Modelos de Negocios de La Economía Digital

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK

28-;;-242;

Cifhois fh lh`ingis hl ok hnilicãk fg`gtko Ckthrgk== Chrn Ckthrgk Chrnkfithnl kfithnlgk gk Ho Hohntr hntrþlgnk þlgnk Finhlth= Ckr`krgti K`ugokr Ukr`ks 2´ Rhpirth Nrhkfi pir= Rifrã`uhz Ckhfk Risschry ^kltkckrgk Eoirhs Ohyfy Fgklk ^kltkckrgk Ugookluhvk Ugoo kluhvk Hsokvk @ukfkouph @ukfkouph  K`u  K` ugogokr kr Bkrrhti Mir`h Fklgho Fklgho 0´ ^hchstrh @rupi ;

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK Ãlfgnh  GLVRIFXNNGGÞ L ............. GLVRIFXNN ........................... ............................... ............................... .............................. ............................... ................................ ............................... ............................2 ..............2  2.; GLVRIFXNN GLVRIFXNNGGÞ L K OI^ CIFH OI^ F FH H LH@IN GI^ ............................. .............................................. ............................... .......................> .........>  2.2 

NOK^GEGNKNGÞL FH OI^ CIFHOI^ FH LH@INGI^...............................................................>  ;. Cifhoi Cuotgnic Cuotgnicpilhlth pilhlth .............. ............................. ............................... ............................... ............................... .............................. ................................ ....................> ..>  2. Cifhoi O Oãfhr ãfhr fh c chrnkf hrnkfi i .............. ............................ .............................. ............................... ................................ ............................... ............................... ...................> ..>  >. Cifhoi Nhbi Nh bi y Kl Klzuh zuhoi oi (Bkgt & jiia) .............. ............................ ............................... ................................ ............................... .............................6 .............6  6. Cifhoi f fh hl lh`ingi h`ingi Erhhcg Erhhcguc uc ..................... ...................................... ............................... ............................... ................................ ............................... ..................6 ..6  8. Cifhoi H yhsbkoos yhsbkoos............... ............................. ............................... ............................... .............................. ............................... ................................ ............................... ...............6 .6  5. Cifhoi f fh h Tr Trifun ifuntis tis Ug Ugrtu rtukohs kohs .................... ..................................... ................................ ............................... .............................. ............................... ...................6 ..6  0. Cifhoi Krthskli Krthskli............. ........................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ..................6 ....6  :. Cifhoi f fh hl lh`ingi h`ingi fh kegogkngþ kegogkngþl l ....................... ........................................ ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................6 ..............6  7. Cifhoi f fh hl lh`ingi h`ingi fh sus susnr nrgpngþl gpngþl ...................... ....................................... ............................... ............................... ............................... .........................6 ...........6 

;4. Cifhoi T Thhr hhr tti i Th Thhr hr ............................. ............................................. .............................. ............................... ................................ ............................... ........................6 ........6  2.2.; LH@INGI^ K LH@INGI (B2B, BX^GLH^^ VI BX^GLH^^). .....................................................8  2.2.2 LH@INGI^ K NOGHLVH^ (B2N, BX^GLH^^ VI NX^VICHR^). ...............................................8  2. 2. > LH@INGI K @IBGHRLI (B2@, BX^GLH^^ VI @IUHRLCHLV) ...........................................5   2.6 VH VHLFHLN LFHLNGK GK^ ^ KNVXKOH^ .............. ............................ ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................... ......................0 .....0  NILNOX^GÞL.................... NILNOX^GÞ L.................................... ............................... ................................ ............................... ............................... ............................... ............................ ..........................: ............: 

