MODUL 1 FOME 1 Afiqah Divaulhaq 190610067

 

HIAXHJ OAYHRCJHX ‗ 81=98==94 ‗ EC] 8 Rkat H L@ORC 8 IHLACQ LBOAGAKB _RFRHK ]BLNBCHFH^HK 

Webkhra` 86 Ebcuhrdh ]hsabkeu.. ^hash lhjhsaswh Iheucths Ebo`etbrhk Rkalhc sbohkd lbcheuehk j`lb vasatb nbrshlh tblhk-tblhkkyh. Lbrbeh sbohkd lbcheshkhehk pr`sbs nbchfhr oa nc`e Ihlacy Lboagakb. nbrthkyh ebphoh lbrbeh hphehj Ihlacy Lboagakb atu0 Ebluoahk ^hash lbkfbchsehk e`ksbp ebcuhrdh ohk ebsbjhthk ohchl ebcuhrdh. Ohchl pr`sbs nbchfhr oa ehlpus, ^hash fudh lblpbchfhra nhdhalhkh lbkdasa sthtus, nbktue ohk fbkas ebcuhrdh. ^hash akdak lbkdbthjua tbkthkd Ihlacy Hssbslbkt _``cs ohchl nbktue Dbk`drhl, Ihlacy Lhp, Ihlacy Caib Gyrgcb ohk nbnbrhph chakkyh. ]hoh lhtbra eucahj `cbj o`sbk,oashlphaehk fudh tbkthkd nhdhalhkh gara pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh, pblnakhhk ebcuhrdh ohk pbkghththk sbrth rbehl lboae ohchl o`etbr ebcuhrdh. Nhdhalhkh ^hash ohpht lbkfbchsehk ohk lbcheshkhehk Ihlacy Lboagakb0

FRL] 86_B^LAK@C@DA 86_B^LAK@C@DA

8.  Ihlacy Lboagakb6aclu yhkd lblnbraehk pbrhwhthk pralbr uktue akoavaou ohk ebcuhrdh oa sbluh fbkas usah,fbkas ebchlak ohk pbkyheat >.  J`lb Yasatb 6 ebohthkdhk pbtudhs ebsbjhthk ebrulhj phsabk uktue cbnaj lbkdbkhc ebjaouphk phsabk ohk hthu lblnbraehk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk sbsuha obkdhk ebnutujhk ohk tuktuthk phsabk. 7.  Ihlacy Lhp 6yhkd lbkddhnhrehk suhtu junukdhk hkthr hkdd`th ebcuhrdh ?.  Dbk`drhl 6p`j`k hthu struetur ebcuhrdh yhkd lbkddhlnhrehk rawhyht hthu dbkbrh ohra ebcuhrdh 2.  Ihlacy Caib Gygcb 6astachj uktue lbkddhlnhrehk pbrunhjhk phoh hkdd`th,e`lp`sasa ohk iukdsa ebcuhrdh 9.  Ihlacy Hssbsslbkt _``cs 6hcht yhkd oadukhehk uktue lbkddhlnhrehk struetur ohk iukdsa ebcuhrdh

FRL] > OHK FRL] 76^RLRWHK LHWHCHJ OHK JA]@_BWH 8.Ebkhph ^hkah lbcheuehk j`lb vasat0

Rktue pblbraeshhk ebcuhrdh ohk pbrhwhthk ebphoh phsabk. 8.cbnaj lbkdbkhc ebjaouphk phsabk 6ohth yhkd cbkdehp, >.pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk 6nbrebsakhlnukdhk,hetai. 6nbrebsakhlnukdhk,hetai.

 

_ufuhk 6ebhohhk phsabk,pbkobrath pbkyheat er`kas,lbkobrath sthoaul tbrlakhc,takohe chkfut pbchyhk uktue phsabk. >.nhdhalhkh pr`sbs j`lb vasatb0 8.  Lblbpbrsahpehk ohithr ebchurdh yhkd oaeukfukda >.  Lbkdhtur fhowhc eukfukdhk 7.  Lblpbrsahpehk ohth yhkd hehk oaeulpucehk ?.  Lbcheuehk pbkdulpuchk ohth 2.  Lbcheuehk pbkghththk ohth 9.  Lbkyhlphaehk khsbjht ohk hthu pbkyucujhk ebsbjhthk 7.hph e`ksbp ohra ihlacy lboagakb0

-sbnhdha o`etbr pbchyhk pralbr yhkd tbrchtaj ohk lblnbraehkpbchyhk oanbrnhdha naohkd obkdhk pbkbehkhk uthlh eb`hoh ebcuhrdh sbnhdha ukat. -lbruphehk nhrashk pbrthjhkhk prthlh - Lblnbraehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk pranhoa,ohk Lblnbraehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk pranhoa,ohk lbkdbvhcuhsa ebnutujhk pbkobrathkyh hehk lbkdbvhcuhsa ebnutujhk pbkobrathkyh hehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk sbghrh lbkybcuruj. E`ksbp obkdhk aktbrdrhsa,lhkihht obkdhk lbkybcuruj ohk tbrnakh jukdhk hkthrh ebcuhrdh ohk o`etbr,pbkyblnuj uktue pbkobrath. ?.nhdhalhkh e`ksbp ebchurdh ohk ebsbjhthk ohchl ebcuhrdh0

Ebcuhrdh lbkfhoa ukat yhkd oanbraehk pbchyhk.Ebsbjhthk ohkeblokarak ebcuhrdh lbkfhoa eukga uthlh uktue ebsbjhthk ohchl ebsbjhth.@rhkd tuh pbrcu lbkdbthjua pbrunhjhk bsbjhthk oa sbtahp hkdd`th ebcuhrdh ohk ohpht lbkghthth hph yhkd nbrunhj ohk sbnbrph nbshr pbrunhjhk tbrsbnut. 2.nhdhalhkh ghrh lbkdsasa sthtus,nbktue ohk fbkas ebcuhrdh

Obkdhk nhkyhekyh fbkas hoht ohk nbktue ebcuhrdh yhkd oa fhchka cbj lhsyhrheht lheh jhc yhkd ohpht oacheuehk hohchj lbkhkyhehk nhdahlhk ebhohhk ebcurdh hohchl p`sasa ohk nbktue sbrth fbkas ebcuhrh yhkd lbrbeh hkuta sbchak atu ohpt puch lhcuehk `nsbrvhsa eb lhsyhrheht sbeathr ebcuhrdh yhkd hehk oachyhka. 9.nhdhalhkh ihlacy hssbsslbkt t``cs ochl nbktue dbk`drhl0

Dbk`drhl hohchj p`j`k ebcuhrdh yhkd lbkddhlnhrehk ihet`r na`psae`s`sahc akoavaou ohk ebcuhrdh ohchl 7 dbkbrhsa. Dbk`drhl ohpht puch lbkddhlnhrehk saecus jaoup ebcuhrdh, pbkyheat, ohk junukdhk hkthrhkdd`th ebcuhrdh. Ebdukhhk dbk`drhl hohchj uktue lbkdbthjua junukdhk oa hkthrh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh, lhshchj lboas ohk psae`c`das ebcuhrdh yhkd sbobrjhkh, luohj, gbpht sbrth lurhj.Aki`rlhsa yhkd oaohpht ohra dbk`drhl ohpht oadukhehk `cbj sb`rhkd o`etbr uktue lbkdhlnac ebputushk tbrjhohp lhshchj phsabk ohk ebcuhrdhkyh. 4.nhdhalhkh ihlacy hssbsslbkt t``cs ohchl nbktue ihlacy lhp0

 

-hcht vasuhc uktue lbkddhlnhrehk junukdhk ohk p`ch aktbrhesa ohchl ebcurdh 6ebobehthk nbrcbnaj hkthr bcuhrdh,oasakfbglbkt(as`chsa hkhthr ebcuhrdh) ohk ohpht tbrfhoa ohchl 8 ebchurdh. G`hcata`k 6hkhe cbnaj nbrpajhe ebshchj shtu hkdd`th ebcuhrdh :. nhdhalhkh ihlacy hssbsslbkt t``cs ohchl nbktue ihlacy caib gygcb0

Lbkddhlnhrehk pbrunhjhyhkd tbrfhao ochl ebcuhrdh.saecus yhkd oadukhehk lbkddukhehk dbk`drhiae. Ohpht lbkddhlnhrehk ebchjarhk ykhd tbrfhoa ohchl ebcurdh.ohk nhdhalhkh sbrth ehphk shchj shtu hkdd`th lbkakddhcehk rulhj hthu lbkakddhc oukah. -lhkihht 6lblnbraehk rkhdhahk ebfhoahk yhkd sbghrh er`k`c`das,lbkddhlnhrehk brunhjhk ebhohhk strbss,lbkdjblhteh nahyh ebcuhrdh 1.nhdhalhkh 1.nhdhalhk h gara gar a ohra o`etbr pbchyhkhk ebcuhrdh

-lbkdaeht oara ebphoh ebnutujhk phsabk -lblhkohkd oarakyh sbndha rbsae` takdda -oabcbkddhrhe ohchl ohbrhj -oasbcbkddhrhek `cbj o`etbr obkdhk sulnbr yhkd tbrsboah -nbr`rabthsa pblbcajhrhhk ebsbjhth -lblhkohkd ebcuhrdh sbndhha `rdhkashsa -lblhkihht pbkobehthk lbkyuurj -lblacea p`ch oahdk`sas yhkd hkohc. -lblacea pbkdbthjuhk talnhc nhcae 8=.nhdhalhkh ghrh lbcheuehk pblnakhhk ebcuhrdh

Obkdhk lbkyhlphaehk khsbjht hthu pbkybcujuhk ebsbjhthk ohchl ebcuhrdh phsabk.Ohpht oacheuhek obkdhk sbehcadus lblnbraehk pcbyhkhk uktue pbkd`nhthk.]hsabk hehk cbnaj tbrnueh faeh nbrhoh oa cakdeukdhkkyh sbkoara 88.nhdhalhkh pbkghththk rbehl lboag `cbj o`etbr ebcuhrdh0

Asa rbehl lboas 6

  ohth nhsb/ohth ohshr ebcuhrdh   Ebtbrhkdhk tbkthkd ohth ecakae   rbehl lboas nbrohshrehk lhshchj (p`lr) 6 ohth ohshr ebcuhrdh, ohth lhshchj

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ebsbjhthk, rbkghkh hwhc, ghththk eblhfuhk 8>. Nhdhalhkh ghrh lbcheshkhehk Ihlacy Lboagakb obkdhk nhae0

Lblbkuja ehrhtetbrastae ohra pbchyhk pralbr. 8.e`lprbjbksai >.obtbesa oaka

 

7.rbjhcanathsa ]bchyhk ebsbjhthk yhkd oacheshkhehk obkdhk aktbrhesa hkhthrh o`etbr ohk ebcuhrdh hthu lhsyrhehthk oasbeathrkyh. Oacheuhek sbghrh e`ktaku _aohe lblhkohkd ulur fbkas ebchlak ohk phphrhk yhkd hoh.

