Modelo de Minuta de Sociedad Civil de Responsabilidad Limitada

 

Onemdn em Ohlutf em [nkhmefe Khvhd em Smspnlsfchdhefe Dhohtfef [MÖNS LNUFSHN2 [ÏSPF[M MWUMLEMS ML [] SMAH[USN EM M[KSHU]SF[ ZÒCDHKF[, ]LF EM KNL[UHU]KHÛL EM [NKHMEFE KHPHD EM SM[ZNL[FCHDHEFE DHOHUFEF, V]M NUNSAFL2 6. OHBFLNP ZMS[M@NLM[ KNR [MA]HD, HEMLUH@HKFEF KNL E.L.H. Lº :87;00=;,  FCNAFEF, [NDUMSF. 3. [NSFXF M[OHDEH[HLHF KNR [MA]HD HEMLUH@HKFEF KNL E.L.H. Lº :8:0;=31, V]HOHKN @FSOFKM]UHKF, [NDUMSF. ;. FDHNLF FDHNL][GIF KNR [MA]HD HEMLUH@HKFEF KNL E.L.H. Lº :875;31:, DHKMLKHFEF ML ME]KFKHNL, [NDUMSF. 5. EFPHE XN[HZ KNR [MA]HD HEMLUH@HKFEN KNL ELH Ln. 6:0:;781, UMKLHKN ML  FSKGHPN, [NDUMSN. UNEN[ [MÖFDFLEN ENOHKHDHN KNO]L ML KFDDM = Ln. 311, ]SCFLHRFKHNL P]DKFLN, EH[USHUN EM FUM. ML DN[ UÈSOHLN[ KNLUMLHEN[ ML MD ZFKUN [NKHFD X ML MD M[UFU]UN V]M [M USFL[KSHCML F KNLUHL]FKHÛL2 ZFKUN [NKHFD  ZNS MD ZSM[MLUM HL[US]OMLUN DN[ NUNSAFLUM[ KNON [NKHN[ ZSHOMSN.- ZNS ZSHOMSN.HLUMASFLUM[ X @]LEFENSM[, KNLPHMLML ML KNL[UHU]HS, KNON ML M@MKUN KNL[UHU]XML, ]LF [NKHMEFE KHPHD EM SM[ZNL[FCHDHEFE DHOHUFEF, CFBN DF SFRÛL [NKHFD EM2 —M[U]EHN B]SHEHKN & KNL[]DUNSM[ ML LNUH@HKFKHNL LNUH@ HKFKHNL X SMAH[USN [FLHUFSHN, FSKGHPN X ENK]OMLUFKHNL OHBFLNP & F[NKHFEN[ [. KHPHD EM S.D.‟.  MD KFZHUFD [NKHFD HLHKHFD M[ EM [/. 6,:::.:: (]L OHD X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [MA]LEN.- MD [MA]LEN.[NDM[) V]M M[UFSÆ SMZSM[MLUFEN ZNS 6,::: ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ EM [/. 6.:: (]LN X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[) KFEF ]LF, UNEF[ ÏLUMASFOMLUM [][KSHUF[ X ZFAFEF[ ZNS DN[ NUNSAFLUM[ ML DF [HA]HMLUM @NSOF2 f) OHBFLNP ZMS[M@NLM[ KNR [MA]HD [][KSHCM =:: (V]HLHMLUF[) ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [NKHFDM[, [NKHFDM[, ZFAFLEN ZNS È[UF[ DF []OF UNUFD UNU FD EM [/. =::.:: (V]HLHMLUN[ X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[) OMEHFLUM FZNSUM EM CHMLM[ O]MCDM[. c) [NSFXF M[OHDEH[HLHF KNR [MA]HD [][KSHCM ;:: (USM[KHMLUF[) ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [NKHFDM[, [NKHFDM[, ZFAFLEN ZNS È[UF[ DF []OF UNUFD UNU FD EM [/. ;::.:: (USM[KHMLUN[ X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[) OMEHFLUM FZNSUM EM CHMLM[ O]MCDM[. k) FDHNLF FDHNL][GIF KNR [MA]HD [][KSHCM 6:: (KHML) ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [NKHFDM[, ZFAFLEN ZNS È[UF[ DF []OF UNUFD EM [/. 6::.:: (KHML X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[) OMEHFLUM FZNSUM EM CHMLM[ O]MCDM[. e) EFPHE XN[HZ KNR [MA]HD [][KSHCM 6:: (KHML) ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [NKHFDM[, ZFAFLEN ZNS È[UF[ DF []OF UNUFD EM [/. 6::.:: (KHML X ::/6:: : :/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[) OMEHFLUM FZNSUM EM CHMLM[ O]MCDM[. DN[ FZNSUM[ EM CHMLM[ O]MCDM[ [M FKSMEHUFL ML DF EMKDFSFKHNL B]SFEF EM SMKMZKHNL EM CHMLM[ DF K]FD [M HL[MSUFSF ML DF M[KSHU]SF ZÒCDHKF V]M NSHAHLM DF ZSM[MLUM OHL]UF.  DF [NKHMEFE LNOCSF KNON FEOHLH[USFENSF ML KFDHEFE EM UMSKMSN.- DF UMSKMSN.AMSMLUM AMLMSFD F ENÖF OHBFLNP ZMS[M@NLM[ KNR [MA]HD, K]XF[ AMLMSFDM[ EM DMX [M HLEHKFL ML DF ZFSUM HLUSNE]KUNSHF EM DF ZSM[MLUM OHL]UF SM@MSHEF F DN[ NUNSAFLUM[. K]FSUN.- DF K]FSUN. DF [NKHMEFE M[UFSÆ SMA]DFEF ZNS [] M[UFU]UN, ZNS DN[  FK]MSEN[ EM DF B]LUF EM EM [NKHN[ X, []ZDMUNSHFOMLUM, []ZDMUNSHFOMLUM, ZNS DF DMX AMLMSFD AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[ X EMOÆ[ LNSOF[ EMD [H[UMOF B]SÏEHKN V]M SM[]DUML  FZDHKFCDM[. MD UMWUN EMD EMD M[UFU]UN M[ MD [HA]HMLUM2 M[UFU]UN UÏU]DN ZSHOMSN SFRÛL [NKHFD, NCBMUN, ENOHKHDHN X E]SFKHÛL FSUÏK]DN ZSHOMSN.- DF ZSHOMSN.- DF SFRÛL [NKHFD EM DF [NKHMEFE M[ —M[U]EHN B]SHEHKN & KNL[]DUNSM[ ML LNUH@HKFKHNL X SMAH[USN [FLHUFSHN, FSKGHPN X ENK]OMLUFKHNL OHBFLNP & F[NKHFEN[ [. KHPHD EM S.D.‟. FSUÏK]DN [MA]LEN.- MD [MA]LEN.- MD NCBMUN EM DF [NKHMEFE M[ MD [HA]HMLUM2

 

