Modelo de Monografia

 

XEMWHZQMNFN EFAMBEFD —\HNZB ZXM[ IFDDB–

GFAXD^FN NH NHZHA@B ] AMHEAFQ \BDÃ^MAFQ

HQAXHDF FAFNÍCMAF \ZBGHQMBEFD NH NHZHA@B

FQMIEF^XZF;

Mevhstmifamñe Amhetãgmaf ^HCF;

Hd ^rægmab ^rægmab mdãamtb nh Nrbifs

FX^BZ;

CFZ^MEH[ B]BDF, Kbsí K`be

Dfcjfyhquh, \hrû- ::

 

Nhnmaftbrmf

 

 

Hsth frnub frnub trfjfkb nh mevh mevhstmif stmifamñe amñe sh db nhnmab f cms pfnrhs, pfnrhs, pbr tbnb hd

hsguhrzb , afrmöb , fcbr fcbr , abegmfezf quh quh tmhehe `famf cã pf pfrf rf shiumr chkbrfenb abcb  phrsbef ,he db fafnícmab h methdhatufd ,hsphamfdcheth ,hsphamfdcheth f cm cfnrh quh ch iuãf nhsnh hd amhdb y quh hspmrmtufdcheth ch nf tbnfs dfs vmjrfs pbsmtmvfs pfrf mr pbr hd afcmeb abrrhatb ,dua`fr abe dfs fnvhrsmnfnh fnvhrsmnfnhss nh df vmnf y pbr henh ssfdmr fdmr fnhdfeth pbr cm gfcmdmf quh ch ehahsmtf y dbs quh smhcprh fpbstfrbe he cm phrsbef .  

HD FX^BZ

 

FIZFNHAMCMHE^B;

 

Irfamfs Irfa mfs f cm hx hxahds ahdsbb prbghsbr prbghsbr fd NZ NZ;; A`fv A`fvfrry frry Abrrhf, Abrrhf, Hzhqumh Hzhqumhdd pbr sus sus

heshö hes höfez fezfs fs y abebam abebamcmh cmhetb etbss quh ch fyu fyunfr nfrbe be f rhfdmz rhfdmzfr fr sftmsg sftmsgfat fatbrm brmfch fcheth eth hs hstf tf cbebirfgãf quh ch shrvmræe nh cua`f fyunf he hd trfesaursb nh cm afrrhrf prbghsmbefd y vmnf dfjbrfd, quh fd cmscb tmhcpb db rhfdmah abe cua`b hcphöb y hsguhrzb.

\ æ i m e f : | >:

 

Ãenmah; NHNMAF^BZMF..................... ........................................... ............................................. ............................................ ........................................6 ..................6 FIZFNHAMCMHE^B……………………………………………………………….: MENMAH……………………………………………………………………………….1 ME^ZBNXAAMBE…………………………………………………………………..> AF\M^XDB M; EBAMBEHQ IHEHZFDHQ………………………………………..0

6.6 Nhgmemamñe nh trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs ………………………………………………………………………………………..0 6.: Adfsmgmafamñe nh nrbifs....... nrbifs............................. ............................................ ............................................ ........................................= ..................= 6.1- Emvhdhs he db quh sh prhshetf abcb fchefzf …………………………………66 6.> -Afrfathrãstmafs prmeampfdhs nh dfs ûdtmcfs rhgbrcfs nh df dhimsdfamñe phefd fetmnrbifs phrufef……………………………………………… phrufef……………………………………………………………………67 ……………………67 6.8 -^rægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs tmpb jæsmab......................... jæsmab............................................... ............................................ .......................69 .69 AF\M^XDB MM; CMAZB\ZBNXAAMBE B CMAZBABCHZAMFDM[FAMBE NH NZBIFQ………………………………………………………………………………:6

:.6 -Hvbduamñe dhimsdftmvf…………………………………………… dhimsdftmvf…………………………………………………………..:6 ……………..:6 :.:- Df phquhöf afetmnfn nh cfthrmf prmcf b nrbif prbnuamnf b abchramfdmzfnf…:1. :.1 -Df faamñe tãpmaf………………………………………………………………:> AF\M^XDB MMM; \ZBAHQB \HEFD HE HD ^.M.N……………………………:0

1.6-^mpbs firfvfnbs feædmsms nbicætmab nhd frtãaudb :=9 nhd añnmib phefd……….:0 1.:-dhimsdfambe abcpfrfnf ……………………………………………………….. ..:= ABEADXQMBEHQ........................... ABEADXQMBEHQ..... ............................................. ............................................. ............................................ ...........................18 .....18 FEHPBQ…………………………………………………………………………..19 IDBQFZMB………………………………………………………………………. >6

\ æ i m e f 1 | >:

 

Metrbnuaamñe  

Hstf cbeb cbebirfgãf irfgãf prhth prhthenh enh `fddf `fddfrr y fefd fefdmzfr mzfr hd pbrquí pbrquí nh df prbjdhcæt prbjdhcætmaf maf h

mehg mehgma mamh mhet ethh rhiu rhiudf dfam amñe ñe nh dbs dbs nhdm nhdmtb tbss rh rhdf dftm tmvb vbss fd tr træg ægma mabb md mdãa ãamtb mtb nh nr nrbi bifs fs hs hstæ tæ hsphamfdcheth abenmambefnf pbr uef pbdãtmaf armcmefd quh he hstf cfthrmf sh cuhvh  prmeampfdcheth f emvhd methrefambefd, he adfvh rhprhsmvf, bgrhamhenb hsafsf fdthreftmvfs nh afræathr sbamfd b rh`fjmdmtfnbr f df nrbibnhphenheamf, b fdiuef chnmnf fdthreftmvf nh abetrbd nh prbjdhcf quh eb shf nh afræathr puemtmvb.

 

F abrtb pdfzb eb pfrhah vmsducjrfsh ue afcjmb nh brmhetfamñe he hstf hstrfthimf

rhprhsmvf quh meamnh prmeampfdcheth he dfs adfshs sbamfdhs cfrimefdhs y cæs nh níjmdhs habeñcmafcheth, quh sh vhe fjbafnfs f rhaurrmr fd trægmab f phquhöf hsafdf abcb fdthreftmvf f df pbjrhzf y hd nhshcpdhb, abestmtuyhenb `by he nãf uef pfrth mcpbrtfeth nh df pbjdfamñe phemtheamfrmf, abe dfs abeshauheamfs ehiftmvfs quh hddb tfcjmíe tmheh hd smsthcf phemtheamfrmb. \br db nhcæs, df abcpdhkf y afsuãstmaf rhiudfamñe dhifd nh hstf cfthrmf `f  prbvbafnb uef abpmbsf kurmsprunheamf, f vhahs abetrfnmatbrmf y abenmambefnf pbr dfs  pfrtmaudfrmnfnhs nhd afsb abearhtb, quh fphefs puhnh thehr he auhetf prmeampmbs nbicætmabs jæsmabs abcb df nmstmeamñe hetrh fatb prhpfrftbrmb y thetftmvf, y hetrh hstf y df abesucfamñe nhd nhdmtb? b df nmghrheth irfvhnfn hetrh dfs nmvhrsfs gbrcfs nh futbrãf y df abcpdmamnfn.  

Miufdcheth sh vh bjdmifnf f `fahr abcpdmafnfs abestruaambehs abestruaambehs pfrf hstfjdhahr 

aufenb df pbshsmñe hs pfrf hd abesucb b pfrf hd trægmab, yf quh nh hddb nhphenh quh hd `ha`b shf b eb nhdmatmvb, y tfcjmíe tmheh pfrhamnfs nmgmaudtfnhs pfrf nhthrcmefr df irfvhnfn nh df phef shiûe quh df nrbif abe df quh sh trfgmaf shf b eb he afetmnfn —nh ebtbrmf mcpbrtfeamf–, b pfrf nhthrcmefr df hxmstheamf nh nhthrcmefnfs amrauestfeamfs firfvfeths hsphaãgmafs nh hsth nhdmtb.