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK

GLVRIFXNNGÞL Jiy hl fãk ko jkbokr fh lh`ingis fg`gtkohs, hs jkbokr fh nichrngi `oibko. Hsth hs ho prgchr pulti gcpirtklth. Ok hcprhsk fg`gtko jk fh thlhr ul pulti fh vgstk `oibko h gcpokltkr ois prinhsis fg`gtkohs hl sus s us hstrkth`g hstrkth`gks ks hcprhskrgko hcprhskrgkohs. hs. Xlk vhz fheglgfi hsi, ul cifhoi fh lh`ingi fh Hnilicãk Fg`gtko fhbh shr nkpkz fh phlskr fh ulk eirck `oibko (fgshûklfi prifuntis y shrvgngis `oibkohs, hstrkth`gks fh ckrahtgl` `oibkohs, htn.) kntukr oinkochlth (kfkptklfi i oinkogzklfi ois prifuntis, hstrkth`gks fh ckrahtgl`, htn.) y trkbkmkr fh ulk eirck fg`gtko, kprivhnjklfi oks hlirchs vhltkmks fh oks luhvks thnlioi`ãks. Xli fh ois pribohcks nil quh sh hlnuhltrkl oks hcprhsks rhehrhlths k quç thnlioi`ãk shohnngilkr, hs ok ekotk fh rhehrhlngks nokrks fh hcprhsks nil hxphrghlngk pribkfk hl ok gcpokltkngþl fh prinhsis y thnlioi`ãks. Ho pokl fh lh`ingi fhbhrãk fheglgr quç poktkeirck thnlioþ`gnk lhnhsgtkrhcis y quç hstrkth`gk fh h-busglhss kpognkrhcis. Hl fheglgtgvk, thlhcis quh fheglgr= nuko shrë ho ibmhti, ibmhtgvis, cgsgþl, vgsgþl fh ok hcprhsk ko quh qughrh konklzkr, kfhcës sh fhbh fh fheglgr quh hstrkth`gks sh gcpohchltkrkl, nici sh oohvkrkl k nkbi, k quh tghcpi sh gcpokltkrë sg k nirti, chfgkli y okr`i pokzi, quh chfgis, cçtifis, tëntgnks sh utgogzkrk, quh ekntirhs gleougrël, quh rhnursis sh lhnhsgtkrk, quh eircks shrël cës nilvhlghlths pkrk jknhr lh`ingi, hltrh itrks. Jiy hl fãk nuklfi sh jkbok fh oks luhvks hnilicãks i hnilicãks fg`gtkohs, li sþoi sh jkbok fh oks"stkrt-ups" i "purh pokyhrs", sgli quh jkbokcis tkcbgçl fh oks hcprhsks trkfgngilkohs quh sh kfkptkl k hstk luhvk eirck fh jknhr lh`ingis. - ^tkrt-ups. Hcprhsks quh sh jkl nrhkfi hl ok hrk Glthrlht. -Turh Tokyhrs. Hcprhsks quh sþoi iphrkl nil bgts. Ho hbusglhss hs ulk luhvk eirck fh jknhr lh`ingis quh puhfh nilvhrtgrsh hl ulk vhltkmk nicphtgtgvk pkrk ulk hcprhsk hl ho chrnkfi `oibko sg skbh fgshûkr ulk hstrkth`gk fh h-busglhss knirfh nil su hstrkth`gk fh glthrlkngilkogzkngþl. Hl cunjis nksis hstk ekotk fh hstrkth`gks luhvk h gllivkfirks puhfh nilvhrtgrsh hl ulk kchlkzk i ulk fhbgogfkf pkrk ok pripgk hcprhsk, fklfi nici nilshnuhlngk ok fgscglungþl fh ok rhltkbgogfkf y vhltks, ho kuchlti pri`rhsgvi fh ois nistis y `ksti, hltrh cun cunjks jks cës quh kehntkrk fgrhntkc fgrhntkchlth hlth k thlhr ulk nicphtgtgvgfkf fhltri fho chrnkfi. Tir hsi hs fh `rkl gcpirtklngk fheglgr hxkntkchlth ho cifhoi fh lh`ingi k kpognkr (B2B, B2N,htn.) y sibrh tifi skbhr glth`rkroi nil luhstrk hstrkth`gk. Lkfgh tghlh ulk sh`urgfkf kbsioutk hl Glthrlht, tklti ois privhhfirhs nici ois nicprkfirhs tghlhl ul rghs`i, sgl hcbkr`i, ok thnlioi`ãk ierhnh chfgis fh trklsknngilhs nkfk vhz cës sh`uris. Oks tçnlgnks fh hlnrgptkngþl fh fktis puhfhl nilvhrtgr ko nichrngi hohntrþlgni hl cës sh`uri quh ho nichrngi trkfgngilko bkskfi hl tkrmhtks fh nrçfgti. Nuklfi sh rhkogzk ulk trklsknngþl pir Glthrlht y sh hlvãkl ois fktis phrsilkohs (licbrh, fgrhnngþl, lýchri fh tkrmhtk fh nrçfgti, htn.) fhbhrãkcis poklthkrlis sg puhfhl shr glthrnhptkfis furklth ok trklscgsgþl (hltrh nicprkfir y vhlfhfir) pir ko`ughl quh li shk ho vhlfhfir, hl ok nuko sh pifrãk supokltkr luhstrk gfhltgfkf, G`ukochlth ho vhlfhfir qughrh ksh`urkrsh fh quh ois fktis quh rhngbh sil vhrfkfhris, hs fhngr, lhnhsgtk skbhr quh ho nicprkfir hs qughl fgnh shr. Hs pir hstks rkzilhs quh sh jkl fhskrriookfi ois sgsthcks fh trklsknngilhs sh`urks. Ok egrck fg`gtko li hs cës quh ul tgpi fh hlnrgptkngþl, hl ok nuko sh rhkogzk ul niltrio sibrh ho eoumi fh gleirckngþl (pir hmhcpoi, fh ul niltrkti, fh ul lýchri fh tkrmhtk fh nrçfgti, htn.)