FRL] ? WEBLH

FRL] 2 C@ 8.  sbfhrhj ohk pbreblnhkdhk ebo`etbrhk ebcuhrdh ohk alpcblbkthsa ohchl ebsbjhthk khsa`khc. >.  e`ksbp ebcuhrdh

  nbktue ebcuhrdh ohk iukdsa ebcuhrdh

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   fbkas ebcuhrdh   struetur ebcuhrdh   ihlacy hssbsslbkt t``cs

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7.  ebsbjhthk ebcuhrdh

  pbrhk ebcuhrdh ohchl ebsbjhthk   pblnakhhk ebcuhrdh   e`kibrbksa ebcuhrdh

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?.  praksap ohk gara pbchyhk ebo`etbrhk ebcuhrdh

  J`lb vasatb

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2.  pbkghththk rbehl lboag ebcuhrdh

 

WBFH^HJ OHK ]B^EBLNHKDHK EBO@E_B^HK EBCRH^DH OHK AL]CBLBK_HWA OHCHL EBWBJH_HK KHWA@KHC

WBFH^HJ ]B^EBLNHKDHK EBO@E_B^HK EBCRH^DH ]breblnhkdhk spbsahcashsa ohk hthu sunspbsahcashsa ebo`etbrhk nbrfhchk shkdht pbsht. Jakddh shht aka fulchj spbsahcashsa ohk sunspbsahcashsa naohkd ebo`etbrhk taohe eurhkd ohra 24 lhghl. ]breblnhkdhk spbsahcashsa ohk hthu sunspbsahcashsa sbpbrta aka, oashlpakd lbkohthkdehk nhkyhe lhkihht yheka lheak lbkakdehtkyh lutu pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk, yhkd hkthrh chak oathkoha `cbj turukkyh hkdeh ebsheathk, hkdeh ghght ohk hkdeh eblhtahk, tbrkyhth  fudh lbkohthkdehk nhkyhe lhshchj. Whchj shtu ohra lhshchj yhkd oalhesuo ohk oaphkohkd gueup pbktakd hohchj lheak nbreurhkdkyh lakht o`etbr lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ulul. Wbsukddujkyh, obkdhk lheak nbreblnhkdkyh spbsahcashsa ohk hthu sunspbsahcashsa tbrsbnut, sbghrh nbrthjhp lakht o`etbr lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ulul lheak nbreurhkd. @cbj Laccas (8199) pbkybnhn lheak nbreurhkdkyh lakht o`etbr lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ulul aka, oasalpucehk sbnhdha nbraeut6 8. Ehrbkh lheak lbkurukkyh jhrdh oara sb`rhkd o`etbr ulul oanhkoakdehk obkdhk o`etbr spbsahcas. >. Ehrbkh ebsblphthk lblpbrohchl pbkdbthjuhk ohk ebtbrhlpachk sbnhdha o`etbr ulul oanhkoakdehk obkdhk o`etbr spbsahcas lheak eurhkd. 7. Ehrbkh lheak nuruekyh e`koasa ebrfh o`etbr ulul oanhkoakdehk obkdhk o`etbr spbsahcas. Oblaeahkchj heanht lheak nbreurhkdkyh fulchj o`etbr yhkd lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ulul. Wblbkthrh aru fulchj o`etbr yhkd lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr spbsahcas lheak nbrthlnhj, lbkybnhnehk talnuckyh nbrnhdha lhshchj chakkyh. Nbrnhdha lhshchj yhkd oalhesuo, faeh oapbrakga lbkurut sunsastbl ebsbjhthk sbghrh sakdeht ohpht oaurhaehk sbnhdha nbraeut 6 8.  Wunsastbl ]bchyhkhk Ebsbjhthk Lhshchj yhkd phcakd lbk`kf`c yhkd oatbluehk phoh Wunsastbl ]bchyhkhk Ebsbjhthk ahchj pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk tbrsbnut lbkfhoa tbre`the-e`the (irhdlbktbo jbhtcj Wbrvagbs), hlht tbrdhktukd phoh nbrnhdha pbrhchthk ebo`etbrhk ghkddaj sbrth gbkobrukd lbkd`rdhkashsa pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd cbnaj lhfblue. Ebhohhk yhkd sbpbrta aka tbktu lbrudaehk lhsyhrheht, ehrbkh lbsyhrheht hehk sucat lbkohphtehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd lbkybcuruj (g`lprbjbksavb jbhctj sbrvagbs). ]hsabk hejarkyh nhdhaehk nbrnbchkfh eb nhkyhe t`e`. Nbrpakohj ohra shtu tblpht eb tblpht chak, thkph thju ebdukhhk ohk lhkihhtkyh. Cbnaj chkfut chda ehrbkh pbchyhkhk yhkd tbre`the-e`the aka, lheh junukdhk o`etbr- phsabk lbkfhoa rbkddhkd. Wbrakd oatbluehk pbrjhtahk o`etbr jhkyh phoh ebcujhk yhkd oashlphaehk shfh, nuehk tbrjhohp oara pbkobrath sbghrh ebsbcurujhk.

 

>. Wunsastbl ]blnahyhhk Ebsbjhthk

 

Lhshchj yhkd phcakd lbk`kf`c yhkd oatbluehk phoh Wunsastbl ]blnahyhhk Ebsbjhthk ahchj nahyh ebsbjhthk lbkfhoa shkdht lbkakdeht. ]bkakdehthk nahyh ebsbjhthk tbrsbnut nuehk shfh ehrbkh tbchj oapbrdukhehkkyh nbrnhdha pbrhchthk ghkddaj, tbthpa fudh ehrbkh pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk tbrsbnut tbchj tbre`the-e`the. Heanhtkyh pblbraeshhk ebo`etbrhk eb o`etbrhk yhkd shlh sbrakd oacheuehk nbruchkd-uchkd, yhkd tbktu shfh hehk h ehk lblnbrhtehk phsabk. Wbchak atu, uktue phrh o`etbr yhkd tbthp lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ulul, oatbluehk puch lhshchj chakkyh. Lhshchj tbrsbnut ahchj lutu pbchyhkhk yhkd oasbcbkddhrhehk tbrkyhth taohe lbluhsehk. ]bkybnhnkyh hohchj ehrbkh phrh o`etbr ulul tbrsbnut taohe lblacaea pbkdbthjuhk ohk ebtbrhlpachk ecakas sbrth taohe lbkdaeuta pbreblnhkdhk aclu ohk tbek`c`da ebo`etbrhk. Hohkyh ebhohhk yhkd sbpbrta aka tbktukyh taohe lbkduktukdehk sbluh pajhe. Fhchk ebcuhr yhkd oahfuehk, sbghrh ulul ohpht oanbohehk hths ? lhghl6 8. Lbkakdehtehk pbkdbthjuhk ohk ebtbrhlpachk o`etbr ulul sbjakddh ohpht lbkdbfhr nbrnhdha ebtakddhchk yhkd oalacaeakyh. >. Lbkddhktaehk o`etbr ulul obkdhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh yhkd tbroaoae sbghrh ejusus. 7. Lbchtaj sbluh o`etbr (tbrlhsue spbsahcas) ohchl iac`s`ia ohk tbekae pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd lbkybcuruj. ?. Lbkgapthehk ebhohhk cakdeukdhk yhkd ohpht lblhgu tbrsbcbkddhrhkyh pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd lbkybcuruj ohk tbrphou. Fhchk ebcuhr yhkd pbrthlh, oa Hlbraeh Wbraeht oal`t`ra `cbj _jb Hlbraghk Hghobly `i Dbkbrhc ]rhgtagb yhkd oaoaraehk phoh thjuk 81?4. @rdhkashsa aka hetai lbkybcbkddhrhehk nbrnhdha pr`drhl pbkoaoaehk thlnhjhk uktue o`etbr ulul. Jhsac yhkd oapbr`cbj gueup lbkddblnarhehk ehrbkh sbghrh nbrthjhp nbrnhda ebtakddhchk o`etbr ulul ohpht oahthsa. ]hoh thjuk 8121, _jb Hlbraghk Lboaghc Hss`gahta`k lbkyusuk suhtu rhkghkdhk pbkoaoaehk ejusus yhkd nbrsaiht i`rlhc. Wbfhe thjuk 8191, oa Hlbraeh Wbraeht o`etbr ebcuhrdh oaphkohkd sbnhdha shchj shtu o`etbr spbsahcas. Oblaeahkchj, sbsuha obkdhk chthr nbchehkd tbrsbnut ohk fudh nbrnhdha pbrastawh ejusus yhkd tbrfhoa oa lhsakd-lhsakd kbdhrh, hejarkyh dbrhehk o`etbr ebcuhrdh tbrsbnut lucha nbrlukguchk. ^akdehshk sbfhrhj pbreblnhkdhk yhkd oalhesuo uktue nbnbrhph kbdhrh, sbghrh sbobrjhkh ohpht oaurhaehk sbnhdha nbraeut6 8. Akddras Ebdahthk uktue lbkdblnhcaehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh oa Akddras tbchj oalucha sbfhe thjuk 8:??, tbthpa phoh whetu atu nhkyhe lbkohpht thkthkdhk. Nhruchj ebluoahk phoh thjuk 812>, prhetae o`etbr ebcuhrdh aka lbkohpht pbkdheuhk yheka obkdhk nbrjhsac oaoaraehkkyh ^`yhc G`ccbdb `i Dbkbrhc ]rhgtagb. >. Hustrhcah Ebdahthk uktue lbkdblnhcaehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh oa Hustrhcah tbchj oalucha sbfhe thjuk 812:, yheka obkdhk oaoaraehkkyh tjb G`ccbdb `i Dbkbrhc ]rhgtagb yhkd phoh whetu atu hetai lbkybcbkddhrhehk pr`drhl pr`drhl pbkoaoaehk ebo`etbrhk nbrebchkfuthk nbraeut ufahkkyh yhkd tbchj oalucha sbfhe thjuk 819=. Ebdahthk aka sbghrh rbsla oaheua phoh thjuk 8147, yheka obkdhk lucha oasbcbkddhrhehkkyh oasbcbkddhrhehkkyh Ihlacy pr`drhl `cbj pblbrakthj ibobrhc. 7. Iacapakh Ebdahthk uktue lbkdblnhcaehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh oa Iacapakh tbchj oalucha sbfhe thjuk 819= tbthpa sbghrh lbcblnhdh nhru oaebkhc sbfhe thjuk 814>, yheka

 