\ æ i m e f > | >:

 

 

\frf Fdbesb \höf Afjrhrf, 6 fjbrnfr hd prbjdhcf nhd ^MN nh gbrcf shrmf y

rhspbesfjdh ,nhsjbrnfnf he nhgmemtmvf ue pdfeb hstrmatfcheth nbicætmab ,pfrf phehtrfr  he pdfebs sbambdñimabs ,audturfdhs ,pbdãtmabs y habeñcmabs ? hs quh hd amraumtb nhdmatmvb nh hstf ghebchebdbiãf armcmefd ,ebs nhvhdf ue hsahefrmb nbenh megduyhe methrhshs nh nmvhrs nmv hrsfs fs af afrfa rfathr thrãst ãstmaf mafss (sb (sbamb amb-ha -habeñ beñcma cmabs bs )nh )nhsnh snh dbs af afpbs pbs y /b nmrmih nmrmiheth ethss nh dbs afrthdhs nh df nrbif (brifemzfambehs nhdmatmvfs )`fstf dbs abafdhrbs quh audtmvfe dfs cfthrmfs prmcfs he dfs zbefs zbefs firhsths nh df shrrfeãf shrrfeãf nhd pfãs hs nha nhamr mr hstfcbs he uef rhn armcmefd auyfs nmstmetfs frmstf ,`fahe ,`fahe nh hsth gdfihdb sba sbamfd, mfd, uef prbjdhcætmaf afusfnf afusfnf  pbr tbnb ue hetrfcfnb hetrfcfnb cudtmgfatbrmfd

\frf Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd Zmb:  sbstmheh quh df armcmebdbiãf he dbs pfãshs dftmeb dftmebfch fchrma rmafeb febss pfrf pfrf hd nhdmt nhdmtbb nh træ trægma gmabb mdã mdãamt amtbb nh nrbifs nrbifs?? dbs nbi nbicæt cætmab mabss y dbs dhimsd dhi msdfn fnbrh brhss phe phefdh fdhss db ûem ûemab ab quh `fe `fe `ha `ha`b `b pf pfrf rf fefdmz fefdmzfr, fr, dhi dhimsd msdfr, fr, y nhsarm nhsarmjmr jmr hd nhsf nh sfrr rrbd bddb db nh hsth hsth nh nhdm dmtb tb guh guh sb sbdf dfch chet ethh hx hxtr trfp fpbd bdfr fr db dbss nm nmsa saur ursb sbss pb pbdã dãtm tmab abss y armcmebdñimabs hurbphbs y ebrthfchrmafebs. ebrthfchrmafebs.

 

He afcj afcjmb mb pfrf hd hhspfö spföbd bd Grfe Grfeamsa amsabb Cuöbz Cuöbz Abenh Abenh 1 fgmrcf quh hd ^MN hs

menunfjdhcheth ihehrf uef abetrbvhrsmf he dfs phrsbefs yf quh nhjmnb f df gfdtf nh hcpdhb, jmhehstfr he dbs pfãshs prbvhhnbrhs nh cfthrmfs prmcfs pfrf df gfjrmafamñe nh nrbifs, theife df ehahsmnfn ehahsmnfn nh thehr hstbs tmpbs nh trfjfkbs y cheamñe cheamñe nh df nrbif nhjh shr ue abeahptb ehtfcheth chnmab yf hetrh dbs nhdmtbs nh df sfdun pûjdmaf ,sbe dbs armthrmbs cínmabs y sfemtfrmbs dbs quh nhjhrãfe nhamnmr sbjrh hd æcjmtb nh df prb`mjmamñe nh nma`b prhahptb

 

Hd fpbrth quh sujyfah he hstf mevhstmifamñe abesmnhrb yb quh eb tbnfs df nrbifs he

auhstmñe sbe nh cfdf megduheamf yf quh pfrf sfdvfr df vmnf nh df abcuemnfn ,gfcmdmfrhs  pfrmheths fcmibs thehcbs quh rhaurrmr f amhrtfs nrbifs gfrcfaíutmafs ,quh fyunfe fd 6

 Fdbesb \írhz Afjrhrf prbghsbr nh df cfhstrãf he Amheamfs phefdhs nh df XECQC ] Fdpdfeb he \ueb

: 1

 Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd Zmb afthnræabhe nhnhrha`b nhrha`bphefd phefdhe hedfdfuemvhrsmnfn uemvhrsmnfn\fjdb Fenmef Ausab.  Grfeamsab Cuöbz hs afthnræab nhnhd Bdmvfnh he Hspföf

\ æ i m e f 8 | >:

 

 jmhehstfr y df sfdun nh nma`fs phrsbefs ,phrb hstb qumhrh nhamr quh nhjhe `fahrdb abe cua`f prhafuamñe y prunhethcheth, yf quh dfs ebrcfs sfemtfrmfs, h meadusmvh dfs phefdhs rhiudfe `fstf uef cãemcf afetmnfn nh nrbif pfrf su abesucb, puhstb quh sm eb sh faftf f db quh nmahe dfs dhyhs sh sfeambef f dbs quh vhenhe sme rhabchenf rhabchenfamñe amñe cínmaf y puhnh sfeambefrdh pbr fthetfr abetrf df vmnf, hd auhrpb y df sfdu sfdunn nh dbs amunfnfeb amunfnfebs. s.   Dfs abenmambehs quh tmheh trfjfkb sbe dfs smiumheths; df vbafamñe puhstb quh df rfcf nhd nhrha`b phefd ch cbtmvf, f shiumr mevhstmifenb pfrf pbnhr nhsfrrbddfrch abcb ue vhrnfnhrb prbghsmbefd, fd tmhcpb quh ehahsmth pfrf dbirf ue trfjfkb quh ch `f vmeaudfnf cua`b abe cm hsphamfdmnfn, df nhnmafamñe pbrquh ch iustf hd nhrha`b y dh nhnmab tmhcpb y shrmhnfn f cms dmjrbs quh sbe cm cbtmvfamñe quh sh ch shrvmræe he hd pdfeb fafnícmab y dfjbrfd.

 

Dbs cítb cítbnbs nbs quh `h hcpdhfnb hcpdhfnb he hsth trfjfkb trfjfkb sbe hd `mstñrm `mstñrmab ab pbrquh db `h

nhsfrrbddfnb nh fauhrnb f ue tmhcpb y hspfamb, yf quh dfs ebrcfs he hd \hrû `fe mnb afcjmfnb y pruhjf nh hddb thehcbs nmghrheths sfeambehs pfrf afnf phrsbef ,gueambefrmb  pûjdmab ,sukhtb fatmvb y pfsmvb ?hd cítbnb cítbnb menuat menuatmvb mvb  pbr pbrquh quh `h ju jusaf safnb nb afsbs afsbs hsphaãgmabs pfrf ddhifr f uef he ihehrfd ? hd fefdãtmab pbrquh `h jusafnb df megbrcfamñe cæs mcpbrtfeth pfrf hstunmfrdf he pfrths pfrf su chkbr abcprhesmñe y hstunmb ?hd cítbnb dñimab pbrquh ch `h

jfsfnb he dmjrbs ,megbrcfamñe nh fauhrnb abe df rhfdmnfn y

quh sh puhnhe nhcbstrfr .  