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK

2.; GLVRIFXNNGÞL K OI^ CIFHOI^ FH LH@INGI^  Kntukochlt  Kntukochlth h ho nilnhpti fh cifhoi cifhoiss fh lh` lh`ingis ingis hs uli fh ois nilnhptis cës pip pipuok uokrhs rhs hltrh hcprhsk i lh`ingis, phri hsth nilnhpti tuvh sus irã`hlhs k chfgkfis fho sg`oi pkskfi fh ok ckli fh Ththr Frgna, kprixgckfkchlth hl ho kûi fh ;786. K chfgfk quh k pkskfi ois kûis, hsth nilnhpti fh cifhois fh lh`ingis jk thlgfi vkrgks cifgegnkngilhs, hl ok nuko jiy hl fãk sh nilinh nici kquhook jhrrkcghltk hcprhskrgko quh kyufk k tifk hcprhsk k poklgegnkr quç hs oi quh vk k pkskr nil ho lh`ingi, ksgc ksgcgsc gsci i quh sh prhthlfh oohvk oohvkrr k nkbi, ttkcbgçl kcbgçl hstk jhrrkcghltk phrcgth ok fhsn fhsnrgpngþl rgpngþl y noks noksgegnkngþl gegnkngþl fh ois lh`ingis i gfhk gfhkss hcprhlfhfirks hcpr hlfhfirks y hl quç nilthxti hstk ok hcprhsk. hcprhs k. Hl itrks pkokbrks, fhsnrgbhl ho vkoir fh ulk hcprhsk quh ierhnh k sus noghlths y rhprhshltk oks nkpkngfkfhs fh hstk.

2.2NOK^GEGNKNGÞL FH OI^ CIFHOI^ FH LH@INGI^ Tir oi `hlhrko, ul cifhoi fh lh`ingis gfhko nicprhlfh fh nuktri ksphntis nokvh oks nukohs sil ho noghlth, yk quh sh rhqughrh skbhr quç hs oi quh rhqughrh, pkrk nuklfi, nici, y kfhcës k qughl hstkrë fgrg`gfi fgnji prifunti, hs fhngr k quh chrnkfi chtk sh gltrifungrë ok hcprhsk su prifunti, kfhcës hsti kyufkrk k rhsiovhr ho pribohck rhko i ho cës erhnuhlth fhltri fh ois noghlths, itri ksphnti hs sibrh ho prifunti, hsti nil ok eglkogfkf fh quh prifunti i shrvgngi rhqughrh ho nilsucgfir pkrk pifhr nubrgr sus lhnhsgfkfhs i fhshis, ho sg`ughlth ksphnti hs ok glerkhstrunturk, puhsti quh hsti eirck eirc k pkrth hl ook k quh sh privhh h hoo prifunti1 y ho nukrti y ý ýotgci otgci ksphn ksphnti ti sil oks eglklzks, pirquh hsth hs ok eirck hl ok quh ok hcprhsk ibtg ibtghlh hlh gl`rhsis y nuëohs sil ois nis nistis tis glviounrkfis. glviounrkfis. Nkbh chlngilkr quh jiy pir jiy hxgsthl ulk `rkl vkrghfkf fh cifhois fh lh`ingis, ko`ulis fh hstis sil=

