MKT - Lambin - Cap 6

 

  Gjrectm`o Cstrjtíomba

Kcj` Kjbqucs Hjgnm`

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2  cdmbmò`

Cdmt. GbOrjw Lmhh

:==3

Cstc gjtcrmjh sc utmhmzj ba` im`cs cxbhusmvjgc`tc dmdêbtmbas

 

BJVÇTSHA 9. CH J@ÊHMRMR DC HJR @CBCRMDJDCR J T^JYÍR DC HJ RCOGC@TJBMÒ@ Hj cgprcsj dcnc, prmarmtjrmjgc`tc, mdc`tmimbjr ch gcrbjda sanrc ch quc dcscj bagpctmr y, c` dmbla gcrbjda, dcim`mr u`j cstrjtcomj dc prcsc`bmj. Cstj chcbbmò` dc «gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmjµ mgphmbj hj pjrtmbmò` dch gcrbjda tatjh c` sunba`ku`tas lagaoí`cas c` tírgm`as dc `cbcsmdjdcs y dc gatmvjbma`cs dc bagprj, susbcptmnhcs dc ba`stmtumr gcrbjdas patc`bmjhcs dmstm`tas. S`j cgprcsj pucdc csbaocr c`trc dmrmomrsc j hj tatjhmdjd dch gcrbjda, a ba`bc`trjrsc c` u`a a vjrmas scogc`tas s cogc`tas quc iargj` pjrtc dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj. Cstj pjrtmbmò` sc rcjhmzj oc`crjhgc`tc c` das ctjpjs; u`j ctjpj dc gjbrascogc`tjbmò` quc mdc`tmimbj has  pradubtas-gcrbjdas5 u`j ctjpj dc gmbrascogc`tjbmò` quc hhcvj j mdc`tmimbjr has scogc`tas c` ch m`tcrmar dc bjdj u`a dc has pradubtas gcrbjdas schcbbma`jdas. Rm tagjgas baga njsc cstj pjrtmbmò` dch gcrbjda tatjh, hj cgprcsj padrê dc m`gcdmjta cvjhujr ch jtrjbtmva dc has dmstm`tas pradubtas-gcrbjdas y scogc`tas (Bjpçtuha ?), gcdmr su prapmj bagpctmtmvmdjd (Bjpçtuha

 

  Vjrj u`j cgprcsj quc tmc`c u`j armc`tjbmò`-gcrbjda cs pucs mgpartj`tc dcim`mr su êgnmta dc jbtmvmdjd c` tírgm`as dc `cbcsmdjd oc`írmbj, y csta dcsdc ch prm`bmpma dch prabcsa dc hj rcihcxmò` cstrjtíombj. J ba`tm`ujbmò` sc rchjbma`j` jhou`as ckcgphas dc hj dcim`mbmò` dc gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj. - 

Dcrnmt M`tcr`jtma`jh apcrj sanrc ch gcrbjda dc rcbunrmgmc`tas dc has tckjdas hhj`as y