Dfs tíaemafs tíaemafs quh hcpd hcpdhh hh guhrb guhrbee hd  gma`fkh ;yf quh ch phrcmtmñ rhabdhatfr 

megbrcfamñ megbrc famñee pfrf dbs dbs puet puetbs bs cæ cæss mnñeh mnñehbs bs y ph phrtmeh rtmeheths eths nhd nhd sujrfyfnb 

thcf he he nhsfrrbddb nhsfrrbddb ,hd ,hd

quh quh ch fyu fyunb nb f rhab rhabpm pmdf dfrr me megb gbrc rcfa famñ mñee nh sucf sucf mcpb mcpbrt rtfe feam amff pf pfrf rf hd

nhsfrrbddb nhd thcf ,df dhaturf yf quh sme hstf tíaemaf shrãf mcpbsmjdh nhthrcmefr hd thcff he auhs thc auhstmñ tmñee y pbr pbrquh quh ch nf dbs afs afsbs bs nh fa fauhr uhrnb nb f df rhfdmnf rhfdmnfnn y pb pbrr henh henh dbs mestruchetbs quh

utmdmaí guhrbe df `bkfs mcprhsfs hd ahdudfr y hd gbtbabpmfnb quh ch

fyunb f bjthehr y fdcfahefr df megbrcfamñe rhabpmdfnf nhd thcf .

\ æ i m e f 7 | >:

 

 

Dbs bjkhtmvbs bjkhtmvbs f dbs quh `h quhr quhrmnb mnb ddhif ddhifrr sbe dbs smium smiumheth hethss dbs ihehrfdhs ihehrfdhs y

hsphaãgmabs Bjkhtmvb Bjkhtm vb ihehrfd;

Nhcbstrfr quh hd nhdmtb nh trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs hs ue prbjdhcf

y/b fchefzf tfetb he db sbamfd, habeñcmab, kunmamfd, yf quh hs hd hstfnb qumhe tmheh quh abcjftmr hd prbjdhcf nhd ^MN, y quh eb sbdb hs ue prbjdhcf efambefd smeb methrefambefd. Bjkhtmvbs hsphaãgmabs

Nhd afpãtudb M; abcprbjfr quh hd trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbif fthetf abetrf df sfdun pûjdmaf

Nhd afpãtudb MM   ; Nhcbstrfr

quh he tmhcpbs abe abethcpbræehbs thcpbræehbs df cmarb abchramfdmzfamñe abchramfdmzfamñe

`f mnb he abestfeth fvfeah he puetbs hsphaãgmabs tfdhs abcb df phrsbef quh cmirfe nhd afcp afcpbb f df amun amunfn fn (puh (puhjd jdbs bs kñ kñvh vheh ehss ,f ,fsh shet etfc fcmh mhet etbs bs `u `ucf cfeb ebs) s)he he df au aufd fd pb pbrr hd nhshcpdhb ,prbjdhcfs habeñcmabs habeñcmabs ,gfdtf nh pbdãtmafs nh trfjfkb `fe rhaurrmnb f hstb pfrf sfafr gmehs duarftmvbs y thehr cæs pbsmamñe habeñcmaf

Nhd afpãtudb MMM; Nhcbstrfr quh he \hrû y vfrmbs pfãshs dftmebfchrmafebs dfs sfeambehs

quh sh fpdmafe f dfs phrsbefs quh fthetfe df dhy prbvmhehe nh pfãshs hxtrfekhrbs y quh afrhahcbs nh ue smsthcf smsthcf kurãnmab futñebcb y hgmamheth pfrf sf sfeambefr. eambefr.

Ihehrfdhs Afpãtudb M; Ebambehs Ihehrfdhs \ æ i m e f 9 | >:

 

6.- Nhgmemamñe nh trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs;  

 

F df duz nh dfs nmvhrsfs nhadfrfambehs nh df brifemzfamñe cuenmfd nh df sfdun, sh

 puhnh hethenhr pbr nrbif f df sustfeamf efturfd b smetítmaf, auyf abesucfamñe rhphtmnf, he nbsms nmvhrsfs, prbvbaf he dfs phrsbefs; hd nhshb fjrucfnbr b ehahsmnfn nh shiumr  abesucmíenbdf (nhphenheamf psãqumaf), df theheamf f fuchetfr df nbsms (tbdhrfeamf), nhphenheamf gãsmaf u briæemaf nh dbs hghatbs nh df sustfeamf, quh `fah vhrnfnhrfcheth ehahsfrmb su usb prbdbeifnb pfrf hvmtfr hd sãenrbch nh fjstmeheamf. Qhiûe hd kurmstf hspföbd Grfeamsab Cuöbz Abenh hsth abeahptb chnmab hs menunfjdhcheth mcpbrtfeth pfrf hethenhr hethenhr df rhghrheamf f df nrbif he hd frt.170 yf quh fd hstfr smtufnb hetrh dbs nhdmtbs abetrf df sfdun pûjdmaf, sbe dbs armthrmbs cínmabs b sfemtfrmbs dbs quh nhjhrãfe nhamnmr hd æcjmtb nh prb`mjmamñe nh nma`b prhahptb.

Qhiûe hd kurmstf phrufeb Fdbesb Zfûd \höf Afjrhrf Grhyrh nhgmeh f df nrbif abcb fquhddfs sustfeamfs quh prbvbafe uef fnudthrfamñe nhd hstfnb gãsmab y psmabsbamfd y sbe afpfahs nh prbnuamr fnmaamñe .meaduyh eb sbdb dfs sustfeamfs quh pbpudfrcheth sbe abes abesmn mnhr hrfn fnbs bs abcb abcb nrbi nrbifs fs pbr pbr su aben abenma mamñ mñee nh md mdhi hifd fdhs hs ,sme ,smebb tf tfcj cjmí míee nm nmvh vhrs rsbs bs  psmabgærcfabs y sustfeamfs nh abesucb dhifd abcb hd tfjfab ,hd fdab`bd ,b dfs jhjmnfs quh abetmhehe nhrmvfnbs nh df afghãef b df thbgmdmef ,abcb hd afgí b hd tí ,fnhcæs nh sustfeamfs nh usb nbcístmab b menustrmfd ,abcb dbs phifchetbs y dbs nmsbdvheths vbdætmdhs>  He hsth shetmnb pbnhcbs nhgmemr fd ^MN abcb fquhddf fatmvmnfn mdãamtf, quh  prbcuhvh gfvbrhah b gfamdmtf hd abesucb mdhifd nh nrbifs tbxmafs, hstuphgfamheths, hstuphgfamheths, b sustfeamf psmabtrñpmafs, chnmfeth fatbs nh gfjrmafamñe, abchramfdmzfamñe b trægmab nh hstfs sustfeamfs.

6.:; Adfsmgmafamñe

>

 Fdbesb \höf Afjrhrf he su dmjrb dmjrb træab mdãamtb nh nrbifs y nhdmtbs abehxbs pfi :7=

\ æ i m e f 0 | >:

 

 

Df adfsmgmafamñe `f mnb hvbduambefenb hvbduambefenb abe hd tmhcpb, pfrf uef chkbr abcprhesmñe

 pbr hddb prhshetb nma`f nma`f hvbduamñe, hvbduamñe, nfnf pbr su brmi brmihe, he, gbrcfs nh usb, usb, hghatbs sbj sbjrh rh hd QEA y pbr su smtufamñe kurãnmaf. \br su brmihe; F ‑Nrbifs efturfdhs; Qbe fquhddfs quh

sh rhabihe nmrhatfcheth nh df efturfdhzf

 pfrf shr abesucmnfs pbr hd menmvmnub, abcb df cfrm`ufef y sus nhrmvfnbs, chzafdmef, bpmb a`fcmab8. Db efturfd `fah rhghrheamf f quh hd prmeampmb fatmvb nh df nrbif hstf  prhsheth he df cfthrmf vhihtfd (fcfpbdf, `bkf nh abaf, uvf, tfjfab) hta. sh hxtrfhe nh  prbahnmcmhetbs quãcmabs chnmfeth tíaemafs abcb df ghrchetfamñe —hspbetfehf —hspbetfehf —b pbr  tíae tíaema mafs fs gãsm gãsmaf afss abcb abcb df —nhs —nhstm tmdf dfam amñe ñe —p —pfr frff bj bjth theh ehrr ht htfe febd bd b df ab abcj cjme mefa famñ mñee nh  prbahnmcmhetbs gãsmabs gãsmabs y quãcmabs pfrf pfrf df bjtheamñe nnhh df \JA ] adbr`mnrf adbr`mnrftb tb nh abafãef  

J- Nrbifs shcmsmetítmafs shcmsmetítmafs;

sbe bjthemnfs pbr sãethsms pframfd .Meadusb, hd fmsdfcmhetb nh amhrtbs fdafdbmnhs `fah pbsmjdhs hghatbs cæs pbtheths he dfs nrbifs; `hrbãef, juphrebrgmef ,dhubrgfebd ,nm`mnrbabnhmef .  

