Modi Operativi

 

KHDL HQM^BTLWL

Pheh trm, `hkm tutth `lþ `fm ihvmreb lc ehstrh slstmkb chil`h dl pmeslmrh? vlb ukldb, vlb bs`luttb, vlb sb`mrdhtbcm. ]e `mrth eukmrh dl buthrl em `hesmrvb shch dum? vlb ukldb m vlb bs`luttb, qumst'uctlkb tbcvhctb dmsliebtb `he lc ehkm dl vlb rmilb khstrb `flbrbkmetm `hkm ue smetlmrh ph`h `hehs`luth, pmr`fì plü brduh, sl rldu`m bd ue clvmcch legmrlhrm m plü b``msslnlcm . @flkl`b, lpmr`flkl`b, bc`flklb. ]eb dlsletmirbzlhem (rlshcuzlhem) h ueb `hstruzlhem bc`fmkl`b (`hbiucb) vlmem

msmiultb utlclzzbedh lc guh`h bc`fmkl`h, `lhæ lc guh`h letmreh dmccb kbtmrlb. Rumsth guh`h letmreh `hrrlsphedm bl dlvmrsl clvmccl dl memrilb dmccb kbtmrlb (vmdmrm lc `bplthch "Dupue`tuk emcc'uelvmrsh `bvh). C'hpmrbzlhem `flkl`b sl clkltb bcc'letmrvmeth b clvmcch dmccb khcm`hcb (cmibkm dmccb `hrheb mcmttrhel`b mstmreb). C'hpmrbzlhem lpmr`flkl`b bvvlmem b clvmcch dmcc'bthkh (glsslhem h guslhem emc eu`cmh, c'mqulclnrlh mcmttrl`h vlmem rlstbnlclth kmdlbetm `btturb h mspucslhem dl mcmttrhel). C'hpmrbzlhem bc`fmkl`b pmemtrb hctrm lc eu`cmh? rbiilueim c'uctlkh clvmcch kbtmrlbcm h qubrj pmr rlprhdurrm c'uelvmrsh lkkbtmrlbcm dmc pue`tuk. Leglem, b dlggmrmezb dmccm hpmrbzlhel `flkl`fm h lpmr`flkl`fm `fm dmvheh mssmrm rleehvbtm emccb chrh letmrmzzb hiel vhctb `fm sl vuhcm httmemrm c'hrh, c'hpmrbzlhem bc`fmkl`b prhdu`m ue khdmcch qubsl lemsburlnlcm dhph cb khctlpcl`bzlhem: (dhph 4 khctlpcl`bzlhel, cb plmtrb puþ trbskutbrm 211.111 vhctm lc prhprlh pmsh)). Kbtmrlbcl irmzzl Æ `hkphsth dbl smiumetl trm `hrpl?  61 27 2< 6 2 kmr`urlh Fi zhcgh P sbcm? phtbssb JHF >12 0> 0,=% - "sbcm dml glchshgl" ; sbcl vbrl 09,=% dl zhcgh Le bssmezb dl `lebnrh, utlclzzbrm zhcgh ebtlvh m kmr`urlh `hkkmr`lbcm. Pl

dl`m `fm qumsth kmr`urlh slb "khr /" pmr`fì æ stbth mstrbtth db `hkphstl ebturbcl pmr bzlhem dmc guh`h `hkuem. Cm prhphrzlhel lelzlbcl sheh quledl cm smiumetl? Le mggmttl, qumstm prhphrzlhel ehe phssheh mssmrm rlihrhsbkmetm hssmrvbtm bcc'lelzlh sm uslbkh `hrpl ebturbcl. Pm pbrtlbkh dbc `lebnrh, bnnlbkh vlsth `fm vlmem biiluetb ueb irbedm prhphrzlhem, kb ehe rlihrhsbkmetm dmgleltb, dl `hkphstl shcghrbtl. Pm pbrtlbkh dbcch zhcgh ebtlvh, sl phem ch stmssh

prhncmkb, pmrþ, `he klehrm b`utmzzb, phsslbkh gbrm dmccm `hrrmzlhel le pbrtmezb tmemedh `heth dl qumstm tmrrm ", kb cb prm`lslhem dmccb `hrrmzlhem ehe æ kbl suggl`lmetm. suggl`lmetm.  Rumsth æ lc khtlvh pmr `ul æ lkphrtbetm rmttlgl`brm cb qumstlhem pr lkb dl letrbprmedmrm cb rlshcuzlhem, - (2) Lc kliclhr `lebnrh d'Murhpb æ qumcch dl Bckbdme, vl`leh b Thcmdh le Ppbieb. Lc pbrtl`hcbrm prh`mssh dl dlstlccbzlhem rmedm vlvl ch zhcgh m lc kmr`urlh `hsã `hkm sheh (kb le ghrkb `hkphstb} emc `lebnrh.   Rumstb dlstlccbzlhem grbzlhebtb pmrkmttm dl httmemrm shstbezm purm le prhphrzlhel ldmbcl. Cm trm gbsl dmccb cbvhrbzlhem dmccb plmtrb ^lshcvmrm? dlsshcuzlhem dlsshcuzlhem ; cbvhrh hs`urh @hbiucb? rmttlgl`b ; `hstruzlhem bcnlgl`bzlhem ; runlgl`bzlhem C'hpmrbzlhem bc`fmkl`b æ prm`mdutb dbccb gbnnrl`bzlhem dmc sbcm, sm`hedh ue prh`mssh ehe bc`fmkl`h. Pl nru`lbeh cm vmrdurm pmr rlkuhvmrm cm `memrl `bustl`fm? Jo@Ho (h "`brnhebth dl phtbsslh). Cb phtbssb sl httlmem gb`medh bilrm cb `bc`m vlvb succm `memrl `bustl`fm sm`hedh cb smiumetm ghrkucb? F>H + >J>@Ho + @bH ;5 >F>H + >JHF + @b@Ho

 

Lc `rltl`h dmc smrvlzlh, `hesldmrbedh `fm lc slkpcmx æ utlclzzbth `hkm kls`mcbthrm km``bel`h pmr `hkphemetl, md æ quledl shvrbnnhedbetm eml dum tmrklel dmcc'mqubzlhem (shtthghrkb dlssh`lbtb h kmeh), prhphem dl s`rlvmrm? E, (F>H) + J: @Ho + @bH ;5 E> (FzH) + >JHF + @b@Ho

qubeth `'æ dl plü vl`leh (pmr qubeth rliubrdb cm kbssm dl pmsh), dml tmrklel dmccb `ltbzlhem prhphstb bicl bcueel. "Qrmedlbkh dum pbrtl dl `memrm m ueb pbrtm dl `bc`m vlvb, kmttlbkh lc tutth su ueb pmccl`hcb `he b`qub `bcdb. Lc clquhrm `fm pbssb bttrbvmrsh lc glctrh vlmem mvbphrbth m lc sbcm rlkbem shcldh". Z@he`hrdbezm bc`fmkl`fm p. 41/9=[ C'b`qub vlmem mvbphrbtb dbccb phtbssb su ueb ghetm dl `bchrm dmcl`bth *. Pm uslbkh `chrurh dl phtbsslh sm``h, `hedu`lbkh c'mspmrlkmeth sm`hedh lc khdh sb`mrdhtbcm.

Pm cbs`lbkh cb phtbssb bcc'brlb bpmrtb pmr 4 h = ilhrel, bsshrnm c'ukldltá btkhsgmrl`b m sl prmsmetb shtth ghrkb dl ue clquldh vls`hsh. Qrmpbrbtb m `rlstbcclzzbtb le qumsth khdh, cb phtbssb `rlstbcclzzb le khdh pbrtl`hcbrm (nbrnb nlbe`b).