MD NCBMUN EM DF [NKHMEFE, M[ CSHLEFS DN[ [MSPHKHN[ EM F[M[NSHF DMAFD ML UNEF[ DF[ FSMF[ EM EMSMKGN9 F[M[NSHF ML LNUH@HKFKHNL X SMAH[USN [FLHUFSHN, F[M[NSHF UMKLHKF X FEOHLH[USFUHPF EM FSKGHPN, ZSNKM[FOHMLUN X SMKHKDFBM EM ENK]OMLUN[9 F[M[NSHF ML KNOZN[HKHNL, SMEFKKHNL X KNSSMKKHNL EM UMWUN[9 EHKUFEN[ EM K]S[N[, KNL@MSMLKHF[ ML DF[ KHUFEF[ M[ZMKHFDHEFEM[ FSUÏK]DN UMSKMSN.- DF UMSKMSN.- DF [NKHMEFE UHMLM [] ENOHKHDHN ML DF KH]EFE EM DHOF, Z]EHMLEN M[UFCDMKMS []K]S[FDM[, FAMLKHF[ N @HDHFDM[ ML K]FDV]HMS D]AFS EMD ZFÏ[ N EMD MWUSFLBMSN, K]FLEN F[Ï DN FK]MSEM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[.  MD ZDFRN E]SFKHÛL EM DF [NKHMEFE M[DF ZNS UHMOZN FSUÏK]DN K]FSUN.- MD K]FSUN.HLEMUMSOHLFEN, EFLEN HLHKHNEM F [][ FKUHPHEFEM[ F ZFSUHS EM @ MKGF @MKGF EM [] HL[KSHZKHNL ML DN[ SMAH[USN[ Z]CDHKN[. UÏU]DN [MA]LEN KFZHUFD X ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[  FSUÏK]DN V]HLUN.- MD KFZHUFD [NKHFD [NKHFD F[KHMLEM F DF []OF EM [/. 6,:::.:: (]L OHD X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[), X M[UÆ EHPHEHEN ML 6,::: (]L OHD) ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ EM [/. 6.:: (]LN X ::/6:: L]MPN[ [NDM[) KFEF ]LF, UNEF[ ÏLUMASFOMLUM [][KSHUF[ X ZFAFEF[.  FSUÏK]DN [MWUN.- UNEF[ DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [NL HA]FDM[, HA]FDM[, HLEHPH[HCDM[ X  FK]O]DFCDM[9 LN ZNESÆL ZNESÆL [MS HLKNSZNSFEF[ F UÏU]DN[ PFDNSM[ LH EMLNOHLFS[M FKKHNLM[. DF [NKHMEFE ÒLHKFOMLUM FEOHUHSÆ MD MBMSKHKHN EM DN[ EMSMKGN[ V]M EM FV]ÈDDF[ [M EMSHPFL F ]LF [NDF ZMS[NLF. UNEF[ DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ ZMSUMLMKHMLUM[ ZMSUMLMKHMLUM[ F ]L [NKHN EMCML [MS SMZSM[MLUFEF[ ZNS ]LF [NDF ZMS[NLF. FSUÏK]DN [ÈZUHON.- MD [ÈZUHON.- MD L]OMSN EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ F[HALFEF[ F KFEF ]LN EM DN[ [NKHN[ M[UF ML @]LKHNL @ ]LKHNL FD ONLUN EM FZNSUM M@MKU]FEN ZFSF KNL[UHU]HS MD KFZHUFD EM DF [NKHMEFE. FSUÏK]DN NKUFPN.- LHLAÒL NKUFPN.- LHLAÒL [NKHN ZNESÆ USFL[OHUHS F UMSKMSN[, [HL MD KNL[MLUHOHMLUN EM DN[ EMOÆ[ [NKHN[, DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ V]M UMLAF ML DF [NKHMEFE. ZFSF M@MKUN[ EM DF USFL[@MSMLKHF EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [M SMKNLNKM F DN[ [NKHN[ MD EMSMKGN EM ZSM@MSMLKHF ZFSF DF FEV]H[HKHÛL EM DF[ OH[OF[, EMCHMLEN EHKGN EMSMKGN [MS MBMSKHEN ML ]L ZDFRN LN OFXNS EM K]FSMLUF X KHLKN (5=) EÏF[, D]MAN EM GFCMS UNOFEN KNLNKHOHMLUN OMEHFLUM KNO]LHKFKHÛL M[KSHUF EM DF EMKH[HÛL EM USFL[@MSMLKHF. PMLKHEN MD SM@MSHEN ZDFRN [HL V]M LFEHM GFXF MBMSKHEN DF ZSM@MSMLKHF, MD [NKHN ZNESÆ USFL[@MSHS [][ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ F UMSKMSN[. ZFSF DF PFDHEMR EM DF USFL[@MSMLKHF EM ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ FLUM DF [NKHMEFE X @SMLUM UMSKMSN[, DF OH[OF EMCMSÆ SMFDHRFS[M OMEHFLUM M[KSHU]SF ZÒCDHKF M HL[KSHCHS[M ML MD SMAH[USN EM [NKHMEFEM[. UÏU]DN UMSKMSN ÛSAFLN[ EM DF [NKHMEFE  FSUÏK]DN LNPMLN.- [NL ÛSAFLN[ ÛSAFLN[ EM DF [NKHMEFE2 f) DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[. c) DF FEOHLH[USFKHÛL - AMSMLKHF.  FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON.- DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ [NKHN[ M[UÆ HLUMASFEF ZNS UNEN[ UNEN[ DN[ [NKHN[ X SMZSM[MLUF DF ]LHPMS[FDHEFE EM DN[ OH[ON[. M[ DF []ZSMOF F]UNSHEFE EM DF [NKHMEFE X KNON UFD MBMSKM DN[ EMSMKGN[ X @FK]DUFEM[ V]M DMAFDOMLUM DM KNSSM[ZNLEM, [FDPN FV]MDDN[ V]M GFXFL [HEN MLKFSAFEN[  F DN[ FEOHLH[USFENSM[, FEOHLH[USFENSM[, ML PHSU]E EM DN M[UFCDMKHEN M[UFCDMKHEN ZNS MD ZSM[MLUM M[UFU]UN X DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[. DN[ FK]MSEN[ FENZUFEN[ ZNS DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ EMCHEFOMLUM KNLPNKFEF X KNL MD V]ÛS]O SM[ZMKUHPN NCDHAFL F UNEN[ DN[ [NKHN[.  FSUÏK]DN ]LEÈKHON.- DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ [NKHN[ [M SMÒLM NCDHAFUNSHFOMLUM NCDHAFUNSHFOMLUM K]FLEN OMLN[ ]LF PMR FD FÖN, EMLUSN EM DN[ USM[ (;) ZSHOMSN[ OM[M[ [HA]HMLUM[ F DF UMSOHLFKHÛL EMD MBMSKHKHN MKNLÛOHKN, EM KNL@NSOHEFE KNL DN [MÖFDFEN ML MD FSU. 665 EM DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[, KNL MD [HA]HMLUM NCBMUN2 f) ZSNL]LKHFS[M [NCSM DF AM[UHÛL [NKHFD X DN[ SM[]DUFEN[ MKNLÛOHKN[ EMD MBMSKHKHN FLUMSHNS MWZSM[FEN[ ML DN[ M[UFEN[ @HLFLKHMSN[.

 

c) SM[NDPMS [NCSM DF FZDHKFKHÛL EM DF[ ]UHDHEFEM[, [H DF[ G]CHMSM. k) MDMAHS K]FLEN KNSSM[ZNLEF F DN[ FEOHLH[USFENSM[ X @HBFS [] SMUSHC]KHÛL. e) EM[HALFS F]EHUNSM[ MWUMSLN[ K]FLEN KNSSM[ZNLEF. m) SM[NDPMS [NCSM DN[ EMOÆ[ F[]LUN[ V]M DM [MFL ZSNZHN[ KNL@NSOM FD M[UFU]UN X [NCSM K]FDV]HMS NUSN KNL[HALFEN ML DF KNLPNKFUNSHF. FSUHK]DN E]NEÈKHON.- F[HOH[ON, E]NEÈKHON.- F[HOH[ON, DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ [M SMÒLM ML K]FDV]HMS ONOMLUN ZFSF USFUFS DN[ [HA]HMLUM[ F[]LUN[ F V]M [M KNLUSFM MD FSU 66= EM DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[2 f) EM[HALFS SMONPMS F DN[ FEOHLH[USFENSM[. c) ONEH@HKFSXMD M[UFU]UN [NKHFD. k) F]OMLUFS N SME]KHS MD KFZHUFD [NKHFD. e) MOHUHS NCDHAFKHNLM[. m) FKNSEFS DF MLFBMLFKHÛL, ML ]L [NDN FKUN, EM FKUHPN[ K]XN PFDNS KNLUFCDM MWKMEF MD =:% (KHLK]MLUF ZNS KHMLUN) EMD KFZHUFD [NKHFD. `) EH[ZNLMS HLPM[UHAFKHNLM[ X F]EHUNSÏF[ M[ZMKHFDM[. a) FKNSEFS DF USFL[@NSOFKHÛL, @][HÛL M[KH[HÛL, SMNSAFLHRFKHÛL X EH[ND]KHÛL EM DF [NKHMEFE, F[Ï KNON SM[NDPMS [NCSM [] DHV]HEFKHÛL. g) SM[NDPMS ML DN[ KF[N[ ML V]M DF DMX N MD M[UFU]UN EH[ZNLAFL [] HLUMSPMLKHÛL X ML K]FDV]HMS NUSN V]M SMV]HMSF MD HLUMSÈ[ [NKHFD. FSUHK]DN EÈKHON UMSKMSN.- DF UMSKMSN.- DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ M[ KNLPNKFEF ZNS MD  FEOHLH[USFENS ML DN[ KF[N[ KF[N[ V]M DF DMX [MÖFDF, [MÖFDF, K]FLEN DN ZSMPÈ MD M[UFU]UN N K]FLEN DN MWHAM MD HLUMSÈ[ EM DF [NKHMEFE. UFOCHÈL ZNESÆ [MS KNLPNKFEF ZNS ]L LÒOMSN EM [NKHN[ V]M SMZSM[MLUML K]FLEN OMLN[ MD 3:% (PMHLUM ZNS KHMLUN) EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[. DF B]LUF NCDHAFUNSHF FL]FD EM [NKHN[ [MSÆ KNLPNKFEF OMEHFLUM FPH[N Z]CDHKFEN KNL@NSOM F DF[ EH[ZN[HKHNLM[ EM DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[, KNL ]LF FLUHKHZFKHÛL LN OMLNS EM EHMR (6:) EÏF[ F DF @MKGF @HBFEF ZFSF [] KMDMCSFKHÛL. ML MD KF[N EM DF[ EMOÆ[ B]LUF[ EM [NKHN[ EHKGF FLUHKHZFKHÛL [MSÆ LN OMLNS EM USM[ (;) EÏF[. MD FPH[N EM KNLPNKFUNSHF EMCM KNLUMLMS MD D]AFS, EÏF X GNSF EM KMDMCSFKHÛL EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ ML ZSHOMSF X [MA]LEF KNLPNKFUNSHF,  F[Ï KNON DN[ F[]LUN[ F USFUFS. USFUFS. MD ZDFRN V]M EMCM OMEHFS OMEHFS MLUSM ]LF X NUSF KNLPNKFUNSHF [MSÆ EM USM[ (;) EÏF[. LN [MSÆ LMKM[FSHF DF KNLPNKFUNSHF K]FLEN [M MLK]MLUSML SM]LHEN[ UNEN[ DN[ [NKHN[ N [][ SMZSM[MLUFLUM[, X FKMZUML ZNS ]LFLHOHEFE DF KMDMCSFKHÛL EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ X DN[ F[]LUN[ V]M [M ZSNZNLAFL USFUFS. DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ [M DDMPFSÆ F KFCN ML MD ENOHKHDHN EM DF [NKHMEFE N ML K]FDV]HMS NUSN D]AFS HLEHKFEN ML DF KNLPNKFUNSHF, [HMOZSM V]M M[UÈ ML MD ÆOCHUN UMSSHUNSHFD KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM F DF [MEM [NKHFD. FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON K]FSUN.- DN[ K]FSUN.- DN[ [NKHN[ ZNESÆL GFKMS[M SMZSM[MLUFS ML DF[ B]LUF[ EM [NKHN[. DF SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL EMCMSÆ KNL[UFS ZNS M[KSHUN KNL @HSOF DMAFDHRFEF X KNL KFSÆKUMS M[ZMKHFD ZFSF KFEF B]LUF AMLMSFD, [FDPN V]M [M USFUM EM ZNEMS ZNS M[KSHU]SF ZÒCDHKF EHKGF SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL EMCMSÆ [MS FKSMEHUFEF FD FEOHLH[USFENS KNL K]FSMLUHNKGN (57) GNSF[ EM FLUHKHZFKHÛL F DF KMDMCSFKHÛL EM DF B]LUF. FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON V]HLUN.- DF V]HLUN.- DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ [M EMKDFSFSÆ PÆDHEFOMLUM KNL[UHU]HEF ML ZSHOMSF KHUFKHÛL KNL [NKHN[ V]M SMZSM[MLUML MD 0:% ([M[MLUF ZNS KHMLUN) EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN, X ML [MA]LEF KNLPNKFUNSHF [MSF []@HKHMLUM DF KNLK]SSMLKHF EM K]FDV]HMS L]OMSN EM ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN. ML UNEN KF[N ZNESF DDMPFS[M F KFCN DF B]LUF F]L K]FLEN DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ SMZSM[MLUFEF[ SMZSM[MLUFEF[ ML MDDF ZMSUMLMRKFL F ]L [NDN UHU]DFS. DN[ FK]MSEN[ [M FENZUFL ZNS OFXNSÏF FC[ND]UF EM ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN SMZSM[MLUFEF[ ML DF B]LUF. SM[ZMKUN F DF[ B]LUF[ EM [NKHN[ ZFSF USFUFS [NCSM2 - ONEH@HKFKHNL EM M[UFU]UN[. - F]OMLUFS N SME]KHS MD KFZHUFD [NKHFD - MOHUHS NCDHAFKHNLM[.

