cmrbgtfa `mlmrgpdgl C3.

 

3)

Um Um`c `cmb mbgj gjgr gr

`m`f `m`fbf bfdf df

dm dm`g `g`p `pug ugl l

ul ultu tud d

`mlo `mloou oulg lgdg dgl l

cg cgag agsg sg..

Dm`g`pugl ftu cmrcmltud: g)

prisms wgnglg prf`mr,

 c)

prisms wgnglg smdulkmr 

n)

prisms diolftfh 

>)

[g`pfbgl [g`pfbgl C3 `mrupgdgl `mrupgdgl vgrfgcbm vgrfgcbm yglo kfagsfbdgl kfagsfbdgl `mbgbuf `mbgbuf prisms prisms prf`mr  prf`mr  kgbg` wgnglg yglo tfkgd tmrmlnglg gtgu prisms smdulkmr kgbg` wgnglg yglo kfrmlnglgdgl.

;)

Umrdm`cglogl pm`mribmagl C3 tmrjgkf smcgogf gdfcgt: g)

pm pm`m `mri ribm bmag agl l

dg dgfk fkga ga-d -dgf gfkg kga a

cg cgru ru

kg kgrf rf

C3

`mbg `mbgbu buff

dm dmtm tmrb rbfc fcgt gtgl gl

 pm`cmbgjgr kgbg` cmrcgogf tfpm wgnglg4  c)

pmlogdtfhgl dgfkga-dgfkga C3 yglo sukga gkg pgkg kgbg` kg bg` cmltud tfkgd  tmrglgbfsfs kgl tfkgd iti`gtfs gtgu tmrglgbfsfs smafloog kgpgt kfoulgdgl ultud wgnglg yglo tfkgd kfrmlnglgdgl.

h.

Afpitmsfs ]lfvmrsgb Afpitmsfs Afpit msfs ulfvmrsgb `mlygtgdgl cgawg glgd `mlm`udgl `mlm`udgl dgfkga-dgfkg dgfkga-dgfkga a  cgagsg kmlogl cmltud org`gtfdg ulfvmrsgb, ygdlf org`gtfdg fltf. Niltia org`gtfdg ulfvmrsgb, u`u`lyg cgagsg `m`fbfdf strudtur dgbf`gt yglo cmrpibg sucjmd-prmkfdgt. Kgbg` pm`cmbgjgrgl C3 jfdg pm`cmbgjgr `mlm`udgl dgfkga C3 yglo cmr`gr cmr`grdga dga,, pm`cmb pm`cmbgjg gjgrr tmrsmc tmrsmcut ut tmr tmroik oikgg ultud ultud dm` dm`cgb cgbff dm dgfkga dgfkga C7, tmrutg`g gpgcfbg C7 ftu `m`fbfdf dgfkga ulfvmrsgb yglo sg`g.

o.

[mirf Lmurihulosfilgb [mirf [mi rf flf `mlygt `mlygtgdgl gdgl gkglyg gkglyg auculogl auculogl gltgrg gltgrg cgagsg cgagsg kmlogl kmlogl glgti`f glgti`f sygrgh. Kug kgmrga kgbg` itgd, ygftu cmbgagl itgd dglgl (kgmrga _mrlfndbm) kgl  cmbgagl itgd dfrf (kgmrga Crindg), `mlmltudgl pm`mribmagl C3. Cmbgagl itgd 

 

dglgl cmrdgftgl kmlogl prisms `mlymburua kgl cmrhulosf ultud `mrmdg` kgl `m`prisms ujgrgl yglo cmrpibg. ^m`mltgrg cmbgagl itgd dfrf cmrdgftgl kmlogl  pmlooulggl cgagsg smngrg drmgtfh yglo `mbfputf pm`rismsgl p m`rismsgl smngrg sfltgdtfd kgl sm`glt sm` gltfd, fd, smrtg smrtg pmlomlkg pmlomlkgbf bf gdtfvf gdtfvftgs tgs cmrcfn cmrcfngrg grg kgl `mlubf `mlubfs. s. Kgbg` Kgbg` dgftgl dgftgllyg lyg kmlogl pm`mribmagl C3, hidus tmirf flf cmrdmlggl kmlogl pmrcmkggl usfg (pgkg usfg drftfs itgd cmrgkg pgkg dmsfgpgl sm`purlg ultud cmbgjgr cgagsg), hisfbfsgsf (gspmd cgagsg yglo tmbga tmrdugsgf cmrtgaul-tgaul afloog usfg kmwgsg `mljgkf ulsur di`pmtmlsf yglo iti`gtfs kgl `m`hisfb gtgu `mlmtgp smngrg pmr`glml), ujgrgl tmrpibg, kgl pibg bgtfagl kf dmbgs kgbg` `m`pmbgjgrf C3. Um Um`m `mri ribm bmag agl l C3 kg kgpg pgtt kftm kftmrg rglo lodg dgl l `mlu `mluru rutt hu hulo losf sf sygr sygrgh gh km kmlo logl gl `m`pmragtfdgl kug agb. Umrtg`g, hulosf sygrgh yglo `glg yglo kfoulgdgl ultud   cmrdi`ulfdgsf. Dmkug, tflodgtgl `glg kgbg` systm` sygrgh tmrsmcut yglo kfbfcgtdgl.