;. Cifhoi Cuotgnicpilhlth Hsth cifhoi sh bksk hl vhlfhr ul cgsci prifunti ko noghlth phri hl fgehrhlths ou`krhs (hstkfis, culgngpgis, pkãshs) culfi, kfhcës pir hstis prifuntis sil vhlfgfis fgstgltis prhngis prhshltkngilhs. Hsth fho cifhoi sh fgehrhlngk ois fhcës cifhois, yk quh hlhl hsth ok hcprhsk sg`uhy ierhnghlfi ierhnghl fi ho cgsci cgsc i pri prifunti funti k sus nilsucgfirhs.

2. Cifhoi Oãfhr fh chrnkfi Hsth cifhoi sh rhokngilk cës k ulk hstrkth`gk, yk quh pkrk hsth cifhoi, ok hcprhsk fhbh fh gcpohchltkr ko chrnkfi luhvks luhvks lhnhsgfkfhs i fhshis quh ho noghlth li skbã skbãk k quh thlã thlãk, k, pk pkrk rk hs hsti ti sh fhbhl fh nrhkr luhvi h gllivkfirhs prifuntis, fh ois nukohs hstël, knicpkûkfis fh prhngis hohvkfis, phri nil ul vkoir ckyir pkrk ois nilsucgfirhs. Tkrk quh ok hcprhsk puhfk shr ul oãfhr hl ho chrnkfi i sg`k sgçlfioi, fhbh fh gcpohchltkr nilstklthchlth hstrkth`gks nicphtgtgvks, phri hstks hstrkth`gks fhbh fh klkogzkfks nugfkfiskchlth, pkrk skbhr sg gcpohchltkroks k nirti, chfgkli i okr`i pokzi.

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK >. Cifhoi Nhbi y Klzuhoi (Bkgt & jiia) Ho cifhoi nhbi y klzuhoi sh bksk hl vhlfhr ul prifunti nil ul prhngi bkmi jkstk ooh`kr ko oãcgth fh oks pçrfgfks (nhbi) pkrk ekvirhnhr ok nicprk fh itri prifunti i shrvgngi quh sh kfqughrhl fh eirck rhphtgtgvk (klzuhoi).

6. Cifhoi fh lh`ingi Erhhcguc Ho cifhoi Erhhcguc nilsgsth hl quh ok hcprhsk brglfh k sus nilsucgfirhs su prifunti i shrvgngi hl ul tghcpi fhthrcglkfi fh cklhrk `rktug `rktugtk, tk, pkrk quh ho noghlth niliz niliznk, nk, klkognh ho prif prifunti, unti, nuklfi eglkognh hsth phrgifi, ho nilsucgfir pifrë sh`ugr hxpoirklfi y nilinghlfi, nuklfi hsth pk`uh ok vhrsgþl Trhcguc i fh pk`i, ko`ulis hmhcpois cuy nokris sil Lhteogx, spityey, htn. 8. Cifhoi Hyhsbkoos Hl hsth cifhoi sh bksk hl quh ois usukrgis shkl ktrkãfis pir ok hcprhsk k nilsucgr su prifunti, chfgklth sus chfgis fg`gtkohs nici pë`glks whbs, kpognkngilhs, y rhfhs singkohs, chfgklth nilthlgfis nrhktgvis h gleircktgvis fh ois prifuntis. Cifh 5. Cifhoi oi fhnici Tr ifuntis Trif untis Ugr tukohs Ugrtukohs Hsth cifhoi su licbrh oi fgnh, ierhnh k sus noghlths prifuntis vgrtukohs, hs fhngr quh prifunti li shrë fh cklhrk eãeãsgn sgnk, k, jiy h hl l fãk fãk lirc lirckochlth kochlth sh vhlf vhlfh h hstis prifuntis hl eircktis TFE, TL@ TL@,, vgfhi, thxti, hltrh itris. 0. Cifhoi Krthskli Ho cifhoi krthskli hs ulis fh ois cifhois nil cës tghcpi fh hxgsthlngk hl ho chrnkfi, yk quh nilsgsth hl fkr ho vkoir hnilþcgni musti k ois prifuntis ýlgnis y nrhktgvis quh ierhnhl oks ir`klgzkngilhs ir`kl gzkngilhs k ssus us noghl noghlths. ths. :. Cifhoi fh lh`ingi fh kegogkngþl Hsth cifhoi nilsgsth hl quh ho nilsucgfir rhko `hlhrh rhnursis hnilþcgnis chfgklth ok vhltk fho cgsci prifunti, hs fhngr quh ho nilsucgfir rhko shk ul glthrchfgkrgi hltrh ok hcprhsk y ho nilsucgfir eglko, ko`ulis hmhcpois quh utgogzkl hsth cifhoi sil KUIL, KLFRHK, JHRBKOGEH, htn.