ijnrmbj gcgnrj`js dc jsijhta. Hj sabmcdjd dcim`c su gcrbjda baga smouc; «vc`dcgas hjs sahubma`cs ojrj`tmzjdjs dc hj mgpcrgcjnmhmdjd dc has tckjdas, bagpjrtmda ba` has dmstrmnumdarcs cxbhusmvas y jphmbjdarcs jhtjgc`tc bujhmimbjdasµ. -  Atms Chcvjtar sc dmrmoc j das gcrbjdas cstrcbljgc`tc rchjbma`jdas; j) hj ba`bcpbmò`, ijnrmbjbmò` c m`stjhjbmò` dc jsbc`sarcs, chcvjdarcs y csbjhcrjs gcbê`mbjs5 n) hj ba`scrvjbmò` y ch gj`tc`mgmc`ta dc has cqumpas m`stjhjdas. Ru dcim`mbmò` dc gcrbjda cs; «`ucstra trjnjka ba`smstc c` dcsphjzjr hjs pcrsa`js y has gjtcrmjhcs larmza`tjh y vcrtmbjhgc`tc c` dmstj`bmjs bartjs... ] buj`da `ucstras jsbc`sarcs iu`bma`j` nmc`, hj oc`tc `a has jprcbmj. @ucstra ankctmva ba`smstc c` pjsjr dcsjpcrbmnmdasµ. -  Rcdjh, u`j cgprcsj irj`bcsj quc ijnrmbj rckmhhjs gctêhmbjs dc vc`tmhjbmò` dcim`c su êgnmta dc jbtmvmdjd baga jquch quc «ba`trahj ch jmrc y hj tcgpcrjturjµ; pastcrmargc`tc sc lj dmvcrsmimbjda ljbmj ch êgnmta gês jgphma dc has smstcgjs dc «vc`tmhjbmò` y jmrc jba`dmbma`jdaµ. Njtj tmc`c par bastugnrc dcim`mrsc baga ch cspcbmjhmstj c` hj trj`siargjbmò` dch bucra. Hj -  sabmcdjd sc pasmbma`j baga ch cspcbmjhmstj dc has pradubtas bjhzjdas, scj ch quc scj ch gjtcrmjh utmhmzjda, bucra, phêstmba, tcxtmh, ctb. Mdcjhgc`tc hj dcim`mbmò` dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj dcncrçj ljbcrsc c` tírgm`as suimbmc`tcgc`tc cstrcblas baga pjrj armc`tjr hj cstrjtcomj, pcra moujhgc`tc c` tírgm`as suimbmc`tcgc`tc jgphmas baga pjrj cstmguhjr hj mgjom`jbmò` y pcrgmtmr dcsbunrmr cstrjtcomjsC` dc hj cxtc`smò` ojgjs, a dc c` has êgnmtas vcbm`as dch êgnmta prm`bmpjh dc hjs hj jbtmvmdjd. sabmcdjddcOruggj`, hjsdmvcrsmimbjbmò`, rcbagc`djbma`cs djdjs pjrj hj dcim`mbmò` dc hj gmsmò` cstrjtíombj sa` s a` hjs smoumc`tcs; «Dcncgas vchjr c` `a ba`imjr jh gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj sahjgc`tc has pradubtas trjdmbma`jhcs y has cxmstc`tcs. Hj dcim`mbmò` dc gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj, dcnc ljbcrsc dc gj`crj quc brccgas u`j ba`bmc`bmjbmò` dch gcrbjda dch c`tar`a, dc sus `cbcsmdjdcs y dc hjs tc`dc`bmjs quc pucdc` rcprcsc`tjr u`j apartu`mdjd, u` dcsjiça, tc`mc`da c` buc`tj `ucstrj pasmbmò` jbtujh a iuturj.µ (Lapem`s :=, pêo. ::=.)

9.:.>. Ba`bcptujhmzjbmò` dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj Ch ankctmva cs dcim`mr ch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj dcsdc ch pu`ta dc vmstj dch bagprjdar y `a, baga j gc`uda sc dj ch bjsa, dcsdc ch pu`ta dc vmstj dch pradubtar. Vjrj jhbj`zjr cstc ankctmva, m`tcrvmc`c` trcs dmgc`sma`cs c` hj dmvmsmò` dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj c` gjbrascogc`tas; - 

±Buêhcs sa` hjs `cbcsmdjdcs,

iu`bma`cs a bagnm`jbma`cs dc iu`bma`cs j sjtmsijbcr1 (±ch

«quí1µ). ±Zumí`cs sa` has dmicrc`tcs orupas dc bagprjdarcs  patc`bmjhgc`tc m`tcrcsjdas par ch  pradubta1 (±ch «qumí`1µ). -  ±Buêhcs sa` hjs tcb`ahaoçjs cxmstc`tcs a hjs gjtcrmjs susbcptmnhcs dc pradubmr cstjs iu`bma`cs1 (±ch «bòga1µ). - 

Orêimbjgc`tc, sc tmc`c u` csqucgj dc trcs dmgc`sma`cs (vcr Imourj 9. h). Vjrj ljbcr cstc csqucgj apcrjtmva y ba`strumr sanrc cstj njsc u`j gjtrmz dc scogc`tjbmò` cs `cbcsjrma mdc`tmimbjr has brmtcrmas quc dcsbrmnc`, bjsa par bjsa, sanrc cstjs trcs dmgc`sma`cs.

