Misrepresentation in Indian Contract Law
Short Description
Research Paper on Misrepresentation under the Indian Contract Law....
Description
CONTRACTS - 1 II TRIMESTER
MISREPRESENTATION IN CONTRACTS SUBMITTED BY : ADITYA VARDHAN SHARMA 1st YEAR (B.A. (B.A. /LL.B.)
I.D. NUMBER : : 1952 DECEMBER 30, 30, 2012
NATIONAL LAW SCHOOL OF INDIA UNIVERSITY, BANALORE
I NTRODUCTION
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
W!+* "# "#%($%(#(*+*"& W!+* +%( *!( ()(##+%/ )&"*"&# &% + 7+4" )4+" & "#%($%(#(*+*"& W!+* +%( *!( "(%(* */$(# & "#%($%(#(*+*"& W!+* "# *!( $&#"*"& & *!( I"+ 4+ "*! %(+% *& *!( #+( + !& "# "* "(%(*
%& &*!(% 4(+4 #/#*(# + "# "* +# (")"(* " (+4" "*! *!( #+( 5. W!+* )!+(# )+ 6( +( *& *!( )%%(* I"+ 4+# %(+%" "#%($%(#(*+*"&
WHAT IS MISREPRESENTATION?
T!( B4+)8;# L+ D")*"&+%/ ("(# "#%($%(#(*+*"& +#, ?2, "#%($%(#(*+*"& ")4(#, , I NDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1>?2
3 A 7&"+64( )&*%+)* )+ 6( 4(+44/ %('()*( 6/ &( $+%*/ + "# #+" *& !+7( + (()*. I *!( $+%*/ "*! *!( $&(% *& %('()* *!( )&*%+)* )!&&#(# &* *& %('()* *!( )&*%+)* (#$"*( *!( (()*, *!( )&*%+)* 6()&(# 7+4" + (&%)(+64(.
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
M"#%($%(#(*+*"&
+
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4+""+M"#%($%(#(*+*"&-+-M"#*+8(.!*4 L+#* 7"#"*( & D()(6(% 2, 2012
5 A +*(%"+4 +)* "# + &))%%()(, (7(*, &% "&%+*"& *!+* "# #")"(*4/ #""")+* *& "4()( + ""7"+4 "*& +)*" " + )(%*+" +/, #)! +# (*(%" "*& + )&*%+)*.
P&44&)8, + M44+!, T HE I NDIAN C ONTRACT ACT AND S PECIFIC R ELIEF ACTS, V&4. 1, 01 N"4"+ B!+6!+( (., 1*! (., 2012
? S()*"& 19, I NDIAN CONTRACT ACT, 1>?2
> M44+!, $upra &*( 5, +* 5>
9 S"% W"44"+ R(/(44 A#&, Anson%s &aw 'f #ontract , 209 A. (#* (., 2 *! (. , 19>
10 P((8 7. %(/ ,1>?3 HL 3?? H&#( & L&%#
11 B"##(** 7. W"48"#&, 192? AC 1??
+ )&(+*&%/ (@$%(##"&. T!(%( #* 6( + %($%(#(*+*"&, + " )+#( & (%( #"4()(, "* #* 6( (% )"%)#*+)(# !(%( *!(%( "# + */ *& #$(+8 .12
WHAT CONSTITUTES A MISREPRESENTATION?
he epresentation must be one of fact* A# #*+*( +6&7(, + "#%($%(#(*+*"& "# + +4#( #*+*((* & + (@"#*" &% $+# +)* +( 6/ &( $+%*/ *& *!( )&*%+)* *& *!( &*!(%, 6(&%( &% +* *!( *"( & )&*%+)*", !")! ")(# *!( &*!(% $+%*/ *& )&*%+)*.13 T!( *(% #*+*((* )+ 6( "#4(+", #")( +# ( !+7( #(( +6&7(, (7( (%( #"4()( +/ #&(*"(# )&#*"**( "#%($%(#(*+*"&. A4#&, " + $(%#& "# +8" + %($%(#(*+*"& !")! +* *!( *"( & )&*%+)*" "# *%(, 6* 6()&(# +4#( #6#((*4/, + !( !+# 8&4(( & *!( #+(, !( "# 6& *& "#)4&#( *!( )!+( " *!( )"%)#*+)(# *& *!( &*!(% $+%*/.