Nbrnb nlbe`b ... '9g `'æ ue'mstrmkb shkliclbezb m shkliclbezb trb cb nbrnb nlbe`b bgghccbtb m lc sbcm dml sbiil qubedh vlmem cbvhrbth md msphsth le qubc`fm khdh, legbttl, emccb gbsm prmclklebrm bccb prmpbrbzlhem, hiel pbrtl`mccb dl sbcm, rb``flusb le ue vbsh (kb `bpb`m dl mvbphrbrm), sl trbsghrkb le. glcl rlthrtl nlbe`flsslkl b `hetbtth `he c'brlb, `fm dbeeh c'lkkbilem dl ueb `bpliclbturb rl``lb m nlbe`b bccb tub pbrtm supmrlhrm dmc vbsh ". ZDlzlhebrlh bc`fmkl`h Jbkbcb Oebeb p. P kmsl glchshgl`l, `lhæ >6 ilhrel.   Kmsl glchshgl`l? ehe fbeeh euccb le `hkuem `he l kmsl hrdlebrl. L kmsl Qf, rbpprmsmetbeh tmkphb `hevmezlhebcm. Pheh`he `bc`hcbtl le khdhdmc `fmirbedm l qubrtl dl ueb cuebzlhem ue rldhttb >4 hrm `hle`ldbeh cm 4 stbilhel cbvhrh `fm lelzlb le levmreh '. Q^MQB^B_LHEM DMICL P@L Nru`lbrm cm vmrdurm, rb``hiclmrm cb `memrm `bustl`b, kmttmrm su ue glctrh, biilueimrm cb `bc`m vlvb, vmrsbrm b`qub `bcdb. ^b``hiclbkh lc JHF, Q^LT B^ BT LHE Durbtb? > kmsl Qf. Lm > ilhrel (hiel ilhreh lelzlb b kmzzbehttm). - 2 ilhreh kmttmrm emccb sthrtb, dhph bvmrcb grbetukbtb, ch zhcgh h lc `lebnrh (ehe kb`lebrm sbnnlb trhpph glem h glem, kb spmssb gleh b httmemrm ueb phcvmrm `fm vmrrá prmsb le nch``h).  0> i. dl zhcgh ebtlvh hppurm 411 i. dl `lebnrh L LiP >12 i, kmr`urlh + b`qulstbth le emihzlh >6 i. dl JH F (pmsh sm``h) >6 i. dl JHF (pmsh b sm``h) Ledurrm cb kls`mcbzlhem m dbrm lelzlh bccb rmbzlhem, prmedmedh lc pbcchem trb cm kbel m s`uhtmedhch vlihrhsbkmet m su m ilü. Kmttl cb puetb emc pbcche`leh (`fm ch trbsghrkb le ueb sthrtb) m rmihcb lc pbcche`leh rl`mvmetm.

"Cb dlkmeslhem dmc vbsh vb `bc`hcbtb succb qubetltá dl kbtmrlb, le khdh `fm qumsth `hetmeib shch 2/4 dmccb sub `bpb`ltá, bs`hctbkl".   Z@he`hrdbezm bc`fmkl`fm p, 47/219[ Z@he`hrdbezm @hrsh dmccb rmbzlhem? "Cgmks cmiim cb prmpbrbzlhem, l trm `hrpl prlkhrdlbcl s`flb``lbtl m lkpbstbtl sheh phstl emcc'btfbehr glchshgl`h ...

Cá, shtth c'bzlhem `hknlebtb dmc guh`h `hetmeuth le `lbs`ueh dl mssl, tmedmrbeeh b sunclkbrm, `lhæ b sbclrm le vbphrl ehe bppmeb ilueimrbeeh b mnhcclzlhem. Tuttbvlb, phl`fì lc sbcm mvbphrb b `lr`b 27= ± m lc kmr`urlh b `lr`b 071 ±, sl vmrlgl`beh dum gmehkmel?  2 - Lc sbcm m lc kmr`urlh sunclkbtl dbc `bchrm letmesh prhvmelmetm dbcch zhcgh mvbphrb le ue pbcche`leh bdlb`metm bcc'btfbehr. Rul, shtth c'mggmtth dl ue `bch dl tmkpmrbturb. sl rl`hedmesbeh m sl shvrbppheiheh le hrdlem dl dmesltá,   > - Tuttbvlb. bcch zhcgh, `fm nhccm shch lethreh bl 4=1 ±, vlmem emibth c'b``mssh b qumstb tmkpmrbturb pmr cb pbrtmezb dl bctrl dum `hrpl `fm ehe ch

m``ltbeh plübc`fmkl`h ‛.  ZDlzlhebrlh p.09[ S c S LH

 

vs B ^b``hiclbkh smpbrbtbkmetm? Le B Ch zhcgh khdlgl`bth shtth ghrkb dl phcvmrm. Le N Qhtbssb khdlgl`btb bcch stbth clquldh (`chrurh dl phtbsslh + mhw). Le @ Lc kmr`urlh khdlgl`bth. PHC WM Durbtb 6 kmsl glchshgl`l h 6 ilhrel. Qcbemtbry Kbstmr? Pbtureh.

2 ± ilhreh? (b kmzzbehttm), prmedl ue pbcche`leh dl vhcukm tbcm `fm 4 vhctm lc vhcukm dl euhvh zhcgh, euhvh kmr`urlh m euhvb phtbssb slbeh bcc'btsm ** Le qumsth pbcchem vmrsbtm lc euhvh kmr`urlh, phl lc euhvh zhcgh (`fm æ stbth rb``hcth shtth ghrkb dl phcvmrm). - (2) Cb dlkmeslhem dmc vbsh dmvm mssmrm `bc`hcbtb succb qubetltá dl kbtmrlb, le khdh `fm `hetmeib shch 2/4 dmccb sub `bpb`ltá.   {@he`hrdbezm bc`fmkl`fm p. 47[ Wmrsbrm 2/9 dmccb euhvb phtbssb. Ehe bppcl`brm lc glmu, (ehe s`uhtmrm lc pbcche`leh).

Mggmttubrm qumstb hpmrbzlhem 9 vhctm le tutth, `lhæ gleh bd msburlkmeth dmccb euhvb phtbssb. Lelzlmrmkh c'hpmrbzlhem b kmzzbehttm m cb rleehvmrmkh hiel dum hrm,

Æ lkphrtbetm vmrsbrm irbdubckmetm cb euhvb phtbssb m ehe bppcl`brm lc guh`h pmr ehe "nru`lbrm l glhrl dmcch zhcgh" `lhæ `busbrm prmkbturbkmetm cb glsslhem dmcch zhcgh. Lc kbtmrlbcm bssukm ue `hchrm `lcrlem. - > ± ilhreh? ehe th``flbkh lc pbcchem (be`hrb nch``bth), lc Kbdmlrb dlvmetb kbrrhem m smknrb ueb pmccm dl cmhpbrdh. - 0 ± ilhreh? b kmzzbehttm, bppcl`b lc guh`h, `lhæ prmedl lc pbcche`leh trb cm kbel m biltbch. Cb qumstlhem le qumsth khkmeth fb bssueth c'bspmtth dl ueb tmrrb kbrrhem. Rubedh lc guh`h vlmem bppcl`bth, sl rhkpm irbdubckmetm. Pl vmrlgl`beh vbphrl bs`medmetl (guh`fl d'brtlgl`lh) m vbphrl dls`medmetl (Ptbrclt). ]eb pbccb nlbe`b nrlccbetm sl ghrkb emccb pbrtm supmrlhrm dmc pbcchem (`lmch irmzzh): cb shttlcm mssmezb dml trm mcmkmetl sl uels`m emc `lmch m gmrtlclzzb cb tmrrb kmetrm s`medm. - 4 ilhrel: Ehe th``flbkh cb pbccb (be`hrb nch``btb), lc kbtmrlbcm dlvmetb kbrrhem, `hkpbtth m khrnldh `hkm sbnnlb glelsslkb. - = ± ilhreh: Ehe th``flbkh cb pbccb (hrsh pbzzh / shggh`betm), lc kbdmlrb sl hs`urb dl euhvh. Puccm pbrmtl `hkpblheh trb``m nhcchsm. Tmrrb Pgmrb vbphrhsb nlbe`b cu`ldb (bspmtth pcbskb). Wbphrl bs`medmetl m dls`medmetl. dls`medmetl. - 7 ± ilhreh? lc kbtmrlbcm æ `hkpcmtbkmetm emrh emc pbcche`leh (tbppbth), `fm ehe th``flbkh. ]e kmels`h dhrbth bppbrm emccb pbrtm supmrlhrm dmc pbcche`leh. ]e clquldh rhssh `flbrh ibccmiilb suc kbtmrlbcm? hclh dl Pbtureh h quletmssmezb. Bnnlbkh quledl tbiclbth cb "tmstb dl `hrvh". Ptbppbrm cb glbs`fmttb m vmrsbrm `he `urb lc clquldh, trbttmemedh lc tmrrl``lh `he ueb plukb d'u``mcch. @he c'hclh sbtukm rlkhssh, lc kmels`h dhrbth s`hkpbrm. Lc clquldh vlmem vmrsbth le ue nl``flmrm `hel`h m vlmem cbs`lbth smdlkmetbrm. Lc pbcchem rlkbem bpmrth. Wmrslbkh c'hclh sbtuk dm`betbth le ueb nhttliclb nme tbppbtb (chetbeh db ghetl dl `bchrm m cu`m) pmr`fì qumsth clquldh æ vhcbtlcm. Rumstb quletmssmezb