 

2

 

 

Imourj 9.:. Hjs dmgc`sma`cs dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj. Hjs iu`bma`cs a bagnm`jbma`cs dc iu`bma`cs Rc rcimcrc j hjs `cbcsmdjdcs j hjs quc dcnc rcspa`dcr ch pradubta a ch scrvmbma. Cstas ckcgphas dc iu`bma`cs scrçj`; Hj dcbarjbmò` m`tcrmar dc has m`gucnhcs5 ch trj`spartc m`tcr`jbma`jh dc gcrbj`bçjs5 hj mgpcrgcjnmhmdjd jnsahutj dc u` tckjda5 hj prcvc`bmò` ba`trj hj axmdjbmò`5 hj lmomc`c dc`tjrmj5 hj  pcriarjbmò` c` praiu`dmdjd a c` supcrimbmc5 ch dmjo`òstmba gídmba, ctb. Ba`bcptujhgc`tc, cs `cbcsjrma scpjrjr hj iu`bmò` dc hj gj`crj c` quc dmblj iu`bmò` cs ckcrbmdj (m.c. hj tcb`ahaoçj). Hj hç`cj dc dcgjrbjbmò` c`trc hjs «iu`bma`csµ y hjs «vc`tjkjsµ `a cs smcgprc cvmdc`tc c` hj gcdmdj c` quc hjs iu`bma`cs cstê` cstrmbtjgc`tc dcim`mdjs, a tadjvçj dcim`mdjs baga bagnm`jbma`cs dc iu`bma`cs. Var ckcgpha, lmomc`c dc`tjh, gês prcvc`bmò` dc bjrmcs5 a bljgpû gês bumdjda j`tm-pchmbuhjr. Hjs iu`bma`cs pucdc` pucs dcim`mrsc moujhgc`tc baga u` ba`ku`ta dc vc`tjkjs nusbjdjs par has dmicrc`tcs orupas dc bagprjdarcs.

Has orupas dc bagprjdarcs Rc trjtj dc has dmicrc`tcs orupas dc bagprjdarcs patc`bmjhcs. C`trc has brmtcrmas gês utmhmzjdas, dcstjbj; Laojr u aroj`mzjbmò`, bhjsc sabmacba`ògmbj, za`j ocaorêimbj, bmrbumta dc dmstrmnubmò`, tjgjúa a bjpjbmdjd im`j`bmcrj, saimstmbjbmò` tcb`ahòombj, cstjtuta dc usujrma, bagpartjgmc`ta dc bagprj, ctb. Jh `mvch dc hj gjbrascogc`tjbmò`, sòha hjs bjrjbtcrçstmbjs oc`crjhcs sc tmc`c` c` buc`tj, ha bujh cs suimbmc`tc c` has gcrbjdas m`dustrmjhcs. C` ch scbtar dc has nmc`cs dc ba`suga, j gc`uda cs `cbcsjrma jim`jr hj dcim`mbmò` dc hjs bjrjbtcrçstmbjs dc has bagprjdarcs, par ckcgpha c` tírgm`as dc orupas dc cdjd, dc vc`tjkj nusbjdj, dc bagpartjgmc`ta dc bagprj a dc cstmha dc vmdj. Cs ch ankcta dc hj gmbrascogc`tjbmò`.

Hjs tcb`ahaoçjs Jquç sc pa`c c` kucoa ch «sjncr ljbcrµ tcb`ahòomba quc pcrgmtc pradubmr hjs iu`bma`cs dcsbrmtjs. Var ckcgpha, pm`turj a pjpch pm`turj pjrj hj iu`bmò` dc dcbarjbmò` m`tcrmar dc m`gucnhcs5 bjrrctcrj, icrrabjrrmh a joujpjrj pjrjhj ch trj`spartc m`tcr`jbma`jh dc gcrbj`bçjs5 gcgnrj`js jsijhtjdjs jmrc, a gcgnrj`js phêstmbjs iu`bmò` dc mgpcrgcjnmhmzjbmò` dc has tckjdas5 rjyas-\, uhtrjsa`mdas, sbj``crs pjrj hj iu`bmò` dc dmjo`òstmba gídmba, ctb.