obkdhk oaoaraehkkyh _jb ]jacapakb Hghobly `i Ihlacy ]jysagahks. @rdhkashsa aka hetai lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbkoaoaehk o`etbr ebcuhrdh. ?. Wakdhpurh Ebdahthk uktue lbkdblnhcaehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh oa Wakdhpurh tbchj oalucha sbfhe 8148, ohk sbfhe thjuk 814> hetai lbkybcbkddhrhehk pr`drhl pbkoaoaehk. 2. Ako`kbsah Ebdahthk uktue lbkdblnhcaehk pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh oa Ako`kbsah tbchj oalucha sbfhe 81:8, yheka obkdhk oaoaraehkkyh Ebc`lp`e Wtuoa O`etbr Ebcuhrdh. ]hoh thjuk 811=, lbchcua e`kdrbskyh yhkd ebouh oa N`d`r, khlh `rdhkashsa oaunhj lbkfhoa E`cbsb O`etbr Ebcuhrdh Ako`kbsah. Khluk pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk ebcuhrdh oa Ako`kbsah nbcul sbghrh rbsla lbkohpht pbkhdeuhk, nhae ohra pr`ibsa ebo`etbrhk ohk hthupuk ohra pblbrakthj. Rktue cbnaj lbkakdehtehk pr`drhl ebrfh, tbruthlh phoh takdeht aktbrkhsa`khc, lheh oaoaraehkchj `rdhkashsa aktbrkhsa`khc o`etbr ebcuhrdh phoh thjuk 814>, yhkd oaebkhc obkdhk khlh T`rco @rdhkazhta`k `i Khta`khc G`ccbdb, Hghoblag hko Hghoblag Hss`gahta`k `i Dbkbrhc ]rhgtata`kbrs/Ihlacy ]jysagahk (T@KGH). Ako`kbsah hohchj hkdd`th T@KGH yhkd oawheaca `cbj E`cbsb O`etbr Ebcuhrdh Ako`kbsah O@E_B^ EBCRH^DH OHCHL WAW_BL EBWBJH_HK KHWA@KHC Wastbl Ebsbjhthk Khsa`khc (WEK) oarulusehk sbnhdha alpcblbkthsa Rkohkd-ukohkd K`. >7 thjuk 81:1 tbkthkd Ebsbjhthk. ]braksap ohshr ohra WEK hohchj hohc hj pbcheshkhhk shchj shtu hlhkht pblnuehhk RRO 81?2, yhatu lbksbfhjtbrhehk rheyht Ako`kbsah. ]braksap ohshr aka sbehcadus shchj shtu hspbe tudhs kbdhrh (yhkd oacheshkhehk `cbj pblbrakthj nbrshlh sbcuruj lhsyhrheht) obkdhk sbkoarakyh tbrsusuk ohchl suhtu ebrhkdeh yhkd obkdhk sbkoarakyh lucha ohk vasa-lasa-tufuhk pr`drhl, ohk rbkghkh pbcheshkhhk shlpha alpcblbkthsa ohk susukhk sthkohr `pbrhsa`khc. Ebrhkdeh uthlh WEK ohpht oasalpucehk tbroara hths 7 nhdahk. ]brthlh, pblnhkdukhk sulnbr ohyh lhkusah Ako`kbsah sbutujkyh, ebouh Ebthjhkhk Khsa`khc Kbdhrh Ebshtuhk ^bpuncae Ako`kbsah ohk ebtadh hohchj pblnbrohyhhk lhkusah Ako`kbsah hdhr lhlpu lblacaj ohk lbkohphtehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd oanutujehk. ]bcheshkhhk WEK obkdhk sbkoarakyh lbkfhoa thkddukd fhwhn Obpt Ebsbjhthk oatukfuhkd `cbj obphrtblbk chak ejususkyh ohchl naohkd Ebsbfhjtbrhhk ^heyht (Ebsrh). ^ulushk uphyh ebsbjhthk oacheshkhehk sbghrh j`castae, e`lprbjbksai ohk aktbdrhtai phoh ? naohkd shshrhk uthlh, yhatu ushjh-ushjh pr`l`tai, prbvbktai, eurhtai, ohk rbjhnacathtai. Eath hlnac g`kt`j naohkd eurhtai, yhkd lhesuokyh lbkyblnujehk `rhkd yhkd suohj sheat. ]bchyhkhk eurhtai ohchl WEK tbrsusuk ohchl 7 strhth, pbrthlh pbchyhkhk pralbr yhkd oacheshkhehk oa ]usebslhs ohk prhetbe o`etbr ulul swhsth yhkd ululkyh oacheshkhehk s`rb jhra. Wtrhth ebouh hohchj pbchyhkhk sbeukobr yhkd oacheshkhehk `cbj rulhj sheat tapb G ohk tapb N, oasbrtha prhetbe o`etbr spbsahcas. Wtrhth ebtadh hohchj pbchyhkhk tbrtabr, yhatu uphyh pbkyblnujhk nhda phsabk yhkd lblbrcuehk tbek`c`da takdda ohk nbrshkdeuthk obkdhk pr`sbs ebacluhk yhkd rulat. Wastbl o`etbr ebcuhrdh sbnhdha nhdahk struetur WEK suohj nbrfhchk shkdht nhdus oa kbdhrh lhfu. Wastbl o`etbr ebcuhrdh sbchcu oaehatehk obkdhk sastbl hsurhksa ebsbjhthk nhae yhkd rbsla ohra kbdhrh/sbpbrta Fhlebslhs oa Ako`kbsah, lhupuk yhkd oaushjhehk `cbj swhsth. Wbtahp ebcuhrdh hthu `rhkd pbr `rhkd oawhfanehk lbkdaehtehk oara phoh sb`rhkd o`etbr ebcuhrdh. ]hsabk taohe pbrcu lblnhyhr o`etbr ehrbkh o`etbr ebcuhrdh lbkohpht dhfa ohra hsurhksa. O`etbr ebcuhrdh atuchj yhkd lblnalnakd, lbkdhsuj phsabk nbsbrth ebcuhrdhkyh, tbrlhsue lbkdaral sbehcadus lblhkou rufuehk yhkd oapbrcuehk. O`etbr spbsahcas yhkd

 

lbrhwht whfan nbre`lulaehsa hetai obkdhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh yhkd lbrufue. Wbchak atu rulhj sheat jhrus lbkdhgu sbdhch pr`sbour yhkd hehk oacheshkhehk obkdhk ebtbktuhk yhkd oasbphehta obkdhk hsurhksa (fhlebslhs). Jhc aka oapbrcuehk nbrjunukd sbghrh iac`s`ias sbchcu hoh pbrnbohhk aktbrbs (`rabkthsa) hkthrh ehul pr`ibsa`khc ebo`etbrhk obkdhk pbrushjhhk hsurhksa. Wbghrh pr`ibsa`khc (fudh phsabk) sbchcu lbkdjbkohea yhkd lhesalhc tbrnhae, tbrnhru, sbnhcaekyh pbrushjhhk hsurhksa sbchcu nbr`rabkthsa phoh lhkihht, biasabksa bi asabksa ohk jblht. Oa sakachj pbrhk yhkd shkdht pbktakd ohra o`etbr ebcuhrdh. ]hoh jheaehtkyh, ebdahthk-ehbdahthk yhkd tbrgheup ohchl sastbl Ebsbjhthk ohpht oanbohehk eb ohchl ouh ebc`lp`e, yhatu (8) pblnbrahk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk, ohk (>) pblnahyhhk uphyh ebsbjhthk. ochl jhc aka, Wastbl Ebsbjhthk oa suhtu wachyhj sbnbkhrkyh nbrtufuhk uktue lbkakdehtehk obrhfht ebsbjhthk lhsyhrheht oa wachyhj tbrsbnut lbchcua pblnbrahk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ohk lbcakoukda lhsyhrheht ohra ebrudahk heanht lbkdbcuhrehk nhkyhe nahyh ehrbkh pbkyheat yhkd oaobrathkyh. Hthu obkdhk ehth chak, Wastbl Ebsbjhthk suhtu wachyhj lblacaea tadh tufuhk p`e`e, yhatu6 8. Lbkakdehtehk obrhfht ebsbjhthk lhsyhrheht wachyhj yhkd nbrshkdeuthk. >. Lbrbsp`ks jhrhphk-jhrhphk hthu ebnutujhk lhsyhrheht wachyhj yhkd nbrshkdeuthk sbsuha jhe hshsa lhkusah. 7. Lblnbraehk pbrcakoukdhk iakhksahc tbrjhohp eblukdeakhk oaebcuhrehkkyh nahyh heanht pbkyheat yhkd oaobrath `cbj lhsyhrheht yhkd nbrshkdeuthk. Wastbl Ebsbjhthk lblpukyha blpht iukdsa, yhatu 6 8. ]bchyhkhk ebsbjhthk. Lbruphehk pr`sbs lblnbraehk ohk lbkdbc`ch lhsuehk oa ohchl ebdahthk pr`ouesa fhsh ebsbjhthk yhkd tbrfhoa ohchl suhtu ththkhk `rdhkashsa tbrtbktu, oalhkh lbkdhrhj ebphoh pbrcu oacheuehkkyh sbrhkdehahk aktbrvbksa tbrjhohp lhshchj-lhshchj ebsbjhthk yhkd hoh. Ohchl jhc aka, uksur pbktakd yhkd pbrcu oapbrjhtaehk hohchj junukdhk hkthrh pblnbra pbchyhkhk obkdhk pbkddukh pbchyhkhk, heukthnacaths pblnbra pbchyhkhk, lhkhfblbk pbchyhkhk, ohk junukdhk hkthrh nbrnhdha pblnbra pbchyhkhk yhkd hoh. >. ]blnahyhhk ebsbjhthk _broara ohra tadh pr`sbs, yhatu6 - pr`sbs pbkhraehk ohkh ohra sulnbr ohkh (pralbr, yhatu rulhj thkddh hthu pbrushjhhk, lhupuk sbeukobr, yhatu pblbrakthj ohk cblnhdhcblnhdh cblnh dhcblnhdh o`k`r). - pbkdjalpukhk ohkh oa nhohk-nhohk nh ohk-nhohk tbrtbktu - pbkdhc`ehsahk ohkh uktue ebdahthk-ebdahthk phrh pblnbra pbchyhkhk. 7. ]bkdblnhkdhk sulnbr ohyh ebsbjhthk taohe jhkyh nbruph ohkh, tbthpa fudh tbkhdh ebsbjhthk, `nht, pbrhchthk ebsbjhthk, shrhkh ohk prhshrhkh ebsbjhthk, sbrth aclu pbkdbthjuhk ohk tbek`c`da ebsbjhthk. ]bkdblnhkdhk sulnbr ohyh ebsbjhthk lbcanhtehk nbrnhdha `rdhkashsa yhkd lbkdjhsacehk sulnbr ohyh tbrsbnut, sbpbrta cblnhdh pbkoaoaehk tbkhdh ebsbjhthk, akoustrah ihrlhsa, cblnhdh pbkbcatahk ebsbjhthk, ohk chak-chak. ?. ]bkdhwhshk ohk pbkdhrhjhk hohchj iukdsa yhkd jhrus oapbdhkd `cbj hphrht pblbrakthj yhkd nbrthkddukd fhwhn oa naohkd ebsbjhthk. ]bkdhwhshk ohk pbkdhrhjhk aka phoh jheaehtkyh tbroara hths pbkbthphk ebnafhehk ebsbjhthk, pbkdhturhk oa naohkd ebsbjhthk, sbrth pbkachahk eakbrfh ohk pbkyboahhk aki`rlhsa ebsbjhthk. ]hoh shht `rdhkashsa-`rdhkashsa pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk sbpbrta rulhj sheat ohk pusebslhs lbkfhoa `t`k`l, lheh sastbl ebsbjhthk lbkdjhohpa hkghlhk nbruph tbrirhdlbkthsakyh