æ dl `hchrm rhssh vlvh sm `hesldmrbtb le vhcukm: le ueb pmccl`hcb shttlcm æ dl `hchrm ilbcch (stmssh gmehkmeh `he lc sbeium ukbeh, dlsphsth le kbssb, ilbcch stmsh su ueb cbstrb dl vmtrh). - 9 ± m 6 ± ilhreh? Cb kheihcglmrb rlkbem bpmrtb 1 '. Lc `hkphsth emrh * 2> sl rl`hprm dl kuggb vmrdm h "mrnb smezb rbdl`l". (2) - @bttlvh hdhrm m vbphrl eh`lvl cbs`lbtl `he hclh sbtukm. (>) - @fm vlmem `btturbth le ueh h plü irbeucl surebtbetl ue clquldh s`urh . @HBIccB BCNLGL@B_LHEM

Lc pbcchem æ bpmrth, trbeem qubedh lc guh`h vlmem bppcl`bth dhph `fm cb phtbssb æ stbtb vmrsbtb. 

 

Qrh`mdmrm `he lc nbieh m c'bppcl`bzlhem dmc guh`h bccm 7 dmc kbttleh. Durbtb ilhrel P. Qlbemtb? Ilhvm. - < ± ilhreh? Emc pbcchem bpmrth, vmrslbkh suc `hkphsth 24 dmc vhcukm dl JH8) @fm bnnlbkh prm`mdmetmkmetm prmpbibth (vmdl prmpbrbzlhem dmc sml), hvvmrh 24 i, Lc pbcchem vlmem `flush lc tmkph pmr prmedmrch trb cm kbel m biltbrch pmr kls`mcbrm lc JHL2 succb supmrgl`lm dmc irbeuch m bvvlbrm cb rmbzlhem. ^lbprlbkh lc nbcch. Cbs`lbkh `fm cb rmbzlhem bnnlb cuhih. Lc irbeuch dlvmetb zbggmrbeh `he ms`rmkmetl vmrdl, - F) 2 ilhreh? stmssb hpmrbzlhem dmc < ± ilhreh, trbeem pmr lc vmrsbkmeth dl 2/> vhcukm dl JHF, hvvmrh >6 i. Lc irbeuch dlvmetb ruiilem, - 22 ± ilhreh! @hkm 21. Lc irbeuch dlvmetb "pbpbvmrh dmc dmsmrth" (kbrrhem rhssbstrh). - Ilhreh 2> l @hkm 22. lc irbeuch dlvmetb "sbeium irbvmkmetm nru`lbth". - 20 ± ilhreh? `hkm 2>. Lc irbeuch dlvmetb vmrdm.   - 24 * ilhreh? `hkm 20. Lc irbeuch dlvmetb dl "`hchrm rhssh lkpmrgmtth". - 2= * ilhreh? Qrh`mdl `hkm lc < ± ilhreh? 2/4 dmc vhcukm dl JHF, `lhæ 24i. Lc irbeuch dlvmetb ilbcch. -27 ± ilhreh? ehe th``brm cb pbccb. Lc irbeuch snlbe`b m dlvmetb plmtrb nlbe`b h plmtrb dl cueb, ue nlbe`h brbe`lh Wbl bc rhssh m khctlpcl`b h gmrkbtl bc nlbe`h. KHCTLQCL@B_LHEM LHE QC CB QLM^^M BC NCBE@. Qmr rmedmrm hpmrbtlvb cb plmtrb bc nlbe`h, æ  em`mssbrlh khctlpcl`brcb pmr glssbrcb. Ch stmssh prh`mssh vlmem rlpmtuth22 g Cb plmtrb rlsuctbetm trbskutb 21 vhctm lc suh pmsh dl plhknh h kmr`urlh le brimeth. Rumsth dmebrh vlmem utlclzzbth pmr prmpbrbrm cm kmdl`lem dmc cmhem vmrdm, ^]NLGL@B_LHEM Pm bnnlbkh kbetmeuth nlbe`h tutth h le pbrtm cb plmtrb, sl prh`mdm bccb sm`hedb gbsm dmccb "`hbiucb"? cb runlgl`bzlhem. @heslstm emc vmrsbrm `he

pbrslkhelb c'hclh dl Pbtureh rb``hcth lc 7 ± ilhreh dl "rlshcuzlhem". Rumstm lknlnlzlhel vmeiheh mggmttubtm b kmzzhilhreh. Cb kheihcglmrb rlkbem bpmrtb trbeem `fm durbetm c'bppcl`bzlhem dmc guh`h dhph bvmr mggmttubth cm lknlnlzlhel. - 29 ± ilhreh? suc kbtmrlbcm nlbe`h bs`lutth, vmrslbkh hclh sbtukm le khdh `fm em slb rl`hpmrth, kb smezb ghrkbrm ueb phzzbeifmrb suc ghedh dmc pbcchem, lc kb`mccblh. Qrmedl cb pbccb trb cm kbel. Ilrbrm 9 vhctm le dmstrhilrh. Cb plmtrb bssukm ue `hchrm ilbcch. Kbmstrh pcbemtbrlh? Wmemrm. - 26 ± ilhreh? Ldmk., Lc ilbcch dlvmetb brbe`lhem. Kbmstrh pcbemtbrlh? Wuå`ble.   - L< 'ilhreh? Ldmk, c'brbe`lb sl letmeslgl`b. letmeslgl`b. Kbmstrh pcbemtbrlh? Wuå`ble.  - >1 * ilhreh? Ldmk, c'brbe`lb æ pmrgmttb. Kbmstrh pcbemtbrlh? Wuå`ble.   (2) - Phcvm + bcnlgl`bzlhem msmiultb le dum ilhrel utlclzzbedh qumstb plmtrb nlbe`b s`lhctb `hkm kbtmrlb prlkb. - >2 ± ilhreh? Ldmk, c'brbe`lhem dlvmetb rhssh. Qcbemtbry Kbstmr? Kbrtm. - >> ± ilhreh? Ldmk, lc rhssh sl gb plü letmesh. Qcbemtbry Kbstmr Kbrs,   - >0 ± ilhreh? Ldmk, lc rhssh dlvmetb be`hrb plü eltldh. Qcbemtbry Kbstmr Kbrs. - >4 ± ilhreh? ehe th``brm cb pbccb, cb plmtrb æ dl `hc hrm rhssh vlvh

bcc'mstmreh, bcc'mstmreh , ilbccb bcc'letmreh: le kbssb æ rhssh (Kbrtm), le phcvmrm æ ilbcch (Wmemrm). ^hkpmrm lc pbcche`leh gb`medh bttmezlhem b ehe rhkpmrm cb plmtrb, quledl nbttmrm cb plmtrb le ue khrtblh *. KHCTLQCL@B_LHEM Durbtb > ilhrel. Qrmedl cb plmtrb rhssb `hkm kbtmrlb prlkb pmr`fì ehe æ hpmrbtlvb `hsã `hk'æ, (gee, - prhgmtb) m prh`mdl `he ueb euhvb rlshcuzlhem mt `hbiucb. ]sb lc rmsth

dmcc'hclh dl Pbtureh rb``hcth durbetm cb prlkb rlshcuzlhem pmr`fì dlggl`lckmetm sl ghrkb durbetm cb sm`hedb. QHTBPPB Fbl nlshieh bckmeh dl? Qmr cb prmpbrbzlhem? >6 i. Qmr bcnlgl`bzlhem? 24x> ; >P +? >6 x = ; 241 i.

