Mnemonics for Medical PG Entrance

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Anatomy

Anatomical layers of the scalp     

Skin Connective tissue Aponeurosis (galea) Loose connective tissue Periosteum

SCALP

Structures in cavernous sinus and their positions

O TOM CAT     

 

Oculomotor nerve Trochlear nerve Opthalmic branch of trigeminal nerve Maxillary branch of trigeminal nerve Carotid artery (internal) Abducens nerve Trochlear nerve

Bifurcation vertebral landmarks

A bifurcation occurs on 4th level of each vertebral column  



C4: bifurcation of common carotid artery T4: bifurcation of trachea L4: bifurcation of aorta

Lower limb: muscles between upper legs

There's a GAP between upper legs when you sit without closing your knees   

Gastrocnemious Adductors Pectinious

Elbow joint: radius vs. ulna ends

CRAzy TULips  

Capitalum = Radius Trochlear = ULnar

Mediastinums: posterior mediastinum structures

There are 4 birds   



The esophaGOOSE (esophagus) The vaGOOSE nerve (Vagus nerve) The azyGOOSE vein (azygos vein) The thoracic DUCK (thoracic duct)

3

Femoral artery deep branches

Put My Leg Down Please 

   

Profundus femoris (deep femoral artery) Medial circumflex femoral artery Lateral circumflex femoral artery Descending genicular arteries Perforating arteries

Facial nerve branches: From superior to inferior

Two Zombies Buggered My Cat 

   

Temporal branch Zygomatic branch Buccal branch Mandibular branch Cervical branch

Cubital fossa contents: From medial to lateral

My Bottle Turned Red    

Median nerve Brachial artery Tendon of biceps Radial nerve

How???

Pleura surface markings

All the even ribs, in order: 2,4,6,8,10,12 show its route Rib2: sharp angle inferiorly  Rib4: the left pleura does a lateral shift to accommodate heart  Rib6: both diverge laterally  Rib8: midclavicular line  Rib10: midaxillary line  Rib12: the back 

Medial malleolus: order of tendons, artery, nerve behind it 

From anterior   to posterior:

Tom, Dick, And Nervous Harry

 

Tibialis (Tibialis Posterior) Digitorum (Flexor Digitorum Longus) Artery (Posterior Tibial Artery) Nerve (Posterior Tibial Nerve) Hallicus (Flexor Hallicus Longus)

Thoracoacromial trunk: branches

Cadavers Are Dead People

  



Clavicular Acromial Deltoid Pectoral

Carpal bones

Simply Learn The Parts That The Carpus Has Proximal row first, then Distal row:    

Scaphoid Lunate Triquetrium Pisiform

   

Trapezium Trapezoid Capate Hamate

Internal jugular vein: tributaries

Medical Schools Let Confident People In From inferior to superior:      

Middle thyroid Superior thyroid Lingual Common facial Pharyngeal Inferior petrosal sinus

Tonsils: The three types

PPL (people) have tonsils   

Pharyngeal Palatine Lingual

Surgery

Causes of post operative fever

6W

's

Wind: pulmonary system is primary source of fever first 48 hours, may have pneumonia  Wound: infection at surgical site  Water: check IV for phlebitis  Walk: deep venous thrombosis, due to pelvic pooling or restricted mobility related to pain and fatigue  Whiz: urinary tract infection if urinary catheterization  Wonder drugs: drug-induced fever 

Prophylactic Antibiotic Indications

APPLE     

Amputations Prosthesis Penetrating wounds Large bowel surgery Endocarditis

Indications for CT Scan in setting of Trauma

Uncle Never ARgues ABout KIDs     

Unconcious pt after head trauma Neck injury Aortic Rupture ABdominal penetrating wound KIDney injury with hematuria

ENT

Local Causes of Epistaxis

Drink FANTA     

 

Infections DNS Foreign body Atmospheric Neoplasms Traumatic Allergic

FANTA

Cataract: Characteristics, Treatment Characteristics    

Cloudy, Opaque lens Acuity No pain Occurs gradually

Treatment 

Removal of lens with lens implant

D/D of membrane over the tonsil We Mainly Discuss At Length About Membrane In Tonsil  We