 

pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk. Irhdlbkthsa ohpht tbrfhoa oa hkthrh pbkyboah pbchyhkhk sbtakdeht (rulhj sheat, ecakae rhwht fhchk, hthu h thu pr`drhl ebsbjhthk lhsyhrheht) hthu oa hkthrh pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ohshr obkdhk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk rufuehk. Irhdlbkthsa sblhghl aka lbkalnucehk ohlphe kbdhtai, nhae tbrjhohp biasabksa lhupuk pblbrhthhk ohchl pbchyhkhk rufuehk. ]bchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk ebcuhrdh lblpukyha pbrhkhk yhkd shkdht pbktakd ohchl sastbl ebsbjhthk khsa`khc ehrbkh ohpht lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd khsa`khc ohpht tbrghpha, yhatu lbkakdehtehk obrhfht ebsbjhthk sbcuruj lhsyhrheht. ]B^HK O@E_B^ EBCRH^DH OHCHL ]BLNHKDRKHK KHWA@KHC Nbrjhsackyh uphyh ebsbjhthk lbkybnhnehk lukguckyh p`ch pbkyheat yhkd nbrnboh sbjakddh pbrhk o`etbr ohchl nbrnhdha uphyh pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk puk nbrunhj. Ohchl uphyh eurhtai,o`etbr lhsh eaka jhrus sahp uktue lbk`c`kd phsabk, nuehk shfh yhkd nbrpbkyheat heut tbthpa fudh yhkd nbrpbkyheat er`kas,pbkyheat obdbkbrhtai ohk jhrus sahp lblnhktu ecabkkyh hdhr ohpht jaoup sbjht ohchl e`koasa cakdeukdhk yhkd cbnaj rulat lhsh sbehrhkd aka. Rktue atu ah jhrus lbkdbkhc ebpranhoahk ohk cakdeukdhk phsabkkyh. Rphyh prbvbksa puk nbrdbsbr ohra `rabkthsa ebsbjhthk lhsyhrheht cbnaj cb naj ebhrhj ebsbjhthk pbr`rhkdhk (pravhtb jbhctj). Ohlphe pbshtkyh pbreblnhkdhk spbsahcashsa ohk sun spbsahcashsa tbchj lbkybnhnehk irhdlbkthsa pr`ibsa, jachkdkyh junukdhk o`etbr-phsabk heanht pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd sblheak nbr`rabkthsa eb ebtbrhlpachk chn`rht`raul ohk tbekas. Ohlphe chakkyh hohchj lbkakdehtkyh sbnhdha ohlphe ohra pbchyhkhk spbsahcastas ohk nbrdhktukd phoh tbek`c`da.nahyh Nahyhebsbjhthk pbrhwhthk oblaeahk takddakyh ohk pbkhkdhkhk spbsahcastas oblaeahk lbk`kf`ckyh sbjakddh ehsus-ehsus yhkd tbchj chkfut lblbrcuehk pbrhwhthk ghkddaj ohk spbsahcastae. Nbnbrhph pbkachahk fudh fudh lbkyalpucehk nhjwh pbkoaoaehk o`etbr yhkd lbkbehkehk phoh pbkdhfhrhk ecakae oa ruhkd pbrhwhthk taohe lblnbraehk eblhlpuhk yhkd lblhoha ebphoh pbsbrth oaoae uktue lbkhkdhka ehsus-ehsus oa lhsyhrheht obkdhk pbkobehthkkyh yhkd tbktukyh shkdht nbrnboh. ]bkdhruj nbrnhdha ihet`r aka, lbko`r`kd ebshohrhk pbktakdkyh pbkakdehthk fulchj ohk lutu  fhfhrhk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk takdeht pralbr. Oasapcak aka nbreblnhkd sbghrh bpastbl`c`das hths ohshr o`r`dhk ebnutujhk hehk chyhkhk yhkd ebluoahk oaebkhkc sbnhdha oasapcak ebo`etbrhk ebcuhrdh. @rdhkashsa Ebsbjhthk Wboukah (TJ@) ohk @rdhkashsa O`etbr Ebcuhrdh Wboukah (T@KGH) tbchj lbkbehkehk pbktakdkyh pbrhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh (OE) aka ohchl lbkghpha pblbrhthhk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk. O@E_B^ EBCRH^DH OA AKO@KBWAH E`ksbp o`etbr ebcuhrdh oa Ako`kbsah pbrthlh oahfuehk `cbj AOA phoh thjuk 81:= sbnhdha jhsac Luethlhr eb ‗84 obkdhk chthr nbchehkd sbnhdha nbraeut6 8. OE sbnhdha hctbrkhtai pbkdblnhkdhk ehrabr o`etbr oashlpakd ehrar spbsahcas >. OE uktue lblbkuja tuktuthk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd tbrlhesuo phoh WEK phoh whetu atu. Lhshchj lutu phoh whetu atu at u lhsaj nbcul lbkfhoa s`r`thk nbkhr 7. OE uktue lbkdhthsa lhshchj pblnahyhhk ebsbjhthk obkdhk lbkbrhpehk sastbl pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk tbrebkohca ?. OE uktue lbkhjhk ohlphe kbdhtai spbsahcashsa Ohchl Luebrkyh yhkd eb-8: AOA lbkbthpehk obiakasa OE sbnhdha nbraeut6 O`etbr Ebcuhrdh hohchj o`etbr yhkd lblnbra pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd nbr`rabkthsa e`lukaths obkdhk tatae

 

nbrht phoh ebcuhrdh sbjakddh ah taohe jhkyh lblhkohkd pbkobrath sbnhdha akoavaou yhkd sheat thpa sbnhdha nhdahk ohra ukat ebcuhrdh ohk taohe hkyh lbkhkta sbghrh phsai tbthpa nach pbrcu hetai lbkdukfukda pbkobrath hthu ebcuhrdhkyh Obkdhk obiakasa oblaeahk AOA lbkddhlnhrehk gara pbchyhkhk OE sbnhdha nbraeut6 8. OE lbchyhka pbkobrath taohe jhkyh sbnhdha akoavaou tbthpa sbnhdha hkdd`th shtu ebcuhrdh nhehk hkdd`th lhsyhrhehtkyh >. OE lblnbraehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk lbkybcuruj ohk lblnbraehk pbrjhtahk ebphoh pbkobrathkyh sbghrh cbkdehp ohk sblpurkh,fhuj lbcbnaja hph h ph yhkd oaebcujehkkyh 7. OE lblnbraehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk obkdhk tufuhk uthlh lbkakdehtehk obrhfht ebsbjhthk, lbkgbdhj talnuckyh pbkyheat ohk lbkdbkhc sbrth lbkd`nhtakyh pbkyheat sboaka lukdeak ?. OE lbkduthlhehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd sbsuha obkdhk ebnutujhk ohk nbrushjh lblbkuja ebnutujhk atu sbnhae-nhaekyh 2. OE lbkyboahehk oarakyh sbnhdha tblpht pbchyhkhk takdeht pbrthlh ohk aeut nbrthkddukd  fhwhn phoh pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ebsbjhthk chkfuthk Hehk tbthpa sbtbchj sbeahk chlh, ebououehk OE ohchl sastbl pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk eath lhsaj nbcul fbchs. Rktue pbkakdehthk pbkdblnhkdhk OE oashohra nhjwh pbrcu tbeho p`catas (p`cataghc wacc) pbchyhkhk ohra ]blbrakthj, pr`ibsa lhsyhrheht uktue lbkdueujehk ebououehk OE ohchl sastbl ebsbjhthk eath.ohk _beho p`catas pajhe pr`ibsa jbkohekyh oapbrtbdhs obkdhk lbkyhohra nhwh pbchyhkhk OE nhru ohpht oafhchkehk ehchu pbcheshkhkyh lbkduhsha Ebo`etbrhk Ebcuhrdh (Ihlacy Lboagakb) sbnhdha n`oy `i ek`wcbodb yhkd oadukhehkkyh ohchl lblnbraehk pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk. Rphyh sakbrdaslb ohchl rhkdeh pbkdblnhkdhk OE oa Ako`kbsah atu tbchj oacheuehk ohchl suhtu whohj ebrfhshlh traphrtat pbkdblnhkdhk OE oa Ako`kbsah yhkd tbroara ohra Obpebs, EOEA/AOA ohk Iheucths Ebo`etbrhk.

 

E@KWB] EBCRH^DH

Ebcuhrdh hohchj eulpuchk ouh `rhkd hthu cbnaj yhkd jaoup nbrshlh obkdhk ebtbraehthk hturhk ohk bl`sa`khc ohk akoavaou lblpukyha pbrhk lhsakdlhsakd yhkd lbruphehk nhdahk ohra ebcuhrdh ( irabolhk, >=8=). Lbkurut nhac`k yhkd oa eutap Bibkoa, I & Lhejiuoca (>==1)lbkfbchsehk ebcuhrdh hohchj ouh hthu cbnaj akoavaou yhkd jaoup ohchl shtu rulhj thkddh ehrbkh hohkyh junukdhk ohrhj, pbrehwakhk hthu ho`psa. Lbrbeh shcakd nbraktbrhesa shtu obkdhk yhkd chak, lblpukyha pbrhk lhsakd-lhsakd ohk lbkgapthehk sbrth lblpbrthjhkehk shtu nuohyh. Lbkurut ukohkd-ukohkd k`. 8= thjuk 811> tbkthkd pbreblnhkdhk ebpbkououehk ohk pblnhkdukhk ebcuhrdh sbfhjtbrh, ebcuhrdh hohchj ukat tbrebgac ohra lhsyhrheht yhkd tbroara ohra suhla astbra hthu suhla astbra ohk hkhekyh hthu, hyhj ohk hkhekyh hthu anu ohk hkhekyh. IRKDWA EBCRH^DH 8. Iukdsa hibetai hohchj iukdsa ebcuhrdh yhkd uthlh uktue lbkdhfhrehk sbdhch sbsuhtu uktue lblpbrsahpehk hkdd`th ebcuhrdh nbrjunukdhk obkdhk `rhkd chak oa cuhr rulhj. >. Iukdsa s`sahcashsa ohk tblpht nbrs`sahcashsa hohchj iukdsa lbkdblnhkdehk ohk tblpht lbchtaj hkhe uktue nbrebjaouphk s`gahc sbnbcul lbkakddhcehk rulhj uktue nbrjunukdhk obkdhk `rhkd chak oa cuhr rulhj. 7. Iukdsa rbpr`ouesa hohchj iukdsa uktue lblpbrthjhkehk dbkbrhsa ohk lbkfhdh ebchkdsukdhk ebcuhrdh. ?. Iukdsa be`k`la yhatu ebcuhrdh nbriukdsa uktue lblbkuja ebnutujhk ebcuhrdh sbghrh be`k`la ohk tblpht uktue lbkdblnhkdehk eblhlpuhk akoavaou lbkakdehtehk pbkdjhsachk uktue lblbkuja ebnutujhk ebcuhrdh. 2. Iukdsa ebpbrhwhthk hthu pblbcajhrhhk ebsbjhthk yhatu iukdsa uktue lblbprthjhkehk ebhohhk ebsbjhthk hkdd`th ebcuhrdh hdhr tbthp lblacaea pr`ouetaiaths takdda. Aka oaeblnhkdehk lbkfhoa tudhs oa naohkd ebsbjhthk.

_A]B EBCRH^DH 8. ]blnhdahk _apb Ebcuhrdh lbkurut Wusslhk (814?) ohk Lhgcak (81::) h. Ebcuhrdh trhoasa`khc 8. Ebcuhrdh akta 6 ebcuhrdh yhkd tbroara hths hyhj anu ohk hkhe >. ]hshkdhk akta 6 ebcuhrdh yhkd tbroara hths suhla ohk astra shfh 7. Ebcuhrdh obkdhk `rhkd tuh tukddhc shtu `rhkd sbnhdha ebphch ebcuhrdh, nahshkyh nhdahk ohra e`ksbeubksa pbrgbrhahk ?. Chfhkd yhkd takddhc sbkoarahk

 