7. Cifhoi fh lh`ingi fh susnrgpngþl Ho cifhoi fh lh`ingi fh susnrgpngþl nilsgsth hl quh nilsucgfir rhkognh ul pk`i pkrk susnrgbgrsh y ibthlhr ois bhlhegngis pir ul fhthrcglkfi tghcpi quh trkh ho prifunti i shrvgngi. ;4. Cifhoi Thhr ti Thhr Hsth cifhoi hstë bkskfi hl quh ois nicprkfirhs y vhlfhfirhs thl`kl nici glthrchfgkrgi ok utgogzkngþl fhhsth ok cifhoi thnlioi`ãk, pkrk ok ibthlngþl fh ois prifuntis. Hmhcpoi fh hcprhsks quh gcpohchltkl sil chrnkfi ogbrh, y Kckzil.

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK 2.2.; LH@INGI^ K LH@INGI (B2B, BX^GLH^^ VI BX^GLH^^). Hl ckrahtgl` siohcis jkbokr fh cifhois fh lh`ingi B2B pkrk rhehrgrlis k oks rhokngilhs nichrngkohs quh sh prifunhl hltrh hcprhsks, pir hmhcpoi, pkrk ok nicprk i vhltk fh prifuntis, i bghl, pkrk ok prhstkngþl fh ul shrvgngi. ^il hmhcpois fho cifhoi B2B ois sgtgis whb fh tgpi ckrahtpoknh, filfh, pir ul okfi, nghrtks hcprhsks puhfhl hsphngegnkr quç tgpi fh nisks fhshkl kfqugrgr, y pir itri okfi, jky itrks hcprhsks quh puhfhl prhshltkr sus iehrtks. Hl ois cifhois B2B hsphngegnkcis ho tkr`ht k pkrtgr fh nkrknthrãstgnks fh oks hcprhsks nil oks nukohs lis `ustkrãk hstkbohnhr ulk rhokngþl nichrngko. Tir hmhcpoi, k pkrtgr fh su kntgvgfkf, su sgtukngþl `hi`rëegnk, pir ho lýchri fh trkbkmkfirhs, i pir su eknturkngþl. K ok jirk fh glgngkr ulk rhokngþl B2B, fhbhcis tkcbgçl nilsgfhrkr quh, lirckochlth, hstkrël glviounrkfis cýotgpohs kntirhs. Tir hmhcpoi, ul nichrngko puhfh kntukr nici prhsnrgptir rhnichlfklfi k ul fhthrcglkfi privhhfir1 ul mheh fh nicprks puhfh kntukr nici fhngsir, fhngfghlfi nhrrkr i li ho trkti1 y, pir ýotgci, jkbrë ul nilsucgfir quh shrë, hl ýotgci tçrcgli, qughl sh bhlhegngh fho prifunti kfqugrgfi i rhngbk ho shrvgngi prhstkfi. Hl `hlhrko, hl ois cifhois B2B oks fhngsgilhs fh nicprk suhohl shr rkngilkohs y li gcpuosgvks. ^uhohl bkskrsh hl glfgnkfirhs ibmhtgvis, tkohs nici= hsphngegnkngilhs, nisths, jicioi`kngilhs, pokzis, prhngi, nkpkngfkf, i `krkltãk. Nuklfi trkbkmkcis hl pisgngilkcghlti pkrk lh`ingis B2B oks pkokbrks nokvh hl oks quh trktkrhcis fh pisgngilkrlis shrël fgstgltks fh oks quh uskrãkcis sg lis fgrg`gçrkcis k ul noghlth pkrtgnuokr. Hl `hlhrko, ok nicprk B2B sh oohvk k nkbi pir priehsgilkohs quh nilinhl ho shntir y uskl ok cgsck mhr`k tçnlgnk y ho cgsci vinkbuokrgi hsphngkogzkfi. Fhltri fh oks rhfhs singkohs, ois cifhois fh lh`ingi B2B puhfhl pricingilkrsh chmir hl rhfhs singkohs priehsgilkohs nici OglahfGl, i hl rhfhs singkohs vhrtgnkohs pripgks fh nkfk shntir.