 

Qmr khctlpcl`bzlhem? 276 i ]EH? 074 i, H``hrrm quledl nru`lbrm `lr`b 2= (2 ji, dl plbetm sm``fm pmr mstrbrrm cb `memrm. TFM D^\ YB\? durbtb >4 kmsl glchshgl`l h >4 ilhrel. -2 ± Qrmpbrbzlhem dmc sbcm, (vmdl prh`mssh ukldh).  * > ± Qrmpbrbzlhem. Durbtb > ilhrel.  Khdh nbiebth. cb euhvb phtbssb rb``hctb le ue `hetmelthrm smpbrbth vlmem mssl``btb prmedmedh lc vbsh trb cm kbel, ruhtbedhch 9 vhctm le dmstrhilrh m cbs`lbedhch bpmrth le ue cuhih P@@. - 0 ± ^lshcvl. Durbtb 4 bdmslhel.  Khdh nbiebth.

Lc euhvh `chrurh dl phtbsslh vlmem biilueth lc 2 ± ilhreh emcch stmssh khdh, trbeem pmr lc gbtth `fm æ le phcvmrm. Lc `hchrm `lcrlem bppbrm guib`mkmetm. Ruledl cb "pmccm dl cmhpbrdh" smknrb plü cueib.  > ± ilhreh? `hrrlsphedm bc 0 ± 4 ± = ± ilhreh dmc prh`mssh ukldh, gbrm ch stmssh.

0 ± ilhreh? `hrrlsphedm bc 7 ± ilhreh dmc prh`mssh bd ukldh, prh`mdmrm bcch stmssh khdh pmr rb``hiclmrm c'hclh dl Pbtureh. 4C ilhreh: `hrrlsphedm bc 9 ± m 6 ± ilhreh dmc prh`mssh b ukldh.   - 4 ± @hbiucb. Durbtb > vhctm 6 ilhrel. Qrh`mdmrm `hkm emc prh`mssh b ukldh.  - Khctlpcl`bzlhem =R. Ldmk prh`mssh b ukldh. LC KHDH PB@M^DHTBCM? durbtb < ilhrel glchshgl`l h 2P hrm, (sm`hedh lc `hkpuc khdmreh). Emssueb prmpbrbzlhem, (Durbtb 26 hrm `he lelzlh dml cbvhrl b kmzzbehttm). Hpmrlbkh `he phtbssb sm``b. Ehe rlkuhvlbkh c'hclh sbturh. Kmttlbkh lc `chrurh dl phtbsslh tutth le ueb vhctb bcc'lelzlh dmccb rlshcuzlhem. Wlmem biilueth 9 vhctm durbetm c'bcnlgl`bzlhem c'bcnlgl`bzlhem. . Ehe sl bppcl`b lc guh`h prmedmedh lc pbcche`leh trb cm kbel. PHL .WM 1 hrb? kmttlbkh ue pbcche`leh db 411i. dl `lebnrh m =6i. dl `chrurh dl

phtbsslh sm``h. Ch kmttlbkh su ue trmpplmdm. Ehe ch th``flbkh plü. Lc kbtmrlbcm pbssb bttrbvmrsh icl stmssl `hchrl dmc prh`mssh b ukldh. >g hrb? ehe th``brm cb pbccb, 4b hrb? db 1 b 4 hrm - 2 ± ilhreh -5 m ilhrebtb dl plhiilb. 7b hrb? lc kbtmrlbcm æ `hkpcmtbkmetm nulh.  Db cml ms`m ueb ghsghrms`mezb vmrdm. Cb ghsghrms`mezb sl rlmkplm dl ueb sgmrb rhssb dbcc'bspmtth hcmhsh. @hkphst emrh Mkmrbcd Pfmcc Pbture Hlc ^lsuctbth le n hrm @HBI]CB Bcnlgl`bzlhem Db 7 b 2> hrm? 9 spruzzl dl JH F hiel 0/4 d'hrb. ]eh db 24 i., = db >6 i., 2 db 24 i. Cb phtbssb sphiclb ch sgmrhldm dmc suh ius`lh dl skmrbcdh m ch glssb bcc'letmreh dmc kbtmrlbcm `fm irbdubckmetm snlbe`b. Wlhcb 2>b hrb? Cb sgmrb dmcc'hclh dl Pbtureh sl dlculs`m m irbdubckmetm sl uels`m bccb kbtmrlb. 24b hrb t @hchrm ilbcch. 27b hrb? `hchrm brbe`lhem. 26b hrb? lc kbtmrlbcm bssukm lc `hchrm vlhcb dmetrh m guhrl. Qlmrrm be ncbe` ^ÜKcc]cc b 2> ccmcccms  Hclh dl Pbtureh GLEM DB LE@TL] B LELWM^P @BWL

"Tutth `lþ `fm æ shprb æ `hkm `lþ `fm æ shtth"  Cm stmssm cmiil ihvmrebeh lc kb`rh`hskh m lc kl`rh`hskh. Cb ghetm dl memrilb h guh`h dmicl bc`flklstl

 

"C'bimetm letmreh dmicl bc`flklstl bc`flklstl æ lc guh`h leebth dmccb kbtmrlb `fm, mssmedh m``ltbth dbcc'mstmreh * dlimrls`m, putrmgb m `uh`m qumstb kbtmrlb khcth kmiclh dl qubeth phssb gbrm lc guh`h mcmkmetbrm ... ehe prhdu`m vbphrm s 'ehe æ m``ltbth `he trhppb vlhcmezb ".  Dhk Q`re`tty Z@lFllgtgbwèu Bc`flklqums p. 0 prhthel + > emutrhel) `fm `l `lr`hedb pmr leems`brm cm rmbzlhel dl glsslhem dmc kmr`urlh m dmcch zhcgh .

 

Q^MQB^B_LHEM

"sbppl pmrþ `fm emccb trlchilb `fm `hkphem c'uhkh, lc `hrph æ c'mcmkmeth `fm sunlrá tuttm cm pmem".  Rumsth slielgl`b `fm lc kmr`urlh sunlrá ue lelzlh dl glsslhem `fm ch rmedmrmnnm qubsl slklcm bcc'hrh ebturbcm ]t 2 prhthel + >

emutrhel, `lhæ lc eu`cmh dl mclh) dl mssmrm `btturbtm m hpphrtuebkmetm dlrmttm dbc sbcm. bimedh `hkm ue `rlstbcch, pmr rbiilueimrm lc eu`cmh m dlsturnbrm lc suh mqulclnrlh bnnbstbezb db `mdmrm 0 emutrhel. Md m``h lelzlbtb cb khrtlgl`bzlhem dl ph`fl bthkl dl kmr`urlh. L emutrhel strbppbtl `he lc kmr`urlh phtrmnnmrh mssmrm bsshrnltl smezb dbeel dbccb phtbssb rlspmtth bcch zhcgh pmr dum khtlvl? - cb phtbssb httmeutb `he qumsth prh`mssh dlggmrls`m dlggmrls`m ehe `flkl`bkmetm kb glsl`bkmetm dbccb phtbssb `hkuem, (vmdl ehlm JH F), - ch zhcgh kbetlmem letbtth lc suh guh`h, (-5 eì bddlzlhem eì shttrbzlhem).  ^LPHCWM^M Lc kmr`urlh cmiimrkmetm khdlgl`bth m ch zhcgh sheh stbtl rlkmssl leslmkm le ue pbcche`leh, sl biilueim irbdubckmetm cb phtbssb khdlgl`btb, cm `ul - rl`hrdlbkhch - qumccb `fm sl prmpbrbvb prhprlmtá `flkl`fm cm stmssm ebturbckmetm kb ehesheh cm prhpr lmtá glsl`fm. Pl puþ, bd msmkplh, bkkmttmrm `fm lc suh ruhch dl phcbrlzzbthrm (vlnrbzlhel -5 pbrtl`mccm `fm bils`heh succh

stmssh plbeh) æ stbth bukmetbth dl ueb phtmezb `hmrmetm slklcm b qumccb dmc cbsmr (vlnrbzlhel ;5 pbrtl`mccm prbtl`bkmetm sle`rhem). Rumstb phtbssb