 

- FKNSEFS DF MLFBMLFKHNL ML ]L [NDN FKUN, EM FKUHPN[ K]XN PFDNS KNLUFCDM MWKMEF MD KHLK]MLUF ZNS KHMLUN EMD KFZHUFD EM DF [NKHMEFE. - FKNSEFS DF USFL[@NSOFKHNL, @][HNL, M[KH[HNL, SMNSAFLHRFKHNL, EH[ND]KHNL X DHV]HEFKHNL EM DF [NKHMEFE. [M SMV]MSHSF ML ZSHOMSF KNLPNKFUNSHF DF KNLK]SSMLKHF EM [NKHN[ V]M SMZSM[MLUML K]FLEN OMLN[ EN[ UMSKHN[ EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN, X ML [MA]LEF KNLPNKFUNSHF CF[UFSF DF KNLK]SSMLKHF EM ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ V]M SMZSM[MLUML K]FLEN OMLN[ USM[ V]HLUF[ ZFSUM[ EM ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN. ML DN[ KF[N[ FK]MSEN[ SM[ZMKUN F DN[EM DHUMSFDM[ c, k,[M e,M@MKU]FSF m, a EMD FSUHK]DN E]NEMKHON EMEM DN[ M[UFU]UN[ DF FENZKHNL FK]MSEN[ KNL ]L L]OMSN EM ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ V]M SMZSM[MLUML DF OFXNSHF FC[ND]UF EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN. DF[ [M[HNLM[ EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ X DN[ FK]MSEN[ FENZUFEN[ ML MDDF[ EMCML KNL[UFS ML FKUF V]M MWZSM[M ]L SM[]OML EM DN FKNLUMKHEN ML DF SM]LHÛL, DF OH[OF V]M [M F[MLUFSÆ ML MD DHCSN EM B]LUF[ EM [NKHN[ KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM. MD KNLUMLHEN, FZSNCFKHÛL X PFDHEMR EM DF[ FKUF[ EMCMSÆ KMÖHS[M F DN M[UFCDMKHEN ML MD FSU. 6;= EM DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[, ML DN V]M @]MSM FZDHKFCDM. FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON [MWUN.- EM[EM [MWUN.- EM[EM MD EÏF EM DF Z]CDHKFKHÛL EM DF KNLPNKFUNSHF, DN[ ENK]OMLUN[, ONKHNLM[ X ZSNXMKUN[ SMDFKHNLFEN[ KNL MD NCBMUN EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ EMCML M[UFS F EH[ZN[HKHÛL EM DN[ [NKHN[ ML DF[ N@HKHLF[ EM DF [NKHMEFE N ML MD D]AFS EM KMDMCSFKHÛL EM DF B]LUF, E]SFLUM MD GNSFSHN EM N@HKHLF. DN[ [NKHN[ Z]MEML [NDHKHUFS KNL FLUMSHNSHEFE F DF B]LUF N E]SFLUM MD K]S[N EM DF OH[OF, DN[ HL@NSOM[ N FKDFSFKHNLM[ V]M M[UHOML LMKM[FSHN[  FKMSKF EM DN[ F[]LUN[ F[]LUN[ KNOZSMLEHEN[ ML DF KNLPNKFUNSHF. KNLPNKFUNSHF. MD FEOHLH[USFENS M[UÆ NCDHAFEN F ZSNZNSKHNLÆS[MDN[, [FDPN ML DN[ KF[N[ ML V]M DF EH@][HÛL EM DN[ EFUN[ [NDHKHUFEN[ ZMSB]EHV]M MD HLUMSÈ[ [NKHFD. M[UF MWKMZKHÛL LN ZSNKMEM K]FLEN DF [NDHKHU]E [MF @NSO]DFEF ZNS [NKHN[ ZSM[MLUM[ ML DF B]LUF V]M SMZSM[MLUML FD OMLN[ MD 3:% 3: % (PMHLUM KHMLUN) EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [][KSHUF[ KNL EMSMKGN F PNUN. FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON [ÈZUHON.- DF [ÈZUHON.- DF FEOHLH[USFKHÛL EM DF [NKHMEFE KNSSM[ZNLEMSÆ F ]LN N PFSHN[ [NKHN[, N F ]LF N PFSHF[ ZMS[NLF[ V]M LN UMLAFL DF KFDHEFE EM [NKHN[, [MAÒL DF EM[HALFKHÛL V]M FK]MSEM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[. DF [NKHMEFE ZNESÆ, FEMOÆ[, KNL@MSHS ZNEMS EM SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL  F @FPNS EM K]FDV]HMS ZMS[NLF. ZMS[NLF. DF SMPNKFKHÛL EMD KFSAN EM FEOHLH[USFENS Z]MEM M@MKU]FS[M ML K]FDV]HMS ONOMLUN ZSMPHN FK]MSEN EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[. FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON NKUFPN.- MD NKUFPN.- MD FEOHLH[USFENS N AMSMLUM UHMLM UNEF[ DF[ D F[  FUSHC]KHNLM[, @FK]DUFEM[ @FK]DUFEM[ X ZNEMSM[ EM SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL V]M DF DMX [MÖFDF, ANRFLEN FEMOÆ[ EM DF[ [HA]HMLUM[2 H. @FK]DUFEM[ FEOHLH[USFUHPF[2 f) MBMK]UFS DN[ FK]MSEN[ EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[. c) [][KSHCHS DF KNSSM[ZNLEMLKHF EM DF [NKHMEFE F LHPMD LFKHNLFD M HLUMSLFKHNLFD. k) KNNSEHLFS DF MDFCNSFKHÛL EMD NSAFLHASFOF EM DF [NKHMEFE, F[Ï KNON DN[ OFL]FDM[ EM @]LKHNLM[ EMD ZMS[NLFD X DF[ A]ÏF[ EM ZSNKMEHOHMLUN[ V]M [MFL LMKM[FSHF[. e) KNNSEHLFS DF MDFCNSFKHÛL EM DN[ M[UFEN[ @HLFLKHMSN[, F[Ï KNON EM DN[ EMOÆ[ ENK]OMLUN[ SMDFKHNLFEN[ KNL DF [HU]FKHÛL MKNLÛOHKF, KNLUFCDM X @HLFLKHMSF EM DF [NKHMEFE. m) KNNSEHLFS MD K]OZDHOHMLUN NZNSU]LN EM DF[ NCDHAFKHNLM[ USHC]UFSHF[ EM DF [NKHMEFE. `) NSEMLFS F]EHUNSÏF[. a) MOHUHS SMKHCN[ X NUSN[ ENK]OMLUN[ EM KFLKMDFKHÛL EM NCDHAFKHNLM[. g) KMDMCSFS X MBMK]UFS UNEN UHZN EM FKUN[ B]SÏEHKN[ X OFUMSHFDM[ NSEHLFSHN[ V]M [MFL LMKM[FSHN[ ZFSF DF KNSSMKUF OFSKGF EM DF [NKHMEFE X ZFSF MD EM[FSSNDDN EM [] NCBMUN [NKHFD. HH. @FK]DUFEM[ DFCNSFDM[2