2.2.2 LH@INGI^ K NOGHLVH^ (B2N, BX^GLH^^ VI NX^VICHR^). Tkrk nichlzkr B2N hs ulk sg`ok quh sh hcpohk pkrk ok hxprhsgþl ‟Hcprhsk k Noghlth i k Nilsucgfir–. Hsti fhbgfi k su kbrhvgkturk hl gl`oçs. W bghl hsth nilnhpti hs utgogzkfi nuklfi

quhrhcis rhehrgrlis k ulk hstrkth`gk rhkogzkfk pir ulk hcprhsk pkrk ooh`kr k sus noghlths i nilsucgfirhs. W bghl ho B2N trktk fh ok vhltk fh ois prifuntis y/i shrvgngis fh ok hcprhsk k nilsucgfirhs fh k pgh (li hcprhskrgkohs). Hsth tgpi fh h-Busglhss chmirk ho shrvgngi quh sh prhstk k ois noghlths y `hlhrk ipirtulgfkfhs pkrk hohvkr vhltks h gl`rhsis. Nil ulk sioungþl B2N, ok hcprhsk puhfh ierhnhr k sus noghlths ok nicifgfkf fh hehntukr nicprks hl glthrlht, kfhcës fh ktrkhr k luhvk noghlthok. Nkbh chlngilkr quh tkcbgçl sh fheglh nici ho niltrkti nichrngko rhkogzkfi k trkvçs fh glthrlht quh sh ckthrgkogzk nuklfi ul nilsucgfir i pkrtgnuokr vgsgtk ok fgrhnngþl whb fh ulk hcprhsk y sh rhkogzk ulk vhltk. Vkcbgçl, jknh rhehrhlngk k oks vhltks quh sh hstkbohnhl hltrh ulk hcprhsk y ul usukrgi eglko i nilsucgfir nil ho egl fh kfqugrgr ul prifunti i shrvgngi.

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK  Ko`u  Ko`ulks lks fh oks vhltkm vhltkmks ks fho B2N jkngk jkngk ho noghlt noghlth h sil ok okss quh sh chlngilk chlngilkrkl rkl k nnilt iltglu glukngþl= kngþl=   Gleirckngþl leirckn gþl prhngsk fh hstkfi fh nic nicprks. prks.   Nicpkrkn Nicpkrkngþl gþl fh prhngis ë`g ë`goo y rëpgfk.   Tisgbgogfkf fh nils nilsuotk uotk fh gleirckngþl cuy fhtkookfk. fhtkookfk.   Nktëoi`is hoh hohntrþlgn ntrþlgnis, is, vgfhis, ei eiris, ris, htn. F h ois prifuntis y/i shrvgn shrvgngis. gis.   Nicprkr k fgstklngk, sgl lhnhsgfkf fh fhspokzkc fhspokzkcghlti. ghlti.   Nicprks cës hnilþcgnks. 











W ko`ulks fh oks vhltkmks quh ierhnh k ok hcprhsk sil oks sg`ughlths=   Chlir nis nisth th fh glerkhstrun glerkhstrunturk. turk.   Kcirtgzkngþl k nirti pokzi.   Chmirks hl ok `hstgþl fh stinas y fgscglungþl fgscglun gþl fh lgvho lgvhohs hs fh glv glvhltkrgis. hltkrgis.   Ckyir kprivhnjkcghlti fho rhnurs rhnursi i juckli hl ërhk fh nic nicprks. prks.   Hxpklsgþl `hi`rëegnk fh chrn chrnkfi. kfi.   Chmirks hl ok `hstgþl fh nic nicprks prks y prinhs prinhsi i fh vhltks. 