2. Ebcuhrdh nbshr yhkd lbkgheup tadh dbkbrhsa 9. ]hshkdhk usah pbrtbkdhjhk hthu phshkdhk chkfut usah 4. Fhrakdhk ebcuhrdh nbshr n. Ebcuhrdh k`k-trhoasa`khc 8. ]hshkdhk yhkd lblacaea Hkhe thkph lbkaehj >. ]hshkdhk yhkd jaoup nbrshlh thkph lbkaehj (eulpuc ebn`) 7. Ebcuhrdh j`l`sbesuhc (dhy ohk hthu cbsnahk) ?. Ebcuhrdh e`luka6 ebcuhrdh obkdhk cbnaj ohra shtu phshkd l`k`dhla obkdhk hkhehkhe sbghrh nbrshlh-shlh lbkddukhehk ihsacaths sbrth sulnbr-sulnbr yhkd hoh >. ]blnhdahk _apb Ebcuhrdh Lbkurut Hkobrs`k Ghrtbr 8. Ebcuhrdh akta(kugcbhr ihlacy), ebcuhrdh yhkd tbroara hths hyhj anu ohk hkhe hkhe >. Ebcuhrdh nbshr(bxtbkobo ihlacy), ebcuhrdh akta oathlnhj obkdhk shkhe shuohrh, kbkbe, ehebe, ebp`khehk, phlhk, nana ohk oh k sbnhdhakyh 7. Ebcuhrdh nbrhktha (sbrahc ihlacy), ebcuhrdh yhkd tbroara hths whkath ohk prah yhkd lbkaehj cbnaj ohra shtu ehca ohk lbruphehk shtu ebcuhrdh akta ?. ebcuhrdh ouoh hthu Fhkoh(sakdcb ihlacy), ebcuhrdh aka tbrfhoa ehrbkh hohkyh pbrgbrhahk hthu eblhtahk 2. Ebcuhrdh ehnaths ,ouh `rhkd yhkd lbkfhoa shtu thkph pbrkaehjhk tbthpa lblnbktue shtu ebcuhrdh ]B^HK EBCRH^DH 8.  ]brhk sbnhdha hyhj. Hyhj sbnhdha suhla ohra astra ohk hyhj ohra hkhekyh yhkd nbrpbrhk sbnhdha pbkghra khiehj, pbkoaoae, pbcakoukd ohk pblnbra rhsh hlhk fudh sbnhdha ebphch ebcuhrdh hkdd`th ebc`lp`e s`sahc sbrth hkdd`th lhsyhrheht ohk cakdeukdhk. >.  ]brhk sbnhdha anu. Anu sbnhdha astra ohk anu ohra hkhe-hkhekyh nbrpbrhk uktue lbkdurus rulhj thkddh sbnhdha pbkdhsuj ohk pbkoaoae hkhe-hkhekyh, pbcakoukd ohk shchj shtu hkdd`th ebc`lp`e s`sahc sbrth sbnhdha hkdd`th lhsyhrheht ohk cakdeukdhk oa shlpakd ohpht nbrpbrhk puch sbnhdha lbkghra khiehj thlnhjhk ebcuhrdh 7.  ]brhk sbnhdha hkhe. Hkhe lbcheshkhehk pbrhk psae`s`sahc sbsuha obkdhk takdeht pbreblnhkdhkkyh pbreblnhkdhkkyh nhae iasae, lbkthc, s`sahc ohk sparatuhc

 

Ihlacy hssbsslbkt t``cs h.Dbk`drhl

Dbk`drhl hohchj hcht uktue lbcajht sbfhrhj ohk junukdhk ebcuhrdh. Dbk`drhl nbruph thlpachk oahdrhl hthu oasbnut sbnhdha p`j`k ebcuhrdh, oa ohchlkyh nbrasa aki`rlhsa tbkthkd sacsachj ohk nbrnhdha fbkas junukdhk ebcuhrdh. Dbk`drhl lbkddhlnhrehk pbth ebcuhrdh hkthr-dbkbrhsa ohk cakths dbkbrhsa uktue lblnbraehk dhlnhrhk tbkthkd hph yhkd tbrfhoa oa ebcuhrdh, lblnbraehk ebrhkdeh ebrfh yhkd cuhs yhkd ohpht oadukhehk uktue lbcajht ebcuhrdh, bl`sa`khc ohk junukdhk s`gahc. Iukdsa Dbk`drhl Dbk`drhl hohchj hcht uktue lblbthehk jhc-jhc nbraeut 6 8.  Junukdhk ebcuhrdh Junukdhk ebcuhrdh oadhlnhrehk lbchcua dhras ebturukhk yhatu, nhdhalhkh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh tbrehat obkdhkshtu shlh chak oa ohchl ohk cakths dbkbrhsa. Dbk`drhl ohpht lbkddhlnhrehk hphehj `rhkd lbkaehj, nbrgbrha, nbrtukhkdhk, nbrshlh thkph aehthk, lblacaea phshkdhk sbes yhkd shlh ohk chak-chak. Faeh e`ktbes lboas oapbrcuehk lheh lhshchj ebsbjhthk sbpbrta dhkdduhk ohk pbkyheat fudh f udh oaghktulehk sbjakddh junukdhk ebebcuhrdhhk nash oabespc`rhsa. >.  Junukdhk s`sahc Junukdhk s`sahc lbkdjunukdehk `rhkd-`rhkd yhkd taohe tbrehat shtu shlh chak, sbpbrta tbthkddh, pbkoaoae hthu pbebrfh s`sahc. Aki`rlhsa sbpbrta hcahksa, satuhsa jaoup, obl`drhia, pbkoaoaehk, pbebrfhhk ohk pbrastawh nbshr ohchl jaoup lbkddhlnhrehk sbfhuj lhkh junukdhk s`sahc lbrbeh. 7.  Junukdhk bl`sa`khc Aehthk bl`sa`khc hkthrh akoavaou yhkd lblnbktue sbnuhj ukat ebcuhrdh hthu s`sahc  fudh nash oadhlnhrehk oadhlnhrehk ohchl dbk`drhl. Aki`rlhsa Aki`rlhsa aka nbrdukh uktue pbebrfh s`sahc ohk tbrhpas ebcuhrdh uktue lbkacha takdeht pbkdhruj, ebobehthk ohk / hthu e`kicae ohchl ebcuhrdh ohk lbkdbvhcuhsa hph aktbrvbksa ohpht lblnhktu lbkdurhkda lhshchj ohchl ebcuhrdh. Lblnuht Dbk`drhl Dbk`drhl jhrus lbkukfueehk sbtaohekyh tadh dbkbrhsa (Oara sbkoara ohk shuohrh, `rhkd tuh ohk shuohrh, ohk ehebe-kbkbe). Chkdehj-chkdehj ohchl lblnuht Dbk`drhl, yhatu 6 8.  Eulpucehk aki`rlhsa yhkd oapbrcuehk sbpbrta khlh sbluh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh uktue oalhsueehk ohchl dbk`drhl, tbrlhsue uruthk ebchjarhk ohk fbkas ebchlak ohra sbtahp hkhe oa sbtahp ebcuhrdh, sthtus pbrehwakhk phshkdhk, ohk aki`rlhsa tbrehat chakkyh, sbpbrta thkddhc chjar, pbrehwakhk, pbrgbrhahk ohk eblhtahk.

 

 

n. Lbkddukhehk o`uncb cakbs oa sbeathr e`the hthu cakdehrhk uktue lbkukfueehk akobes aobktaths g. Khlh, thkddhc ebchjarhk ohk / hthu eblhtahk jhrus oatucas oa hths hthu oa nhwhj saln`c o. Lbkblphtehk Z oa ohchl t`e`j-t`e`j lbrbeh yhkd lbkakddhc 7. Junukdhk ]brehwakhk oatukfueehk obkdhk lbkdjunukdehk dhras yhkd turuk ohk oa hkthrh latrh. Wuhla oa sbnbchj eara ohk astra oa sbnbchj ehkhk. ]brgbrhahk oatukfueehk obkdhk ouh dhras larakd (//) oa dhras pbrkaehjhk j`ras`kthc. _hkddhc pbrkaehjhk ohk pbrgbrhahk, faeh nbrcheu, jhrus oatucas oa hths dhras pbrkaehjhk. ?. Hkhe-hkhe oatblphtehk oa nhwhj dhras ebcuhrdh (dhras pbrkaehjhk) ohra tbrtuh eb tbrluoh, ohra eara eb ehkhk. 2. Ebhohhk ejusus6 h. ]hoh Hkhe Eblnhr. Dhras lbkukfueehk junukdhk hkhe eblnhr ebphoh `rhkdtuh. Eblnhr aobktae oa junukdehk `cbj dhras hkthr hkhe shtu obkdhk yhkd chak. ch ak. n. Ebdudurhk oaghtht obkdhk cakdehrhk pbkuj nbrueurhk ebgac g. Dhras putus-putus lbkukfuehk hkhe hkdeht. o. Ebjhlachk oaacustrhsaehk obkdhk dhlnhr sbdatadh

 

  n.Ihlacy lhp

Ihlacy lhp hohchj hcht vasuhc uktue lbkddhlnhrehk junukdhk ohk p`ch aktbrhesa oaohchl ebcuhrdh.]`ch aktbrhesa oa ohchl ebcuhrdh yhkd ohpht oa aktbrvbksa obkdhk ihlacy lhp, yhatu 6 8.  Bklbsjlbkt (Ebobehthk nbrcbnaj) Hkthr hkdd`th ebcuhrdh lblacaea aktbrhesa yhkd shkdht obeht, aka nash tbrfhoa phoh sbcuruj hkdd`th ebcuhrdh hthu jhkyh nbnbrhph hkdd`th ebcuhrdh shfh yhkd lblacaea junukdhk yhkd shkdht obeht. >.  Oasbkdhdblbkt Whchj shtu hkdd`th ebcuhrdh sbpbrta lblacaea fhrhe tbrjhohp hkdd`th ebcuhrdh chakkyh (tbras`chsa) sbjakddh lbkybnhnehk aktbrhesa yhkd eurhkd nhae hkthr hkdd`th ebcuhrdh Ehohkd-ehohkd bklbsjlbkt ohk oasbkdhdblbkt ohpht tbrfhoa phoh shht yhkd nbrshlhhk ohchl shtu ebcuhrdh. G`kt`jkyh, ebtaeh shchj shtu `rhkdtuh ehohkdehohkd shkdht pr`tbetai ohk shkdht obeht obkdhk shchj shtu hkhe kyh, lheh hkhe yhkd chak hehk gbkobrukd lbrhsh tbras`chsa sbjakddh lbkfhujehk oara ohra ebcuhrdh. Faeh jhc aka tbrfhoa ohpht lbkybnhnehk vhrahsa fhrhe bl`sa`khc ohk psae`c`da hkthr hkdd`th ebcuhrdh, sbjakddh lbkalnucehk ebsbkfhkdhk. Ebtaeh p`ch aktbrhesa aka lbkybnhnehk lhshchj, lheh pbrcu aktbrvbksa uktue lblnhkduk ebsbalnhkdhk yhkd cbnaj nhae hkthrh ebobehthk ohk fhrhe yhkd hoh oa hkthrh h kthrh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh. 7.  _rahkduchsa Ohchl nbe`lukaehsa shtu shlh chak lbkdbkha jhc-jhc pranhoa ohk ohchl lbkybchshaehk pbrsbcasajhk yhkd tbrfhoa oa hkthrh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh, hkddd`th ebcuhrdh lbcanhtehk `rhkd ebtadh. G`kt`jkyh, ebtadh ouh iadur `t`raths (`rhkdtuh) lblacaea e`kicae,lbrbeh lbcanhtehk hkhe sbnhdha `rhkd ebtadh. Jhc aka ohpht lbkybnhnehk lhshchj pbracheu ohk dbfhch strbs phoh hkhe.

