Modal Verbs

MODAL VERBS TABLE OF MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS

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DEFINICIÓN: Los verbos modales son verbos diferentes al resto

de los verbos. Tienen una serie de características especiales. Estos verbos pueden expresar: obligación, necesidad, prohibición, ausencia de necesidad, probabilidad, posibilidad, habilidad… •

CARACTERÍSTICAS:

Son verbos incompletos. No tienen participio ni infinitivo, y necesitan otros verbos para completar su conjugación: CAN se completa con la perífrasis BE ABLE TO, MUST con HAVE TO, etc. No llevan -S en la 3ª persona singular del presente simple, o excepto HAVE TO (HAS TO) Todos Tod os van seguido seguidos s de otr otro o ver verbo bo en inf infini initiv tivo o sin TO, o excepto OUGHT TO, HAVE TO y NEED TO. Como no necesit ita an verbo auxil iliiar, construyen la o interrogativa invirtiendo el orden del sujeto y el verbo, y la negativa añadiendo NOT. ¡¡OJO!! CANNOT o

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TABLA DE VERBOS MODALES VERB

PURE MODALS

CAN

USE - Expresar  habilidad - Expresar  posibilidad o imposibilidad - Expresar o pedir permiso

(presente) - En negativa expresar  deducción y prohibición.

COULD (pasado)

- Expresar  habilidad en pasado. - Pedir algo educadamente.

EXAMPLES

NOTES

- We can drive very well - Be able to - I can't talk, comp complemen lementa ta a I've got a very can cuando sore throat indic indica a habil habilidad idad pos po sib ibil ilid ida ad: - Can I sit y infinitivo, infin itivo, futur futuro, o, down? prese sent nt per perfec fectt - She can't be pre at school. It's y gerundio, e.g. I will be able to holiday. play pl ay th the e gu guit itar  ar  - You cannot in a year. smoke here. - Jane could drive before she was 18. - Could you pass the salt, please?

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MAY (PRE/FUT)

MIGHT

SHOULD

- Expresar  - It was so hot posibilidad o I couldn't walk imposibilidad en in the sand. el pasado. - Hacer  - This especulaciones passport (posibilidad could be his. remota) - We could - Hacer  play bingo sugerencias. today. - Remplaza a - They said can en el estilo they could do indirecto it themselves. - You could - Expresar una have bought crítica. some more food. - May I leave - Pedir algo. the classroom? - Expresar  - You may go permiso. to the toilet. - Expresar  - The posibilidad headmaster  (presente o may visit the futura) class today. - That may be - Hacer  the thief that especulaciones. was arrested by the police. - Expresar  - They might posibilidad (más invite us to dudosa) the party. - They might - Hacer  have broken especulaciones the window… - You should - Dar y pedir  do more consejos physical (debería) exercise - Expresar  obligación moral - You should o que algo no

- Cuando MAY indica posibilidad indica que algo no es seguro. (quizá, tal vez, puede que)

- La posibilidad es muy dudosa (pudiera ser  que)

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acciones pasadas

WILL

SHALL

WOULD

MUST

(presente)

NEED

OUGHT TO

have been quiet - I'll carry the - Hacer un suitcase for  ofrecimiento you. - Will you - Pedir algo bring me a educadamente coffee, please? - Hacer un - Shall I open ofrecimiento the window? - What shall - Pedir  we do sugerencias tonight? - I shall speak - Tomar  to the decisiones headmaster  - Would you - Hacer un like some ofrecimiento tea? - When I was - Rutinas en el a child, I pasado (afirm.) would go (solía) fishing. - Expresar  - You must go obligación - HAVE TO to school (autoridad fuerte) complementa a - En negativa: - You mustn't MUST en los expresar  smoke in tiempos que prohibición hospitals este carece, - They must e.g. She had to - Expresar  get up early be happy. deducción yesterday. They've won (afirmativa) the lottery - Expresar  - Need we go necesidad now? - Con sentido - The trees pasivo need pruning. - En negativa: - You needn't ausencia de get up early at obligación = weekends don't have to - You ought to

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obligación moral

USED TO

HAVE (GOT) TO

HAD BETTER

MODALS IDIOMS

- Expresar  hábitos o rutinas en el pasado - Expresar  obligación (+ suave) - En negativa: ausencia de obligación - Dar consejos o sugerencia (sería mejor) - + infinitivo: preferir algo 2 sujetos iguales

WOULD RATHER

BE USED TO + -ING GET USED TO + -ING

be more tolerant - I used to play tennis, but now I play basket - You have to be 18 to drive a car  - You don't have to wear  a uniform in this school - It's getting dark, we'd better go home now - I'd rather  stay at home (prefiero)

- + Oración en - I'd rather  pasado simple: she studied (preferiría) harder  sujetos diferentes - I'd rather  - + infinitivo + listen to music than + infinitivo than dance - Expresa "estar  - I'm used to acostumbrado going to bed a.." late. - Expresa " acostumbrarse a.."