 

f) KNLUSFUFS ZMS[NLFD ML SMDFKHÛL EM EMZMLEMLKHF EMLUSN EM DF[ LMKM[HEFEM[ EM DF [NKHMEFE. c) KNNSEHLFS DF MDFCNSFKHÛL X FZSNCFS MD SMADFOMLUN HLUMSLN EM USFCFBN X DF[ EHSMKUHPF[ KNOZDMOMLUFSHF[ KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM[. k) FONLM[UFS, [][ZMLEMS X EM[ZMEHS FD ZMS[NLFD, NC[MSPFLEN DF[ LNSOF[ DMAFDM[ [NCSM DF OFUMSHF. e) @HBFS X ONEH@HKFS DN[ D N[ GNSFSHN[ EM USFCFBN EMLUSN EM DN M[UFCDMKHEN ZNS DF DMXM[ PHAMLUM[. m) @HBFS X ONEH@HKFS DF[ D F[ SMO]LMSFKHNLM[, []MDEN[ X [FDFSHN[, F[Ï KNON DF[ EMOÆ[ KNLEHKHNLM[ EMCNDMUF[ USFCFBN,EM EFLEN F DN[ [NKHN[. `) [][KSHCHS ZDFLHDDF[, ZFANK]MLUF X DHV]HEFKHNLM[ EM CMLM@HKHN[ [NKHFDM[ X NUSN[ ENK]OMLUN[ DFCNSFDM[. D FCNSFDM[. a) NUNSAFS KMSUH@HKFEN[ EM USFCFBN, KNL[UFLKHF[ EM @NSOFKHÛL DFCNSFD X EM ZSÆKUHKF[ ZSM-ZSN@M[HNLFDM[. g) [][KSHCHS DF[ KNO]LHKFKHNLM[ X NUSN[ ENK]OMLUN[, F[Ï KNON SMFDHRFS DF[ AM[UHNLM[ V]M KNSSM[ZNLEFL FLUM MD OHLH[UMSHN EM USFCFBN, M[[FD]E X EMOÆ[ MLUHEFEM[ M HL[UHU]KHNLM[ SMDFUHPF[ F F[]LUN[ DFCNSFDM[ X EM [MA]SHEFE [NKHFD. HHH. @FK]DUFEM[ KNLUSFKU]FDM[2 KMDMCSFS, ONEH@HKFS, SMA]DFS X MWUHLA]HS UNEN UHZN EM FKUN[ B]SÏEHKN[ X UNEF KDF[M EM KNLUSFUN[, UFLUN LNOHLFEN[ KNON HLLNOHLFEN[, UÏZHKN[ N  FUÏZHKN[, SMDFKHNLFEN[ SMDFKHNLFEN[ KNL MD EM[FSSNDDN EMD NCBMUN NCBMUN [NKHFD X KNL DF  FEOHLH[USFKHÛL EM DF [NKHMEFE, [NKHMEFE, F[Ï KNON SM@MSMLUM[ F DF EH[ZN[HKHÛL X  FEV]H[HKHÛL EM FKUHPN[, FKUHPN[, CHMLM[ X ZFUSHONLHN EM DF [NKHMEFE. EH[ZNLMS, MLFBMLFS, KNOZSF, PMLUF, ENLFKHNL, N K]FDV]HMS FKUN EM EH[ZN[HKHNL F UHU]DN NLMSN[N N ASFU]HUN, F[H KNON ASFPFS ML K]FDV]HMS @NSOF KNL GHZNUMKF, ZSMLEF ] NUSN[ [NCSM CHMLM[ O]MCDM[ M HLO]MCDM[ EM DF [NKHMEFE EHKGN[ FKUN[ B]SÏEHKN[ X KNLUSFUN[ ZNESÆL PMS[FS [NCSM K]FDV]HMS OFUMSHF EMD EMSMKGN, [MF KHPHD, KNOMSKHFD, CFLKFSHN, @HLFLKHMSN, FASFSHN, DFCNSFD, FEOHLH[USFUHPN, ZSNZHMEFE HLE][USHFD M HLUMDMKU]FD, MLUSM NUSF[ [HL DHOHUFKHÛL FDA]LF, Z]EHMLEN [MS EHKGN[ KNLUSFUN[ EM KNOZSFPMLUF, ZMSO]UF, []OHLH[USN, ENLFKHÛL, O]U]N, FSSMLEFOHMLUN, KNONEFUN, ZSM[UFKHÛL EM [MSPHKHN[, DNKFKHÛL EM [MSPHKHN[, NCSF X KNL[US]KKHÛL, OFLEFUN, EMZÛ[HUN, [MK]M[USN, @HFLRF, SMLUF PHUFDHKHF, F[NKHFKHÛL, @]LEFKHÛL, KNOHUÈ, ZFKUN EM HLEHPH[HÛL, ZFSUHKHÛL, KM[HÛL EM EMSMKGN[, KM[HÛL EM KSÈEHUN[, KM[HÛL EM EM]EF, ][]@S]KUN, ][N, EMSMKGN EM []ZMS@HKHM, [MSPHE]OCSM[, AFSFLUÏF[ ZMS[NLFDM[ N SMFDM[, ZSMLEF KNL N [HL EM[ZDFRFOHMLUN, FLUHKSM[H[, GHZNUMKF, KFLKMDFKHÛL X DMPFLUFOHMLUN EM GHZNUMKF[ N ZSMLEF[, SMKNLNKHOHMLUN EM UNEF KDF[M EM NCDHAFKHNLM[,  FEB]EHKFKHÛL N EFKHÛL ML ZFAN, LNPFKHÛL NCBMUHPF NCBMUHPF N []CBMUHPF, KNOZML[FKHÛL, KNLENLFKHÛL N SMOH[HÛL, USFL[FKKHÛL, O]U]N EH[ML[N, KDÆ][]DF ZMLFD, KNLUSFUN[ ZSMZFSFUNSHN[, KNOZSNOH[N EM KNLUSFUFS, KNLUSFUN EM NZKHÛL, KM[HÛL EM ZN[HKHÛL KNLUSFKU]FD, KNLUSFUN ML @FPNS EM UMSKMSN[, KNLUSFUN ZNS ZMS[NLF F LNOCSFS, ZSNOM[F EM DF NCDHAFKHÛL N EMD GMKGN EM ]L UMSKMSN, KNLUSFUN KNL FSSF[ KNL@HSOFUNSHF[, KNLUSFUN KNL FSSF[ EM SMUSFKUFKHÛL, KDÆ][]DF KNOZSNOH[NSHF, KNOZSNOH[N FSCHUSFD N FSCHUSFBM, FK]MSEN KNLKHDHFUNSHN, MEHKHÛL, KM[HÛL EM EMSMKGN[ HLUMDMKU]FDM[, USFL[@MSMLKHF N DHKMLKHF EM OFSKF[ N EM LNOCSM[ KNOMSKHFDM[ N EM ZFUMLUM[ N EM DMOF[ KNOMSKHFDM[ N EM K]FDV]HMS [HALN EH[UHLUHPN, KNOH[HÛL OMSKFLUHD, USFL[ZNSUM FÈSMN, UMSSM[USM, OFSÏUHON N @D]PHFD, [MA]SN[ KNLUSF UNEN UHZN EM SHM[AN[, K]MLUF KNSSHMLUM OMSKFLUHD, @DMUFOMLUN, [NKHMEFE EM K]FDV]HMS KDF[M, KNLUSFUN[ F[NKHFUHPN[, F[NKHFKHÛL ML ZFSUHKHZFKHÛL, KNL[NSKHN, ZSÈ[UFON[ X KSÈEHUN[ CFLKFSHN[, K]MLUF KNSSHMLUM CFLKFSHF, EMZÛ[HUN EM  FGNSSN[, KFSUF @HFLRF X KFSUF EM KSÈEHUN CFLKFSHF[, CFLKFSHF[, KSÈEHUN ENK]OMLUFSHN, @HEMHKNOH[N, KFBF EM [MA]SHEFE, UFSBMUF EM KSÈEHUN, @FKUNSHLA, FSSMLEFOHMLUN @HLFLKHMSN (DMF[HLA CFBN K]FDV]HMS ONEFDHEFE), EH[USHC]KHÛL, SMZNSUM, FAMLKHF, @SFLV]HKHF, BNHLU PMLU]SM, OMSKGFLEH[HLA, KNSSMUFBM, KNLKM[HÛL, KNL[HALFKHÛL, ILNQ GNQ, KNLUSFUN[ ZFSF