`hesmetlrmnnm quledl ueb plü prhghedb dlsletmirbzlhem dmc kmr`urlh, qumstb vhctb prhvh`bedh cb glsslhem `he rlcbs`lh dl memrilb phl`fì lc eukmrh bthkl`h dmc kmr`urlh æ kbiilhrm dl qumcch dmc gmrrh. Rumstb memrilb dl glsslhem vmrrmnnm bsshrnltb dbcch zhcgh (eukmrh bthkl`h legmrlhrm b qumcch dmc gmrrh), pmr prhvh`brm cb sub stmssb glsslhem. W / S / W /

Lc > ±, 0 ± m 4 ± ilhreh vmdrmnnm lc dm`bdlkmeth `hetleubrm b rbiilueimrm lc clvmcch dml qubrj, quledl lc clvmcch ehe kbtmrlbcm dmc pue`tuk. Æ hv vlh `fm shch ueb pl``hcb pbrtm dmc kbtmrlbcm æ letmrmssbtb bctrlkmetl ehe `l sbrmnnm plü, dhph c'lelzlh dml cbvhrl, dl hpmrbthrm eì dl vl`lel b pbrcbrem.   Æ phsslnlcm `fm lc dm`bdlkmeth rbiilueib ch stbdlh dmc pueth emccb sgmrb dl pcbskb nlbe`h nrlccbetm. ]eb pl``hclsslkb pbrtm dmccb ebturb sl sbrmnnm rlshctb le purb memrilb h "cu`m" db Imemsls, Dbrjemss, sbrmnnm lc `hkphst emrh dhvm cb dlsletmirbzlhem sl sbrmnnm clkltbtb bcc'httmelkmeth dl ph`fl qubrj le smklclnmrtá b smiulth dmccb "gm`hedbzlhem" db pbrtm dl lc pue`tb

dmccb pbccb. Rumstl qubrj sbrmnnmrh kbtmrlb emccb sub ghrkb plü smkpcl`m. Pl æ tbeth plü tmetbtl dl gbrm qumstb bsslklcbzlhem phl`fì cb khdbcltá dl hribelzzbzlhem hribelzzbzl hem dl nbsm æ P]7 (s`fmkb ueltbrlh tg `fm puþ b``bdmrm emccb glsl`b khdmreb dl bedbrm d'b``hrdh `he icl Mchèks.  + >/0 ------- Kbtcür s  - - - - - □ B, -tx Kbtmrlbcm 2 >/0 `brl`fm dl mcmttrhel trbttmeutm Kbtcür b:  t + > / 0O + t + 2/02 - prhthem @ + >/00 + @-2/00 ; @ + c / 0) t + c / >0 + t - 2/00 ; emutrhem Betc lèl U totárb? Ldbk  Hctrm bccm chrh ehtmvhcl gb`hctá `hknlebthrlm `fm bnnlbkh bppmeb msbklebth, l qubrj fbeeh prhprlmtá khcth letmrmssbetl le tmrklel dl trbsghrkbzlhem dmcc'memrilb le kbtmrlb. Rumstm pbrtl`mccm fbeeh ueb kbssb khcth mcmvbtb.

 

"Emccb `bc`lebzlhem, lc `hrph ehe sl rldu`m, kb bukmetb dl qubetltá (; khsæ)",  ZCmimhdb pO>8[

Pl stlkb `fm `mrtm pbrtl`mccm le clnmrtá, `lhæ bvmedh `hevmrtlth pmr qubsl tuttb c'memrilb dmccm nblshe le kbssb, phssbeh rbiilueimrm dlvmrsl ji., ]eb dl mssm prhvmelmetm dbcch spbzlh gm`m bddlrltturb rmbilrm tuttl l dlsphsltlvl dl klsurb metrh ue rbiilh dl 6 jk. prhvh`bedh nrmvlsslkl gmehkmel dl leduzlhem kbiemtl`b (qumstb pbrtl`mccb mrb emibtlvb) dmc tlph burhrb nhrmbcm. Bc`uel sheh stbtl tmetbtl dl `hccmibrm cb gbkhsb burhrb nhrmbcm dmc 2.2) ; ilbcch m brbe`lhem - vlsfuddfb `fbjrb. bc phtmrm dmc vmrnh. (>.>) ; runlgl`bzlhem ; boeb `fbjrb. bccb `hehs`mezb,

 

9 - Khctlpcl`bzlhem Khctlpcl`bzlhem ; `hrhe bc `fbjrb. @hrrlsphedm bcc'uelhem dl phtmrm m `hehs`mezb.

Hiel gbsm dmcc'lelzlbzlhem æ phstb shtth lc smieh dl ue `fbjrb, `hrrlsphedm bcc'bzlhem `fm c'mvhcuzlhe c'mvhcuzlhem m dmccb kbtmrlb cbpldmb fb sul `metrl dl ghrzb. @hsã cb prmpbrbzlhem dmc sbcm ueltb bccb `hkprmeslhem dmcc'hpmrbzlhem (gbttb

le ue `hetmsth bc`fmkl`h kmetrm c'hpmrbzlhem stmssb ehe ch æ) pmrkmttm bcc'hpmrbthrm dl prmedmrm `hs`lmezb, quledl dl rlsvmiclbrm c'hs`urltá `hrrlsphedmetm le cul? Juedbclel. Hiel clvmcch dl lelzlbzlhem `hrrlsphedm bccb rl`mttlvltá dml dlvmrsl `metrl kmetrm cb `hrrlsphedmezb `he bc`uel `metrl emccm shtthgbsl (vmdl pbrbirbgh su``msslvh) `hrrlsphedm bd ue bttmiilbkmeth bttlvh db pbrtm dmcc'hpmrbthrm. Pm vuhcm nmemgl`lbrm emc suh `hrph dmccb kbelphcbzlhem letrbprmsb succb plmtrb, dmvm sghrzbrsl dl gbr `lr`hcbrm c'memrilb `hkm ledl`bth. Rumsth sm`hedh bspmtth dmccm `hrrlsphedmezm, trb cm gbsl dmccb kbtmrlb m dml `fbjrb,

æ bttlvh? c'hpmrbthrm, b qubeth pbrm, puþ gbr`mcb smezb dl mssh, kb smezb ue bttmiilbkmeth bttlvh db pbrtm sub, c'hpmrbthrm eh. phtrmnnm bspmttbrsmch. PHC WM M @HBI]CB? rlsvmiclh m prmpbrbzlhem dmccm memrilm PHC WM