?.  G`hcata`k _brohpht e`hcasa yhkd oagapthehk sbkoara ohra aktbrkhc ebcuhrdh. Lashckyh hkhe cbnaj nbrpajhe ebphoh anu ohraphoh hyhj kyh. (Khta`khc Akstatutbs `i jbhctj)

g.Ihlacy caib gygcb

Waecus Jaoup Ebcuhrdh Lbkdhph eath lblpbchfhra saecus jaoup ebcuhrdh 0 8. Jhc aka lblnbraehk ebtbrhkdhk tbkthkd rhkdehahk ebfhoahk ‗ ebfhoahk phoh ebjaouphk ebcuhrdh yhkd nbruruthk, yhkd tbr`rabkthsa sbghrh er`k`c`das, yhkd tbrprboaesa, obkdhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh ohk pr`ibsa ebsbjhthk chakkyh tbchj oaebkhc

 

>. Jhc aka lbcaputa rhkdehahk pbrunhjhk strbss yhkd lblnutujehk e`lpbkshsa obkdhk ebcuhrdh obla lblpbrthjhkehk ebchkdsukdhk jaoup 7. Ebfhoahk ‗ ebfhoahk ohchl saecus jaoup ebcuhrdh ohpht nbrjunukdhk obkdhk ebfhoahk ebfhoahk ecakas ohk uktue lbkybjhtehk nahyh jaoup ebcuhrdh Waecus Jaoup Ebcuhrdh ohpht oanhda lbkfhoa ouh yheka 6 8. Lbkurut Ouvhcc thjuk 8144 saecus jaoup ebcuhrdh ohpht oaehtbd`raehk lbkfhoa : d`c`kdhk yheka 6 -]hshkdhk yhkd nhru lbkaehj ( thkph hkhe )  chlhkyh ¸ > thjuk -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe yhkd nhru oachjarehk ( usah hkhe tbrtuh hohchj nhru chjar ‗ 7= nuchk )  chlhkyh

¸ >,2 thjuk

- Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe prh sbe`chj ( usah hkhe tbrtuh hohchj 7= nuchk ‗ 9 thjuk )  chlhkyh ¸ 7,2 thjuk -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe yhkd nbrsbe`chj ( usah hkhe tbrtuh hohchj 9 ‗ 87 thjuk)  chlhkyh ¸ 4 thjuk -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe usah rblhfh ( usah hkhe h khe tbrtuh hohchj 87 ‗ >= thjuk)  chlhkyh ¸ 4 thjuk -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe lbkakddhcehk ebcuhrdh ( hkhe pbrthlh pbrda ohk hkhe tbrhejar takddhc oa rulhj)  chlhkyh ¸ : thjuk -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk usah `rhkd tuh pbrtbkdhjhk ( the nbreulpuc chda jakddh ja kddh pbksauk )   chlhkyh ¸ 82 thjuk - Ebcuhrdh obkdhk usah `rhkd tuh f`lp` (pbksauk jakddh ebouh suhla astra a stra lbkakddhc )   chlhkyh ¸ 8= - 82 thjuk >. Lbkurut Ghrtbr & Lg D`corage thjuk 81:1 saecus jaoup ebcuhrdh ohpht oaehtbd`raehk lbkfhoa 9 d`c`kdhk yheka 6 -Lbkakddhcehk rulhj ohk luoh obwhsh yhkd sakdcb -Lblnbktue ebcuhrdh lbchcua pbrkaehjhk -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe ‗ hkhe yhkd nbrusah luoh -Ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe ‗ hkhe nbrusah obwhsh -Hkhe ‗ hkhekyh nbrpashj ohk nbrpakohj ohra ebcuhrdh tbrsbnut -Ebcuhrdh oa hejar ebjaouphk

 

Lbkurut or. Hrcakh saecus jaoup ebcuhrdh pbrcu oaebthjua hdhr eath ohpht lbkbktuehk ihet`r ‗ ihet`r psae`s`sahc yhkd lukdeak lukguc phoh tahp thjhp saecus tbrsbnut, g`kt`j 6 -]hoh thjhp phshkdhk nhru lbkaehj (Lhrrabo G`upcb ) nahshkyh pbrlhshchjhk yhkd lukguc ohra sbda lboas hohchj phoh hwhc ebjhlachk, lhshchj dakbe`c`da, akibrtacaths, lhshchj lboas nbrehch occ, ohra sbda bl`sa ohk s`sahc hohchj ebtaohesahphk lbkaehj ohk jhlac, ara ohchl pbebrfhhk, pr`ncbl bl`sa`khc yhkd nbrjunukdhk obkdhk phshkdhk jaoup (e`lukaehsa, hohpthsa,occ), pr`ncbl obkdhk lbrtuh, ebuhkdhk, occ. -]hoh thjhp ebcuhrdh obkdhk hkhe usah luoh ( Ihlacy watj wat j y`ukd Gjacorbk ) nahshkyh pbrlhshchjhk yhkd lukguc ohra sbda lboas phoh `rhkd tuh hohchj EN, lhshchj `nsdyk, lhshchj lboas yhkd bpas`oag, pblbraeshhk uktue ebsbjhthk, occ, phoh hkhe hohchj ebgbchehhk, ebrhgukhk, lhshchj lboas yhkd bpas`oag, occ, ohra sbda bl`sa`khc ohk s`gahc phoh `rhkd tuh lhshchj sbx, ebebrhshk rulhj thkddh, pbebrfhhk, ebsucathk ebuhkdhk, TAC/]AC (lukdeak nbrehathk obkdhk punbrths phoh prah / whkath ), occ, phoh hkhe lhshchj ebsucathk nbchfhr, ebebrhshk phoh hkhe, occ.

 

EBWBJH_HK EBCRH^DH

]brhkhk ebcuhrdh ohchl lblnbraehk pbrhwhthk ebsbjhthk ebcuhrdh Ebcuhrdh nbrpbrhk ohchl lblnbraehk pbrhwhthk ebsbjhthk yhkd tbrhpbutae ebphoh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh yhkd lbkobrath suhtu pbkyheat. ]brhwhthk hohchj suhtu ushjh yhkd nbrohshrehk eblhkusahhk uktue lbkakdehtehk pbrtulnujhk ohk pbreblnhkdhk nhda tbrwufuokyh lhkusah yhkd sbjht sbutujkyh (Obpebs ^A, >==:). ]bkbcatahk ohra ]rhsbtyhwhk (>==:) sbghrh ulul, pbkobrath yhkd lbkohphtehk pbrjhtahk ohk pbrt`c`kdhk yhkd lbrbeh nutujehk ohra sbsb`rhkd hthu ebcuhrdh nahshkyh gbkobrukd cbnaj luohj lbkdaeuta khsbjht lboas ohraphoh pbkobrath yhkd eurhkd lbkohphtehk oueukdhk s`sahc (pbrhk ebcuhrdh). Lbkurut Ch, Dr`gh (811:) yhkd oaeutap `cbj ]rhsbtyhwhk (>==:) nhjwh ebcuhrdh lblhakehk pbrhkhk yhkd shkdht pbktakd ohchl pbkdbc`chhk lboas phoh shchj shtu hkdd`th ebcuhrdh yhkd sheat. 8. _ufuhk pbrwhthk akoavaou ohchl e`ktbes ebcuhrdh 8) _brhthsakyh lhshchj yhkd oajhohpa akoavaou yhkd hoh ehathkkyh obkdhk chthr nbchehkd ebcuhrdhkyh. >) _brhthsakyh lhshchj yhkd oajhohpa akoavaou obkdhk oueukdhk, nhktuhk hthu pblbrhkhk ebcuhrdh. 7) _brcheshkhkyh pblnbrahk hsujhk ebpbrhwhthk yhkd phrapurkh ebphoh shshrhk akoavaou ohra ebcuhrdhkyh, sbnhdha takohe chkfut pbchyhkhk rhwht akhp lhupuk fhchk. ?) Lbkakdehtehk ebshohrhk ebcuhrdh ohk hkdd`th ebcuhrdhkyh yhkd nbcul lbkghra pbchyhkhk uktue lblhkihhtehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ohshr yhkd tbrsboah. 2) Lbkakdehtehk eblhlpuhk akoavaou ohk ebcuhrdhkyh ohchl lbkdhthsa lhshchj ebsbjhthkkyh sbghrh lhkoara. >. _udhs ebcuhrdh oa ohchl lbkhkdduchkda lhshchj ebsbjhthk6 Lbkurut Nhac`k ohk Lhdchyh (814:) yhkd oaeutap Bibkoa, I & Lhejiuoca (>==1) sbghrh ulul ebcuhrdh lhlpu lbcheshkhehk calh tudhs ebsbjhthk ebcuhrdh, yhatu6 8) Lbkdbkhc lhshchj ebsbjhthk ebcuhrdh Ebsbjhthk lbruphehk ebnutujhk ebcuhrdh yhkd taohe n`cbj oahnhaehk ehrbkh thkph ebsbjhthk sbdhch sbsuhtu taohe hehk nbrhrtaohk ehrbkh ebsbjhtkchj ehohkd sbcuruj ebeuhthk sulnbr ohyh ohk ohk ebcuhrdh jhnas. @rhkd tuh pbrcu lbkdbkhc ebhohhk ebsbjhthk ohk pbrunhjhkpbrunhjhk yhkd oahchla ebcuhrdh. ]brunhjhk sbebgac hphpuk yhkd oahchla hkdd`th ebcuhrdh sbghrh taohe chkdsukd lbkfhoa pbrjhtahk ebcuhrdh hthu `rhkd tuh. >) Lblutusehk takohehk ebsbjhtk yhkd tbpht nhda ebcuhrdh _udhs aka lbruphehk uphyh ebcuhrdh yhkd uthlh uktue lbkghra pbrt`c`kdhk yhkd tbpht sbsuha ebhohhk ebcuhrdh , obkdhk pbrtalnhkdhk sahph oahkthrh ebcuhrdh yhkd lblbpukyha erhlhlpuhk lblbutusehk uktue lbkbktuehk takohehk ebcuhrdh. 7) Lblnbra pbrhwhthk ebphoh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh yhkd sheat Ebtaeh lblnbraehk pbrhwhthk ebphoh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh yhkd sheat, ebcuhrdh jhrus lbkdbthjua jhc-jhc sbnhdha nbraeut6 (8) Ebhohhk pbkyheat (>) Waiht ohk pbreblnhkdhk pbrhwht yhkd oapbrcuehk uktue pbrhwhthk (7) Ebnbrhohhk ihsacaths yhkd oapbrcuehk uktue pbrhwhthk (?) Wulnbr-sulnbr yhkd hoh ohchl ebcuhrdh (2) Waehp ebcuhrdh tbrjhohp yhkd sehat ?) Lbl`oaiaehsa cakdeukdhk rulhj yhkd sbjht Ebtaeh lbl`oaiaehsa cakdeukdhk rulhj yhkd sbjht ebphoh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh yhkd sheat, ebcuhrdh jhrus lbkdbthjua jhc-jhc sbnhdha nbraeut6 (8) Wulnbr-sulnbr ebcuhrdh yhkd oalacaea (>) Lhkihht L hkihht pblbcajhrhhk cakdeukdhk (7) ]bktakdkyh jabdabkb shkathsa (?) Rphyh pbkgbdhjhk pbkyheat (2) Waehp hthu phkohkdhk ebcuhrdh (9) Ebeb`lphehk hktrh hkdd`th ebcuhrdh 2) Lblhkihhtehk ihsacaths pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk lhsyhrheht Ebtaeh lbrufue hkdd`th ebcuhrdh eb ihsacaths ebsbjhthk, ebcuhrdh jhrus lbkdbthjua jhc-jhc nbraeut aka 6 (8)

 

Ebnbrhohhk ihsacaths ebsbjhthk (>) Ebuktukdhk-ebuktukdhk yhkd ohpht oapbr`cbj ohra ihsacaths ebsbjhthk (7) _akdeht ebpbrghyhhk ebcuhrdh tbrjhohp pbtudhs ohk ihsacaths ebsbjhthk (?) ]bkdhchlhk yhkd eurhkld nhae tbrjhohp pbtudhs ohk ihsacaths ebsbjhthk (2) Ihsacaths ebsbjhthk yhkd hoh tbrfhkdehu`cbj ebcuhrdh

 

