MIROS Road Safety Audit Report
MRSA 01/2012
Road Safety Audit
Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26 Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5– Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam Selangor
Ramizam Noor Zaman Alvin Poi Mohd Wai Hoong Jamilah Marjan, PhD Muhammad Marizwan Abdul Manan, P Eng Saidatul Amanina Ariffin
Road Safety Audit Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26 Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5– Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam Selangor
Ramizam Noor Zaman Alvin Poi Wai Hong Jamilah Mohd Marjan, PhD Muhammad Marizwan Abdul Manan, P Eng Saidatul Amanina Arifn
MIROS © 2012 All Rights Reserved
Published by: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research (MIROS) Lot 125-135, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
For citation purposes
Ramizam Alvin PoiofWH, Jamilah MM, Muhammad Mariz Marizwan wan AM &26/6–Jalan Saidatul AAIjuk (2012), Road Safety Audit: Stage 5NZ, Post Audit T-Junction in Seksyen 26, Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/5–Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam, Selangor, MRSA 01/2012, Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research.
Printed by: Publications unit, MIROS Typeface : Verdana Size : 10 pt / 15 pt
DISCLAIMER None of the materials provided in this report may be used, reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including recording or the use of any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from MIROS. Any conclusion and opinions in this report may be subject to reevaluation in the event of any forthcoming additional information information or investigations.
Road Safety Audit
Contents Page
List of Tables, Figures and Plates
iv
Acknowledgement
v
Abstract
vii
1.0
Introduction
1
2.0
Objectives
1
3.0
Methodology
2
4.0
Data Collection
3
5.0
Discussion
6
5.1
Encroach Area
6
5.2
Roadside Features
9
5.3
Landscaping
11
5.4
Signage
12
5.5
Road Markings
15
6.0
Conclusion
18
References
19
iii
Road Safety Audit
List of Tables Page
Table 1
Pre-audit data result
3
Table 2
Post-audit data result
4
Table 3
List of defective items, recommendations and rectications
6
Table 4
Rectication work safety benet
18
List of Figures Figure 1
Vehicle directional ow
4
Figure 2
Improved layout and turning radius
5
Figure 3
Potential conict between trafc from Jalan TP 7/9 and Jalan Ijuk 26/5 and also from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 and Jalan Ijuk 26/5 has been eliminated
Figure 4 (a) Before – No warning sign installed
8 13
Figure 4 (b) After – Location of warning signs installed at the approach of the junction
14
Figure 5 (a) Before – Poor visibility of road marking
16
Figure 5 (b) After – Improved road marking
17
List of Plates Plate 1
Better and safer manoeuving space for vehicles
Plate 2
Plate (a) shows that the line of sight is obstructed and this has been improved in Plate (b)
Plate 3 Plate 4
7 10
Kerbs were installed to properly segregate pedestrian from motorised trafc
10
Trees permanently removed from the junction
11
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Road Safety Audit
Acknowledgement The author would like to take this opportunity to convey the highest gratitude to the many people who assisted the production of this report such as the former Director General of MIROS, Prof Dr. Ahmad Farhan Bin Mohd Sadullah and the Director of Road Engineering and Environmental Research Centre of MIROS, Dr Jamilah Binti Mohd Marjan and MIROS’ staff for the support and guidance in publishing this report. Last but not least, the authors would like to acknowledge the Shah Alam City Council (MBSA), Subang Jaya Municipal Council (MPSJ), and other relevant parties which whi ch were involved in rectifying the junction based on MIROS recommendation recommendation in the effort to make the junction safer to road users. It is hoped that this modest endeavor will continue to become a success in future collaborations between the relevant authorities in contributing to a safer road and road environment.