Xl nokri hmhcpoi fh hstk hs Kckzil, yk quh lis ierhnh ulk `rkl vkrghfkf fh prifuntis k prhngis cks knnhsgbohs quh hl ko`ulks tghlfks fhpkrtkchltkohs, y ko fkrlis ok nicifgfkf fh pifhr kfqugrgrois fhsfh luhstrks nksks jknh quh sus vhltks kuchlthl nkfk vhz cks y fh g`uko eirck quh sus noghlths tkcbgçl vkykl kuchltklfi.

@IU HRLCHLV) 2. 2. > LH@INGI K @IBGHRLI (B2@, BX^GLH^^ VI @IUHRLCHLV) Nilsgsth hl iptgcgzkr ois prinhsis fh lh`ingkngþl hltrh hcprhsks y ho `ibghrli k trkvçs fho usi fh glthrlht. Thrcgth hstkbohnhr rhokngilhs nichrngkohs i oh`kohs nil oks hltgfkfhs `ubhrlkchltkohs, sucglgstrkr prifuntis y shrvgngis k ois ois `ibgh `ibghrlis. rlis. Nkrknthrãstgnks=

  Tulti fh hltrkfk ýlgni jkngk ho @ibg @ibghrli, hrli, oi quh gcpognk quh ho pirtko fh @ibg @ibghrli hrli iegngk nic nici i



ulk puhrtk fh hltrkfk nicýl k tifis ois shrvgngis pýbognis.   Eini hl h hoo noghlth, quh gcpognk nilinhr ssus us lhnhsgfkfhs lhnhs gfkfhs y trkbkmkr h hl l eulngþl fh h hooks ooks pkrk brglfkroh ul shrvgngi glth`rko.   Nrhkn Nrhkngþl gþl fh ul chrnkfi chrn kfi fh glthrnkcbgi ýlgni ýlgni quh nirr nirrhspilfh hspilfh k ok ulgegnkngþl fh oks nicprks fh ois fgehrhlths þr`klis fho Hstkfi pkrk oi`rkr ul cklhmi cës hegnghlth y trklspkrhlth.





Uhltkmks Uhltk mks fh @ivhrchlt ti busglh busglhss ss @2B.

  Xlk ckyir thnlgegnkn thnlgegnkngþl gþl fh ok hcprhs hcprhsk k    Chmirk fh ok prhstkn prhstkngþl gþl fh shrvgn shrvgngis gis k ois ngufkfklis

 

  Ky Kyufk ufk k oks k kfcglgstrkn fcglgstrkngilhs gilhs pýbognks k kjirrkr tghcpi y fglhri   Trinhsis sgcpohs y hstklf hstklfkrgzkfi krgzkfiss





 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK

Fhsvhltkmks fh @ivhrchlt ti busglhss@2B.

  Tuhfh thlhr fgegnuotkfhs hl ok ibthlngþl fh eglklngkcghlti k okr`i pokzi pir nkrhnhr fh bghlhs nici `krkltãks.    Ok hcprhsk hcprhs k f fhphlfh hphlfh fh ulk siok phrsilk, phrsilk, pir tkl tklti, ti, hs chlis c hlis hstkboh y puhfh fgsiovh fgsiovhrs rsh h nil ok cuhrth fho pripghtkrgi   Cghfi k quh ok th thnlioi`ã nlioi`ãk k ssg`lgeg g`lgegquh quh cës trkbkmi, nici nic i pir hmhcpoi, thlhr quh quh rhspilfhr ho nirrhi hohntrþlgni.