 

CGC FFF DM^F@U]BGL G. DM^F DM^F@U @U]B ]BGL GL

Usfdibiof bfloufstfd gkgbga fb`u yglo `m`pmbgjgrf `mlomlgf pmlooulggl cgagsg kgl ngrg  pm`mribmagl cgagsg pgkg `glusfg. [mrkgpgt tfog cfkglo dgjfgl utg`g psfdibiof bfloufstfd ygftu  psfdibfloufstfd u`u`, psfdibfloustfd pmrdm`cglogl kgl psfdibfloufstfd tmrgpgl. Usfdibfloufstfd  `mrupg `mr upgdgl dgl urgt urgt lgkf pmlogjg pmlogjgrgl rgl cgagsg. cgagsg. Usfdib Usfdibflo flousf usftfd tfd kgl pmlogj pmlogjgrg grgl l cgagsg cgagsg tfkgd tfkgd kgpgt kgpgt kfpfsgadgl, dgrmlg hinus gtgu tu`pugl psfdibfloufstfd gkgbga pm`mribmagl cgagsg, kfsg`pflo  pm`cmbgjgrgl cgagsg kgl pmlogjgrgl cgagsg. Hinus dgjfgl psfdibfloustfd ygftu pm`mribmagl,  pmlogjgrgl

kgl

pm`cmbgjgrgl

cgagsg.

Dmtfog

gspmd

tmrsmcut

cmrdgftgl

sgtu

sg`g

bgfl. bgfl. Um`mri Um`mribma bmagl gl cgagsg cgagsg gkgbga gkgbga prisms prisms yglo cmrbgd cmrbgdu u kf kgbg` kgbg` itgd itgd smsmir smsmirglo glo glgd dmtfdg dmtfdg `m`pmribma `m`pm ribma cgagsglyg. cgagsglyg. Urisms pm`mribmagl pm`mribmagl tmrjgkf tmrjgkf dmtfdg dmtfdg glgd smkglo `m`pmribma `m`pmribma cgagsg tmrkfrf kgrf kug gspmd: pmrtg`g gspmd pmrhir`glnm yglo tmrkfrf kgrf gspmd-gspmd pm`gag`gl kgl  pmbgafrgl. Dmkug gspmd di`pmtmlsf (dm`g`pugl bfloufstfd). Dm`g`pugl cgagsg glgd tmrkfrf kgrf tfog cgofgl ygftu: dm`g`pugl hilibiof, sm`gltf kgl dgbf`gt. Dmtfog cgofgl flf kfpmribma glgdf smngrg smrmttgd gtgu cmrsg`ggl. Um`mri Um` mribma bmagl gl cgagsg cgagsg gkgbga gkgbga prisms prisms-pr -prism ismss yglo yglo cmrbgd cmrbgdu u kf kgbg` kgbg` itgd itgd smirgl smirglo o glgd  glgd  dmtfdg dmt fdg `m`pmr `m`pmribm ibma a cgagsg cgagsg fculyg fculyg .Um`mri .Um`mribma bmagl gl cgagsg cgagsg glgd kf`ubg kf`ubgff kgrf kgrf bflodul bflodulogl ogllyg lyg tmrutg tmrutg`g `g bflodul bflodulogl ogl dmbugr dmbugrog, og, flf kfsmcut kfsmcut pm`mri pm`mribma bmagl gl cgagsg cgagsg pmrtg` pmrtg`gg yglo tmr tmrjgk jgkff kgbg` kgbg` dmaf dmafku kupg pgl l

gwgb gwgb gl glgd gd.. Glgd Glgd-g -glg lgd d

kg kgbg bg` `

pris prisms ms pm pm`m `mri ribm bmag agl l

cg cgag agsg sg pg pgkg kg u`u` u`u`ly lygg

`mlooulgdgl ; strgtmof, ygftu f`ftgsf, prikudtfvftgs, u`pgl cgbfd kgl prflsfp iprgsf. ^mkglodgl  pm`mribmagl cgagsg dmkug kf`gdlgf sggt smsmirglo `m`pmribma cgagsg bgfl smtmbga tmrbmcfa kgaubu  

fg

`mlougsgf

sg`pgf

cgtgs

tmrtmltu

cgagsg

fcu

(cgagsg

pmrtg`g).

 

KGH[GS U]^[GDG

Agrtgtf

[gtgt

kdd dd..

3558. Umlkfkfdgl

Cgagsg

kgl

^gstrg

Flkilmsfg

kf

Dmbgs

 Smlkga.. Cglkulo: ]UF Urms  Smlkga ^gltisg

U

kdd dd..

355=. @gtmrf =. @gtmrf

kgl

Um`cmbgjgrgl

Cgagsg

Flkilmsfg

^K.

Jgdgrtg: Jgdgrtg:

Uusgt Umlmrcftgl ][. Sms`flf L kdd. 3558 Um`cflggl kgl Umlom`cglogl Um`cmbgjgrgl Cgagsg kgl ^gstrg Flkilmsfg. Cglkulo: ]UF Urms.