he representation must be addressed to the party misled* T!( %($%(#(*+*"& #* 6( +%(##( *& *!( $+%*/ "#4(. I +eek v. urney, *!( $%&&*(%# & + )&$+/ (%( #( 6/ *!( +$$(44+* !& !+ $%)!+#( #!+%(# & *!( +"*! & +4#( #*+*((*# )&*+"( " *!( $%&#$()*# "##( 6/ *!(. T!( +$$(44+* +# &* *!( $(%#& *& !& *!( #!+%(# !+ 6(( +44&**( & *!( "%#* &%+*"& & *!( )&$+/ !( !+ (%(4/ $%)!+#( *!(#( #!+%(# %& *!&#( *& !& *!( #!+%(# !+ 6(( +44&**(. T!( H&#( & L&%# !(4 *!+* *!( $%&#$()*# +# &4/ "##( *& *!( "%#* +$$4")+*# &% #!+%(# *!+* "* )&4 &* 6( #$$&#( *& (@*( *& +/ &*!(% $(%#& *!+ *!(#( + *!+* & *!( +44&*(*, *!( $%&#$()*# !+ &( "*# &%8 "* +# (@!+#*(. 1
12 H&%#+44 7. T!&+#, 1>2 15> ER >13
13 L+%()( &+, E4"G+6(*! M+)&+4, T HE LAW OF CONTRACT, 319 ? *! (., 2010
he representation must induce the contract* T!( %($%(#(*+*"& #* &% + %(+4 ")((* *& *!( $+%*/ *& !& "* "# +%(##(, + !(*!(% &% &* + $(%#& !& !+# (*(%( "*& *!( )&*%+)* +# ")( *& & #& 6/ *!( $+%*")4+% %($%(#(*+*"& "# " (+)! )+#( + (#*"& & +)*.15 T!( 6%( & $%&7" *!+* !( +# ")( *& (*(% "*& *!( )&*%+)* 6/ *!( %($%(#(*+*"& %(#*# $& *!( $+%*/ "#4(. 1 O *!( &*!(% !+, + $(%#& )+&* 6( #+" *& !+7( 6(( ")( *& (*(% *!( )&*%+)* 6/ + %($%(#(*+*"& !")!, *!&! +4#(, " &* +)*+44/ "4()( !". T!( %($%(#(*+*"& +/ !+7( 6(( "+*(%"+4, *!+* "#, "* " &* "4()( *!( $+%*/;# ", &% +()* !"# '((* &% !( +/ (7(% !+7( 6()&( ++%(, *"4 +*(% *!( )&)4#"& & *!( )&*%+)*, *!+* + %($%(#(*+*"& !+ 6(( +(. F&% (@+$4( " -orsfall v. homas, *!( $4+"*" !+ 6&!* + )+&, !")! !+ 6(( ++)*%( 6/ *!( ((+*. T!( )+& !+ + (()* !")! +( "* &%*!4(##, + *!( ((+* !+ +**($*( *& )&)(+4 *!"# (()* 6/ "#(%*" + (*+4 $4 "*& *!( (+8 #$&* " *!( . T!( $4+"*" (7(% "#$()*( *!( )+&, !( +))($*( "* +# "* "#, + & #" "*, *!( )+& 6%#*. I* +# !(4 " *!"# )+#( *!+* *!( +**($*( )&)(+4(* !+7" !+ & (()* & !"# " &% )&)*, + *!#, & 7+4" )4+" 4"(.
1?
T!( (%( +)* *!+* *!( $+%*/ "#4( !+ *!( &$$&%*"*/ &% "#$()*" !(*!(% *!( %($%(#(*+*"& +# *%( &% +4#( "44 &* ()(##+%"4/ ($%"7( !" & !"# %"!* *& )4+" *!+* !( +# ()("7( 6/ "*.1> B* " )+#( *!+* !( &(# "7(#*"+*(, + )&#((*4/, &(# %(4/ $& !"# & "7(#*"+*"& + &* *!( %($%(#(*+*"& *!+* !+# 6(( +( *& !" 6/ *!( &*!(% $+%*/,
1 P((8 7. %(/ ,1>?3 HL 3?? H&#( & L&%#
15 A (#*"& & +)* "# + +)*+4 "#$*( 6(*(( 4"*"+*# *!+* #* 6( %(#&47( 6/ *!( '%/ +* *%"+4. I* "# + "##( *!+* "# +*(%"+4 *& *!( &*)&( & *!( )+#( + %("%(# + "*(%$%(*+*"& & )&4")*" 7"(# & *!( +)*+4 )"%)#*+)(# #%%&" *!( )+#(.