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Road Safety Audit
Abstract A pre-audit was performed on 6 August 2008 and a report was sent to the relevant authorities. Recommendations were given to increase the safety level of the junction. A post-audit was then carried out on 4 October 2009 during the off-peak hours at daytime to evaluate the rectication works made at the junction. In the post-audit, the parameters observed and measured were junction layout, roadside features, landscaping, road marking and signage. The 85th percentile speed was determined for 100 vehicles samples and an hour’s worth of video recording was conducted for trafc count and trafc characteristic determination purposes. The objective of this report is to present the immediate safety benet resulting in from the rectication made by the relevant authorities to the junction, based on the recommendations given in the pre-audit report. The rectication safety benets are presented in the discussion chapter. The safety implications of each element that were recommended in the pre-audit report are discussed in this report in terms of the comparison of its condition before and after the upgrading works, together with relevant photos and sketches as evidence to the claims made. This audit found out that trafc ow through the junction has generally increased with heavy vehicles being the major contributor. Conicts are reduced and visibility issues at the junction have been eliminated by layout improvement and the removal of landscape. The installation of road signage and road kerb together with improvements on road markings have made the junction more visible and have assisted in better segregating pedestrians and motorised road users. It can be concluded that the relevant authorities have done the rectication based on the recommendations given in the pre-audit report and the junction has been observed to be safer to road users.
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Road Safety Audit
1.0 Introduction A Stage 5 Road Safety Audit was carried out on 6 August 2008 and a report has been published and sent to MBSA and MBSJ for their further actions (Refer to MRSA 01/2009). In the report, recommendations were given to the relevant parties for the purpose of increasing the safety of the junction to road users. The recommendations are as follows: i.
the encroached area to be removed permanently,
ii.
warning and speed signs to be installed appropriately, appropriately,
iii. landscaping, especially trees to be maintained regularly, regularly, iv.. TNB feeder pillar and street lamps at the encroached area to be iv relocated, and v.
pavement markings to be maintained properly at all times.
In response to the pre-audit report, the relevant road authority has carried out rectifying works on the junction. In order to assess the immediate safety benet of the rectication work, a visit to the site was conducted on 4 October 2009 to conduct a post-audit of the site. The team member has made an effort to collect the data for the rectied junction. The data collected at the site are the new junction layout, trafc volume and speed during a weekday so as to compare it to the data collected in the pre-audit. The same approach used in the pre-audit has been taken. The apparatus that were used are a video camcoder, measuring wheel, measuring tape and laser speed gun.
2.0 Objectives In general, the execution of this safety audit is in line and in accordance with Stage 5 Road Safety Audit (RSA). All procedures involved in the road audit were carried out based on the “Road Safety Audit Guidelines for Safety Audit of Roads and Road Projects in Malaysia” as published by Public Publi c Works Department (PWD) and Road Engineering Association of Malaysia (REAM). The objectives
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Road Safety Audit
of this report are to present the immediate safety benet resulting in from the rectication by reviewing the impacts on trafc movements and geometric layouts.
3.0 Methodology Geometrical layout Traffic flow In situ road marking Pedestrian facilities
•
Site observation
• • •
Site measurement
• •
•
Data collection
• •
•
Discussion
• •
Conclusion and recommendation
•
Geometric features Cross section
Spot speed Traffic count Traffic characteristics
Traffic flow and and control Geometrical layout Road sign and markings
Safety benefit resulting from rectification
Site observation was conducted during 4 October 2009 site visit. The elements observed were the change in geometrical layout, trafc ow pattern, visibility visibili ty of in situ road marking and pedestrian facilities provided since there is a housing area located in the vicinity. The junction layout was sketched to include road markings and other roadside features introduced after the rectication work. Digital photos were taken as evidence of the claims made in the report. The junction geometrics and cross section sect ion were measured. The site measurement taken will be incorporated in the junction sketch made earlier in the observation process. The measurement taken may assist in the discussion later.
Data collection was carried out at a similar time of the day so as to come up with a fair comparison between the pre- and the post-audit study. Vehicle spot
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Road Safety Audit
speed for both direction from Jalan Ijuk 26/6 and Jalan TP 7/9 were taken for 100 samples. Trafc ow was recorded for an hour at the site, trafc count was conducted and trafc characteristics were determined in the ofce lab.
The benets of the rectication work are presented in the discussion chapter. The discussion will look at the impact to the safety of the trafc ow and how the junction geometrical layout, signage, road markings and road side features provide a safer environment to road users at the junction. Finally a conclusion will be drawn based on the discussion. The percentage of the rectication work done to the site as per the recommendation made in the pre-audit will also be evaluated.