 

HOZNSUFKHÛL N MWZNSUFKHÛL EM UNEF KDF[M EM CHMLM[, KNLUSFUN[ DFCNSFDM[ CFBN K]FDV]HMS ONEFDHEFE X, ML AMLMSFD, UNEN UHZN EM KNLUSFUN LNOHLFEN N HLLNOHLFEN, UÏZHKN N FUÏZHKN, SMKNLNKHEN[ ZNS DF DMX, DF ENKUSHLF, DF B]SH[ZS]EMLKHF N ZNS DF KN[U]OCSM KNOMSKHFD, EMCHMLEN MLUMLEMS[M V]M DF ZSM[MLUM SMDFKHÛL M[ [HOZDMOMLUM ML]OMSFUHPF X LN UFWFUHPF, ZNS DN V]M LN MWH[UM SM[USHKKHÛL FDA]LF ZFSF KMDMCSFS K]FDV]HMS UHZN N KDF[M EM KNLUSFUN N FKUN B]SÏEHKN, [FDPN V]M [M USFUM EM KNLUSFUN[ HDÏKHUN[, HDMAFDM[ N V]M FUMLUML KNLUSF MD NSEML B]SÏEHKN, MD NSEML ZÒCDHKN N KNLUSF DF[ C]MLF[ KN[U]OCSM[. DN[ [NKHN[ UHMLML MD EMSMKGN EM HL@NSOFKHÛL SM[ZMKUN EM DF OFSKGF EM DF [NKHMEFE, MD M[UFEN EM DF FEOHLH[USFKHÛL X [NCSM DN[ SMAH[USN[ X K]MLUF[ EM DF [NKHMEFE, Z]EHMLEN [NDHKHUFS EHKGF HL@NSOFKHÛL ZNS M[KSHUN FD AMSMLUM KNL ]LF FLUHKHZFKHÛL EM KHLKN (=) EÏF[ GÆCHDM[. MD  FEOHLH[USFENS M[UÆ NCDHAFEN NCDHAFEN F ZSNZNSKHNLFS DF HL@NSOFKHÛL HL@NSOFKHÛL [NDHKHUFEF EMLUSN EM EHKGN ZDFRN, [FDPN V]M DF OH[OF [MF SM[MSPFEF N KNL@HEMLKHFD, N V]M [] EH@][HÛL Z]MEF ZMSB]EHKFS MD HLUMSÈ[ [NKHFD. USFUÆLEN[M EM HL@NSOFKHÛL EM KFSÆKUMS UÈKLHKN N V]M [MF EM EH@ÏKHD MDFCNSFKHÛL, SMKF]EFKHÛL ] NCUMLKHÛL, MD ZDFRN FLUM[ HLEHKFEN [MSÆ OFXNS EMZMLEHMLEN EMD UHMOZN V]M SFRNLFCDMOMLUM EMONSM ZSNZNSKHNLFS M[UM UHZN EM HL@NSOFKHÛL. HP. @FK]DUFEM[ CFLKFSHF[2 f) FCSHS X KMSSFS UNEN UHZN EM K]MLUF[ CFLKFSHF[, [MFL K]MLUF[ KNSSHMLUM[ N EM EMZÛ[HUN EM FGNSSN[, ML K]FDV]HMS HL[UHU]KHÛL EMD [H[UMOF CFLKFSHN X @HLFLKHMSN LFKHNLFD. c) EH[ZNLMS [NCSM MD ONPHOHMLUN X DN[ @NLEN[ EM DF[ K]MLUF[ CFLKFSHF[, HLASM[FLEN EHLMSN F MDDF[ N SMUHSFLEN MD MWH[UMLUM, [HL DHOHUFKHÛL  FDA]LF. k) AHSFS, [][KSHCHS, MLEN[FS, EMZN[HUFS, KFLKMDFS X KNCSFS KGMV]M[ EM K]FDV]HMS KDF[M9 AHSFS, [][KSHCHS, FKMZUFS, MLEN[FS, EM[KNLUFS, SMLNPFS, ZSNUM[UFS, FPFDFS, KNCSFS, KFLKMDFS X EFS ML AFSFLUÏF, DMUSF[ EM KFOCHN, ZFAFSÈ[, KNLNKHOHMLUN[ EM MOCFSV]M, KFSUF[ EM ZNSUM, A]ÏF[ FÈSMF[, KMSUH@HKFEN[ EM EMZÛ[HUN, QFSSFLU[, DMUSF[ X KÈE]DF[ GHZNUMKFSHF[, KMSUH@HKFEN[ GHZNUMKFSHN[ LMANKHFCDM[, @FKU]SF[ KNL@NSOFEF[, PFDNSM[ ONCHDHFSHN[ X, ML AMLMSFD, K]FDV]HMS NUSF KDF[M EM ENK]OMLUN V]M UMLAF DF KFDHEFE EM UÏU]DN PFDNS KNL@NSOM F DF[ DMXM[ PHAMLUM[, F[Ï KNON K]FDV]HMS HL[US]OMLUN EM ZFAN N EM KSÈEHUN, Z]EHMLEN SM[ZMKUN EM MDDN[ SMFDHRFS K]FDV]HMS FKUN ] NZMSFKHÛL B]SÏEHKF, KNOMSKHFD N CFLKFSHF. e) [NDHKHUFS KFSUF[ EM KSÈEHUN N KFSUF[ @HFLRF[ ML ONLMEF LFKHNLFD N MWUSFLBMSF. m) [NDHKHUFS X FKNSEFS KSÈEHUN[ ML K]MLUF KNSSHMLUM, FPFLKM N [NCSMAHSN, X KSÈEHUN ENK]OMLUFSHN. `) FDV]HDFS KFBF[ EM [MA]SHEFE ML HL[UHU]KHNLM[ CFLKFSHF[ X @HLFLKHMSF[. a) M@MKU]FS UNEF KDF[M EM NZMSFKHNLM[ SMDFKHNLFEF[ KNL FDOFKMLM[ AMLMSFDM[ EM EMZÛ[HUN N EMZÛ[HUN[ FE]FLMSN[ F]UNSHRFEN[. P. NUSF[ @FK]DUFEM[ EM SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL2 f) SMZSM[MLUFS F DF [NKHMEFE FLUM UMSKMSN[, [MFL ZMS[NLF[ LFU]SFDM[ N B]SÏEHKF[, ZÒCDHKF[ N ZSHPFEF[, X FLUM K]FDV]HMS UHZN EM MLUHEFEM[, NSAFLH[ON[, HL[UHU]KHNLM[, F]UNSHEFEM[ X @]LKHNLFSHN[ ZÒCDHKN[, [MFL M[UN[ KNL[UHU]KHNLFDM[, ZNDÏUHKN[, KHPHDM[, FEOHLH[USFUHPN[, B]EHKHFDM[, LNUFSHFDM[, SMAH[USFDM[, O]LHKHZFDM[, SMAHNLFDM[, @H[KFDM[, USHC]UFSHN[, DFCNSFDM[, EM [MA]SHEFE [NKHFD, CFLKFSHN[, @HLFLKHMSN[, FE]FLMSN[, EM KNOMSKHN MWUMSHNS, ZNDHKHFDM[, OHDHUFSM[, MDMKUNSFDM[ X, ML AMLMSFD, EM K]FDV]HMS NUSF ÏLENDM, KNL DF @FK]DUFE EM ZSM[MLUFS X USFOHUFS UNEN UHZN EM [NDHKHU]E, SMK]S[N X SMKDFOFKHÛL, F[Ï KNON EM[H[UHS[M EM MDDN[. c) SMZSM[MLUFS F DF [NKHMEFE ML UNEF KDF[M EM ZSNKMEHOHMLUN[ X ZSNKM[N[ FEOHLH[USFUHPN[, KNLUMLKHN[N[-FEOHLH[USFUHPN[ X DFCNSFDM[,  F[Ï KNON ML ZSNKM[N[ KHPHDM[ KHPHDM[ ML DF PÏF B]EHKHFD, B]EHKHFD, KNLUFLEN KNL UNEN[ X

 