1 A%8%"!* 7. N(6&4 1>>0 1? C!. D 301
1? H&%#+44 7. T!&+#, 1>2 15> ER >13
1> C(*%+4 R/. C&. & V((G(4+ 7. "#)!, 1>? L.R. 2 H.L 99 H&#( & L&%#
*!( !"# )4+" *!+* !( !+# 6(( "#4( "# !"!4/ 4"8(4/ *& +"4, +# "* )+ & 4&(% 6( #+" *!+* *!( %($%(#(*+*"& +( *& !" +# *!( )+#( &% !"# (*(%" "*& *!( )&*%+)*. 19
TYPES OF MISREPRESENTATION
O)( "* !+# 6(( (#*+64"#!( *!+* *!(%( !+# 6(( + "#%($%(#(*+*"&, *!( (@* #*($ "# *& ""%( "*& *!( #*+*( & " & *!( $+%*/ +8" *!( "#%($%(#(*+*"&. A# !+# 6(( +4%(+/ #*+*(, *!( ((%+4 (()* & "#%($%(#(*+*"& "# *& %((% *!( )&*%+)* 7&"+64( +* *!( &$*"& & *!( $+%*/ "#4(. A %+4(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& &* &4/ "7+4"+*(# + )&*%+)* " *!"# +(%, 6* +4#& "7(# %"#( *& + +)*"& &% ++(# " %(#$()* & *!( ()("*. I, *!(%(&%(, *!( "#%($%(#(*+*"& +# +( *& *!( $+%*/ %+4(*4/, *!( "'%( $+%*/ "# (*"*4( *& %()&7(% +/ 4&##(# !")! !( +/ !+7( ")%%( +# + %(#4* & *!"# "#%($%(#(*+*"&. 20 W!+* "# +4#& "$&%*+* *& &*( "# *!+* + (4"(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& &(# &* +&* *& %+, +# +# !"!4"!*( " *!( erry v. +eek )+#(, +4*!&! %&## (4"()( +/ +&* *& ()("*. W!+* "# (##(*"+4 "# *!( +6#()( & +/ 6(4"( " *!( *%*! & *!( #*+*((*. A *!( &*"7( & *!( $(%#& +8" *!( #*+*((* "# "%%(4(7+*.21
B(&%( *!( +7(* & + %((/ " ++(# &% (4"(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&, +44 )&*%+)*+4 "#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! (%(4/ ")( *!( &%+*"& & + )&*%+)* )&4 6( "7"( "*& *&
)+*(&%"(#:
"%#*,
"#%($%(#(*+*"&#
19 A**&& 7. S+44, 1>3> C4. F". 232
20 M44+!, $upra &*( , at 2
21 D(%%/ 7. P((8, 1>>9 5 L.T.R 25
!")!
(%(
%+4(*
+
#()&,
"#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! (%( "&)(*. 22 T!( %(("(# &% "#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! +%( %+4(* + "#%($%(#(*+*"&# !")! +%( "&)(* !+7( 6(( "(%(* !"#*&%")+44/, *!( +" $&"* & "(%()( 6(" *!+* " )+#( & "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&, *!( &4/ %((/ !")! 4"(# "# & %(#)"##"&, + & ++(# )+ 6( ++%(. I&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& )+( 6( (%#*&& +# &( " !")! & (4((* & %+ &% (4"()( "# $%(#(*. T!( %(+#& !/ ++(# )+&* 6( ++%( "# *!+* " )&& 4+, & %((/ +# +7+"4+64( &% "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&. I* +# 4(* *& *!( )&%* *& %+* %(4"( 6/ *!( +$$4")+*"& & ("*+64( $%")"$4(#. A4*!&!, !(%( *!(%( !+# 6(( + "#%($%(#(*+*"&, *!( $+%*/ #)! "#4( +/ $4(+ "* +# + (()( *& + +)*"& ++"#* !" &% *!( #$()"") $(%&%+)( & + )&*%+)*. I &amare v. ixon, + (%)!+* & "(# !+ (*(%( "*& + )&*%+)* &% *!( 4(+#( & #&( )(44+%#. H( "#"#*( & *!( )(44+%# 6(" %/, + +# +##%( & *!( #+(. A +%(((* &% 4(+#( +# +(, + #6#((*4/ "* +# & *!+* *!( )(44+%# (%( +$. I *!"# )+#(, *!( )&%* $!(4 *!( %(#+4 & + &%(% &% #$()"") $(%&%+)(.23 W!( + )&*%+)* "# %(#)"(, (+)! $+%*/ "# (*"*4( *& 6( %(4"(7( & !"# &64"+*"&# (% *!( )&*%+)* + *& %()&7(% +/ 6(("* !")! !( +/ !+7( )&(%%( $& *!( &*!(% $+%*/. T!( &6'()* & *!( %(#)"##"& "# *& %(#*&%( *!( status /uo ante.0
POSITION IN OTHER LEGAL SYSTEMS
COMMON LAW:
U(% *!( )&& 4+, *!( )&)($* & (4"(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& !+# +4#& 6(( ")&%$&%+*(. H(%(, ++(# +%( +7+"4+64( *& *!( +%"(7( $+%*/ *!%&! *!( *&%* & (4"(* "##*+*((*#.25
22 A#&, $upra &*( 9, at 221
23 L++%( 7. D"@&, 1>?3 L.R H.L 1 H&#( & L&%#
2 &+, $upra &*( 13, at 3>
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
FRENCH LAW:
U(% *!( F%()! 4+#, dol )+ 6( #+" *& 6( #&(!+* #""4+% *& %+4(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& + manoeuvres "# #""4+% *& !+* "# "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& (% *!( I"+ + *!( C&& L+. A* &( *"(, *!( &)*%"( & & %+4(* "#%($%(#(*+*"& +# "(% *!+ +/ %((/ +7+"4+64( (% *!( F%()! 4+#, !")! %("%( *!+* &* &4/ #!&4 *!( #*+*((* !+7( 6(( +4#(, 6* "* #!&4 !+7( +4#& 6(( +( "*! + "*(*"& *& ()("7(. H&(7(%, *!( $&#"*"& & "# *!+* &)( *!( &64"+*"& *& "&% *!( )%("*&% !+# 6(( (#*+64"#!(, "* "# & 4&(% + ()(##"*/ *& $%&7( *!+* *!( +"4%( *& "&% +# "*(*"&+4. 2?
25 S"%( (*(% T%("*(4, A N OUTLINE OF THE LAW OD CONTRACT, 153 S"@*! (., 200
2 d.
2? P.D.V M+%#!, COMPARATIVE CONTRACT LAW E NLAND, FRANCE AND ERMANY, 129, 199
T!( #*+%8 "(%()( "# *!+*, 4"8( *!( C&& L+ + *!( I"+ 4+, !(%( #"4()( &(# &* +&* *& "#%($%(#(*+*"& *"4 + 4(## *!(%( "# + */ *& #$(+8, *!( F%()! 4+# "$&#( + */ & $+%*"(# *& &* )&)(+4 +/ #)! +)* !")! "# 8& *& *!(, *& %+ *!( &*!(% "*& 6+%+". T!( F%()! &)*%"( & obligation precontractuelle de renseignements $%( )&*%+)*+4 &64"+*"& *& "&% "$&#(# + */ & *!( $+%*"(# *& "#)4&#( +/ #)! "&%+*"&.2>
GERMAN LAW:
I *!( (%+ 4+#, " + $(%#& !+# 6(( ")( *& +8( + ()4+%+*"& & "*(*"& 6/ %+, !( +/ %(#)" *!( )&*%+)*. T!( (%+ 4+ &(# &* +8( + "#*")*"& 6(*(( %+ + "#%($%(#(*+*"& +# #($+%+*( &()(#. R+*!(%, *!( "*(*"& & *!( $(%#& (*(%"(# !(*!(% *!(%( #!&4 6( ++(# ++%( &% (%(4/ + %"!* *& %(#)" 6( "7(. T!( &4/ (@)($*"& +( "# *!+* & #+4( & &&#, !(%( + #(44(% !+# + +6#&4*( */ *& "&% *!( 6/(% +6&* +/ (()*# " *!( &&#, #")( *!( 6/(%, 6(" + 4+/+ +/ &* 6( +64( *& " &* !"#(4,29
T!# )&$+%" *!( I"+ L+ & C&*%+)*# "*! %(+% *& "#%($%(#(*+*"& "*! *!( E4"#! + *!( F%()! 4+# %(+%" *!( #+(, ( +/ #+/ *!+* *!( I"+ 4+#, *& + %(+* +**($* (+*( *!( )!+)(# & + )&*%+)* 6(" 4/ "4()( 6/ "#%($%(#(*+*"&. A !"4( *!(/ $%&7"( #")"(* (*(%%(*#, *!(/ +4#& +))&* &% !+ (%%&%# 6/ ")&%$&%+*" *!( &)*%"( & "&)(* "#%($%(#(*+*"&.
CONCLUSION
2> d.
29 M+%#!, $upra &*( 2?, at 13?
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