4.0 Data Collection The trafc count reveals that there is an increase of 30% in the trafc volume passing through the junction. Data in Table Table 2 shows a signicant change in terms of the trafc composition whereby the volume of two-axle lorries increased by 50% and the three-axle lorry volume has doubled from the previous audit.
Table Tab le 1 Pre-audit data result Traffic composition
Traffic count / hour by direction (0900–1000) 1
Car Motorcycle
2
3
4
5
6
Total T otal
171 57
0 0
165 66
9 9
12 3
9 3
366 138
Lorry (2-axle)
51
0
54
6
6
0
117
Lorry (3-axle)
6
0
3
0
0
0
9
Van
3
0
18
3
0
0
24
Bus
0
0
3
0
0
0
3
288
0
309
27
21
12
657
Total To tal
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Road Safety Audit
Table Ta ble 2 Post-aud Post-audit it data result Traffic composition
Traffic count / hour by direction (0900–1000) 1
Car
2
3
4
5
6
Total To tal
147
9
210
0
9
6
381
Motorcycle
60
3
66
6
6
0
141
Lorry (2-axle)
42
6
102
6
6
9
171
Lorry (3-axle)
3
0
3
0
3
9
18
Van
39
0
93
0
0
0
132
Bus
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
291
18
474
12
24
24
843
Total To tal
Y R O T C A F
Street Lighting
Street Lighting
Street Lighting
a a m L
a i g u T t u B a
a n J a l a
Street Lighting
Fire Hydrant
Street Lighting
Feeder Pillar
Housing Area
Figure 1 1 Vehicle directional flow
4
FACTORY TNB
Road Safety Audit
The geometric features of the junction have changed signicantly. Figure 2 (a) shows the situation before the improvements while Figure 2 (b) shows the change in the layout that took place. The turning radius has been increased, providing more space for vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 turning into Jalan Ijuk 26/5 as shown in the Figures 2 (a) and (b) below.
r e d r o B
6 / 6 2 I G G N I T U L U H N A L A J
Street Lighting
Street Lighting
y r o t c a F
A
M
Street Lighting
A L G A T I G BA T U JALAN B
Fire Hydrant
JALAN TP 7/9 Street Lighting
JALAN IJUK 26/5 Feeder Pillar Street Lighting
Fire Hydrant TNB PPU
FACTORY
Housing Area
(a) Before
Y R O T C A F
Street Lighting
Street Lighting a m
a a L
Street Lighting
g T i g t u B a n B
a J a l a
Street Lighting
Fire Hydrant Feeder Pillar
Housing Area
(b) After Figure 2 2 Improved layout layout and turning radius
5
Street Lighting FACTORY
TNB
Road Safety Audit
5.0 Discussion In this section the before and after effects to the road users will be discussed. In the previous report recommendations that are believed to increase the safety level of road users at the junction were made. In order to evaluate the before and after safety effects of the rectication work to road users, it is necessary to compare the number of work perform to the recommendations made in the pre-audit. Tabulated below is the recommendations made in the earlier report and the rectifying work performed on the junction.
Table Tab le 3 3 List of defective items, recommendations and rectifications No 1
Item Jun unct ctio ion n ge geo ome metr tric icaal la layyou outt
Recommendations Encr En croa oach ched ed ar area ea to be rem emo oved
Rectifications Encr En cro oac ache hed d ar area ea rem emo oved
2
Roadside features
Feeder pillar and street lamps to be Feeder pillar and street lamps relocated relocated, barrier road kerb installed
3
Landscaping
Trees at the junction to be removed Trees at the junction removed and trimmed so as to not obstruct and landscaping is now welldriver’s view maintained
4
Road signage
Warning and speed signage to be ‘Awas’, Warning and ‘Give Way’ placed at appropriate locations signs installed
5
Road marking
Visible pavement markings to be Arrows, edge line, lane line, stop better maintained and made more line and flush island are clearly visible marked
The safety benets to road users due to the junction improvements are explained below.