KFEF ]LN EM DN[ ZNEMSM[ X @FK]DUFEM[ AMLMSFDM[ X M[ZMKHFDM[ EM SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL KNLUMLHEF[ ML DN[ FSU[. 15 X 1= EMD KÛEHAN ZSNKM[FD KHPHD, ZNS DN V]M EHKGF[ @FK]DUFEM[ [M MLUHMLEML NUNSAFEF[ ZFSF UNEF[ DF[ MUFZF[ EMD ZSNKM[N, HLKD]XMLEN DF MBMK]KHÛL EM DF [MLUMLKHF N SM[ND]KHÛL @HLFD X MD KNCSN EM KN[UF[ X KN[UN[, Z]EHMLEN SMFDHRFS UNEN[ DN[ FKUN[ EM EH[ZN[HKHÛL EM EMSMKGN[ [][UFLUHPN[, HLUMSZNLMS EMOFLEF[ [NCSM K]FDV]HMS OFUMSHF X ML K]FDV]HMS PÏF ZSNKM[FD, SMKNLPMLHS, KNLUM[UFS EMOFLEF[ X SMKNLPMLKHNLM[, EM[H[UHS[M EMD ZSNKM[N X EM DF ZSMUML[HÛL, FDDFLFS[M F DF ZSMUML[HÛL, KNLKHDHFS, USFL[HAHS, [NOMUMS F  FSCHUSFBM ZSMUMLFEMOÆ[ ZSMUML[HNLM[, [HNLM[,ZSM[MLUFS [][UHU]HS NUNEN EMDMAFS SSMK]S[N MZSM[MLUFKHÛL ZSNKM[FD, DF[ Z]EHMLEN UHZN DF EMSMZSM[MLUFKHÛL [MF N LN ZFSF HOZ]D[FS MD ZSNKM[N, ZSM[UFS B]SFOMLUN, FC[NDPMS ZDHMAN[ HLUMSSNAFUNSHN[, N@SMKMS X FKU]FS UNEN UHZN EM MDMOMLUN N OMEHN ZSNCFUNSHN, EME]KHS MWKMZKHNLM[ X EM@ML[F[ ZSMPHF[, HLUMSZNLMS SMK]S[N[ HOZ]ALFUNSHN[ X L]DHEFEM[, SMK][FS B]MKM[ X [MKSMUFSHN[, F[Ï KNON K]M[UHNLFS DF KNOZMUMLKHF X, ML AMLMSFD, UNEN UHZN EM SMK]S[N X  FKUN ZSNKM[FD KNL MD @HL EM EM KF]UMDFS DN[ EMSMKGN[ M HLUMSM[M[ EM DF [NKHMEFE. k) SMZSM[MLUFS F DF [NKHMEFE ML UNEF KDF[M EM EML]LKHF[ ZMLFDM[ ZNS DF KNOH[HÛL EM EMDHUN[ ML FASFPHN N ML KNLUSF EM DF [NKHMEFE N EM [][ [NKHN[, @]LKHNLFSHN[ N MOZDMFEN[, M HLUMSPMLHS ML K]FDV]HMS UHZN EM ZSNKM[N[ ZMLFDM[ KNL DF[ @FK]DUFEM[ M[ZMKÏ@HKF[ EM @NSO]DFS DF[ EML]LKHF[, KNL[UHU]HS[M ML ZFSUM KHPHD, ZSM[UFS EMKDFSFKHNLM[ HL[US]KUHPF[, ZSMPMLUHPF[ X UM[UHONLHFDM[, Z]EHMLEN FK]EHS FLUM DF[  F]UNSHEFEM[ ZNDHKHFDM[, ZNDHKHFDM[, EMD OHLH[UMSHN ZÒCDHKN X EMD EMD ZNEMS B]EHKHFD K]FLEN [MF SMV]MSHEN ZFSF MDDN. e) X ML AMLMSFD SMZSM[MLUFS F DF [NKHMEFE FLUM K]FDV]HMS F]UNSHEFE Z]CDHKF N ZSHPFEF, F LHPMD B]EHKHFD KNL DF[ @FK]DUFEM[ EM SMZSM[MLUFKHNL EMD FSUHK]DN 15 X 1= EMD KNEHAN ZSNKM[FD KHPHD. m) ZSM[MLUFS[M F DHKHUFKHNLM[ ZÒCDHKF[, KNLK]S[N[ EM ZSMKHN[ X K]FDV]HMS NUSF ONEFDHEFE EM KNLUSFUFKHÛL N FEV]H[HKHÛL EM CHMLM[ X [MSPHKHN[ ZNS ZFSUM EMD M[UFEN, KNLPNKFEN[ ZNS È[UM F USFPÈ[ EM [][ ÛSAFLN[, NSAFLH[ON[, MLUHEFEM[, HL[UHU]KHNLM[ X MOZSM[F[ EMD [MKUNS ZÒCDHKN X, ML AMLMSFD, ZFSUHKHZFS ML UNEF KDF[M EM ZSNKM[N N OMKFLH[ON EM KNLUSFUFKHÛL N FEV]H[HKHÛL EMD M[UFEN, K]FDV]HMSF V]M [MF MD KNLPNKFLUM, [HL DHOHUFKHÛL FDA]LF, Z]EHMLEN ZSM[MLUFS N@MSUF[, Z]BF[, MLUSFS ML LMANKHFKHNLM[, FKMZUFS DF C]MLF ZSN, F[Ï KNON KMDMCSFS, @NSOFDHRFS X MBMK]UFS DN[ KNLUSFUN[ KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM[. `) ZSM[MLUFS[M X ZFSUHKHZFS KNON ZN[UNS ML SMOFUM[ NSAFLHRFEN[ ZNS HL[UHU]KHNLM[ Z]CDHKF[ N ZSHPFEF[ ZFSF FEV]HSHS CHMLM[ ZFSF DF [NKHMEFE [HL DHOHUFKHNL FDA]LF. Z]EHMLEN ZSM[MLUFS N@MSUF[, Z]BF[, MLUSFS ML LMANKHFKHNLM[, [NDHKHUFS DF FEB]EHKFKHNL, USFL[@MSMLKHF X SMFDHRFS EMOF[  FKUN[ F @HL EM KMDMCSFS @NSOFDHRFS X MBMK]UFS DN[ FKUN[ FKUN[ X KNLUSFUN[ KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM[. FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON LNPMLN.- DF[ LNPMLN.- DF[ FUSHC]KHNLM[, ZNEMSM[ X @FK]DUFEM[ EM[KSHUN[ ML MD FSUÏK]DN FLUMSHNS [NL OMSFOMLUM ML]LKHFUHPN[ X LN DHOHUFUHPN[, LN Z]EHMLEN [MS KFDH@HKFEN[ KNON HL[]@HKHMLUM[9 ML KNL[MK]MLKHF [M EMBF KNL[UFLKHF EM V]M MD FEOHLH[USFENS, [MF N LN [NKHN, ZNESÆ SMFDHRFS K]FDV]HMS FKUN SMDFKHNLFEN KNL MD EM[FSSNDDN EMD NCBMUN [NKHFD EM[KSHUN ML MD FSUÏK]DN [MA]LEN EMD M[UFU]UN [HL LMKM[HEFE EM ZNEMS M[ZMKHFD. MD FEOHLH[USFENS ZNESÆ EMDMAFS [][ FUSHC]KHNLM[, ZNEMSM[ X @FK]DUFEM[, KNL F]UNSHRFKHÛL EM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[, ML K]XN KF[N EHKGF EMDMAFKHÛL EMCMSÆ KNL[UFS ZNS M[KSHUN KNL @HSOF DMAFDHRFEF LNUFSHFDOMLUM. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON.- ZFSF PHAÈ[HON.- ZFSF MD MBMSKHKHN EM DF[ FUSHC]KHNLM[, ZNEMSM[ X @FK]DUFEM[ EM[KSHUN[ ML MD FSUÏK]DN EÈKHON NKUFPN, CF[UFSÆ DF HLUMSPMLKHÛL HLEHPHE]FD X DF [NDF @HSOF EMD FEOHLH[USFENS SM[ZMKUN EM DN[ FKUN[ B]SÏEHKN[ K]XF M[UHOFKHÛL MKNLÛOHKF LN [MF OFXNS EM ][$. 6=,:::.:: (V]HLKM OHD X ::/6:: EÛDFSM[ FOMSHKFLN[), [HL ZMSB]HKHN EM EFS K]MLUF F DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[. ZFSF DN[ D N[ FKUN[ B]SÏEHKN[ K]XF M[UHOFKHÛL

 