J@LB YAWA_

Nhthshk eukfukdhk ohk pbrhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj nhkyhe lhghlkyh. Wbghrh sbobjhkh, yhkd oalhesuo obkdhk eukfukdhk rulhj hohchj ebohthkdhk pbtudhs ebsbjhthk eb rulhj phsabk uktue cbnaj lbkdbkhc ebjaouphk phsabk ohk hthu lblnbraehk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk sbsuha obkdhk ebnutujhk ohk tuktuthk phsabk. Wbohkdehk yhkd oalhesuo obkdhk pbrhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj hohchj hphnach h phnach pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd oacheuehk oa rulhj tbrsbnut tbchj taohe tbrlhsue chda ohchl ebc`lp`e pbchyhkhk rhwht fhchk (hlnucht`ry sbrvagbs), lbchakehk ohchl ebc`lp`e rhwht akhp (j`spathcazhta`k). Faeh oapbrjhtaehk ebouh nhthshk oa hths, tbrcajht nhjwh ruhkd cakdeup ebdahthk phoh eukfukdhk rulhj cbnaj nbrsaiht tbrnhths faeh oanhkoakdehk obkdhk ruhkd cakdeup ebdahthk phoh pbrhwhthk pb rhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj. ^uhkd cakdeup ebdahthk phoh eukfukdhk rulhj jhkyh uktue cbnaj lbkdbkhc ebjaouphk phsabk sbrth lbcheuehk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd nbrsaiht rhwht fhchk shfh. Wbohkdehk phoh pbrhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj, ruhkd cakdeup ebdahthk tbrsbnut tbchj lbkgheup ebdahthk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd nbrsaiht rhwht akhp. Nhkyhe hchshk ebkhph eukfukdhk ohk pbrhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj pbrcu oacheuehk `cbj o`etbr ebcuhrdh. Faeh oasbobrjhkhehk, nbrnhdha hchshk tbrsbnut sbghrh ulul ohpht oanbohehk hths ouh lhghl, yheka 6 8. Rktue cbnaj lbkdbkhc ebjaouphk phsabk _bchj oasbnutehk nhjwh pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh hohchj pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk lbkybcuruj. Rktue ohpht lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk lbkybcuruj aka, oapbrcuehk hkthrh chak tbrsboahkyh ohth yhkd cbkdehp tbkthkd ebhohhk phsabk, sboblaeahk ruph sbjakddh ohpht oaebkhc ebjaouphk phsabk sbghrh cbnaj cbkdehp. Rktue ohpht lbkdulpucehk ohth aka taohe hoh uphyh chak yhkd ohpht oacheuehk ebguhca lbcheuehk eukfukdhk eb rulhj phsabk. >. Rktue lbcheuehk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk _bchj oasbnutehk nhjwh shchj shtu ehrhetbrastae p`e`e pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh hohchj pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd nbrebsakhlnukdhk. Rktue ohpht lbwufuoehk pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd sbpbrta aka, tbktu taohe gueup faeh pbchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh yhkd oasbcbkddhrhehk jhkyh nbrsaiht phsai, ohchl hrta jhkyh lbkhkta phsabk nbreukfukd eb tblpht prhetbe shfh. ]bchyhkhk o`etbr ebcuhrdh yhkd nhae jhrus nbrsaiht hetai, ohchl hrta, faeh lblhkd oapbrcuehk, lbcheuehk eukfukdhk ohk hthu lbrhwht phsabk oa rulhj phsabk. Nhkyhe hchshk ebkhph pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk pbrcu oacheuehk lbchcua eukfukdhk ohk hthupuk pbrhwhthk oa rulhj tbrsbnut. Ouh oa hkthrhkyh yhkd oaphkohkd lblpukyha pbrhkhk yhkd hlht pbktakd, yheka 6 h. Ehrbkh ebhohhk ebsbjhthk phsabk taohe lblukdeakehk uktue ohthkd eb tblpht prhetbe Hchshk pbrthlh pbrcukyh oacheuehk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk lbchcua eukfukdhk ohk hthu pbrhwhthk oa rulhj hohchj ehrbkh ebhohhk ebsbjhthk phsabk taohe lblukdeakehk uktue ohthkd nbr`nht eb tblpht prhetbe, hthu ehchu tbthp oapheshehk, hehk cbnaj lblpbrnbrht ebhohhk phsabk. Ebhohhk yhkd taohe lblukdeakehk tbrsbnut nhkyhe lhghlkyh. Wbghrh ulul ohpht oanbohehk hths tadh lhghl, yheka 6

 

8) Ehrbkh lbkobrath pbkyheat heut yhkd taohe lblukdeakehk phsabk uktue oanhwh eb tblpht prhetbe, hthu ehchu oanhwh ohk ebnbtuchk lbkobrath pbkyheat lbkuchr, ohpht lblnhjhyhehk `rhkd chak. >) Ehrbkh lbkobrath pbkyheat er`kas, tbruthlh hphnach oahchla `cbj `rhkd yhkd tbchj chkfut usah 7) Ehrbkh lbkobrath pbkyheat sthoaul tbrlakhc yhkd tbchj taohe hoh jhrhphk uktue jaoup chda. n. Wbnhdha takohe chkfut pbchyhkhk rhwht akhp oa rulhj sheat Hchshk ebouh pbrcukyh oacheuehk pbrt`c`kdhk ebo`etbrhk lbchcua eukfukdhk ohk hthu pbrhwhthk oa rulhj hohchj uktue lbkakohechkfuta pbchyhkhk rhwht akhp nhda phsabk yhkd nhru shfh ebcuhr ohra rulhj sheat. O`etbr ebcuhrdh yhkd nhae sby`dyhkyh ohpht lbcheuehk pbchyhkhk takohe chkfut aka, sboblaeahk ruph sbjakddh ebhohhk ebsbjhthk phsabk eblnhca phoh ebhohhk sbluch sbrth ohpht lbcheuehk ebdahthk rutak sbjhra - jhra. ]hoh hejar - hejar aka, pbchyhkhk takohe chkfut rhwht akhp lbchcua eukfukdhk ohk hthu pbrhwhthk oa rulhj, thlphe sblheak nbrthlnhj pbktakd. ]bkybnhn uthlhkyh hohchj ehrbkh lhjhckyh nahyh pbrhwhthk oa rulhj sheat, sbjakddh phsabk ehrbkh ebsucathk nahyh, lbseapuk nbcul sblnuj sblpurkh tbchj lakth uktue sbdbrh oapuchkdehk. Lhkihht Eukfukdhk ohk ]brhwhthk ]hsabk oa ^ulhj Hphnach eukfukdhk ohk hthu pbrhwhthk oa rulhj ohpht oacheuehk obkdhk sbnhae-nhaekyh, hehk oapbr`cbj nhkyhe lhkihht. Nbnbrhph ohra lhkihht tbrsbnut hkthrh chak hohchj6 8. Ohpht cbnaj lbkakdehtehk pblhjhlhk o`etbr tbkthkd phsabk Hohkyh pbkakdehthk pblhjhlhk yhkd sbpbrta aka luohj oalbkdbrta, ehrbkh lblhkdchj obkdhk oacheuehkkyh eukfukdhk ohk hthu pbrhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj tbrsbnut, o`etbr hehk lblpbr`cbj nhkyhe ebtbrhkdhk tbkthkd phsabk yhkd oalhesuo. >. Ohpht cbnaj lbkakdehtehk junukdhk o`etbr - phsabk Whlh jhckyh obkdhk pblhjhlhk, pbkakdehthk junukdhk o`etbr - phsabk aka hohchj fudh sbnhdha jhsac ohra oacheuehkkyh eukfukdhk ohk hthu pbrhwhthk phsabk oa rulhj. 7. Ohpht cbnaj lbkfhlak tbrpbkujakyh ebnutujhk ohk tuktuthk ebsbjhthk phsabk Obkdhk lheak lbkakdehtkyh pblhjhlhk o`etbr tbkthkd ebhohhk phsabk, ohk hthu obkdhk lheak nhaekyh junukdhk o`etbr - phsabk, nbrhrta sbehcadus hehk lbkakdehtehk puch pblhjhlhk o`etbr tbkthkd ebnutujhk sbrth tuktuthk ebsbjhthk phsabk. Hohkyh pblhjhlhk yhkd sbpbrta aka fbchs hehk nbrpbrhkhk nbshr ohchl uphyh cbnaj lbkfhlak tbrpbkujakyh ebnutujhk ohk tuktuthk ebsbjhthk phsabk. ?. Ohpht cbnaj lbkakdehtehk ebpuhshk phsabk ]bchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk yhkd ohpht lblbkuja ebnutujhk ohk tuktuthk ebsbjhthk phsabk, hphchda faeh oasbrtha obkdhk junukdhk o`etbr phsabk yhkd nhae, phsta lblpukyha pbrhkhk yhkd hlht nbshr ohchl cbnaj lbkakdehtehk ebpuhshk phsabk (phtabkt shtasihgta`k). Wbsuhtu yhkd phoh hejar - hejar aka tbchj oasbphehta sbnhdha shchj shtu t`c`e ueur yhkd phcakd pbktakd ohra pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd nbrlutu.

 

  ]BKGH_H_HK ^BEHL LBOAE EBCRH^DH

Nbrehs hthu ghththk yhkd oalhesuo ohchl prhetbe ebo`etbrhk oaebkhc sbnhdha rbehl lboaghc rbg`ro). Wbnhdha rbg`ro). Wbnhdha o`etbr ebcuhrdh yhkd lbkybcbkddhrhehk pbchyhkhk pralbr lboae ((lboaghc yhkd

e`lprbjbksai,

e`ktakyu,

lbkduthlhehk

pbkgbdhjhk,

e``roakhtai,

sbrth

lblpbrtalnhkdehk ebcuhrdh, e`lukaths sbrth cakdeukdhkkyh, lbkfhoaehk rbehl lboas lblacaea pbrhk yhkd shkdht pbktakd, ehrbkh lhghl ohk fbkas ohth phoh o`etbr ebcuhrdh rbchtai cbnaj nhkyhe ohk e`lpcbes. ]bchyhkhk ebsbjhthk phoh pbkobrath yhkd ohthkd nbr`nht eb ihsacaths pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk (pusebslhs, rulhj sheat ulul, ohk chak-chak) taohe chda oathkdhka `cbj shtu `rhkd shfh. @cbj ehrbkh atu, oanutujehk shrhkh e`lukaehsa ohk pbkakdehthk lutu pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ohra whetu eb whetu. Rktue atu oapbrcuehk sulnbr aki`rlhsa yhkd lblhoha, yhatu rbehl lboae (^L). ^behl lboae (^L) lbruphehk shchj shtu sulnbr aki`rlhsa sbehcadus shrhkh e`lukaehsa yhkd oanutujehk nhae `cbj pbkobrath, lhupuk pblnbra pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ohk pajhe-pajhe tbrehat chak (ecakasa, lhkhfblbk ^WR, hsurhksa ohk sbnhdhakyh), uktue pbrtalnhkdhk ohchl lbkbktuehk suhtu ebnafhehk thth cheshkh/pbkdbc`chhk hthu takohehk lboae. ^behl Lboae (^L) lbkghtht sbluh jhc yhkd nbrjunukdhk obkdhk pbrfhchkhk pbkyheat pbkobrath ohk tbrhpakyh sbchlh ohchl pbrhwhthk oa ukat pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk. Ehrbkhkyh, ^L ohpht lbkfhoa sulnbr aki`rlhsa, nhae nhda ebpbktakdhk pbkobrath, lhupuk pajhe pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk, sbnhdha nhjhk pbrtalnhkdhk uktue lbkdhlnac takohehk lboae hthu lbkbktuehk ebnafhehk thth cheshkh / pbkdbc`chhk. ^behl lboae lbruphehk ohth tbrtucas yhkd ohpht lbkfhoa hcht nueta yhkd shj lbkurut jueul. Dukh lbkdukdehpehk aki`rlhsa hph shfh yhkd ohpht oapbr`cbj ohra ^L, lheh oacheuehk suhtu stuoa bespc`rhsa tbrjhohp rbehl lboae rhwht fhchk ohk rhwht akhp oa nbnbrhph ^WR pblbrakthj. ^L oahkddhp nbrsaiht aki`rlhtai nach lbluht aki`rlhsa sbnhdha nbraeut6 8.  Ehrhetbrastae/obl`drhia pbkobrath (aobktaths, usah, fbkas ebchlak, pbebrfhhk ohk sbnhdhakyh. >.  _hkddhc eukfukdhk, thkddhc rhwht/sbcbsha rhwht. 7.  ^awhyht pbkyheat ohk pbkd`nhthk sbnbculkyh. ?.  Ghththk hkhlkbsas, dbfhch ecakae yhkd oa`nsbrvhsa, jhsac

 

2.  ]blbraeshhk pbkukfhkd lboae (chn, BED, rhoa`c`da ohk sbnhdhakyh) 9.  ]blbraeshhk iasae (tbehkhk ohrhj, obkyut khoa, suju ohk sbnhdhakyh). 4.  Ghththk oahdk`sas. :.  Ghththk pbkhthcheshkhhk pbkobkath, takohehk tbrhpa `nht (khlh `nht, rbdalbk o`sas), takohehk tbrhpa k`k-`nht. 1.  Khlh/phrhi o`etbr yhkd lbkhkdhka (oahdk`sas, pbkukfhkd, pbkd`nhthk) ohk pbtudhs pbrbehl ohth (phrhlboae).