Lc 7 ± ilhreh (pmr`hrsh nbiebth), lc > ± ilhreh (pmr`hrsh bs`lutth), sl httlmem lc smiumetm rlsuctbth. @HBI]CB Lc cbvhrh dmccb prlkb pbrtm dmccb `hbiucb (bcnlgl`bzlhem) `hrrlsphedm bccb rlstrutturbzlhem dmc slstmkb emurhvmimtbtlvh btthreh bccm hssb (irbeucl) m bccb rl`rmbzlhem dmc `hrph psl`fl`h. Lc cbvhrh dmccb sm`hedb pbrtm dmccb `hbiucb (runlgl`bzlhem) `hrrlsphedm bc rlprlstleh dmc slstmkb `mrmnrhsplebcm m bc glssbiilh emc `hrph glsl`h dml `metrl memrimtl`l (iflbedhcm (iflbedhcm ; letmrkmdlbrl trb lc `hrph ml `fbjrb). BCNLGL@B_LHEM < ilhrel - ilbcch zbggmrbeh - `fbjrb dmccb `hrheb L1 ilhreh - `h``brdb - boeb `fbjrb ilhreh - rhssh kbrrhem - vlsfuddfb `fbjrb 2> ± ilhreh - sbeium nru`lbth - bebfbtb `fbjrb Ilhreh 0 - vmrdm - kbelpurb `fbjrb 4 ± ilhreh - rhssh lkpmrgmtth - svbdlsftbeb `fbjrb 2= ± ilhreh - ilbcch - kucbdfbrb `fbjrb L7 ± ilhreh - brbe`lhem nlbe`h ldmk ^]NLGL@B_LHEM 29 ± ilhreh - ilbcch - kucdfbrb `fbjrb L6Nohur - ilbcch brbe`lh - svbdlsftbeb `fbjrb L< ilhreh - * D 2 t ilbcch brbe`lh - kbelpurb `fbjrb >1 ± ilhreh - brbe`lhem - bebfbtb `fbjrb > ± ilhreh - brbe`lh letmesh - vlsfuddfb `fbjrb >> ± ilhreh - rhssh brbe`lh - boeb `fbjrb >0 * ilhreh - brbe`lh khcth rhssh - `fbjrb dmccb `hrheb >4 ± ilhreh - rhssh - stmssh cm 9 gbsl dmcc'lelzlbzlhem `hrrlsphedheh bccm 9 mfbjrb `fm metrbeh le rlshebezb su``msslvbkmetm. Durbetm cb rlshcuzlhem phl `hbiucb, ue `mrth eukmrh dl hpmrbzlhel pbrtl`hcbrl `hrrlsphedm bd mfbjrbs kb le khdh plü bttlvh db pbrtm dmcc'hpmrbthrm. 

Emc prlkh `bsh c'hpmrbthrm æ pbsslvh m c'hpmrbzlhem bc`fmkl`b prhdu`m ue'lkprmiebzlhem `fm phrtb bd ueb `mrtb `hkprmeslhem kmetbcm m letultlvb. Emc sm`hedh `bsh c'hpmrbthrm æ bttlvh. Lc gbtth dl `he`metrbrsl le ue khkmeth prm`lsh su ue `metrh prm`lsh icl `hesmetm dl b`qulslrm ue `hetrhcch pbrtl`hcbrm succb pbrtm dmc `hrph `hrrlsphedmetm bccb gbsm le `hrsh. Pm c'hpmrbthrm ehe msmium qumsth tlph dl `he`metrbzlhem, ehe lkpmdls`m lc prh`mssh dl `hstruzlhem dmccb plmtrb. Be`fm sm phsslbkh `flmdmr`l sm cb kbe`btb b`qulslzlhem dl qumstb kbmstrlb ehe prlvl c'hpmrbthrm dmc phtmrm dl `rmbrm ue `bkph kbiemtl`h em`mssbrlh bccb pmrgmttb `hstruzlhem dmccb plmtrb. H be`hrb, phsslbkh rbilhebrm emc khdh smiumetm: lc cbvhrh æ `hkm ueb ch`bedb spbiehcb, trhvl qumcch `fm `l phrtl. Pm sl trbttb dl ueb smkpcl`m `hehs`mezb tm`el`b, httmelbkh ueb plmtrb `fm fb lc phtmrm dl prhdurrm trbskutbzlhel. Pm, `hetmkphrbembkmetm, sl cbvhrb sul prhprl `hrpl glsl`l m psl`fl`l, cl sl utlclzzb `hkm kbtrl`m m sl httlmem cb plmtrb `hrrlsphedmetm bc `hrph dl ichrlb.

 

R]BCL PHEH CM ^BILHEL DMC PMI^MTH8 Pmknrb `fm cb `hstruzlhem kbtmrlbcm dmccb plmtrb slb `hccmibtb b ue'mstmeslhem ue'mstmeslh em dml `bkpl dmccb `hs`lmezb m dml phtmrl. Lc prhncmkb lkkmdlbth æ

klehrm sm c'uhkh stb `hsã kliclhrbedh h pmiilhrbedh: prlkb dl mssmrm phsth le tmrklel dl khrbcltá, lc prhncmkb sl phem le tmrklel dl sbcutm kmetbcm.   Cb prlkb prhtmzlhem, sl dl`m le Ledlb, `hetrh c'ledmnltb `urlhsltá æ cb `m`ltá glsl`b. Æ vmrh `fm emssueh yhib puþ mssmrm bggrhetbth smezb msmr`lzl dl rmsplrbzlhem, lc `ul m``mssh puþ `busbrm dbeel bc emrvh httl`h,  Lc sm`hedh æ cb `m`ltá kmetbcm h ghcclb. Æ rlsbputh `fm icl mssmrl ukbel usbeh shch lc 9-6% dmc chrh `mrvmcch. @hkm puþ rmbilrm b ue `bkph dl `hs`lmezb plü bkplh8 Dl grhetm b rmsphesbnlcltá `fm vbeeh bc dl cá dl cul, ue uhkh `hkuem sl rlguilb le ue rlstrmtth `bkph dl `hs`lmezb. Le clmvm klsurb, slbkh dl grhetm b ueb emvrhsl, `fm puþ mssmrm kliclhrbtb `he cm tm`el`fm

bttubcl: qumsth æ smezb dunnlh lc khtlvh pmr `ul tbetl `hslddmttl iruppl lelzlbtl`l phtrmnnmrh `hstltulrm `bkpl dl mspmrlmezb letmrmssbetl letmrmssbetl qubsl qubeth Pt` Beem. B ue clvmcch plü prhghedh, `l trhvlbkh dl grhetm b ueb psl`hsl b``hkpbiebtb db cmslhel lrrmvmrslnlcl dmccm `mccucm emrvhsm.

Lc `mrvmcch æ `hsã gbtth `fm smknrb rmilstrbrm cb pmr`mzlhem dmc khedh `hkm ue hchirbkkb. Qlü lc `bkph dmccb `hs`lmezb sl bccbrib, plü prm`lsh æ c'hchirbkkb (legbttl ehe `bknlb euccb, trbeem lc irbdh dl prm`lslhem emc `hkbedh pmr`mplth), gb``lbkh ue `hegrheth. Cb s`hpmrtb dml kl`rhnl dmvm bvmr

dbth smesbzlhel splb`mvhcl b plü dl ue ledlvlduh. Cb rmbzlhem ehrkbcm æ kbetmemrm lc smesh dmccm prhphrzlhel. Pheh phsslnlcl dum tlpl dl rmbzlhel behrkbcl, le dlrmzlhel dlvmrsm? 2 ± - liehrb slstmkbtl`bkmetm tutth `lþ `fm rliubrdb l kl`rhnl, lc khedh pmr`mplth dlvmetb mstrmkbkmetm sgh`bth. ue'lkphrtbezb skhdbtb b qumstl kl`rhnl m pmr eutrlrm > ± - pmr dbrm c'lkkbilem `fm dlvhrb lc shiimtth, lc pbzlmetm vmdm sm stmssh Mssmrm dlstrutth m phrtb bcch stmssh rlsuctbth dl prlkb, bd m``mzlhem dmc khedh

pmr`mplth, bd mssmrm bctrmttbeth vbih, e æ ehe msbttbkmetm cb stmssb `hsb.  Db qumsth msmkplh, sl puþ lkkbilebrm cb rmbzlhem dl  ueb kmetm cb `ul pmr`mzlhem dlvmetb plü clembrm. @hkm puþ ueb pmrsheb `hesldmrbtb ehrkbcm dbccb ehstrb `lvlctá letmirbrm lc gbtth dl bvmr u``lsh suh pbdrm =11 beel gb8 ^lus`lrm b sus`ltbrm ue gbetbskb, `hstrulrm gbcsl rl`hrdl bd ush dmc vl`leh, khdlgl`brm cm prhnbnlcltá dl ueb smqumezb8 

@hsã, lc smirmth sl sbrmnnm prhtmtth khcth kmiclh `fm db tuttm cm iubrdlm lkkbilebnlcl, cb sbezlhem dl ue'ledmnltb spmrlkmetbzlhem sbrmnnm ueb ghcclb pmr c'hpmrbthrm, m smezb dunnlh ueb plhiilb dl rbdlbzlhel `fm dlvmeem lkprhvvlsbkmetm bebr`fl`b m leems`bedh gmehkmel ehe hrthdhssl. LC KHDH PB@M^DHTBCM Pmknrb `fm eml khdl ukldl m bs`luttl, c'hpmrbthrm bils`b `hkm ue mcmttrhem `fm pbrtm`lpb b ue'hssldbzlhem, utlclzzbedh cm ghrzm le btth kb ehe sus`ltbedh chrh. Rubeth bccb kbtmrlb le dlvmelrm, bilrmnnm ue ph '`hkm c'hclh dl Pbtureh succ'hpmrbthrm, ghremedhicl cm memrilm (pmr lc prhprlh `hrph) `fm kmttm le hrdlem.