 

4

 

Cstj dmgc`smò` tcb`ahòombj cstê c` ba`stj`tc cvahubmò`, y c` cstc sc`tmda u`j tcb`ahaoçj gês cimbmc`tc rccgphjzj hj (a hjs) tcb`ahaoçj(s) dagm`j`tc(s) ljstj c`ta`bcs. Cs ch bjsa dc hj rcsa`j`bmj `ubhcjr gjo`ítmbj pjrj hj rjdmaorjiçj c` gcdmbm`j, dch barrca chcbtrò`mba pjrj hj bagu`mbjbmò` mgprcsj, dch ijx c` rchjbmò` jh tchcx, ctb.

9.:.2. Cstrubturjs dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj ^cimrmí`dasc jh bujdra ba`bcptujh dcsbrmta, sc pucdc cstjnhcbcr u`j dmstm`bmò` c`trc trcs cstrubturjs; ch «pradubta-gcrbjdaµ, ch «gcrbjdaµ y hj «m`dustrmjµ. S` pradubta gcrbjda sc smtûj c` hj m`tcrscbbmò` dc u` orupa dc bagprjdarcs y dc u` surtmda dc iu`bma`cs njsjda c` u`j tcb`ahaoçj ba`brctj. S` gcrbjda bunrc ch ba`ku`ta dc hjs tcb`ahaoçjs pjrj u`j iu`bmò` y u` orupa dc -  bagprjdarcs. -  S`j m`dustrmj cs dcim`mdj par u`j tcb`ahaoçj, bujhcsqumcrj quc scj` hjs iu`bma`cs y has orupas dc bagprjdarcs jicbtjdas. - 

Rc tmc`c` jquç trcs dcim`mbma`cs pasmnhcs dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj, quc tmc`c` bjdj u`j sus vc`tjkjs y sus m`ba`vc`mc`tcs (Imourj 9.>).

Vradubta gcrbjda S` pradubta gcrbjda sc smtûj c` hj m`tcrscbbmò` dc u` orupa dc bagprjdarcs y dc u`j tcb`ahaoçj barrcbtj

Gcrbjda S` gcrbjda bunrc ch ba`ku`ta dc hjs tcb`ahaoçjs pjrj u`j iu`bmò` y u` orupa dc bagprjdarcs.

M`dustrmj S`j m`dustrmj cstê dcim`mdj  par u`j tcb`ahaoçj bujhcsqumcrj quc scj` hjs iu`bma`cs y has orupas dc bagprjdarcs jicbtjdas

Imourj 9.>. Cstrubturj dch gcrbjda dc rcicrc`bmj. Iuc`tc; Jdjptjbmò` dc Jnchhg D,I, (:= x > x 2) (vcr Imourj 9.2), ha quc qucdj guy chcvjda. Hj mgpartj`bmj dc csas scogc`tas vjrçj smcgprc dc gj`crj ba`smdcrjnhc, baga ha dcgucstrj` hjs bmirjs dc hj Imourj 9.2, quc rcprcsc`tj` ch parbc`tjkc dc hjs gjtrmbuhjbma`cs dc bjgma`cs par scogc`tas. Bjdj scogc`ta

 

9

 

`a gcrcbc par ha tj`ta scr `cbcsjrmjgc`tc ba`smdcrjda. Cs ch j`êhmsms dc pcrtm`c`bmj ch quc dcnc pcrgmtmr ch ba`trjstc.

Tjgjúa dc hj ihatj y pcsa Vcqucúj (:-4) Gcdmj`j (4-:6) 8 :9 t 0 :9 t 8 :9 t 0 :9 t

Orj`dc ( 0:6) Tatjh 8 :9 t 0 :9 t

Dmstrmnubmò` Ba`strubbmò`   @jbma`jh 

?,2 6,: 4,?

4,3 :,: :,9

:,: 6,= :,4

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6,4 :,? :,?