- Vincent's angina  Mainly - Malignancy  Discuss - Diptheria  At - Agranulocytosis  Length - Leukemia  About - Apthous ulcers

 Membrane

- Membranous

Tonsillitis  In - Infectious mononucleosis  Tonsil - Traumatic ulcer

Gradenigo's triad EAR   

Ear discharge Abducens palsy Retro orbital pain (5th nerve involved)

Oralpharangeal cancers: aetiology

 

    

Smoking Spicy food Syphilis Spirits [booze] Sore tooth Sepsis Also betel nuts

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma: classic symptoms NOSE    

Neck mass Obstructed nasal passage Serous otitis media externa Epistaxis or discharge

Ear drops: direction to pull ear when instilling UP & DOWN For an grown UP it is UP For a chilD it is Down

Indications Of Tympanoplasty

Age should be above 10yrs when sufficient resistance develops  Benign (tubotympanic disease) can be corrected  Conductive deafness can corrected  Dry perforation gives best results  Eustachian tube should be functioning properly  Stapes should be mobile 

Otalgia         

Tonsil Tube( Eustasian Tube) Tics (Glossopharyngeal) Trachea Thyroid Temporo Mandibular Joint Throat Tongue Teeth

(Lower 4 Are Referred as Causes)

Neoplasms of larynx: Causes TARGET  

  



Tobacco (Carcinogens: Benzopyrine) Alcohol: synergistic with tobacco (Commonly in supraglottic ca.) Radiation Genetic- familial tendency Environmental/ occupational- asbestos, petroleum, mustard gas, etc. Tumors: Solitary papilloma, leucoplakia, erythroplakia, etc.

Complications of Tonsillitis Tom IS A Really Old Name  

    

Tonsillitis (Chronic Tonsillitis) Infection (of middle ear cleft) Septicaemia Abscess Rheumatism Oedema (of the larynx) Nephritis

Types of DNS (Deviated Nasal Septum) SCAN your nose

   

S-shaped deformity C-shaped deformity Anterior dislocation Nasal spur

lower cranial nerve palsy (9,10,11,12)

MANGO   

MAlignant otitis externa Nasopharyngeal carcinoma GlOmus jugulare

Biochemistry

Citric acid cycle compounds Oh Citric Acid Is Of-course A SiLly STupid Funny Molecule  Oxaloacetate

 Alpha-ketoglutarate

 Citrate

 SuccinyL-CoA

 Aconitate

 SuccinaTe

 Isocitrate

 Fumarate

 Oxalosuccinate

 Malate

SilLy and STupid used to differentiate SuccinyL and SuccinaTe

Glycolysis enzymes High Profile People Act Too Glamorous, Picture Posing Every Place  Hexokinase

 Glyceraldehyde-3-

 Phosphoglucose

phosphate dehydrogenase  Phosphoglycerate mutase  Enolase  Pyruvate kinase

isomerase  Phosphofructokinase (PFK)  Aldase A  Triose phosphate isomerase

Niacin deficiency: signs and symptoms The famous 4 D's 

  

Diarrhoea Dermatitis Dementia Death (if untreated)

Citric acid cycle compounds Our City Is Kept Safe And Sound From Malice

 

  

  

Oxaloacetate Citrate Isocitrate alpha-Ketoglutarate Succinyl-CoA Succinate Fumarate Malate

Enzymes: classification

Over The HILL  Oxidoreductases

 Transferases  Hydrolases  Isomerases

 Ligases  Lyases

Pompe's disease: type

PoLys Read it as Police Pompe's disease is a lysosomal storage disease (alpha 1, 4 glucosidase).

Golgi complex: functions

Golgi Distributes A SPAM  

  



Distributes proteins and lipids from ER Add mannose onto specific lysosome proteins Sulfation of sugars and slected tyrosine Proteoglycan assembly Add O-oligosugars to serine and threnonine Modify N-ologosugars on asparagine

Fat Soluble Vitamins

The FAT cat is in the attic Read ADEK as attic  Vitamin

A  Vitamin D  Vitamin E  Vitamin K Attic: a space or room inside or partly inside the roof of a building.