^behl Lboae lbkyalphk ohth ecakae pbkobrath nhae yhkd rhwht akhp lhupuk rhwht  fhchk, oashlpakd atu ^behl Lboae ohpht puch nbrasaehk pbkohpht/ phkohkdhk, ebshk, hthu rbqubsts)) phoh hkdd`th tal ebsbjhthk chakkyh uktue suhtu chyhkhk/ takohehk/ pbrlakthhk ((rbqubsts rufuehk nhda pbkobrath yhkd nbrshkdeuthk sbrth thkddhphk hths pbrlakthhk/ pbkohpht/ ebshk tbrsbnut. Obkdhk oblaeahk ^L fudh nbriukdsa sbnhdha shrhkh e`lukaehsa hkthr hkdd`th tal ebsbjhthk yhkd tbrcanht ohchl pbchyhkhk tbrsbnut. Wbohkdehk lbkurut Dblhch Jhtth, ^behl Lboas lbruphehk eulpuchk iheth tbkthkd ebjaouphk sbsb`rhkd ohk rawhyht pbkyheatkyh, tbrlhsue ebhohhk sheat, pbkd`nhthk shht aka ohk shht chlphu yhkd oatucas `cbn phrh prhetasa ebsbjhthk ohchl uphyh lbrbeh lblnbraehk pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk ebphoh phsabk. Ohra sbluh pbrkyhthhk tbrsbnut, ohchl ]brlbkebs K`. >91/Lbkebs/]br/AAA/>==: oakyhthehk nhjwh ^behl Lboas hohchj nbrehs yhkd nbrasaehk ghththk ohk o`eulbk tbkthkd aobktaths phsabk, pblbraeshhk, pbkd`nhthk, takohehk ohk pbchyhkhk chak yhkd tbchj oanbraehk ebphoh phsabk. Obkdhk oblaeahk, lbkurut nhthshk oa hths, yhkd tbrlhsue ohchl ^L nuehk jhkyh ehrtu phsabk shfh, tbthpa sbluh ghththk ohk sbluh o`eulbk yhkd hoh junukdhkkyh obkdhk phsabk, tbrlhsue oa ohchlkyh ehrtu akobes, nueu rbdastbr, i`rlucar jhsac nbrnhdha pblbraeshhk lboas, i`rlucar fhlakhk hsurhksa ebsbjhthk, shcakhk, sbrtaiaeht eblhtahk, ohk sbnhdhakyh. Ohchl ebpusthehhk oaehthehk nhjwh rbehl lboas lblacaea 9 lhkihht, yhkd uktue luohjkyh oasakdeht sbnhdha HCI^BO, yhatu6 8.  Holakstrhtavb vhcub6 ^behl lboas lbruphehk rbehlhk ohth holakatrhtai pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk. >.  Cbdhc vhcub6 ^behl lboas ohpht.oafhoaehk nhjhk pblnuetahk oa pbkdhoachk

 

7.  Iakhkgchc vhcub6 ^behl lboas ohpht oafhoaehk ohshr uktue pbrakgahk nahyh pbchyhkhk ebsbjhthk yhkd jhrus oanhyhr `cbj phsabk  phsabk  ?.  ^bsbhrgj vhcub6 Ohth ^behl Lboas ohpht oafhoaehk nhjhk uktue pbkbcatahk ohchl chphkdhk ebo`etbrhk, ebpbrhwhthk ohk ebsbjhthk. 2.  Boughta`k vhcub6 Ohth-ohth ohchl ^behl Lboas ohpht nhjhk pbkdhfhrhk ohk pbkoaoaehk lhjhsaswh ebo`etbrhk, ebpbrhwhthk sbrth tbkhdh ebsbjhthk chakkyh. 9.  O`gulbkthta`k vhcub6 ^behl lboas lbruphehk shrhkh uktue pbkyalphkhk nbrnhdha o`eulbk yhkd nbrehathk obkdhk ebsbjhthk phsabk. ^L yhkd oadukhehk phoh pbchyhkhk ebo`etbrhk ebcuhrdh nhkyhe lhghlkyh. Faeh ^L tbrsbnut sbehcadus oapheha sbnhdha hcht Nhktu uktue lbrulusehk hcur paear ohk hthu pbo`lhk ohchl lbcheuehk lhshchj ebsbjhthk yhkd sbohkd oathkdhka, lheh ^L aka oasbnut ^behl Lboas yhkd nbr`rabkthsa Lhshchj (]@L^ < ]r`ncbl @rabktbo Lboaghc ^bg`ro).]@L^ aka pbrthlh ehcu oapbrebkhcehk `cbj Tbbo (819:) ohk hejar-hejar aka lheak nhkyhe oapbrdukhehk. ^behl Lboae nbr`rabkthsa Lhshchj hthu ]r`ncbl @rabktbo Lboaghc ^bg`ro hohchj systbl pbkghththk lboas yhkd oaeblnhkdehk obkdhk pbkobehthk lbt`ob aclahj uktue lbkukfhkd pblbghjhk lhshchj sbghrh ecakae. ]@L^ aka nahshkyh oadukehk oa pusht-pusht pbkoaoaehk. Hohpuk tufuhk ohra ]@L^ hohchj uktue lbkghtht rawhyht ebsbjhthk phsabk ohk ebcuhrdhkyh sbghrh cbkdehp sbsuha obkdhk pbrlhshchjhk yhkd hoh sbrth lblpbr`cbj ebtbrhkdhk yhkd fbchs tbkthkd rawhyht lboas ohk pbrlhshchjhk ebsbjhthk phsabk ohk ebcuhrdhkyh ohchl whetu yhkd sakdeht.

_brohpht ? Rksur p`e`e phoh ]@L^ aka, yhatu 6 8. Ohth Ohshr Ebcuhrdh (Ohth Nhsb) 

Nbruph 6 ohth obl`drhia, rawhyht ebsbjhthk ohth na`c`das, rawhyht takohehk pbkgbdhjhk, ohth nbrnhdha ihet`r rbsae`, ohk ohth ebsbjhthk cakdeukdhk rulhj ohk pbluealhk,struetur ebcuhrdh, iukdsa ebcuhrdh ohk hpcaehsakyh. h pcaehsakyh.

>. Ohth Lhshchj Ebsbjhthk (]r`ncbl Cast) 

 

Nbrhshc ohra jhsac hkhlkbsas, jhsac pblbraeshhk iasae ohk jhsac pblbraeshhk pbkukfhkd oaghtht hohkyh lhshchj6 hkht`la, iasa`c`da, s`sahc, be`k`la, lbkthc ohk pbracheu, ohk tucashkehk (hssbsslbkt).   pbkachahkkyh (hssbsslbkt). 7. ^bkghkh Hwhc (akatahc ]chk) 

]hoh nhdahk aka oaghtht6 oahdk`sas obkdhk tbrhpa, pr`sbour chghe ohk bouehsa phsabk yhkd hehk oacheuehk.

?. Ghththk Eblhfuhk (]r`drbss K`tb) 

]hoh nhdahk aka oaghtht eblhfuhk yhkd oapbr`cbj sbnhdha jhsac ohra takohehk yhkd tbchj oacheuehk uktue sbtahp lhshchj ebsbjhthk. Oanbohehk lbkfhoa 7 lhghl yhatu6 8.  Rrhahk khrhsa (khrrhtavb khrhsa (khrrhtavb k`tbs)  k`tbs)  >.  Cblnhr hcur (ic`b sjbbts)  sjbbts)  sullhry)  7.  ^akdehshk sbtbchj phsabk sblnuj (oasgjhrdb sullhry)  Ghththk eblhfuhk nbriukdsa uktue lbkddhlnhrehk ebhohhk phsabk yhkd luthejar, whetu obla whetu, nbrasa hph yhkd sbohkd tbrfhoa, sbohkd oaebrfhehk ohk hph yhkd oarbkghkhehk uktue oaebrfhehk, sbnhdha pbkachahk pbra`oae tbrjhohp pbchyhkhk lboae yhkd oanbraehk, dhlnhrhk pr`sbs pbkyheat nbrohshrehk ohth yhkd hoh ohk lbruphehk ohth pbktakd uktue pajhe ebtadh. Wbohkdehk asakyh lbruphehk aki`rlhsa thlnhjhk yhkd oapbr`cbj sbchlh pbkdbc`chhk lhshchj, lbcaputa ohth sunybetai yhkd oaohpht ohra hkhlkbsas thlnhjhk, ohth `nybetai yhkd oaohpht ohra pblbraeshhk iasae thlnhjhk hthupuk pblbraeshhk pbkukfhkd., hkhcasas ohth sunybetai ohk `nybetai, ohk rbkghkh nhru Wbchak atu shkdhtchj pbktakd uktue lbkghthtehk ghththk pbreblnhkdhk yhkd lbruphehk takohe chkfut pbkhkdhkhk lhshchj ohk lbehkaslb ulphk nhcae tbrjhohp ohithr lhshchj ohk rbkghkh hwhc oalhkh jhc tbrsbnut nahsh oatucasehk ohchl ]@L^ sbnhdha W@H], yhkd urhahkkyh hohchj sbnhdha nbraeut 6  

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W < Wunfbgtavb Aki`rlhta`k (Ebtbrhkdhk Wunybetai) Wunybetai) 6 

 

Ebcujhk uthlh, rawhyht pbkyheat sbehrhkd (^]W), rawhyht pbkyheat sbnbculkyh (^]O), rawhyht pbkyheat ebcuhrdh (^]E), ebhohhk s`sahc be`k`la

 

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@ < @nfbgtavb Aki`rlhta`k (Ebtbrhkdhk @nybetai) 

_bluhk pblbraeshhk iasae, ohth-ohth pblbraeshhk chn`rht`raul ohk pblbraeshhk pbkukfhkd chak

 

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psae`c`dae,

jhsac

pblbraeshhk

H < Hssbsslbkt (]bkachahk) 6 

Wthtus lhshchj sbehrhkd/oahdk`sas ebrfh (w`reakd oahdk`sas), oahdk`sas, oahdk`sas nhkoakd (obiibrbktahc oahdk`sas), AGO (Aktbrkhta`khc Gchssaiaghta`k `i Oasbhsbs)

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] < ]chk (^bkghkh) 6  ]bkhthcheshkhhk lboaehlbkt`sh ohk k`klboaehlbkt`sh, rbkghkh pblbraeshhk pbkukfhkd,  

thrdbt pbkhthcheshkhhk, bouehsa phsabk.