B clvmcch shttlcm m be`fm glsl`h, cb guturb plmtrb bils`m `hkm cb dlvleltá (lsgmlb) succ'hpmrbthrm, mssmedh cb dlvlel tá bttlvb, c'hpmrbthrm pbsslvh, h mssmedh clkltbtb b ue'hpmrbzlhem dl kmssb le hrdlem, dl bdbttbkmeth b sm

stmssh. @lþ `hrrlsphedmrmnnm bcc'mtl`b dmc nuddlskh kbfbybeb h dmcc'ledulskh, bc pmrlhdh sh`lbcm dmccb vltb dmcc'ledlvlduh emccb zheb ukldb. Emccb vlb bs`luttb, emc nuddlskh kbfbybeb h emcc'ledulskh emc pmrlhdh shcltbrlh dhph 41 beel, Lc `bkkleh sb`mrdhtbcm mslim dbcc'hpmrbthrm ue bttmiilbkmeth dmc tutth bttlvh. Dmvm rlsphedmrm b hiel kbelgmstbzlhem dmccb lsftb (kbelgmstbzlhem `fm fb prhvh`bth) b`qulsmedh uiubcm phtmrm shtth pmeb dl mssmrm dlvhrbth dbccb

dlvleltá. Cb sbezlhem æ lkkmdlbtb le khdh tbetrl`h, kmetrm æ dlggmrltb emicl bctrl `bsl.

Puc plbeh hpmrbtlvh sl puþ pmrgmttbkmetm `he`mplrm `fm c'b``mcmrbzlhem dmc prh`mssh slb dhvutb bc gbtth `fm lc `bkph kbiemtl`h dmcc'hpmrbthrm ehe sl clkltb b rmttlgl`brm, kb sl shkkb m dlrlim c'bppcl`bzlhem dmccm memrilm

`hetmeutm emccb kbtmrlb. @hsã, b `lbs`ueb prhphslzlhem dl kbtmrlb le

ghrkbzlhem h lsftb, c'hpmrbthrm rlsphedm `he ue phtmrm su sm stmssh m succb plmtrb, mqulvbcmetm kb `hkpcmkmetbrm.

 

@hsb b``bdrmnnm b s` le `bsh dl iubsth dmcc'hpmrbthrm8 C'b``mcmrbzlhem dmc prh`mssh `fm fb lkprmssh ilueim bc tmrklem. Lc prh`mssh stmssh `hetleub b imemrbrm ch scbe`lh pmr lc tmkph `fm icl æ stbth dbth. Pheh db tmkmrm mg gmttl

slklcl b qumccl `busbtl db pmr`hrsl nbiebtl h bs`luttl, kb plü vlhcmetl m `fm rbiilueiheh clvmccl plü shttlcl.  DL DLH. DMICL LLLBEL M DMICL ]HKLEL Qhsslbkh `hesldmrbrm `fm cm gbsl dmccb rmbclzzbzlhem dmcc'hpmrb rbpprmsmetbeh le rlduzlhem cm gbsl dmccb `rmbzlhem. Bnnlbkh vlsth emc `bplthch "Dbc pue`tuk bcc'uelvmrsh vuhth" `hkm qumstb lphtmsl slb le qubc`fm khdh vmrlgl`btb

phl`fì, b lkkbilem dl Dlh, c'uhkh ilh`b `hkm ue dmklurih, ehe smezb bvmr prm`mdmetmkmetm dlsshcth c'uelvmrsh, `lhæ `lþ `fm fb stbth gbtth le prm`mdmezb. Rumsth pmr phtmr `hkpmtmrm `hetrh ue uelvmrsh threbth vmrilem.

Dlh æ lelzlh m glem, c'uhkh æ Dlh emcch spbzlh m emc tmkph, lc `ucklem m c'uelhem dmcch stbth dl dlh m tltbeh "plü irbedm dl ue dlh, plü irbedm dl ue tltbeh? c'uhkh" dl`heh le Ledlb. Khdl ukldl m bs`luttl? qubedh c'letmrh uelvmrsh dlvmetb Irbbc C'lelzlh dmccb gbsm dl rlshcuzlhem `heslstm pmr c'hpmrbthrm emc rbs`flbrm l vmcl shvrbpphstl m bebr`fl`l `fm `hegmrls`heh ue khdh dl mslstmezb bccb kbtmrlb. Lc khkmeth le `ul bppbrm c'hclh dl sbtukm `hrrlsphedm bc khkmeth le `ul cb `hs`lmezb `rmbtb shtth c'bspmtth dl Cu`lgmrh rhkpm c'mqulclnrlh stbtl`h dmccm

phsslnlcltá md metrmrá le ue khedh plü kbtmrlbcm. Cbs`lbedh qumsth stbdlh dmccb `hs`lmezb dl Dlh (`hrheb burl`b), dl`lbkh c'uhkh, pmrdm cb sub

`hehs`mezb m lc suh phtmrm `hkm dlh, `hsã `hkm cb `hehs`mezb m lc phtmrm rliubrdh bc khedh lkkbemetm `fm bvrmnnm phtuth phssmdmrm `hkm ue tltbeh: phtmezb `fm, le qumsth `bsh, sbrmnnm stbtb bebr`fl`b (c'hclh db ukldh b sm``h fb ue `bttlvh hdhrm). Ch skmrbcdh `bdm dbccb grhetm dmc Pliehrm dmccb Cu`m, lc `hccmibkmeth (B "i) sl spmzzb. Bcc'uhkh rmstb shch cb kmkhrlb m pmr lc `heth ueb ghrkb ldmbcm `fm db shch ehe rlms`m b trhvbrm. Ruledl ch "skmrbcdh" emccb phcvmrm sl dlsshcvm emc `hkphst gleh b qubedh,

Be`fm ch skmrbcdh æ ue'mrnb smezb rbdl`l. @rms`m succb supmrgl`lm dl ue `hkphst qubedh sbl `hkm `hctlvbrch. BCNLGL@B_LHEM Æ lc prle`lplh dmcc'hrdlem - ch skmrbcdh - `fm vlmem irbdubckmetm rl`hstltulth dbc sbcm h splrlth, c'hpmrbthrm ledhssb slknhcl`bkmetm cb sub vmstm nlbe`b, sl gb `hkm ue dlh, ehe clkltbedhsl, `hkm vhrrmnnm. Gbtth ue dlh, b l `fbjrb supmrlhrl (gleh bc `uhrm le`cush), kb letmirbedh tuttb cb `rmbzlhem le qumsth stbth dlvleh (gleh bc `fbjrb dmccb rbdl`m le`cush).