Catabolism steps of branched chain amino acids

Truck hit the Ox to Death  Transamination  Oxidative

decarboxylation  Dehydrogenation

Hypervitaminosis A: signs and symptoms

Increased Vitamin A makes you HARD  Headache/

Hepatomegaly  Anorexia/ Alopecia  Really painful bones  Dry skin/ Drowsiness

BUN: creatinine elevation: causes

BUN teaches you ABCD Azotremia (pre-renal)  Bleeding (GI)  Catabolic status  Diet (high protein parenteral nutrition) 

C

D

A

B

zinc dependant enzymes

A CLASsic zinc     

Alcohol dehydrogenase Carbonic anhydrase Lactate dehydrogenase Alkaline phoshpatase Superoxide dismutase

Amino acids with Uncharged polar side chains

Tendulkar Added a Ton at Sydney Cricket Ground  Threonine  Asparagine  Tyrosine  Serine  Cysteine  Glutamine

Fasting state: branched-chain amino acids used by skeletal muscles

Muscles LIVe fast

 Leucine  Isoleucine  Valine

Creatine phosphate: amino acid precursors

Tasty GAM Read GAM as JAM   

Glycine Arginine Methionine

Medicine

Multiple Myeloma: Characteristics

OLD Age  Calcium Elevated (Hypercalcemia)  Renal Failure  Anemia  Bone Lytic Lesions 

Levels of consciousness AVPU The patient is fully awake (although not necessarily oriented). This patient will have spontaneously open eyes, will respond to voice (although may be confused) and will have bodily motor function.

Alert Verbal Stimuli

Painful Stimuli

Unresponsive

Hmm

Ouch!!

The patient makes some kind of response when you talk to them, which could be in any of the three component measures of eyes, voice or motor - e.g. patient's eyes open on being asked "Are you all right?". The response could be as little as a grunt, moan, or slight move of a limb when prompted by the voice of the rescuer. The patient makes a response on any of the three component measures on the application of pain stimulus, such as a central pain stimulus like a sternal rub or a peripheral stimulus such as squeezing the fingers. A patient with some level of consciousness (a fully conscious patient would not require a pain stimulus) may respond by using their voice, moving their eyes, or moving part of their body (including abnormal posturing). Sometimes seen noted as 'Unconscious', this outcome is recorded if the patient does not give any eye, voice or motor response to voice or pain. In first aid, an AVPU score of anything less than A is often considered an indication to get further help, as the patient is likely to be in need of more definitive care. In the hospital or long term healthcare facilities, caregivers may consider an AVPU score of less than A to be the patient's normal baseline.

Strawberries of medicine:

Strawberry tongue - Scarlett fever (white followed by red), Kawasaki's disease  Strawberry vagina/cervix - Trichomoniasis  Strawberry Gingivitis - Pathognomic of wegner's granulomatosis  Strawberry Gallbladder - Diffuse cholesterolosis  Strawberry Hemangioma/nevus -Birth marks  Strawberry picker's Palsy - Peroneal nerve compression 

Causes Microcytic Hypochromic Anemia

TAILS    

Thalassemia Anemia of chronic Disease Lead toxicity Sideroblastic Anemia

DRUGS CAUSING LIVER TOXICITY

HELLO MIAMI PREZ  

    

Halothane Methotrexate Amiodarone Isoniazid Parcetomol Rifampicin Pyrazinamide

Pharmacology

Diuretics: Types Leak On The CAN Loop Diuretics: Furosemide  Osmotics: Mannitol, Urea  Thiazides: Hydrochlorothiazide  Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Acetazolamide  Aldosterone inhibitors: Spironolactone  Na channel blockers: Amiloride, Triamterene 

"leak" is slang for urination and "can" is slang for a toilet.