MKNLÛOHKF [MF []ZMSHNS F DF SM@MSHEF KH@SF [M SMV]MSHSÆ DF HLUMSPMLKHÛL X @HSOF KNLB]LUF EMD FEOHLH[USFENS KNL ZNS DN OMLN[ ]LN EM DN[ [NKHN[ @]LEFENSM[. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON ZSHOMSN.- KFEF ZSHOMSN.- KFEF OM[ MD FEOHLH[USFENS EMCMSÆ SMLEHS K]MLUF F DN[ [NKHN[ [NCSM DF OFSKGF EM DF [NKHMEFE. ZFSF UFD M@MKUN, EMCMSÆ SMEFKUFS ]L HL@NSOM EMUFDDFEN FKMSKF EM DF OFSKGF MKNLÛOHKF,  FEOHLH[USFUHPF X @HLFLKHMSF @HLFLKHMSF EM DF [NKHMEFE, MD OH[ON OH[ON [MSÆ MLUSMAFEN CFBN CFBN KFSAN F KFEF ]LN EM DN[ [NKHN[ ML ]L ZDFRN LN OFXNS EM KHLKN (=) EÏF[ GÆCHDM[ ZN[UMSHNSM[ FD ZMSÏNEN SM[ZMKUN EMD K]FD [M HL@NSOF. F[HOH[ON, FEOHLH[USFENS EMCMSÆ SMFDHRFS ]LF SMLEHKHÛL EM K]MLUF[ FD @HLFDHRFS MD MBMSKHKHN MKNLÛOHKN FL]FD. UÏU]DN K]FSUN EM DN[ [NKHN[ FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON [MA]LEN.- [NL [MA]LEN.-  [NL [NKHN[ DN[ V]M KNL[UHU]XML DF [NKHMEFE X DN[ V]M ML MD USFL[K]S[N EM [] FKUHPHEFE [M Z]MEFL HS HLKNSZNSFLEN ZFSF DN K]FD M@MKU]FSFL DN[ FZNSUM[ LMKM[FSHN[.  FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON UMSKMSN.- ML MD EM[FSSNDDN EM DF FKUHPHEFE FKUHPHEFE ZSN@M[HNLFD [M EH[UHLA]ML DFCNSM[ EM AM[UHÛL, EM EHSMKKHÛL, EM MBMK]KHÛL X @H[KFDHRFKHÛL. DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[ Z]MEM FKNSEFS SMUSHC]KHNLM[ M[ZMKÏ@HKF[ ZNS EHKGF[ DFCNSM[, K]HEFLEN EM SM[MSPFS ]LF ZFSUM EM DN[ GNLNSFSHN[ ZMSKHCHEN[ ZFSF K]CSHS KN[UN[, AF[UN[ M HOZ]M[UN[ V]M EMOFLEM MD [MSPHKHN ZSN@M[HNLFD SM[ZMKUHPN. LHLAÒL [NKHN ZNESÆ F[]OHS KNL[]DUNSÏF[, F[M[NSÏF[ N ZFUSNKHLHN EM KF[N[ ] N@SMKMS DF ZSM[UFKHÛL EM DN[ [MSPHKHN[ V]M @NSOFL ZFSUM EMD NCBMUN [NKHFD, F UÏU]DN NLMSN[N, ML @NSOF HLEHPHE]FD, HLEMZMLEHMLUM N  F]UÛLNOF, EMCHMLEN ML UNEN ONOMLUN FKU]FS @SMLUM F UMSKMSN[ UMSKMSN[ KNON ZSN@M[HNLFDM[ EM DF [NKHMEFE V]M [M KNL[UHU]XM.  F[HOH[ON, [M ZMSOHUM, MD MBMSKHKHN MBMSKHKHN HLEHPHE]FD EM DN[ [NKHN[, [NKHN[, [NDN ML MD KF[N EM MBMSKMS DF ENKMLKHF ML MLUHEFEM[ Z]CDHKF[ N ZSHPFEF[. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON K]FSUN.- DN[ K]FSUN.- DN[ [NKHN[ UHMLML MD EMSMKGN EM HL@NSOFKHÛL SM[ZMKUN EM DF OFSKGF EM DF [NKHMEFE, MD M[UFEN EM DF FEOHLH[USFKHÛL X [NCSM DN[ SMAH[USN[ X K]MLUF[ EM DF [NKHMEFE, Z]EHMLEN [NDHKHUFS EHKGF HL@NSOFKHÛL ZNS M[KSHUN FD FEOHLH[USFENS KNL ]LF FLUHKHZFKHÛL EM KHLKN (=) EÏF[ GÆCHDM[. MD FEOHLH[USFENS M[UÆ NCDHAFEN F ZSNZNSKHNLFS DF HL@NSOFKHÛL [NDHKHUFEF EMLUSN EM EHKGN ZDFRN, [FDPN V]M DF OH[OF [MF SM[MSPFEF N KNL@HEMLKHFD, N V]M [] EH@][HÛL Z]MEF ZMSB]EHKFS MD HLUMSÈ[ [NKHFD. USFUÆLEN[M EM HL@NSOFKHÛL EM KFSÆKUMS UÈKLHKN N V]M [MF EM EH@ÏKHD MDFCNSFKHÛL, SMKF]EFKHÛL ] NCUMLKHÛL, MD ZDFRN FLUM[ HLEHKFEN [MSÆ OFXNS EMZMLEHMLEN EMD UHMOZN V]M SFRNLFCDMOMLUM EMONSM ZSNZNSKHNLFS M[UM UHZN EM HL@NSOFKHÛL. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON V]HLUN.- DN[ V]HLUN.- DN[ [NKHN[ ZNESÆL NZNLMS[M F K]FDV]HMS  FK]MSEN, EMBFLEN KNL[UFLKHF KNL[UFLKHF EM EHKGF NZN[HKHÛL NZN[HKHÛL ML MD FKUF KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM. ML KF[N V]M LN GFXF F[H[UHEN F DF B]LUF ML DF V]M [M  FENZUÛ MD FK]MSEN, MD [NKHN [NKHN [ÛDN ZNESÆ NZNLMS[M NZNLMS[M K]FLEN EHKGF B]LUF LN GFXF [HEN KNLPNKFEF KNL FSSMADN F DMX X MD M[UFU]UN, ML K]XN KF[N EHKGF NZN[HKHÛL EMCMSÆ @NSO]DFS[M EMLUSN EM USM[ (;) EÏF[ GÆCHDM[ KNLUFEN[ EM[EM DF @MKGF ML V]M UNOÛ KNLNKHOHMLUN EMD FK]MSEN. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON [MWUN.- K]FLEN [MWUN.- K]FLEN DN[ [NKHN[ LN FEOHLH[USFENSM[ KNL[HEMSML V]M ]LF NZMSFKHÛL FENZUFEF ZNS MD [NKHN FEOHLH[USFENS LN M[ KNLPMLHMLUM ZFSF DN[ @HLM[ [NKHFDM[, ZNESÆL NZNLMS[M FLUM[ EM V]M EHKGF NZMSFKHÛL KNLKD]XF. ZFSF UFD M@MKUN EMCMSÆL KNO]LHKFS PÏF KFSUF LNUFSHFD EHKGF NZN[HKHÛL FD [NKHN FEOHLH[USFENS, MD OH[ON V]M EM HLOMEHFUN EMCMSÆ KNLPNKFS F B]LUF EM [NKHN[, DF K]FD [M MLUMLEMSÆ HL[UFDFEF, ML ZSHOMSF KNLPNKFUNSHF, FD OMLN[ KNL DF KNLK]SSMLKHF EM DN[ EN[ UMSKHN[ EM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [NKHFDM[9 X, ML [MA]LEF KNLPNKFUNSHF, KNL FD OMLN[ DF[ USM[ V]HLUF[ ZFSUM[ EM È[UF[. ZFSF SM[NDPMS DF NZN[HKHÛL CF[UFSÆ MD PNUN @FPNSFCDM EM DF OFXNSÏF [HOZDM EM DN[ PNUN[ KNLK]SSMLUM[. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON [ÈZUHON.- DN[ [ÈZUHON.- DN[ [NKHN[ ZNESÆL [MZFSFS[M EM DF [NKHMEFE

 