@hsã, ch skmrbcdh puþ rl`hkle`lbrm b glhrlrm succb grhetm dmcc'uhkh `fm æ dlvmetbth ue dmvb. @hetmkpcb emccb plmtrb rldlvmetbrm nlbe`b, `hkm ueh spm``flh, cb rlebs`ltb dmc dlh le cul, Cu`lgmrh phrtbthrm dl cu`m, `hkm c'mtmreltá le sì ch fb trbtth dbc `bhs.   ^]NLGL@B_LHEM Md m``h dl euhvh Cu`lgmrh gb``lb b gb``lb succb s`b``flmrb `he ue rm hs`urh m puzzhcmetm `fm stb pmr tleimrch. Phch ue Cu`lgmrh trbsghrkbth le uhkh phtmvb metrbrm le `hetbtth `he lc tltbeh bddhrkmetbth bddhrkmetbt h dmetrh dl cul, Juedbclel. hclh dl Pbtureh. C'uhkh dl `hehs`mezb, bttrbvmrsh cb runlgl`bzlhem, dlvmetmrá ue uhkh dl phtmrm.

@hkpcmtbtb cb runlgl`bzlhem, tutth æ b phsth, lc glch dmc rbshlh ch smpbrb dbcc'mssmrm Dlh, glch `fm le qumsth khkmeth dlvmetb lkkmesltá m legleltá dl tmkph. Ehe nbstb bvmr trb``lbth lc khdmcch, dmvm be`hrb prmedmrm vltb. @'æ smkprm ueb khctlpcl`bzlhem db rmbclzzbrm. Rumsth æ lc khtlvh pmr `ul ue uhkh `fm æ dlvmetbth ue nhddlsbfvb rlglutb dl b``mdmrm bc irbdh dl Nuddfb pmr prmedmrm lc suh vl`leh `hkm tmrrmeh, pmr dlsshcvmrsl `he cul m rl`hstrulrsl `he cul `hkm ueb plmtrb. Pbrmnnm leutlcm pmesbrm `fm nbstmrmnnm, pmr lc suh phtmrm, trbsghrkbrch le hrh, ch sl rmstltulrmnnm bc kbsslkh bcch stbdlh dl Cu`lgmrh prlkb dmccb `bdutb `fm ehe sbrmnnm, b cueih bedbrm, dl bc`ue bluth b cul.

Gle`fì ue ukbeh ehe fb, bccb glem dmccb sub rl`mr`b, kmssh le dls`usslhem lc rlsuctbth b`qulslth pmr `hrrmrm lc rls`flh dl dlsshcvmrsl m rl`hstltulrsl `he ue mssmrm ghedbkmetbckmetm clnmrh, ehe fb iubdbiebth euccb. @hkm ueb plmtrb, sbrmnnm shch ue gbcsh prhgmtb, lkprhduttlvh, `fm iuldb `he c'msmkplh m ehe ch prbtl`b.

 

Ruledl cb rhsb cbs`lb shch lc `rhilhch pmr trhvbrm ueb `rh`m. Khdh sb`mrdhtbcm? Cu`lgmrh smezb Pbtbeb

Eml khdl bs`luttl m nbiebtl, Cu`lgmrh fb pmrsh cb kmkhrlb `he ch skmrbcdh. Æ ch stmssh rl`hrdh `fm Imsü le`brebedh @rlsth trhvþ emcc'betl`b Fmclhphcls.   Pl puþ shiebrm dl "shiebrm, ehe æ qumsth ue khdh dl `rmbrm8" b ue'ukbeltá `fm sbrmnnm bedbtb vlb vlb sprhghedbedh eml vmcl smkprm plü dmesl dmccb `rmbzlhem smezb pmrdmrm cb kmkhrlb (ch skmrbcdh ehe sl sbrmnnm kbl smpbrbth db Cu`lgmrh). Rumsth mssmrm sbrmnnm stbth rmbclzzbth `hkm ue tltbeh smezb pbssbrm bttrbvmrsh su``msslvm le`brebzlhel (Cu`lgmrh ehe sbrmnnm dlvmetbth Pbtbeb), kb vlvmedh ueb vltb cueib, khcth cueib smezb dhrklrm m smezb dlkmetl`brm, dlkmetl`brm , rmttlgl`bedh lc suh `hrph kmetrm bttrbvmrsbvb cm sum mspmrlmezm, Dmvheh mssmr`l tbcl dls`lpclem ukbelstl`fm le tutth lc `hskh. Ruledl cb `bdutb ehe sbrmnnm c'bgghedbkmeth emccb kbtmrlb kb c'hnclh, cb smpbrbzlhem dbccb `hrheb d'hrh m dbcc'hclh dl sbcm. Pmezb dunnlh æ be`fm em`mssbrlh spmrlkmetbrm hiel `hsb, `hehs`mrcb m dlkmetl`brcb, pmr`fì ehe `l puþ mssmrm Dlh sm prlkb ehe `'æ stbth lc euccb.  

Qmrtbeth, c'hpmrbthrm `bpb`m dl `hkplmrm lc vhch sb`mrdhtbcm æ `hcul `fm, le qumstb vltb h le ue'bctrb, fb spmrlkmetbth plmebkmetm cm vlm ukldm h brldm `fm pbssbeh bttrbvmrsh c'hnclh.

Cb vmrltá æ `fm cb rl`rmbzlhem dmccb plmtrb `hrrlsphedm bccb ghcclb b ueb rmbclzzbzlhem m bd ue'lelzlbzlhem, cb plmtrb trbskutb shch bc suh clvmcch `fm æ qumcch dmc kl`rh`hskh. Rumsth `hkpcmtbth dbc prh`mssh b ukldh hb sm``h, rmstb db letrbprmedmrm cb gbnnrl`bzlhem dl ueb plmtrb b clvmcch dmc kb`rh`hskh, cb kbtmrlb prlkb mssmedh c'hpmrbthrm stmssh dlvmeuth rm-

sb`mrdhtm, (.Wmc`Blsìdm`B) qumsth æ le irbdh dl gbrm ueb plmtrb le lc kl`rh`hskh sm`hedh lc khdh sb`mrdhtbcm. Le `he`cuslhem, lelzlbkh b kmdltbrm su qumsth ukbeh `fm lkpbrb db ue dlh (`fm

ehe æ `he bctrh sm stmssh), b ilh`brm b`fm s`b``fl m `fm, bccb glem, `hedu`m lc mrh ilh`h lc`fm `hkputmr plü pmrgmzlhebth sl phssb lkkbilebrm? c'let uelvmrsh . Bccb glem dmc cueih `hknbttlkmeth, `hetmkpcb l dum rm m cm dum

rmilem gb``lb b gb``lb shch pmr rmedmrsl `heth `fm cul æ qumsth ilh`h, c'uelvmrsh m Dlh bcch stmssh tmkph. EHLMP JH FB `he J phtbsslh h Jbcluk (@he lc eukmrh bthkl`h shstltulth m cb kbssb bthkl`b h khcbrm `hkm ledl`m) 2< JL >6 >7 jhf ; Z2 æ tmetbth dl stbnlclrm ueb `mrtb `heemsslhem trb jh fm rm   0< 27 2 =7 rr m cm kbssm khcm`hcbrl sheh cm stmssm. ]eb `hegmrkb? lc gbtth `fm lc sbcm slb pbrbihebth bccb spbdb dmicl beimcl h slb `flbkbth b`å`r. 

Pbrmnnm stbth be`hrb plü bppbibetm pmr cb kmetm sm lc eukmrh dl prhthel ghssm ch stmssh le metrbknl l `bsl, purtrhpph cb phtbssb em fb > le plü dmc gmrrh (>6 `hetrh >7), k

Lc `hrph `he >6 prhthel æ el`fmc El =  Rumst'uctlkh æ khcth rbrh? c'2% dmc thtbcm, kb qumsth æ qumcch `fm httmelbkh,   2< 2<

+ 0 prhthel ;5 rl`hrdb `fm cb phtbssb lelzlbcm æ mssmezlbckmetm   > " =7 Pm `hesldmrlbkh cb phtbssb httmeutb dhph cb prmpbrbzlhem, bnnlbkh? `chrurh dl phtbsslh (euhvh). @fm `hrrlsphedm msbttbkmetm msbttbkmetm b ;5 EL =< =< ]eb kmetm `rltl`b gbrmnnm ehtbrm `fm cb kbssb bthkl`b `flbkbtb `hnbcth (=6,) æ plü vl`leb bcc'lshcb =< rlspmtth b qumccb dmc el`fmc (=6,7