5.1
Encroach Area
Based on the previous audit, drivers of heavy heav y vehicles may not feel safe driving drivin g through the junction as can be seen in Plate 1(a). The limited space due to the encroachment area somewhat forces them to make an inconvenient lateral movement. The fact that there is not enough space for vehicles to travel abreast past the encroached area also worsens the problem.
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Road Safety Audit
There are also additional conicts between vehicles at the junction. This is due to the encroachment area which resulted in an additional two new conict points at the T-junction as shown in Figure 2 (a). A normal T-junction normally only has six conicts points whereas this junction has eight conicts points; increasing the risk of collisions between the vehicles. With the removal of the encroached area, the passageway now allows safe movement of the two opposing trafc directions. This is proven by the increase in the trafc count after the rectication. This may give an indication that the removal of the encroachment area has allowed for better and safer manoeuvring through the junction for heavy vehicles (Plate 1). This is true as there is also an evidence of a slight increase in the trafc volume for other vehicles, since the junction now provides better alignment for all vehicles from different approaches. The potential conict points shown in Figure 3(a) have been eliminated due to the improvements. Removal of the encroachment area has straightened the trafc ow path and therefore it can be seen from Figure 3(b) that potential conict points for vehicles coming from Jalan Ijuk 26/6 and Jalan TP 7/9; and also for left-turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/5 and Jalan Ijuk 26/6 have totally been eliminated. The risk of head-on and side-swipe collisions which could result from these conict points has been reduced; improving the safety of the junction for road users.
(a) Before Plate 1 1 Better and safer manoeuvring space for vehicles
7
(b) After
Road Safety Audit
r e d r o B
Street Lighting
Street Lighting
6 / 6 2 I
y r o t c a F
G G N I T U L U H N A L A J
a
m
Street Lighting
a L a
g g i u T B B a t
Jala n
Fire Hydrant
JALAN TP 7/9 Street Lighting Feeder Pillar
JALAN IJUK 26/5
Street Lighting
Fire Hydrant TNB PPU
FACTORY
Housing Area
(a)
Before
y r o t c a F
Street Lighting
Street Lighting
m a
Street Lighting
L a g a T i g B a t u B a l a n
J
Street Lighting
Fire Hydrant Feeder Pillar
Street Lighting FACTORY
TNB
Housing Area
(b)
After
Figure 3 3 Potential conflict between traffic from Jalan TP 7/9 and Jalan Jalan Ijuk 26/5 and also also from Jalan Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 and Jalan Ijuk 26/5 has been eliminated
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Road Safety Audit
5.2
Roadside Features
The initial layout of the junction causes the driver line of sight to be obstructed. Plate 2 (a) shows the condition before the junction is rectied. Previously, the line of sight for both sides of the trafc is obstructed due to the presence of a TNB (Tenaga (Tenaga Nasional Berhad) Berha d) feeder pillar and a street lamp at the encroached enc roached area. Therefore vehicles travelling travellin g from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 to Jalan TP 7/9 and vice versa face difculties in anticipating oncoming vehicles from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 or Jalan TP 7/9 which are making a turn into Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6. There is an absence of pedestrian walkway that segregates pedestrians from motorised vehicles (Plate 3 (a)). Pedestrians from the residential area along Jalan TP 7/9 are forced to walk on the road since there is no segregating feature that separates them from the vehicles. This environment increases the risk of a collision between pedestrians and the motorised trafc. The visibility around the junction is poor. Plate 3 (a) shows that the road kerb has not been maintained properly; as proven by the faded paint on its surface. This leads to an unclear separation of the road edge from the road side for vehicles approaching the junction; especially during night time. After the road features have been improved, the line of sight has improved for vehicles from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 to Jalan TP 7/9 or vice versa. A clear line of sight is important at this junction for drivers from Jalan TP 7/9 to anticipate oncoming trafc from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 which are making a turn into Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6. Smaller vehicle such as motorcycles can be blocked from view by obstructions before the improvements. However, there is a clear view of the turning trafc at this junction after the improvements have been made. The removal of the encroachment area and the relocation of the feeder pillar and street lamp has improved the line of sight of the trafc as can be observed in Plate 2 (b). A roadside kerb has been installed at the approach app roach of the junction (Plate 3 (b)). The safety of pedestrians in the vicinity vicini ty of the junction especially along Jalan TP 7/9 has improved with the use of the kerbs where proper segregation between the motorised trafc and pedestrian exists.