A-Nrbifs smetítmafs;  sbe

fquhddfs sustfeamfs prbnuamnfs b hdfjbrfnfs sbdb he

dfjbrftbrmb, abcb dbs jfrjmtûrmabs, chphrmnmef, ghamadmnmef, chtfnbef

\br su gbrcf nh usb;

 

F ‑Nrbifs sbamfdhs ;

Qbe sustfeamfs auyb abesucb hs fahptfnb pbr hd hetbreb

sbamfd. Hs nhamr, hstæe vmeaudfnfs abe dfs abstucjrhs nh uef pbjdfamñe b ue shichetb sbamfd .\frf euhstrf rhfdmnfn, sbe dfs smiumheths; .Fdab`bd htãdmab; Hs hd nhprhsbr nh cfybr abesucb hs euhstrb pfãs. .^fjfab; Hs hd hstmcudfeth nh cfybr abesucb he hd cuenb abetmheh fnhcæs nh

emabtmef, sustfeamfs quãcmafs tbxmafs y afeahrãihef afeahrãihefss (jhezbpmrhebs, fdqumtræe, hta.)

8

 Fdbesb \höf :96 Afjrhrf pi. (:7=`fstf ) adfsmaf f dfs nrbifs he nmghrheths fsphatbs he su dmjrb nh træab nh nrbifs he df

\ æ i m e f = | >:

 

. Afgí; Abetmheh afghãef, sustfeamf quãcmaf abesmnhrfnf abcb hstmcudfeth. Hd fjusb nh

hstff sustf hst sustfea eamf mf prb prbnu nuah ah hxa hxamtf mtfjmd jmdmnf mnfnn (hs (hstmc tmcudf udfamñ amñe) e) nh dfs vãfs vãfs nhd smsthc smsthcff eh ehrvm rvmbb ahetrfd)

 

J-Nrbifs gbdadñrmafs  ;Qbe

sustfeamfs auyb usb gbrcf pfrth nhd dhifnb audturfd

.cua`fs nh hddfs hstæe fsbamfnbs f ue usb nh brmihe cãstmab ,hs nhamr ,rhdmimbsb ,utmdmzfnb  pbr dbs feahstrbs he gbrcf abetmeuf ,nh tfd gbrcf quh he df fatufdmnfn fdiuebs irupbs sbamfd sba mfdhs hs dfs cfe cfetmh tmhehe ehe he ah ahdhj dhjrfa rfambe mbehs hs trfnma trfnmambe mbefdh fdhss ,me ,meadu adusmv smvhh he ahrhcb ahrhcbemf emfss nh —aurfamñe —pfrf amhrtfs heghrchnfnhs b trfstbrebs nh phrsbefdmnfn .Fyf`ufsaf .Qfcphnrb .@beibs fduameñiheb fduameñihebss A-Nrbifs thrfpíutmafs ; Qbe fquhddfs sustfeamfs nh usb cínmab dhifd, hs nhamr,

dfs dfs qu quhh sh vh vhen enhe he he gfrc gfrcfa famf mfs, s, su hx hxph phen enmb mb he fd fdiu iueb ebss af afsb sbss hs hstæ tæ su sukh khtb tb f rhidfchetfamñe,, abcb pbr hkhcpdb; rhidfchetfamñe .Wfdmuc . Dmjrmuc

 

N-Qustfeamfs bjkhtb nh fjusb ;

Hstfs tmheh he pfrtmaudfr df afrfathrãstmaf nh quh

eb tmhehe ue usb thrfpíutmab tfcpbab sbe dhifdmzfnfs. .Cfrm`ufef .\JA .@hrbãef H-Qustfeamfs me`fdfeths ; Qbe cfthrmfs vbdætmdhs

quh puhnhe shr abesucmnfs pbr 

hd brifemscb `ucfeb chnmfeth df me`fdfamñe. Hstfs sustfeamfs sbe nmsbdvheths nh usb menustrmfd .Fquã thehcbs prmeampfdcheth f dbs nhrmvfnbs nhd phtrñdhb, abcb; phifchetb \ æ i m e f 6< | >:

 

menustrmfd (thrbofd ,phifsfe ,hta ,tmehr ,jheamef ,hetrh dbs cæs abebamnbs he euhstrb chnmb .

\br su smtufamñe kurãnmaf;

 

F;Nrbifs dhifdhs ;Hxmsth uef phrcmsmvmnfn pbr df dhy y eb `fy prb`mjmamñe pfrf su

abesucb ,pbr tfetb , df sbamhnfn dfs utmdmzf ,fsã thehcbs feghtfcmefs ,fdab`bd ,tfjfab ,afgí ,dfxfeths ,vmtfcmefs ,fetmjmñtmabs ,fefdiísmabs J-Nrbifs mdhifdhs; Qbe fquhddfs prb`mjmnfs pbr df dhy tbtfdcheth nfömefs pfrf hd brife bri femsc mscbb `uc `ucfeb feb;; ab abafã afãef ef y su suss cbnfdm cbnfdmnf nfnhs nhs nh prhsh prhshetf etfamñ amñe, e, cfrm`u cfrm`ufef fef y sus sus nhrmvfnbs, bpmb, `hrbãef

6.1Emvhdhs he dbs quh sh hxprhsf abcb fchefzf 7

 

Hd trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs abestmtuyh uef fchefzf f df shiurmnfn efambefd y idbjfd

nh dbs dbs Hs Hstf tfnb nbs, s, he tfet tfetbb abea abeaur urrh rhee dbs dbs nb nbss hd hdhc hche hetb tbss pf pfrf rf he heth then enhr hr qu quhh hd hddf df sh abegmiurf; nh ue dfnb, df vbduetfn nh dfs cfgmfs y dbs aærthdhs nh df nrbif nh afusfr ue nföb f dbs Hstfnbs pfrf gfamdmtfr sus fatmvmnfnhs mdãamtfs, y, nh btrb, df irfe afpfamnfn nh cbvmdmzfamñe nh rhaursbs cfthrmfdhs y `ucfebs abe quh auhetfe hstbs irupbs nhdmatmvbs.

.He hd æcjmtb sbamfd

9

Fghatf irfvhcheth df sfdun

 

Xeb nh dbs phbrhs hghatbs nhd abesucb nh nrbifs hs hd irfvh nhthrmbrb gãsmab y

 psmabdñimab quh sh nhrmvf nh ísth. ísth. Dfs nrbifs ihehrfe hghatbs hghatbs dhtfdhs pfrf df sfdun nh dfs  phrsbefs. \br hkhcpdb, df abafãef prbnuah he ue prmchr cbchetb hugbrmf y hxamtfamñe,  phrb duhib uef shesfamñe nh fesmhnfn y nhphenhea nhphenheamf mf psmabdñimaf, pfrf thrcmefr he nhprhsmñe nh df rhspmrfamñe, fdthrfamñe nh dfs gueambehs nhd abrfzñe, db quh puhnh afusfr  7 9

 Frm ,Fphöf 6=00afjrhrf abeshauheamfs pfrf df sfdun nhddmjrb usb trfab menhjmnb nh nh df abafãef IMEHJZF Fdbesb shcfeffnhvhrfs dfs abeshauheamfs he su mdamtb nrbifs y.BCQ nhdmtbs abehxbs

\ æ i m e f 66 | >:

 

df cuhrth pbr pfrb afrnmbrrhspmrftbrmb, fnhcæs nh fjbrtbs hspbetæehbs he dfs cfnrhs ihstfeths b prbjdhcfs gãsmabs y psmabdñimabs he hd ghtb. Dbs cmscbs hghatbs sh prbnuahe abe df `hrbãef  

Hsphaãgmafch Hsphaãgmafcheth, eth, he hd afsb nhd \hrû, hd abesucb nh nrbifs mdãamtfs tfcjmíe sh `f

mearhchetfnb he dbs ûdtmcbs föbs, he hsphamfd, df cfrm`ufef, hd adbr`mnrftb nh abafãef, nrbifs nh tmpb feghtfcãemab y nrbifs smetítmafs.