M`tcr`jbma`jh  Atrjs 

:,2

6,= 6,9

6,> 6,2

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Jbtmvmdjdcs/iu`bma`cs Trj`spartcs par buc`tj prapmj

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>,: :,9 2,9

:?,> 9,< :9,<

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Trj`spartmstjs Vraicsma`jhcs Dmstrmnubmò` Ba`strubbmò`  @jbma`jh M`tcr`jbma`jh Atrjs

:,: 6,> :,4 6,>

6,< :,9 :,3 6,? 6,4

6,= :,4 6,3

:,9 6,4 2,6 9,:

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:,9 :,>

24,?

9,6 2,4 :>,9 6,4 :66 %

Imourj 9.2. Ckcgpha dc gjtrmz dc scogc`tjbmò`; ch gcrbjda dc has pcsas pcsjdas. Iuc`tc; Hjgnm` & Lmhhcr (:==2, pêo. 9>:) 

Ch j`êhmsms dc pcrtm`c`bmj Vjrj antc`cr u`j gjtrmz dc scogc`tjbmò` quc scj apcrjtmvj, hjs rcohjs smoumc`tcs dcnc` scr rcspctjdjs. - 

Cs mgpartj`tc dcsdc ch prm`bmpma rjstrcjr cxtc`sjgc`tc y ba`smdcrjr tadjs hjs vjrmjnhcs dc scogc`tjbmò` quc pjrczbj` pcrtm`c`tcs. Ròha hjs vjrmjnhcs quc tmc`c` u`j mgpartj`bmj cstrjtíombj dcnc` m`gcdmjtjgc`tc scr -  ba`smdcrjdjs. Hjs vjrmjnhcs barrchjbma`jdjs c`trc sç dcnc` scr rcjorupjdjs. -  Hjs bagnm`jbma`cs mgpasmnhcs dcnc` scr chmgm`jdjs. -  Jhou`as scogc`tas pucdc` scr rcjorupjdas sm hjs dmicrc`bmjs sa` gç`mgjs a sm su tjgjúa cs -  jprcbmjnhcgc`tc dcgjsmjda pcqucúa. -  Hj gjtrmz dc scogc`tjbmò` dcnc bagprc`dcr `a sahjgc`tc has scogc`tas cxmstc`tcs, sm`a moujhgc`tc has patc`bmjhcs. Hj jphmbjbmò` dc cstc j`êhmsms dc pcrtm`c`bmj j has djtas dc hj Imourj 9.2. lj pcrgmtmda ba`smdcrjr bujtra scogc`tas dc mgpartj`bmj cstrjtíombj y quc rcprcsc`tj` gês dch ?6 par :66 dch pjrquc dc bjgma`cs. Cstj ctjpj cs dmiçbmh, yj quc cs mgpartj`tc ba`bmhmjr has mgpcrjtmvas j gc`uda ba`trjdmbtarmas, dc apcrjtmvmdjd y dc rcjhmsga. C` hj chmgm`jbmò` dc pradubtas gcrbjdas cs mgpartj`tc scr prudc`tcs y `a suprmgmr gês quc hjs m`tcrscbbma`cs mgpasmnhcs y `a hjs m`tcrscbbma`cs dcsabupjdjs quc pudmcsc` ba`stmtumr c`tmdjdcs patc`bmjhcs.

Tcst dc hj gjtrmz dc scogc`tjbmò` Vjrj vcrmimbjr ch vjhar apcrjtmva dc hj gjtrmz dc scogc`tjbmò`, has bhmc`tcs dc hj cgprcsj jsç baga sus prm`bmpjhcs bagpctmdarcs dcnc` scr smtujdas c` has scogc`tas ba`smdcrjdas. Ch ankctmva j ba`tm`ujbmò` ba`smstc c` rcu`mr hjs m`iargjbma`cs quc pcrgmtj` cvjhujr ch patc`bmjh dc bjdj scogc`ta, sus cxpcbtjtmvjs y sc`smnmhmdjdcs pjrtmbuhjrcs y cvjhujr hj pjrtc dc gcrbjda abupjdj par hj cgprcsj y sus bagpctmdarcs. Hjs bucstma`cs smoumc`tcs dcnc` scr cxjgm`jdjs;

 

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±Buêh cs hj tjsj dc brcbmgmc`ta dc hj dcgj`dj c` bjdj scogc`ta1 ±Buêh cs `ucstrj tjsj dc pc`ctrjbmò` c` bjdj scogc`ta1 ±Dò`dc sc c`buc`trj` `ucstras bhmc`tcs gês mgpartj`tcs1 ±Dò`dc sc smtûj` `ucstras bagpctmdarcs dmrcbtas1 ±Buêhcs sa` hjs cxpcbtjtmvjs cspcbçimbjs dc bjdj scogc`ta c` tírgm`as dc scrvmbma, bujhmdjd,

 prcbma, ctb.1 Hjs bucstma`cs smoumc`tcs pucdc` moujhgc`tc jyudjr j dcbmdmr sm das pradubtas pcrtc`cbc` a `a j u` gmsga scogc`ta cstrjtíomba; -  -  -  - 

±Has prm`bmpjhcs bagpctmdarcs sa` has gmsgas1 ±Rus bhmc`tcs a orupas dc bhmc`tcs sa` has gmsgas1 ±Has ijbtarcs dc íxmta sa` mdí`tmbas1 ±Hj dcsm`vcrsmò` dc u`a jicbtj j atra1

^cspucstjs pasmtmvjs j hjs bujtra prcou`tjs tc`dcrçj` j pranjr quc has das pradubtas pcrtc`cbc` j u` gmsga pradubta gcrbjda (Jdcr, :=. Hjs ctjpjs dch prabcsa dc gmbrascogc`tjbmò` Ch prabcsa dc gmbrascogc`tjbmò` ba`smstc, pucs, c` j`jhmzjr hj dmvcrsmdjd dc `cbcsmdjdcs y dmvmdmr ch  pradubta gcrbjda c` sunba`ku`tas dc bagprjdarcs quc nusbj` c` ch pradubta ch gmsga ba`ku`ta dc jtrmnutas. Ch prabcsa dc gmbrascogc`tjbmò` sc rcjhmzj c` bujtra ctjpjs; - 

J`êhmsms dc hj scogc`tjbmò`; Dmvmdmr ch pradubta gcrbjda c` scogc`tas lagaoí`cas dcsdc

ch pu`ta dc vmstj dc hjs vc`tjkjs nusbjdjs y dmicrc`tcs dc has atras scogc`tas. -  Chcbbmò` dc scogc`tas ankctmvas; Rchcbbma`jr u`a a vjrmas scogc`tas-ankctmva tc`mc`da c` buc`tj has ankctmvas dc hj cgprcsj y sus bujhmdjdcs dmstm`tmvjs. -  ; C` bjdj u`a dc has scogc`tas-ankctmva ba`smdcrjdas, u`dcpasmbma`jgmc`ta  pasmbma`jrscChcbbmò` sanrc hj dc njsc hjs cxpcbtjtmvjs dc has bagprjdarcs, tc`mc`da c` buc`tj hjs pasmbma`cs gj`tc`mdjs par hj bagpctc`bmj. Vraorjgj dc gjrectm`o ankctmvjda; Dcsjrrahha dc u` praorjgj dc gjrectm`o jdjptjda j -  hjs bjrjbtcrçstmbjs dc has scogc`tas-ankctmva.

C` has gcrbjdas dc nmc`cs dc ba`suga, hj prmgcrj ctjpj, hj dmvmsmò` dc pradubta gcrbjda c` scogc`tas lagaoí`cas pucdc ljbcrsc dc vjrmjs gj`crjs; Var hjs bjrjbtcrçstmbjs sabmadcgaorêimbjs dc has ba`sugmdarcs (scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj a dcsbrmptmvj). Var hjs vc`tjkjs nusbjdjs c` ch pradubta par has ba`sugmdarcs patc`bmjhcs (scogc`tjbmò` -   par vc`tjkjs). Var has cstmhas dc vmdj dcsbrmtas c` tírgm`as dc jbtmvmdjdcs, m`tcrcscs y apm`ma`cs -  (scogc`tjbmò` sabmabuhturjh). - 

- 

 

Var hjs bjrjbtcrçstmbjs dch bagpartjgmc`ta dc bagprj (scogc`tjbmò` bagpartjgc`tjh).

:6

 

Bjdj u`a dc cstas gítadas dc scogc`tjbmò` prcsc`tj vc`tjkjs c m`ba`vc`mc`tcs quc sc cxjgm`jrê`  nrcvcgc`tc.

9.>2. Hj scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj a dcsbrmptmvj Hj scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj, dc`agm`jdj tjgnmí` scogc`tjbmò` dcsbrmptmvj, cs u` gítada dc scogc`tjbmò` m`dmrcbtj. Hj lmpòtcsms cs quc hjs dmicrc`bmjs c` has pcrimhcs sabmadcgaorêimbas sa` hjs quc cstê` c` ch armoc` dc hjs dmicrc`bmjs c` hjs vc`tjkjs nusbjdjs y c` hjs prcicrc`bmjs. Csta cs cvmdc`tc c` `ugcrasas scbtarcs. Has lagnrcs y hjs gukcrcs tmc`c` `cbcsmdjdcs dmstm`tjs pjrj pradubtas baga vcstmdas, sagnrcras, basgítmbas, kayjs, ctb., c m`bhusa c`trc has  kòvc`cs y has gjyarcs, has jhtas y njkas m`orcsas, has laojrcs urnj`as y rurjhcs, ctb. Has brmtcrmas sabmadcgaorêimbas sa` pucs utmhmzjdas baga has m`dmbjdarcs dc `cbcsmdjdcs. Hjs vjrmjnhcs dc scogc`tjbmò` dcgaorêimbjs gês utmhmzjdjs sa` hj habjhmzjbmò`, ch scxa, hj cdjd, hj rc`tj y hjs bhjscs praicsma`jhcs, tadjs chhjs sa` iêbmhgc`tc jbbcsmnhcs c` hjs cba`agçjs m`dustrmjhcs. C` hj  prêbtmbj u`j scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj sc jpayj c` das a trcs vjrmjnhcs smguhtê`cjgc`tc. S` ckcgpha dc scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj cs prcsc`tjdj c` hj Imourj 9.4. Has djtas dc hj Imourj 9.4 sc rcimcrc` j u`j gjrbj dc u` pradubta jhmgc`tjrma. Ch bagpartjgmc`ta dc has bagprjdarcs sc dcsbrmnc c` rcicrc`bmj j das vjrmjnhcs; ch parbc`tjkc dc laojrcs bagprjdarcs (tjsj dc abupjbmò`) y ch vahugc` gcdma bagprjda par laojr ( tjsj dc pc`ctrjbmò`). Hj gcdmj `jbma`jh imourj c` hj m`tcrscbbmò` dc has das ckcs. Ch rcsta dc pu`tas dcsbrmnc` has bagpartjgmc`tas dc dmicrc`tcs orupas sabmadcgaorêimbas. Var2ckcgpha, ba`stjtj quc hj tjsj dc /abupjbmò` csN. gês chcvjdj haspc`ctrjbmò` orupas 4 / :2 ?/ : / 93 júas y + / bmudjdcs gcdmj`js / 3 pcrsa`js y +. Cstjs m`iargjbma`cs sa` ûtmhcs pjrj vcrmimbjr sm ch orupa ankctmva lj smda cicbtmvjgc`tc jhbj`zjda y, c` bjsa `cojtmva, pjrj jkustjr hj bagu`mbjbmò` c` ba`scbuc`bmj.

Imourj 9.4. Ckcgpha dc scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj. sabmadcgaorêimbj.  