- I can't get used to his way of  cooking.

• •

MODALES PERFECTOS:

Se refieren al pasado: expresan conclusiones, suposiciones y conjeturas que hacemos sobre hechos pasados y se forman con un modal + have + participio. MUST + HAVE + PARTICIPIO → conclusiones lógicas en o el pasado, e.g. Sheila was absent yesterday. She must have been

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→ indica que hubo posibilidad de hacer algo en el pasado pero realmente no se hizo, e.g. He could have helped us, but he came too late. → en negativa, expresa la incredulidad de que lo ocurrido sea cierto, e.g. She couldn't have said those words. → para hacer una suposición en el pasado, e.g. She didn't come to the party. She could have been ill. MAY / MIGHT + HAVE + PARTICIPIO → expresan una suposición sobre el pasado, e.g. Call her again. She may / might not have heard you the first time. SHOULD / OUGHT TO + HHAVE + PARTICIPIO o

o

→ para lamentar que no se siguió un consejo en el pasado, e.g. She looks worse. She should / ought to have seen a doctor last week. → para lamentar que no se haya cumplido lo que esperábamos, e.g. They should have been home by now. → en negativa demuestran nuestra opinión crítica sobre algo que no debería haber ocurrido, e.g. I'm very angry with her. She shouldn't have been so rude.

Expressing Ability Make a choice by clicking on a button then compare your answer with the correct one hidden under the answer button. 1. Although it contains many difficult words, I ___ read this book now. can could may þÿ

2.

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couldn't can't þÿ

3. Because there were many long words which I ___ understand. couldn't can't aren't able to þÿ

4. When you receive the new books ___ try to read one of them? can I could I may þÿ

5. I ___ understand why you won't let me. couldn't can't mayn't þÿ

6. Can you find your way to the hotel? Yes I ___. could am able can

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Can you pronounce my name properly? I ___ if you would speak more slowly. could may can þÿ

8. Are you strong enough to lift that box.? Yes, I ___. could am can þÿ

9. Will you speak more clearly please? I ___ hardly hear you at all. could can can't þÿ

10. I ___ only listen to my radio when my mother was not at home. did

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can þÿ

12. I ___ do that because I will get a sunburn. can't couldn't can þÿ

13. Is it low enough ___ you to be able to step over it? to for of  þÿ

14. I ___ reach that apple, I'll have to use a ladder. don't can't couldn't þÿ

15.

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can't couldn't won't þÿ

Modals Click the answer button to see the answer. 1. ___ you you speak speak any foreign foreign languages languages? ? a. May b. Can c. Have þÿ

2. Liz ___ ___ get tired of her her job. job. It is so boring. boring. a. has to b. must c. should þÿ

3. Where's Where's Nick? Nick? He ___ be in his offic office. e. a. might b. mustn't c. is to þÿ

4. Take Take an umbrella umbrella.. It ___ rain later. later. a. has to b. need c. might þÿ

5. Jack ___ go go to hospital hospital yesterda yesterday. y. a. must b. had to c. need

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c. Can þÿ

9. ___ ___ we we stay stay or or leav leave? e? a. Will b. Would c. Shall þÿ

10.Jane was so tired. She ___ have worked days and nights. a. should b. must c. need þÿ

EXERCISE 3 Complete the sentences below using must or a form of have to.

Example: You _____ light a naked flame near the gas pumps. a) don't have to ----------

b) must not - The answer is: b) must not

1. Victoria _____ wake up at 4:00 in the morning yesterday. a) had to

b) must

2. I strongly believe that they should _____ ask permission. a) have to

b) must

3. Can _____ reliably predict an earthquake? a) anyone

b) anywhere

4. When I was young, I _____ do many things for myself. a) didn't have to

b) must not

5. While operating a motor vehicle, you _____ drink and drive.

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9. Bill _____ see everything at once because he can always visit again. a) doesn't have to

b) must not

10. _____ all of the current assumptions about the universe one day be revised? a) Have to ----------

b) Must

EXERCISE 4: Complete the sayings and proverbs below using the clauses in the box.

Example: should apologize Jill to Mark for being late. Answer:

þÿ

to Mark for being late.

1. Ought Mary to clean up the mess she made. þÿ

clean up the mess she made.

2. opposite the Shouldn't of zero be everything? þÿ

of zero be everything?

3. look should Everyone at the stars from time to time. þÿ

at the stars from time to time.

4. should We have a plan when the going gets difficult. þÿ

when the going gets difficult.

5. turn we whom To should for inspiration and wisdom? þÿ

for inspiration and wisdom?

6. study if ought Dan to more he wants to pass the exam. þÿ

he wants to pass the exam.

7. to ought You worry not about things you can't change. þÿ