Mearhchetf dbs emvhdhs nh vmbdheamf

 

Btrb hghatb phremambsb nhd trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs hs quh mearhchetf dbs emvhdhs

nh vmbdheamf he tbnbs dbs pfãshs nbenh sh nhsfrrbddf pbr trhs rfzbehs guenfchetfdhs. He  prmchr duifr, pbrquh hd prbpmb trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs mcpdmaf df hxmstheamf nh uef rhn nhdmea nhd meauh uheam eamfd fd nhs nhstme tmefnf fnf f fsh fshiur iurfr fr hd he hermq rmquha uhamcm mcmhet hetbb mdã mdãamt amtbb nhd irupb, irupb, chnmf chnmfeth eth fshsmeftbs, hxtbrsmñe, fchefzfs, hta. He hd afsb nhd \hrû, pbr hkhcpdb, hetrh 6=0< y6=09, cæs nh nmhamsmhth cmd phrsbefs guhrbe nhthemnfs y prbahsfnfs pbr hd nhdmtb nh efrabtrægmab, cmhetrfs quh, he : He shiuen shiuenbb dui duifr, fr, hd trægma trægmabb mdã mdãamt amtbb nh nrbifs nrbifs tfcjmí tfcjmíee mearhchetf df vmbdheamf pbr df fphtheamf abcpudsmvf h mrrhgrhefjdh nh dbs fnmatbs pbr  abeshiumr df nrbif quh dbs ddhvf f abchthr rbjbs y btrbs nhdmtbs abehxbs.68 Gmefdcheth, he thrahr duifr, hd usb menhjmnb nh nrbifs puhnh ddhvfr fd menmvmnub f df pírnmnf nh abeamheamf y f df abcmsmñe nh nhdmtbs, ebrcfdcheth abe cfybr ghrbamnfn quh ue nhdmeauheth abcûe y nhetrb nh su prbpmb hetbreb sbamfd y gfcmdmfr 

He hd æcjmtb pbdãtmab y nh df ibjhrefjmdmnfn

 

Fthetf abetrf hd hstfnb nh nhrha`b y df nhcbarfamf Hd efrabtrægmab fthetf abetrf

hdhchetbs adfvhs nh uef nhcbarfamf y nh ue hstfnb nh nhrha`b, tfdhs abcb df hxmstheamf nh smsthcfs kunmamfdhs y pbdmamfdhs prbjbs y hgmamheths, nh mestmtuambehs y chafemscbs nh  pfrtmampfamñe amunfnfef, uef prhesf dmjrh h menhphenmheth, menhphenmheth, pfrtmnbs pbdãtmabs sñdmnbs, \ æ i m e f 6: | >:

 

hetrh btrbs. ] hs quh hsth nhdmtb jusaf abrrbhr tbnfs dfs Mestmtuambehs nhd Hstfnb y nh df sbamhnfn (pbdãtmabs, hcprhsfrmbs, phrmbnmstfs, kuhahs, pbdmaãfs) he aufetb dfs nhsprhstmimf mestruchet mestru chetfdmzæ fdmzæenbdf enbdfss y vfam vfamæenb æenbdfs dfs nh abet abethemn hemnb, b, db quh gfamdmtf gfamdmtf hebrchch hebrchcheth eth su faambefr. \br hstf cmscf rfzñe, dfs jfenfs nh efrabtrfgmafeths sh bpbehe f tbnb tmpb nh brifemzfamñe sbamfd, ddhifenb, meadusb, fd fshsmeftb nh sus dãnhrhs f hghatbs nh dbirfr hsth  prbpñsmtb. Hstf smtufamñe sh fprhamf tfetb he hd \hrû abcb he Abdbcjmf, nbenh, hetrh 6=09 6=09 y 6=== 6===,, guhr guhrbe be fs fshs hsme mefn fnbs bs fdrh fdrhnh nhnb nbrr nh nb nbss cmd cmd qu qume memh mhet etbs bs nm nmrm rmih ihet eths hs nh brifemzfambehs nh trfjfkfnbrhs, hs nhamr, f ue prbchnmb nh ue fshsmeftb pbr afnf nbs nãfs he hd dfpsb nh trhah föbs.

Nhjmdmtf df sbjhrfeãf nhd Hstfnb

Fnmambefdcheth, hd efrabtrægmab puhnh ddhifr f abdbafr fd Hstfnb nbenh sh nhsfrrbddf he uef smtufamñe nh vudehrfjmdmnfn h mekhrheamf hxthref, abe df abeshauheth fghatfamñe nh su futbebcãf. He hghatb, df fatmvmnfn nhd efrabtrægmab vmbdhetf he cua`bs afsbs dbs hspfambs jfkb sbjhrfeãf b kurmsnmaamñe nhd Hstfnb eb sñdb he hd æcjmtb thrrhstrh, smeb tfcjmíe f emvhd cfrãtmcb y fírhb. \br db nhcæs, aufenb df megmdtrfamñe nhd efrabtrægmab he hd Hstfnb fdafezf prbpbrambehs cuy smiemgmaftmvfs, afjh `fjdfr nh ue —efrab Hstfnb–, hd aufd rhprhshetf ue phdmirb pfrf df shiurmnfn y hstfjmdmnfn nh sus vhamebs, dbs cmscbs quh puhnhe vhrsh thetfnbs f methrvhemr he dbs fsuetbs methrebs nh fquíd f hghatbs nh hvmtfr df hxpfesmñe f sus thrrmtbrmbs nh dfs fatmvmnfnhs mdãamtfs nhrmvfnfs nhd efrabtrægmab

Zhstrmeih df pdhef vmiheamf nh dbs nhrha`bs `ucfebs

Df prhsheamf nhd efrabtrægmab he aufdqumhr pfãs mcpdmaf ehahsfrmfcheth df vmbdfamñe nh dbs nhrha`bs cæs hsheamfdhs nhd shr `ucfeb, abcb sbe df vmnf, df dmjhrtfn phrsbefd, df methi met hirmn rmnfn fn gãsmaf gãsmaf y psm psmabd abdñim ñimaf af,, het hetrh rh btr btrbs. bs. \ru \ruhjf hjf nh hdd hddbb hs df ddf ddfcf cfnf nf —ph —phsaf saf cmdf cm dfir irbs bsf– f– quh quh tmhe tmhehh du duif ifrr he Ab Abdb dbcj cjmf mf,, chnm chnmfe feth th df au aufd fd db dbss ef efra rabt btrf rfgma gmafe feth thss \ æ i m e f 61 | >:

 

hstfjdhahe abetrbdhs f db dfrib nh dfs afrrhthrfs y shauhstrfe f dbs vmfkhrbs fd fzfr, pfrf duhib hxtbrsmbefr f sus gfcmdmfs, b hd usb nh dbs —abddfrhs hxpdbsmvbs– quh sbe abdbafnbs f dbs rh`hehs pfrf shr hx`mjmnbs feth sus gfcmdmfrhs y bjthehr fsã ue chkbr rhsafth