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Stmhmdjd dc hj scogc`tjbmò` sabmadcgaorêimbj Ch rcbursa j cstc gítada cs dc hckas ch gês barrmc`tc, c` rjzò` cspcbmjhgc`tc dc hj ijbmhmdjd dc gcdmr hjs vjrmjnhcs sabmadcgaorêimbjs. C` tadjs hjs cba`agçjs m`dustrmjhmzjdjs hj m`iargjbmò` cba`ògmbj y sabmjh cxmstc y cs dmrcbtjgc`tc jbbcsmnhc c` hjs iuc`tcs aimbmjhcs, tjhcs baga has m`stmtutas cstjdçstmbas, has aroj`msgas dc scouras sabmjhcs, ctb. Jdcgês cxmstc` pj`chcs dc ba`sugmdarcs y cgprcsjs quc jpartj` hjs m`iargjbma`cs sanrc u`j njsc gc`sujh y bagpjrjnhc c`trc has pjçscs curapcas. C` has ûhtmgas júas, mgpartj`tcs bjgnmas sabmacba`ògmbas lj` tc`mda huojr c` has pjçscs m`dustrmjhmzjdas. C`trc has bujhcs bmtjgas; -  -  -  -  -  - 

Hj rcdubbmò` dc hj tjsj dc `jtjhmdjd. Ch jugc`ta dc hj cspcrj`zj dc vmdj. Ch brcbmgmc`ta dch `ûgcra dc gukcrcs quc trjnjkj`. Ch rctrabcsa c` hj cdjd dch gjtrmga`ma. Ch brcbmgmc`ta dch `ûgcra dc dmvarbmas. Ch brcbmgmc`ta dch `ûgcra dc ijgmhmjs ga`apjrc`tjhcs.

Cstas bjgnmas tmc`c` ba`scbuc`bmjs dmrcbtjs sanrc has cstmhas dc vmdj y sanrc has gadas dc ba`suga. Ra` ch armoc` dc `ucvas scogc`tas dc gcrbjda y pravabj` moujhgc`tc bjgnmas c` hjs cxpcbtjtmvjs dc scogc`tas yj cxmstc`tcs. Ch scogc`ta dc has gês gjyarcs (+ dc 93 júas) pjrj has scrvmbmas nj`bjrmas, hjs jbtmvmdjdcs dc abma, has bumdjdas dc hj sjhud. Ch scogc`ta dc has laojrcs dc u`j pcrsa`j, sahtcras, dmvarbmjdas, vmudas a ijgmhmj -  ga`apjrc`tjh. Ch scogc`ta dc has laojrcs ba` danhc m`orcsa, ba` padcr dc bagprj chcvjda, pcra ba` paba -  tmcgpa hmnrc. Ch scogc`ta dc hjs gukcrcs quc trjnjkj` y quc sa` jtrjçdjs par pradubtas y scrvmbmas quc -   pcrgmtc` jlarrjr tmcgpa (lar`a dc gmbraa`djs, gmbraa`djs, phjtas prcpjrjdas, rcstjurjbmò` rêpmdj). - 

Has prm`bmpjhcs bjgnmas sabmadcgaorêimbas c` hj S`mò` Curapcj sc rcsugc` c` hj Imourj 9.3. Hjs  prm`bmpjhcs utmhmzjbma`cs dc hjs vjrmjnhcs sabmacba`ògmbjs sa` hjs smoumc`tcs; -  - 

Dcim`mr ch pcrimh sabmadcgaorêimba dc u` scogc`ta a u` gcrbjda. Rchcbbma`jr has gcdmas dc bagu`mbjbmò` quc jhbj`zj` u` orupa sabmadcgaorêimba

 pjrtmbuhjr. - 

 

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Mdc`tmimbjr has bagprjdarcs patc`bmjhcs dc u` `ucva pradubta. Buj`tmimbjr u` gcrbjda patc`bmjh c` `ûgcra dc bagprjdarcs.

Vanhjbmò` tatjh Orupa dc cdjd 96 júas y + Orupa dc cdjd >6 júas y Cspcrj`zj dc vmdj Gartjhmdjd m`ij`tmh (par :666 `jbmgmc`tas) Vanhjbmò` cxtrj`kcrj  @ûgcra dc laojrcs laojrcs prmvjdas Laojrcs dc : pcrsa`j Cdjd dch prmgcr gjtrmga`ma  @ûgcra dc dmvarbmas (c` gmhcs) Gukcrcs trjnjkjdarjs (c` % dc hj panhjbmò` jbtmvj)

:=?= gmhha`cs :=,< pcrsa`js par laojr

:=