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Road Safety Audit
The visibility at the junction has also been increased. The newly-constructed and painted road kerb clearly marks the roadside at the approach of the junction and improves its delineation. Therefore this increases the safety of the vehicles entering and exiting the junction.
(a) Before (b) After Plate 2 2 Plate (a) shows that the line of sight is obstructed and this has been improved in Plate (b)
(a) Before
(b) After
Plate 3 3 Kerbs were installed to properly segregate pedestrian from the motorised traffic
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Road Safety Audit
5.3
Landscaping
The junction sight distance is blocked by trees planted by the junction as can be seen in Plate 4 (a) below. Drivers from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 may not have a clear view of the trafc from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 and Jalan TP7/9 when trying to manoeuvre into Jalan TP 7/9 and Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6. Prior to the improvements, the presence of trees near the street lights has reduced the amount of light at the junction. Therefore the junction visibility will be affected especially especi ally at night due to the light being blocked by the umbrageous trees. Further to improvement made to the trees, sight distance for drivers coming from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 has improved due to the junction modications. It can be seen in Plate 4 (b) that the trees have been removed permanently from the junction, giving a clear view of the main trafc. This veries that the new junction layout has improve improved d the the sight sight distance for vehicles entering from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6. The removal of the trees at the junction has a positive impact on the amount of lighting at the junction at night. The visibility of the junction has also improved and the safety of road users has been increased.
(a) Before
(b) After
Plate 4 4 Trees permanently removed removed from the junction
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Road Safety Audit
5.4
Signage
There were no warning signs installed. Figure 4 (a) shows that no signs have been installed at the approach of the junction to caution drivers of the junction and the encroachment area. Drivers may not notice the junction and could end up in single or head on collision. Warning signage has been installed before the approach of the junction after the improvement was made. Signs such suc h as AWAS, warning and give way signs were installed as shown in Figure 4 (b). These signs provide important information to the drivers so that they become aware of the junction ahead and are able to take precautionary measures upon approaching the junction. The presence of these signs are also meant to inform the drivers of the right of way priority.
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Road Safety Audit
5 / 6 2 K U J I N A L A J
t g e i n e r t t h S g i L
Y R O T C A F
t n a r d y H e r i F
B U N P T P
y r o t c a F
r e r a d l l e i e P F t g e n i e r t t h S g i L
6 / 6 2 I G G N I T U L U H N A L A J
r e d r o B
t g e n e r i t t h S g i L
t g e n i e t r t h S g i L
A M
A L A G I
T
U
T A
B
N
A L
A
d e l l a t s n i n g i s g n i n r a
J
t g n e i t e r h t g S i L
t n a r d y H e r i F
g n a i s e u r o A H 9 / 7 P T N A L A J
w o N – e r o f e B ) a ( 4 e r u g i F
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Road Safety Audit
Y R O T C A F
t g n e i t e r h t g S i L
t n a r d y H e r i F
B N T
Y R O T C A F
r r e a d l l e i e P F
t g n e i t e r h t g S i L
t g n e i t e r h t g S i L
g t n e i e t r t h g S i L
a
m a L
a g i T u t
a
B
n a l
a J
t g n e i t e r h t g S i L g n a i s e u r o A H
n o i t c n u j e h t f o h c a o r p p a e h t t a d e l l a t s n i s n g i s g n i n r a w f o n o i t a c o L – r e t f A ) b ( 4 e r u g i F
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Road Safety Audit
5.5
Road Markings
The previous audit shows that road marking at the junction is poorly maintained. maintai ned. The visibility of road marking at the junction can be described as poor, as can be seen in Figure 5 (a). There is no lane marking that could be used by drivers to maintain their lane discipline and there is also no arrow marking to direct vehicles travelling through the junction. The absence of a stop line marking for turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 into Jalan TP 7/9 and from Jalan Ijuk 26/5 into Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 also makes it worse. After the improvement work, it was observed that arrows, edge lines, lane lines, stop lines and the ush island have been clearly marked as can be seen in Figure 5 (b) and Figure 5 (a) shows the condition before the improvements were made. Due to better markings, lane lan e discipline of the drivers at the junction juncti on has improved. Left-turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 and Jalan TP 7/9 now have proper channelisation due to the establishment of the ush island at the junction. Right-turning vehicles from Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 are able to stop safely on the marked stop line as compared compare d to the previous condition when there was no stop line marked on the road. In addition, quality road markings has improve the visibility at the junction especially during the night and wet days.
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Road Safety Audit
5 / 6 2 K U J I N A L A J
t n a r d y H e r i F
6 / 6 2 I G G N I T U L U H N A L A J
B U P N T P
y r o t c a F
r e r a d l l e i e P F
t g e n i e r t t h S g i L t g n e i t e r h t g S i L
a
m a
L a g i T u t
a
B n a l a J
t g n e i t e r t h g S i L
g n a i s e u r o A H
9 / 7 P T N A L A J
g n i k r a m d a o r f o y t i l i b i s i v r o o P – e r o f e B ) a ( 5 e r u g i F
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Road Safety Audit
5 / 6 2 K U J I N A L A
J
t n a r d y H e r i F
6 / 6 2 I G G N I T U L U H N A L A J
B N T
y r o t c a F r e r a d l l e i e P F
t g e n i e r t t h S g i L
t g n e i t e r h t g S i L
t g n e i e t r t h g S i L
a
m a L a
g i T u t
a
B n
a l
a J
g n i k r a m d a o r d e v o r p m I – r e t f A ) b ( 5 e r u g i F
9 / 7 P T N A L A J
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Road Safety Audit
6.0 Conclusion This audit reveals that there denitely are improvements made to the junction which resulted in better safety to the road users. This eventually creates a better and safer junction environment for trafc operation. It can be concluded that the rectication recticati on work has been done based on the overall recommendations given in the pre-audit report. The safety benets benet s with regard to the rectication work done are tabulated below.
Table Ta ble 4 4 Rectification work safety benefit No
Rectification work done
Safety benefit
1
Relocation of feeder pillar and street lamp
Improved line of sight
2
Removal of trees at the junction
Improved entering sight distance
3
Removal of encroach area
Elimination of conflict points
4
Inst In stal alla lati tion on of AWAS AS,, wa warn rnin ing g an and d gi give ve wa wayy si sign gnss
Veh ehic icle less pr prio iori rity ty at th the e ju junc ncti tion on
5
Pavement marking made visible
Better lane discipline and delineation
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Road Safety Audit
References Jabatan Kerja Raya (2006), Arahan (2006), Arahan teknik 8/86, Kuala 8/86, Kuala Lumpur: Public Works Department (Malaysia). Ramizam NZ, Alvin Poi WH & Muhammad Marizwan AM (2009), Road safety audit: t-junction in Seksyen 26, Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6 – Jalan Ijuk 26/5 – Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam, Selangor , Kuala Lumpur: Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research. REAM (2002), REAM-GL2/2002: A guide on geometric design of roads, roads, Shah Alam: The Road Engineering Association of Malaysia. Public Works Department (1997), Guidelines for the safety audit of roads and projects in Malaysia, Malaysia, Road Road Safety Audit, Road Branch, Kuala Lumpur: Public Works Department (Malaysia).
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Road Safety Audit Stage 5 Post Audit of T-Junction in Seksyen 26 Jalan Hulu Tinggi 26/6–Jalan Ijuk 26/5– Jalan TP 7/9, Off Jalan Batu Tiga Lama, Shah Alam Selangor
Designed by : Publica tions Unit, MIROS
Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research Lot 125-135, Jalan TKS 1, Taman Kajang Sentral 43000 Kajang, Selangor Darul Ehsan Tel el +603 +603 8924 9200 Fax + 603 8733 2005 Website www.miros.gov.my Email
[email protected] Website