2.6 VHLFHLNGK^ KNVXKOH^ Fãk k fã fãk k ho culfi hcprhskr hcprhskrgko gko vk nkfk vhz kfkptël kfkptëlfish fish k luhvks eirc eircks ks fh trkb trkbkmi, kmi, ok GGlthog`h lthog`hlngk lngk  Krtgeg  Krtgegngko ngko nicghlzk k rifhk rifhkrlis rlis hl luh luhstrk strk rutgl rutglk k sgl quh kph kphlks lks ok phrngbk phrngbkcis. cis. Oks cëqug cëquglks lks kprhlfhl niltglukchlth fh ok glthrknngþl nil oks phrsilks nil ho ibmhtgvi fh ierhnhr prifuntis y shrvgngis cës phrsilko phrsilkogzkfis gzkfis y kuti kuticktgzkr cktgzkr nkfk vhz c cës ës ois pri prinhsis nhsis.. Ho Bg` Fktk, i ok nnghl ghlngk ngk fh ois fktis, hs ho shntir quh nrhnh gcpkrkboh y fho quh nkfk vhz sh fhcklfk cës tkohlti hsphngkogzkfi.  K phskr fh qu quh h ok glfustrgk fh ok nicput nicputkngþl kngþl hl ok lubh hs yyk k uli fh oois is sshntirhs hntirhs cës ckfuris hl thnlioi`ãk, ois glvhrsirhs y hcprhskrgis niltglýkl hlniltrklfi luhvks ipirtulgfkfhs hl hsth hspkngi. Rhkogfkf vgrtuko, hstk thnlioi`ãk niltglýk kvklzklfi cës kooë fho sgcpoh hltrhthlgcghlti. ^u usi sh hxtghlfh k ois ëcbgtis hcprhskrgko, hfunktgvi, sklgtkrgi y fhpirtgvi. @rklfhs nicpkûãks thnlioþ`gnks kpuhstkl yk pir ulk vkrghfkf fh hstrkth`gks pkrk gcpohchltkr rhkogfkf kuchltkfk y vgrtuko. Ok ngbhrsh`urgfkf, nil ho ku`h fh ois nybhrktkquhs, oks ërhks lgnji fh sh`urgfkf fg`gtko, nici ok fhehlsk niltrk ois ktkquhs fh gl`hlghrãk singko i ok fhthnngþl fh kchlkzks glthrlks, sil oks prglngpkohs prhinupkngilhs fh ois NHI hl nksg tifks oks glfustrgks, fhsfh ok bklnk jkstk ok oi`ãstgnk.

 

GL GL^VGVXVI ^VGVXVI VHN VHNLIOÞ@GNI LIOÞ@GNI LKNGILK LKNGILKO O FH CÇZG ÇZGNI NI / NKC NKCTX^ TX^ NXKXVOK

NILNOX^GÞL Ois lh`ingis fhbhl hstkr prhpkrkfis pkrk rhspilfhr hl tghcpi vgrtuko oks hxg`hlngks fho chrnkfi. Ois lgvhohs kfcglgstrktgvis y iphrktgvis, fhbhl fh gltrifungrsh k ul tgpi fh nuoturk hcprhskrgko, hl filfh prgch ok hegnkngk nici prifunti fho trkbkmi jirgziltko. Ho Glthrlht, cës quh ul glstruchlti fh niculgnkngþl, sh jk nilvhrtgfi hl ul chfgi pkrk ooh`kr k chrnkfis nil eglhs fh jknhr lh`ingis, yk quh ksã sh fkl k nilinhr ois prifuntis i shrvgngis quh oks hcprhsks i lh`ingis ierhnhl. Oks trklsknngilhs hnilþcgnks pir hsth chfgi, jkl irg`glkfi kfhcës ho qughbrh fh nghrtis pkrkfg`cks fh `hstgþl fh lh`ingis, nici ho fh phlskr quh ooh`kr k chrnkfis hxthrlis hs nistisi1 nil hsth chfgi li sþoi sh puhfh oi`rkr vhlfhr hl chrnkfis huriphis i kergnklis, sgli niltrktkr hsphngkogstks kotkchlth thnlgegnkfis hl hstis pkãshs, pir nghrti, sgl quh çstis sh cuhvkl fh su pkãs fh irg`hl, quh, nici hs ibvgi, kbkrktk ois nistis fh `hstgþl. Hl nilnousgþl ois cifhois fh lh`ingis fh ok hnilicãk fg`gtko sil trhs (B2B, B2H y B2N) y tghlhl nici vhltkmks= rkpgfhz hl ok nicprk, chmir niculgnkngþl, kntgvgfkfhs cës nþcifks. Tisgbgogfkf burinrëtgnk. Rhngbgr ckyirhs chmirhs iehrtks, fhcklfks kntukogzkfks. Chmirk fh ok kcpogkngþl fh ok gleirckngþl hl ois nhltris fh nicphthlngk. Trinhsi cës fgrhnti nil ois noghlths, htn. Ho cës nilingfi hs ho B2N (Fho Lh`ingi ko Noghlth) y uskfi cës erhnuhlth, yk quh hs ho cës nilnrhti puhsti quh hl tifi cifhoi fh lh`ingi sghcprh jkbrë ul nicprkfir y ul vhlfhfir.