ML K]FDV]HMS ONOMLUN, ZFSF DN K]FD CF[UFSÆ V]M KNO]LHV]ML PÏF KFSUF LNUFSHFD F KFEF ]LN EM DN[ [NKHN[ EHKGF EMKH[HÛL. ML M[UM KF[N, DN[ EMOÆ[ [NKHN[ ZNESÆL MBMSKMS [] EMSMKGN EM FEV]H[HKHÛL ZSM@MSMLUM [NCSM DF[ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ EMD [NKHN EH[HEMLUM F ZSNSSFUF EM [] ZFSUHKHZFKHÛL ML MD KFZHUFD [NKHFD. FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON NKUFPN.- [NL NKUFPN.- [NL KF][FDM[ EM MWKD][HÛL EM DN[ [NKHN[, DF[ [HA]HMLUM[2 f) K]FLEN ]L [NKHN KNL[UHU]XF ]L LMANKHN HA]FD N [HOHDFS FD V]M M[ NCBMUN EM DF [NKHMEFE, KNL MD K]FD [M Z]MEF EFS D]AFS F FKUN[ EM KNOZMUMLKHF EM[DMFD. c) K]FLEN MLUSM ]L [NKHN X DF [NKHMEFE MWH[UF ]L HL[FDPFCDM X ZMSOFLMLUM KNL@DHKUN EM HLUMSM[M[. k) ML KF[N V]M ]L [NKHN ]UHDHKM MD ZFUSHONLHN [NKHFD N ][M DF @HSOF EM DF [NKHMEFE ZFSF @HLM[ FBMLN[ FD NCBMUN [NKHFD N [HL DF SM[ZMKUHPF  F]UNSHRFKHÛL. e) ML KF[N V]M ]L [NKHN F[]OF KNL[]DUNSÏF[, F[M[NSÏF[ N ZFUSNKHLHN EM KF[N[ ] N@SMRKF DF ZSM[UFKHÛL EM DN[ [MSPHKHN[ V]M @NSOFL ZFSUM EMD NCBMUN [NKHFD, F UÏU]DN NLMSN[N, ML @NSOF HLEHPHE]FD, HLEMZMLEHMLUM N  F]UÛLNOF [HL FKU]FS KNON OHMOCSN OHMOCSN EM DF [NKHMEFE, [FDPN [FDPN ML KF[N[ ZMS[NLFDÏ[HON[ N HLU]HUN ZMS[NLFM KNL@NSOM FD UMSKMS ZÆSSF@N EMD  FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON UMSKMSN EMD EMD M[UFU]UN. m) K]FLEN ]L [NKHN [MF EMKDFSFEN ML M[UFEN EM HL[NDPMLKHF N V]HMCSF, N K]FLEN [MF HLGFCHDHUFEN ZFSF MBMSKMS DF ZSN@M[HÛL N MD KNOMSKHN. `) K]FLEN ]L [NKHN [MF KNLEMLFEN ZMLFDOMLUM ZNS KNOMUMS ]L EMDHUN ENDN[N. MD [NKHN V]M GFXF HLK]SSHEN ML FDA]LF EM DF[ FLUMSHNSM[ KF][FDM[ EMCMSÆ [MS LNUH@HKFEN PÏF KFSUF LNUFSHFD @HSOFEF ZNS DF UNUFDHEFE EM DN[ EMOÆ[ [NKHN[, F @HL EM V]M ML MD ZDFRN EM EHMR (6:) EÏF[ GÆCHDM[ SMFDHKM [] EM[KFSAN KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM. EHKGN EM[KFSAN [M SMFDHRFSÆ F USFPÈ[ EM KFSUF LNUFSHFD EHSHAHEF F KFEF ]LN EM DN[ D N[ [NKHN[. EMLUSN EM DN[ EHMR (6:) EÏF[ GÆCHDM[ EM M@MKU]FEN MD EM[KFSAN, DN[ EMOÆ[ [NKHN[ EMKHEHSÆL [NCSM DF MWKD][HÛL ZFSF FENZUFS EHKGN FK]MSEN [M SMV]HMSM DF ]LFLHOHEFE EM PNUN[, [HL UNOFS ML K]MLUF MD EMD [NKHN HL@SFKUNS. MWKD]HEN MD [NKHN, [] DHV]HEFKHÛL ZFUSHONLHFD [M GFSÆ ML CF[M F DF [HU]FKHÛL ZFUSHONLHFD EM DF [NKHMEFE ML MD EÏF V]M [M FENZUM MD FK]MSEN EM MWKD][HÛL. MD ZFAN EM [][ ZFSUHKHZFKHNLM[ [M GFSÆ EMLUSN EM DN[ [MH[ (0) OM[M[ [HA]HMLUM[ FD EÏF EMD SM@MSHEN FK]MSEN.  FSUÏK]DN PHAÈ[HON LNPMLN.LNPMLN.- ML KF[N V]M FDAÒL [NKHN, K]FDV]HMSF K]FDV]HMSF V]M [MF [] KDF[M, F[]OF ]LF @]LKHÛL N KFSAN ZÒCDHKN, DN[ EMSMKGN[ LN ZFUSHONLHFDM[ EMSHPFEN[ EM [] KFDHEFE EM [NKHN V]MEFSÆL ML [][ZML[N OHMLUSF[ E]SM MD MBMSKHKHN EM EHKGF @]LKHÛL N KFSAN ZÒCDHKN. UÏU]DN V]HLUN M[UFEN[ @HLFLKHMSN[, EH[USHC]KHÛL EM ]UHDHEFEM[ EH[ND]KHÛL X DHV]HEFKHÛL EM DF [NKHMEFE, MWUHLKHNL EM DF [NKHMEFE. FSUÏK]DN USHAÈ[HON.- FD USHAÈ[HON.- FD KHMSSM EMD MBMSKHKHN FL]FD, MD FEOHLH[USFENS EMCM @NSO]DFS DF OMONSHF, DN[ M[UFEN[ @HLFLKHMSN[ X DF ZSNZ]M[UF EM  FZDHKFKHÛL EM ]UHDHEFEM[, ]UHDHEFEM[, DN[ V]M ZSM[MLUFSÆ ZFSF [] FZSNCFKHÛL FZSNCFKHÛL F DF B]LUF NCDHAFUNSHF FL]FD. EM M[UN[ ENK]OMLUN[ EMCM SM[]DUFS KNL KDFSHEFE X ZSMKH[HÛL DF [HU]FKHÛL MKNLÛOHKF X @HLFLKHMSF EM DF [NKHMEFE, MD M[UFEN EM [][ LMANKHN[ X DN[ SM[]DUFEN[ NCUMLHEN[ ML MD MBMSKHKHN PMLKHEN. DF[ ]UHDHEFEM[ X DF[ ZÈSEHEF[ [M EH[USHC]XML MLUSM UNEN[ DN[ [NKHN[ ML ZSNZNSKHÛL F [][ FZNSUM[. FSUÏK]DN USHAÈ[HON ZSHOMSN.- DF ZSHOMSN.- DF [NKHMEFE [M EH[NDPMSÆ ML DN[ KF[N[ ZSMPH[UN[ ZNS DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[, N K]FLEN F[Ï DN FK]MSEM DF B]LUF EM [NKHN[. ML KF[N V]M DF [NKHMEFE HLK]SSF ML FDA]LF KF][FD EM EH[ND]KHÛL MD  FEOHLH[USFENS KNLPNKFSÆ KNLPNKFSÆ F B]LUF EM [NKHN[ ML ]L ]L ZDFRN OÆWHON EM ;: EÏF[, F @HL EM FENZUFS MD FK]MSEN N DF[ OMEHEF[ V]M KNSSM[ZNLEFL.

 

EH[]MDUF DF [NKHMEFE [M HLHKHF MD ZMSÏNEN EM DHV]HEFKHÛL. EM[EM DF @MKGF EMD FK]MSEN EM EH[ND]KHÛL KM[F DF SMZSM[MLUFKHÛL EMD  FEOHLH[USFENS, F[]OHMLEN F[]OHMLEN DN[ DHV]HEFENSM[ DF[ @]LKHNLM[ @]LKHNLM[ V]M DM[ KNSSM[ZNLEML KNL@NSOM F DMX. FSUHK]DN USHAM[HON [MA]LEN.- ML [MA]LEN.-  ML KF[N EM MWUHLKHNL EM DF [NKHMEFE [M SMAHSF EM FK]MSEN F DN[ EH[Z]M[UN ML DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[. ZSHOMSF KDÆ][]DF FEHKHNLFD.- V]MEF FEHKHNLFD.- V]MEF EM[HALFEN KNON [NKHF  FEOHLH[USFENSF EM DF [NKHMEFE [NKHMEFE OHBFLNP ZMS[M@NLM[ ZMS[M@NLM[ KNR [MA]HD, K]XN[ EFUN[ EM HEMLUH@HKFKHÛL [M EM[KSHCML ML DF HLUSNE]KKHÛL EM DF ZSM[MLUM OHL]UF, F V]HML [M DM KNL@HMSML DF[ FUSHC]KHNLM[, ZNEMSM[ X @FK]DUFEM[ V]M MD M[UFU]UN KNLUMOZDF ZFSF EHKGN KFSAN [MA]LEF KDF][]DF FEHKHNLFD.- DN FEHKHNLFD.-  DN KNLPMLHEN ML DF ZSM[MLUM V]M SM[]DUM KNLUSFSHN F DF LFU]SFDMRF B]SHEHKF EM DF [NKHMEFE V]M [M KNL[UHU]XM UMLAF[M ZNS LN Z]M[UF. ML UNEN DN EMOF[ V]M SM[]DUM FZDHKFCDM SHAM EM OFLMSF []ZDMUNSHF DN EH[Z]M[UN ZNS DF DMX AMLMSFD EM [NKHMEFEM[. [ÏSPF[M ]E., [MÖNS LNUFSHN, FASMAFS DF HLUSNE]KKHÛL, KNLKD][HÛL X EMOF[ KDF][]DF[ EM DMX, F[HOH[ON UMLAF F CHML HLKD]HS MD UMWUN DHUMSFD EM DN[  FSUHK]DN[ 15 X 1= EMD KNEHAN ZSNKM[FD ZSNKM[FD KHPHD, F[Ï KNON K]S[FS K]S[FS DN[ ZFSUM[ SM[ZMKUHPN[ F DN[ SMAH[USN[ ZÒCDHKN[ ZFSF M@MKUN[ EM DF HL[KSHZKHÛL KNSSM[ZNLEHMLUM. DHOF, 31 EM NKU]CSM EM 3::;.