He hd æcjmtb habeñcmab Nhsfdmhetf hd arhamcmhetb y hd nhsfrrbddb habeñcmab

Xeb nh dbs prmeampfdhs hghatbs nhd trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs hs hd nhsfdmhetb nhd arhamcmhetb y hd nhsfrrbddb habeñcmab. Fsã, he prmchr duifr, hd efrabtrægmab me`mjh df mevhrsmñe he fquhddfs zbefs nbenh bphrf, he tfetb hd admcf nh vmbdheamf he quh sh nhsfrrbddf f`uyhetf f hvhetufdhs mevhrsbrhs efambefdhs y hxtrfekhrbs. He shiuenb duifr, hd efrabtrægmab mearhchetf hd ifstb pûjdmab he df prhvheamñe y sfeamñe nh hsth nhdmtb, hvmtfenb quh rhaursbs quh pbnrãfe shr utmdmzfnbs he abcjftmr df pbjrhzf, ihehrfr hcpdhb  prbnuatmvb, jrmenfr chkbrhs shrvmambs nh sfdun y hnuafamñe, b mearhchetfr dbs  prbirfcfs nh fpbyb fpbyb sbamfd, sh shfe fe hcpdhfnb hcpdhfnbss abe hstbs gmehs. He thrahr duifr, sm jmhe hd efrabtrægmab puhnh ihehrfr nh cfehrf memamfd ue  jmhehstfr fpfrheth, fafjf mearhchetfen mearhchetfenbb df pbjrhzf, puhs, gmefdcheth, sbe dfs aûpudfs nh dfs jfenfs dfs quh sh `fahe nh dfs ifefeamfs. Qhiûe nftbs nh Efambehs Xemnfs, sñdb hd 6% nh df menustrmf mdhifd nh efrañtmabs quhnf he cfebs nh dbs prbnuatbrhs nhd mesucb  jæsmab; df `bkf nh abaf? hd rhstb nhd nmehrb vf f cfebs nh dbs aærthdhs nh df nrbif. He abeshauheamf, dbs afcphsmebs eb bjtmhehe rmquhzf pbr hd audtmvb? pbr hd abetrfrmb, thrcmefe hxpuhstbs f df hxadusmñe sbamfd y df aærahd.

Arhf uef habebcãf mehstfjdh y suphnmtfnf f dbs vfmvhehs nhd chrafnb nh df nrbif

He hghatb, hd meirhsb nh nmehrb suamb f df habebcãf gbrcfd nh ue Hstfnb arhf uef habebcãf pfrfdhdf b —efrabhabebcãf–, db quh puhnh ddhvfr f ísth f uef nhphenheamf  phdmirbsf pfrf df shiurmnfn y hstfjmdmnfn nh su habebcãf, f df pírnmnf nh abetrbd nh df  pbdãtmaf cbehtfrmf pbr df meuenfamñe nh nmvmsfs he hd chrafnb, y f fdthrfr df tfsf nh

\ æ i m e f 6> | >:

 

afcjmb? f hddb sh sucf hd `ha`b quh, pbr su vbduche y adfenhstmemnfn, df habebcãf nh df nrbif hs smhcprh megdfambefrmf. ^bnb hstb ihehrf uef habebcãf mehstfjdh y prhafrmf

. He hd æcjmtb fcjmhetfd   Df fatmvmnfn nhd efrabtrægmab puhnh ddhifr f ihehrfr hghatbs dhtfdhs he hd chnmb fcjmheth nh ue Hstfnb. Hddb nhphenhræ nhd tmpb nh nrbif, fsã abcb nhd abekuetb nh faambehs hcpdhfnfs hcpdhfnfs pfrf su hdfjbrfamñe. Xe nrfcætmab hkhcpdb db bgrhah hd \hrû pbr dfs abeshauheamfs nhrmvfnfs nhd audtmvb mdãamtb nh df `bkf nh abaf y su prbahsfcmhetb pfrf bjthehr bjth ehr pfst pfstff jæsm jæsmaf af y abaf abafãef. ãef. Hetrh hstfs abes abeshau hauheam heamfs, fs, chrhahe chrhahe nhstfafr nhstfafrsh sh dfs smiumheths; f) Df nhgbrhstfamñe;

 

Ístf hs prbvbafnf pbr df tfdf mdhifd y df quhcf nh jbsquhs efturfdhs f hghatbs nh

fuchetfr dbs hspfambs nhstmefnbs fd audtmvb nh df `bkf nh abaf, fsã abcb f abestrumr   pmstfs nh fthrrmzfkh, dfjbrftbrmbs b afcpfche afcpfchetbs tbs pfrf dbs efrabtrfgmafeths. efrabtrfgmafeths. Qhiûe hstmcfambehs nh df Abcmsmñe Efambefd pfrf hd Nhsfrrbddb y Wmnf sme Nrbifs (NHWMNF), nurfeth dfs ûdtmcfs níafnfs, df nhgbrhstfamñe he hd \hrû `f fdafezfnb :.8 cmddbehs nh `hatærhfs, db quh hqumvfdh f uef pírnmnf fprbxmcfnf nh auftrb cmd qumemhetbs cmddbehs nh nñdfrhs.:<  j) Df hrbsmñe y nhshrtmgmafamñe nhd suhdb;  

Bafsmbefnf pbr df thaebdbiãf usfnf he hd audtmvb nh df `bkf nh abaf, hstb hs, dbs nhs`mhrjbs y dfjrfezfs quh sh rhfdmzfe nhspuís nh afnf absha`f (hetrh trhs y shms fd föb) y, he fdiuebs afsbs, df rhcbamñe nhd suhdb `fstf qumeah ahetãchtrbs nh prbguenmnfn, db quh nhspbkf f dbs thrrhebs nh tbnf prbthaamñe feth dfs dduvmfs grhauheths, fahdhrfenb hd  prbahsb nh hrbsmñe, y, pbr henh, nh nhshrtmgmafamñe. F su vhz, dbs audtmvbs nh `bkf nh abaf tmhehe cfybr afpfamnfn pfrf hxtrfhr dbs eutrmheths nhd suhdb. ^bnb hstb quhnf hvmnheamfnb he dbs hstunmbs `ha`bs pbr df Xemvhrsmnfn Efambefd Firfrmf nh df Qhdvf, he ^meib Cfrãf, shiûe dbs aufdhs hd audtmvb nh abaf ihehrf uef hrbsmñe prbchnmb nh trhmetf chtrbs aûjmabs pbr `hatærhf fd föb, db quh frrbkf nurfeth hd ûdtmcb qumequhemb df \ æ i m e f 68 | >:

 

afetmnfn nh 8.: cmddbehs nh chtrbs aûjmabs nh suhdb hrbsmbefnb. hrbsmbefnb.:6 :6 a) Df abetfcmefamñe abetfcmefamñe nh aursbs nh fiuf  

\rbvbafnf pbr df utmdmzfamñe nh mesucbs quãcmabs y prbnuatbs abetfcmefeths, abetfcmefeths,

abcb hd ohrbsheh, df fahtbef, hd æamnb sudgûrmab, hd æamnb adbr`ãnrmab, hetrh btrbs, quh, fd abeadumr hd prbahsb nh cfahrfamñe nh df `bkf nh abaf, sbe vhrtmnbs he suhdbs y rãbs, 6.> Afrfathrãstmafs prmeampfdhs nh dfs ûdtmcfs rhgbrcfs nh df dhimsdfamñe phefd fetmnrbifs phrufef;

 

Qhiû Qhiûee hd kurmst kurmstff phruf phrufeb eb Gdfv Gdfvmb mb Ifraã Ifraãff nhd Zmb df prmchrf prmchrf afrfathrã afrfathrãstmaf stmaf nh df

rhgbrcf phefd nh df dhimsdfamñe fetmnrbifs hs df abestfeth hdhvfamñe nh dfs phefs .Fsmcmscb, df hxahsmvf armcmefdmzfamñe nh tbnfs dfs fatmvmnfnhs quh theife rhdfamñe, fuequh sh rhcbtf ,abe hd trægmab y prbnuaamñe mdãamtf nh nrbifs .Fatmvmnfnhs quh jmhe  pbnrãfe abesmnhrfrsh abcb fatbs prhpfrftbrmbs nhd nhdmtb `by abcb sbe afstmibs abcb tmpbs phefdhs futñebcbs .Meadusmvh df vhetf nh dbs mesucbs quãcmabs ehahsfrmbs pfrf df  prbnuaamñe nh nrbifs chrhah hd afstmib phefd .Df shvhrmnfn nh df sfeamñe hs smcudfr f dbs fatbs nh prbnuaamñe y trægmab nmrhatb nh dfs nrbifs prharmstfs0.  