ACE inhibitor side effects         

CAPTOPRIL Cough Angioneurotic oedema Proteinuria Taste disturbance/ Teratogenic in 1st trimester Other (fatigue, headache) Potassium increased Renal impairment Itch Low BP (1st dose)

Anti-tuberculosis Drugs

SPIRE     

Streptomycin Pyrazinamide Isoniazid Rifampin Ethambutol

SSRIs Side Effects Serotonin Syndrome  Seizures  Reproductive Dysfunction in males  Insomnia 

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors or serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are a class of drugs that are typically used as antidepressants in the treatment of major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders.

Forensic Medicine

Ossification centers

Colorful Sweet Tomatoes are Safe for Cooking      

Calcaneum – 5 Months Sternum – 6 Talus – 7 Sacrum – 8 Femur – 9 Cuboid – 10

Signs of Organophosphate poisoning

DUMBBELS        

Diarrhoea Urination Miosis Bradycardia Bronchorrhea Emesis Lacrymation Salivation

Rigor mortis

  

Develops in 12 hrs Persists for 12 hrs Passes of 12 hrs

The degree of rigor mortis may be used to determine the approximate time of death. A dead body holds its position as rigor mortis sets in. If the body is moved after death, but before rigor mortis begins, forensic techniques such as livor mortis can be applied. If the position in which a body is found does not match the location where it is found, that could mean someone moved it. Several factors also affect the progression of rigor mortis, and investigators take these into account when estimating the time of death.

Microbiology

AIDS pathogens (T-cell suppression)

The Major Pathogens Concerning Complete T-Cell Collapse Toxoplasma gondii  M. avium intracellulare  Pneumocystis carinii  Candida albicans  Cryptococcus neoformans 

Tuberculosis  CMV  Cryptosporidium parvum 

Toxoplasma gondii: manifestations

My Cat Eats Mice    

Mononucleosis-like illness Chorioretinits/ Congenital infection Encephalitis Myocarditis

Trypanosoma brucei: disease caused

I went on a TRYP to AFRICA TRYPanosoma brucei causes AFRICAn sleeping sickness

E. coli: major subtypes, key point of each

HIT by E. coli outbreak EnteroHemorrhagic: · HUS from Hamburgers  EnteroInvasive: · Immune-mediated Inflammation  EnteroToxigenic: · Traveller's diarrhea 

Nematodes: ones spreading by egg ingestion

ATE eggs Ascaris Lumbricoides  Trichuris trichuira  Enterobius vermicularis spread by ingestion of eggs (vs skin invasion or insect bite) 

Staphylococcus aureus: diseases caused

SOFT PAINS     

Skin infections Osteomyelitis Food poisoning Toxic shock syndrome Pneumonia

   

Acute endocarditis Infective arthritis Necrotizing fasciitis Sepsis

Kidney transplant virus

Borrowed Kidney BK virus is associated with kidney transplants.

Endocarditis: lab results suggesting it

High Tech Lab Results Point At Endocarditis       

Hematuria Thrombocytopenia Leukocytosis, -penia Red blood cell casta Proteinuria Anemia Elevated ESR

Meningitis: risk factors

Can Induce Severe Attacks Of Head PAINS Cancer  Immunocompromised state  Sinusitis  Age extremes  Otitis  Head trauma 

Parameningeal infection  Alcoholism  Infections (systemic, esp. respiratory)  Neurosurgical procedures  Splenectomy 

Pulmonary embolism: risk factors

7 H's  Hereditary

(eg factor V Leyden, protein C or S deficiency)  History (previous DVT or PE)  Hypomobility (fracture, CVA, severe illness, obesity, long trip)

 Hypovolaemia

(nephrotic syndrome, dehydration)  Hypercoagulability (smoking, malignancy)  Hormones (oestrogens [esp. in OCP], puerperium)  Hyperhomocysteinaemia

Baldness risk factors

Daddy Doesn't Deny Getting Hair Implants 

  

 

Diet Disease Drugs Genes Hormones Injury to the scalp

Pathology

Diabetes: short list of complications

Diet SHAKE    



Stroke Heart attack Amputations Kidney disease Eyes (vision loss)

Osteomalacia: features

Vit-D deficiency in ADULT    



Acetabuli protrusio Decresed bone density Under mineralization of osteoid Looser's zone (pseudofracture) Triradiate pelvis (females)

Phaeochromocytoma: diagnositc rule

Rule of 10's   

10% ectopic 10% multiple 10% malignant

TTP: clinical features

Thrombosis and thrombocytopenia PARTNER together      

Platelet count low Anemia (microangiopathic hemolytic) Renal failure Temperature rise Neurological deficits ERadmission (as it is an emergency)

Kawasaki's disease: features

FEAR ME

Fever  Eye: perilimbic sparing conjunctival injection  Adenopathy: usually cervical  Rash  Mouth: red lips  Extremities: red hands and feet 

Disease to be feared because of risk of coronary aneurysms.

Apoptosis vs. necrosis

LIFELESS Differences are in:  Leaky membranes  Inflammatory response  Fate  Extent

   

Laddering Energy dependent Swell or shrink Stimulus

LIFELESS since cells are dead

Parkinsonism: essential features

TRAPS     

Tremor (resting tremor) Rigidity Akinesia Postural changes (stooped) Stare (serpentine stare)

To remember what kind of tremor and postural change, can look at letter that follows in TRAPS: Tremor is Resting, Posture is Stooped

MI: sequence of elevated enzymes after MI

Time to CALL From first to appear to last:  Troponin  CK-MB  AST  LDH1

Gout: factors that can precipitate an attack of acute gouty arthritis

DARK 

  

Diuretics Alcohol Renal disease Kicked (trauma)

The attack occurs most often at night hence, DARK

Psychiatry

Neuroleptic side effects onset

The rule of 4's    

Dystonia: 4 hours - 4 days Akathesia: 4 days - 40 days Extrapyramidal symptoms: 4 days - 4 weeks Tardive dyskinesia: 4 months (greater than)

Ganser syndrome: key diagnostic feature Oh..! Is it wrong?

The word “Ganser” is close to but not quite the word “Answer” Ganser's syndrome is when patient gives an answer that is close to, but not quite.

For example: “How many hours a day has?”, to which the subject may respond „23‟.

Dysthymia

HE'S 2 SAD  Hopelessness  Energy

loss or fatiggue  Self-esteem is low  2 years minimum of depressed mod most of day, for more days than not  Sleep is increased or decreased  Appetite is increased/decreased  Decision-making or concentration is impaired

Substance abuse

WILD  Work,

school, or home role obligation failiures  Interpersonal or social consequences  Legal problems  Dangerous use

Substance dependance

ADDICTeD  Activities

are given up or reduced  Dependence, physical: tolerance  Dependence, physical: withdrawal  Intrapersonal (internal) consequences, physical or psychological  Can't cut down or control use  Time-consuming  Duration or amount of use is greater than intended

Mania

DIG FAST  Distractibility  Indiscretion

 Grandiosity  Flight

of ideas  Activity increase  Sleep deficit  Talkativeness

Ophthalmology

Keratoconus

CONES Central scarring & Fleischer ring  Oil drop reflex / Oedema (hydrops)  Nerves prominent  Excessive bulging of lower lid on downgaze (Munson’s sign)  Striae (Vogt’s) 

angle structures

I Can See Till Schwalbe's Line     

Iris root Cilliary Body Scleral spur Trabecular Meshwork Schwalbe's Line

OBG

Multiple pregnancy complications

HI, PAPA      

Hydramnios (Poly) IUGR Preterm labour Antepartum haemorrhage Pre-eclampsia Abortion

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome (PCOS): first line treatment

Just reverse it Treat PCOS with OCP's (oral contraceptive pills)

Shoulder dystocia: management

HELPER Call for Help  Episiotomy  Legs up [McRoberts position]  Pressure subrapubically [not on fundus]  Enter vagina for shoulder rotation  Reach for posterior shoulder and deliver posterior shoulder/ Return head into vagina [Zavanelli maneuver] for C-section/ Rupture clavicle or pubic symphisis 

Labour: factors which determine rate and outcome of labour

3P's Power: stength of uterine contractions  Passage: size of the pelvic inlet and outlet  Passenger: the fetus--is it big, small, have anomalies, alive or dead 

Fetus: cardinal movements of fetus

Don't Forget I Enjoy Really Expensive Equipment       

Descent Flexion Interal rotation Extension Restitution External rotation Expulsion

PSM

Notifiable Diseases

Yellow CuP

  

Yellow fever Cholera Plague

Principles of Primary Health Care (PHC)

I Act Confident Every-day

  



Intersectoral co-ordination Appropriate technology Community participation Equitable distribution

Physiology

Heart valves: closure sequence

Many Things Are Possible

  



Mitral Tricuspid Aortic Pulmonic

Coagulation common pathway: factors in order Maths….?

10 + 5 - 2 = 13 Coagulation common pathway: Factor X to Factor V to Factor II to Factor XIII

Leukocytes: granulated and agranulated

BEN Loves Money Granulocytes: Basophil Eosinophil Neurophil  Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes Monocytes 

Papez circuit

HiMaAnCi (Read it as HIMANSHI) Cingulate gyrus (limbic system)

Hippocampus (limbic system)

Anterior thalamic nucleus (thalamus)

Mammillary body (hypothalamus)

Trichromatic theory

Ragbi

  

Red - protanomaly Green - deuteranomaly Blue - tritanomaly

Pediatrics

Weights of children with age Newborn

• 3 kg

6 months

• 6 kg (2x birth wt at 6 mos)

1 yr

• 10 kg (3x birth wt at 1 yr)

3 yrs

• 15 kg (odd yrs, add 5 kg until 11 yrs)

5 yrs

• 20 kg

7 yrs

• 25 kg

9 yrs

• 30 kg

11 yrs

• 35 kg (add 10 kg thereafter)

11 yrs

• 45 kg

13 yrs

• 55 kg

17 yrs

• 65 kg

Causes of haematuria

T Tumour

I Infection

Trauma

Toxins

C calculi

S Surgery

cyst Inflammatory processes

congenital anomalies

Sickle cell

Short stature: differential

ABCDEFG       

Alone (neglected infant) Bone dysplasias (rickets, scoliosis, mucopolysaccharidoses) Chromosomal (Turner's, Down's) Delayed growth Endocrine (low growth hormone, Cushing's, hypothyroid) Familial GI malabsorption (celiac, Crohn's)

WAGR syndrome: components

Well All Going Mental    

Wilm's tumor Aniridia Gential abnormalities Mental retardation

Dermatology

Cutaneous inflammation patterns

Pus of Pig Valve Remove the vowels: PSFPGVLV:  

  

  

Psoriaform Spongiotic (eczematous) Folliculitis Panniculitis Granulomatous Vasculopathic Lichenoid Vessiculobullous

Lasers: Characteristics

CoMIC

   

COHERENT (in phase) MONOCHROMATIC (1wavelength) INTENSE (high intensity) COLLIMATED (rays are parallel)

Lepra reaction

I + IV = V, II + III = V

 

Type I: Reverse lepra reaction, is Type IV hypersensitivity Type II: ENL, is Type III hypersensitivity

Pityriasis rosea: Characteristic features

Her True Color make Her patch Free  Herpesvirus

(suspected etiology)

 Trunk  Cigarette

paper scales  Herald patch  Fir tree pattern

Orthopaedic

Fracture: describing

DOCTOR

    

Displaced vs. non-displaced Open vs. closed Complete vs. incomplete Transverse fracture vs. linear fracture Open Reduction vs. closed reduction

Risk of progression of vertebral anomalies in decreasing order

Unique Homes Were Beautiful

   

Unsegmented bar Hemivertebra Wedge vertebra Block vertebra

Myositis ossificans progressiva Muscles that are characteristically spared

Smooth CDE

   

Smooth muscles Cardiac muscles Diaphragm Extraocular muscles

Anaesthesia

Non Seminomatous Tumours Of Testis

ChoTa BheEM  Choriocarcinoma  Teratoma  orchioBlastoma  Embryonal

cell carcinoma

Gene Deletion Syndromess

Delhi Metro Rail Corporation  Duchene

musc. Dystrophy  Mcleod syndrome  Retinitis pigmentosa  Chr. granulomatous disease

Enzyme Inducer

GPRS Cell Phone  Griseofulvin  Phenytoin  Rifampicin  Smoking  Carbamazepine  Phenytoin

Radiology

Radio-Opaque Ingestants

CHIPES  Cocaine

condoms/chloral hydrate/calcium  Heavy metals  Iron/iodides  Psychotropics (TCADs, phenothiazines)  Enteric coated barium  Solvents CCl4

Ossification Centers at the Elbow

CITROEN  Capitellum  Internal

(medial epicondyle)  Trochlea  Radial head  Olecranon  External (lateral epicondyle)  N (empty)

Bilateral Hilar Lymphadenopathy

Please Helen Let Me Put Skull  Primary

TB  Histoplasmosis  Lymphoma  Metastases  Pneumconiosis  Sarcoid

Miscellaneous

Celery stalk sign (ACL)

The celery stalk sign is seen on magnetic resonance (MR) images, especially sagittal T2-weighted images, of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), when subtle linear low-signal-intensity fibers course parallel to the long axis of the otherwise hyperintense ligament. The ligament retains its normal orientation.

Strawberry Skull Appearance

Strawberry Appearance of the skull that may be seen on fatal US with Trisomy 18.

Lemon Sign

The lemon sign refers to the shape of the fetal skull at ultrasonography (US) when the frontal bones lose their normal convex contour and appear flattened or inwardly scalloped. This gives the skull a shape similar to that of a lemon. The sign is seen on transverse sonograms of the fetal cranium obtained at the level of the ventricles.

Popcorn Calcification

"Popcorn" calcifications appear roentgenographically as a collection of scalloped radiolucencies, each with a sclerotic margin and in some instances, with central densities.

Berry Aneurysm Aneurysms in the brain occur when there is a weakened area in the wall of a blood vessel. An aneurysm may be present from birth (congenital). Or, it may develop later in life, such as after a blood vessel is injured. There are many types of brain aneurysms. The most common type is called a berry aneurysm. This type can vary in size from a few millimeters to over a centimeter. Giant berry aneurysms can be bigger than 2 centimeters. These are more common in adults. Berry aneurysms are passed down through families more often than other types of aneurysms.

Rice Grain Calcification

Rice grain calcification is characteristic of infection with Taenia solium (cysticercosis); when the inflammatory response of the host kills the larval cysts (cysticerci), they undergo granulomatous change and become calcified.

Syncope: Causes HEAD    

Hypoxia/ Hypoglycemia Epilepsy Anxiety Disorders of brain stem

HEART    



Heart Attack (MI) Embolism (PE) Aortic stenosis/Acute coronary syndrome Rhythm abnormalities (drug induced AFib) Tachycardia

VESSELS Vasovagal causes (common faint)  Electrolyte abnormalities  Situational (cough, sneeze, micturation)  Subclavian steal syndrome  ENT causesGassopharyngealneuralgia  Low systemic vascular resistance  Sensitive carotid sinus/Sick sinussyndrome  Substance abuse 

Lung Sounds VRACLES High Pitched Heard During Inspiration Not cleared by cough (Discontinuous)

RHONCHI Rumbling Course Sounds Like a snore May clear with coughing or suctioning (Continuous)

WHEEZE Musical noise during Inspiration/Expiration Usually louder during Expiration (Continuous)

Blood Transfusion Reaction Allergic MILD Facial Flushing Hives/ Rash

SEVERE Increased Anxiety Wheezing Decreased BP

Febrile Headache Tachycardia Tachypnea Fever/ Chills Anxiety

Hemolytic Decreased BP Increased PR Hemoglobulinuria Chest Pain Apprehension Low Back Pain Fever Tachycardia Chills