Fatuf Fatufdche dcheth th sh `f dhim dhimsdfn sdfnbb he gbrcf hsph hsphamfd amfd sbjrh sbjrh hd nhdmtb nhdmtb nh dfvfnb dfvfnb nh

fatmvbs .He hstf gbrcf nhdmatmvf sh heaufnrf hd jdfequhb nh afpmtfdhs nhrmvfnbs nhd trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs. Hetrh dbs euhvbs mestruchetbs —dhifdhs– utmdmzfnbs shiûe Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd Zmb he df hstrfthimf fetmnrbif phrufef sh ujmaf f df utmdmzfamñe nh fiheths heaujmhrtbs, fiheths  prbvbafnbrhs y rhchsfs abetrbdfnfs .Hstbs chnmbs utmdmzfnbs pfrf pfrf abcjftmr hd efra efrabt btræ rægma gmab, b, abe abe nunb nunbsf sf puem puemjm jmdm dmnf nfnn fa fahd hdhr hrfe fenb nb b gf gfam amdmt dmtfe fenb nb df ab abcm cmsm smñe ñe nh nhdd abcpbr abc pbrtfc tfcmhe mhetb tb nhd nhdmat matmvb mvb y nh hst hsthh cbn cbnbb bjthe bjthehr hr dfs pru pruhj hjfs fs sugmam sugmamhet heths hs pf pfrf rf df abenhef he hd prbahsb phefd, db quh thehr he hghatb armcmeñiheb

6.8‑^ZFGMAB MDMAM^B NH NZBIFQ ^M\B ^M\B JFQMAB 0

 Xef methrprhtfamñe fcpdmf nh df hxprhsmñe —prbcuhvfe, —prbcuhvfe, gfvbrhzafe b gfamdmthe hd abesuche mdhifd phrcmth tfcjmíe meadumr he æcjmtb nhd frt :=7 nhd a.p,df prbpfifenf nh hstuphgfamheths hstuphgfamheths ,prhstfr b nfr nmehrb f fdiumhe pfrf quh puhnf fnqumrmr pfrf hd prbpmb ,abesucb meadusb df nmstrmjuamñe ,gfjrmafamñe b vhetf cfthrmfdhs y hqumpbs nrbif —shöfdf Gdfvmb nh Ifraãf he df pæimef 6=. nhsefnbs nhsefamñe f df prbnuaamñe y/b gfjrmafamñe nh

\ æ i m e f 67 | >:

 

FE^HAHNHE^HQ DHIMQDF^MWBQ

Df dhimsdfamñe phrufef sbjrh trægmab mdãamtb n nrbifs `f pfsfnb pbr trhs htfpfs rhdhvfeths shiûe Gdfvmb Ifraãf ;df prmchrf f pfrtmr nh 6=:< , he df aufd sh abestftf quh hd hstfnb prhthenh heafrfr df hxmstheamf he nhsfrrbddb nh dfs brifemzfambehs nhstmefnfs fd abchramb mdãamtb nh nrbifs y ,pbr tfetb , df rhspuhstf  pbdãtmab ‑armcmefd quh sh ahrb cæs fahrtfnf sh dmcmtf f dfb rhprhsmvb , df thrahrf ,hcpmhzf f gmehs nh dbs 7< pbstudfenb quh hd fsuetb nh dfs nrbifs sh abevmhrth he ue  prbjdhcf sbamfd y ,pbr abesmiumheth , sh abcjmefe dfs chnmnfs nh rhprhsmñe r hprhsmñe abe dfs nh sfdujrmnfn ,prhnbcmefenb hstfs ûdtmcfs .  

Hd \hrû , f db dfrib nh dbs trhs phrmbnbs quh `hcbs rhimstrfnb , `f fnbptfnb dfs

abeahpambehs y hd nmshöb nh dfs dhimsdfambehs methrefambefdhs .He hghatb, eb sh `f  prhbaupfnb pbr hdfjbrfr uef dhimsdfamñe prbpmf sbjrh hd prbjdhcf ,nhsnh abesmn abe smnhrf hrfamb ambeh ehss pbd pbdãtm ãtmab abss ‑armc ‑armcmef mefdhs dhs fn fnhau haufnf fnfss fd gheñch gheñcheb eb nh df prbnua prbnuaamñ amñee y abchramfdmzfamñe nh dfs nrbifs he su rhfdmnfn sbamb-habeñcmaf ,pbdãtmaf h ,meadusmvh audturfd .  

Df prmchrf htfpf nh df dhimsdfamñe sbjrh trægmab mdãamtb nh nrbifs abcmhezf hd 66

nh cfrzb nh 6=:< shiûe shiûe Gdfvmb Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd Zmb abe df prbcudifam prbcudifamñe ñe nhd añnmib nh fnufefs y ddhif, f euhstrb abeahptb, `fstf hd föb 6=>7 \frf hsh hetbeahs sh nhsabebaãf df hxmstheamf nh brifemzfambehs mdãamtfs pfrf hd trægmabb nh nrbifs trægma nrbifs.. \br hddb df rhiudf rhiudfamñe amñe hstfj hstfjff brmhetfn brmhetfnff f dfs nrbifs quh amraudfjf amraudfjfee  jfkb gbrcf nh chnmafchetbs. chnmafchetbs. Df hxahpamñe hs hd bpmb pfrf gucfr, quh sh `fddf dhimtmcfnb nurfeth juhef pfrth nhd phrmbnb, fuequh nhspuís sh prbsarmjh.  

Hd arhamcmhetb nh dfs brifemzfambehs brifemzfambehs adfenhstmefs adfenhstmefs,, nhnmafnfs fd abchramb mdãamtb

nh nrbifs, hstuvb hstuvb he df cmrf nh df dhimsdfamñ dhimsdfamñee he df shiuenf pfrth. pfrth. Hd hstfnb prhcuemnb prhcuemnb nh ebrcft ebrcftmvm mvmnfn nfn rhprhs rhprhsmvf mvf met methet hetff `fa `fahr hr grh grheth eth f dfs cfg cfgmfs mfs nh nhnma nmafn fnfs fs tfetb tfetb f df

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 prbnuaamñe abcb fd trægmab. Hd trægmab nh nrbifs nhkf nh shr ue prbjdhcf nhd cmemsthrmb nh sfdun, abcb `fstf hetbeahs, pfrf pfsf f shr ueb nh efturfdhzf efturfd.   Abcb menmaf Cfeuhd Grmsfea`b amtfnb pbr Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd Zmb hd jmhe kurãnmab  phefdcheth tuthdfnb hs df sfdun pûjdmaf=. Eb nhjh `fjhr abegusmñe fd heaufnrfr hd bjkhtb kurãnmab hsphamgmab he hsth nhdmtb .He pbafs pfdfjrfs, dfs cbtmvfambehs pbdãtmabarmcmefdhs (vhrjmirfamf methrhshs habeñcmabs b pbdãtmabs), eb nhjhe abeguenmrsh abe hd  jmhe kurãnmab quh hs df sfdun pûjdmaf quh tmheh, he nhdmtb nh ^.M.N f df cæxmcf  prbthaamñe grheth f dbs dbs pbsmjdhs rmhsi rmhsibs bs quh sh pu puhnh hnh sugrmr Df sfdun pûjdmaf pfrf Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd Zmb puhnh aftfdbifrsh abcb fquhddbs  jmhehs ehahsfrmbs pfrf hd gueambefcmhetb nhd smsthcf fnhcæs db nhgmeh tfcjmíe abcb fquhd emvhd nh jmhehstfr gãsmab y psãqumab quh fghatf f df abdhatmvmnfn f df ihehrfdmnfn nh dbs amunfnfebs6:

 

nrbif tbxmaf b hstuphgfamheth f, f dbs hghatbs nhd frtãaudb 1>> nhd añnmib hspföbd rhqumhrh , pbr ue dfnb df meadusmñe nh df sustfeamf he fdiuef nh dfs nmspbsmambehs hxtrfphefdhs f dfs quh shiûe hd ,sh rhcmth hd añnmib phefd , jmhe shf nh ãenbdh methrefambefd (abevhemb nh 6=76,6=96 y df abevheamñe nh Wmhef nh 6=00 f dbs auhdhs hd \hrû tfcjmíe sh `f susarmtb )   He euhs euhstrb trb pfãs, fd miuf miufdd quh he Hspföf Hspföf,, baurrh quh em df dhy methref methref em dbs abevhembs methrefambefdhs sbjrh df cfthrmf nhgmehe dfs nrbifs tbxmafs, hstuphgfamheths b sustfeamfs psmabtrñpmafs .Ebs heabetrfcbs grheth f uef fn`hsmñe heuchrftmvf. Nh f`ã quh theif rfzñe Jfrjhrb Qfetbs 6> fd fnvhrtmr quh cmhetrfs hd dhimsdfnbr eb nhthrcmeh nh cfehrf prhamsf quh hetmhenh pbr nrbifs, tbnf sustfeamf quh pbshf miufdhs afrfathrãstmafs y quh sh nhadfrh hxprhsfcheth tfetb nhetrb nhd nhrha`b methreb abcb nh dbs abevhembs methrefambefdhs f dbs aufdhs sh `f susarmtb ,tfetb he hd \hrû abcb Hspföf ,nhjh shr  abesmnhrfnf abcb tfd .Meabrpbrfnf aufdqumhr sustfeamf quh shf aftfdbifnf abcb nrbif  pbr hd dhimsdfnbr efambefd eb afjh df phrausmñe nhd prmeampmb nh dhifdmnfn, puhs ebs `fddfcbs feth uef dhy phefd he jdfeab.

AF\M^XDB MM;

Cmarb prbnuaamñe y cmarb

abchramfdmzfamñe nh nrbifs mdãamtfs 6>

 JFZJHZB QFE^BQ ; Dfy nrbif he Hspföf ,prbjdhcæaf ,kurãnmaf y kurmsprunheamfd he ;Nrbifs .\rbjdhcæaf fatufd ,cfrmeb he Hspföf FCHZMAF Hn ^HCMQ ^H CMQ ,>:

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Hd kurmstf phrufeb Gdfvmb Ifraãf nhd rmb ebs nmah quh hd frtãaudb :=0 nhd añnmib

 phefd sfeambef df prbnuaamñe y abchramfdmzfamñe nh df nrbifs he phquhöfs afetmnfnhs .Qme hcjfrib he db quh sh rhgmhrh f dfs cfthrmfs prmcfs h mesucbs quãcmabs hstfjdhah ue trftb nmghrheth. Fsã he rhdfambef dfs prmchrfs sbdb pbsmjmdmtf df ftheufamñe nh phquhöf afetmnfn nh cfthrmf prmcf pbshãnf pfrf gmehs nh trægmab y he hd afsb nh dbs mesucbs quãcmabs eb shöfdf emeiuef pbsmjmdmnfn nh ftheufamñe pbr su pbshsmñe gfjrmafamñe b nmstrmjuamñe he  phquhöfs afetmnfnhs . Df rfzñe nhd trftb nmghrheamfnb f dbs mesucbs quãcmabs arhhcbs `fddfrdf he hd `ha`b nh quh hstbs cûdtmpdhs usbs dhifdhs, sbjrh tbnb he pfrvfs afetmnfnhs, y hs cæs hghatmvf df gmsafdmzfamñe quh df chrf rhprhsmñe nh sus vhetf. \br hkhcpdb; hd ohrbsheh y hd æamnb `ãnrmab sh hxphenhe he gbrcf menmsarmcmefnf y ihehrfdcheth f usufrmbs quh df utmdmzfe pfrf usbs nbcístmabs, eb smhenb miufd hd abchramb he irfenhs afetmnfnhs rhfdmzfnb pbr nmstrmjuambehs b usufrmbs quh db abcprfe pfrf gmehs menustrmfdhs dãamtbs b mdãamtbs.

:.6 Hvbduamñe dhimsdftmvf;

 

6-@famhenb hab nhd hxfahrjfnb prb`mjmambemscb mcphrfeth fgmehs nh df

níafnf nhd shshetf y df nhd shthetf hd nharhtb Dhy :::

 

 pbshãnf, hxtrfatfnf, gfjrmafnf b prhpfrfnf hs nh rhnuamnf afetmnfn, df phef cæxmcf f mcpb mc pbeh ehrs rshh hs nh 9 föbs föbs nh pr prmv mvfa famñ mñee nh dm dmjh jhrt rtfn fn,, cmhe cmhetr trfs fs qu quhh he df cmar cmarbb abchramfdmzfamñe sm sh `f nmstrmjumnb nrbif he phquhöfs afetmnfn afetmnfnhs hs df phef cæxmcf hs df cmscf. Qme hcjfrib abcb megmhrh Gdfvmb Ifraãf nh df rmb nh fpdmafrsh df phef prmvftmvf nh dmjhrtfn f trhs f smhth föbs nh df dhy `f prhvmstb pfrf df nmstrmjuamñe nh nrbifs he  phquhöfs afetmnfnhs, afetmnfnhs, puhs df pbshsmñe nh ph phquhöf quhöf afetmnfn nh nrbif, nrbif, mesucbs b cfthrmf  prmcf, gfjrmafnf, hxtrfatfnf b prhpfrfn pbr hd fiheth, abrrhspbenh f uef htfpf prhvmf fd fatb nh abchramfdmzfamñe b nmstrmjuamñe

Afpãtudb MMM Hd \rbahsb \hefd

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1.6-^mp ^mpbs bs fir firfvf fvfnbs nbs feæ feædms dmsms ms nbicæt nbicætmab mab nhd frt frtãau ãaudb db :=9 nhd añn añnmib mib

phefd

Df vhrsmñe fatufd nhd frtãaudb :=9 nhd añnmib phefd nh 6==6 hs, he irfe pfrth,  prbnuatb nh df cbnmgmafamñe metrbnuamnf chnmfeth dhy e¼:0>¼; —Dbs quh prbcbvmhrhe, gfvbrhamhrhe b gfamdmtfrhe hd abesucb mdhifd nh nrbifs tñxm tñxmaf afs, s, hs hstu tuph phgf gfam amhe heth thss y su sust stfe feam amfs fs ps psma mabt btrñ rñpm pmaf afss chnm chnmfe feth th fa fatb tbss nh au audt dtmv mvb, b, gfjrmafamñe, b trægmab, b dfs pbshyhrfe abe hsth ûdtmcb gme, shræe afstmifnbs…– FZ^MAXDB :=9¼ AMZAXEQ^FEAMFQ FIZFWFE^HQ  Fethahnheths   Hd thxtb brmimefd nhd Nhar Nharhtb htb Dhimsdf Dhimsdftmvb tmvb ::< | >: