Miradas Constructivistas en Psicologia de La Educacion

72

NJXK@KW GOEWPX]GPJQJWPKW ME VWJGOCOIÎK @M CK M@]GKGJ×E Mc

goestrugtjvjsno k `mhktm. Eünmro noeoirëajgo `m ck rmvjstk mspkajock `m Vsjgocoi{k ; eünmro 1:; ;::1. M`jtk`o por ck ]ejvmrsj`k` `m Hkrgmco~

eukr jo

ek). Goetjmem vkrjos krtîgucos sohrm cks `jvmrsks posturks goestrugtjvjstks me psj~ gocoiîk (smjs krtîgucos nkyorms, goe `os rêpcjgks k gk`k ueo `m mccos, mckhork`os por goeeotk`÷s kutorms me ck tmnëtjgk). Ckrogbmccm, N., E. E. Hm`e krz y L. Ikrrjsoe (m`s.), Goestrugtjvjsn ke` m`ugktjoe, Gknhrj`im, Gknhrj`im ]ejvmrsjty Vrmss, ;::2. ]e tmxto ue tketo jetro`ugtorjo me mc qum sm khor`ke `m aornk por `mnës jetmrmsketm cos usos m jnpcjgkgjoems kgtukcms `m cos goestrugtjvjsnos me m`ugkgj÷e. Jetmirk tmxtos `m kutorms `m bkhck keicoskloek y arkegk. Vkdnke, N (gonp.), Goestruggjoems `m ck mxpmrjmegjk bunkek (v. ;), Hkrgmcoek; Im`jsk, ;::1. Goe ue gortm nës mpjstmnoc÷ijgo, me Lë gonpjckgj÷e `m mstm tmxto sm pum`me megoetrkr cks pkrtjgcpkgjoems `m jnportketms mxpoemetms `m cks posturks goestrugtjvjstks me psjgocoiîk (B. Nkturkek, M. voe Icksmrsamc`, D L Imrime, L. Wgbottmr, @ WgbOe, metrm otros). Jegcuym cmgturks vkrjks sohrm mc goestrugtjvjsno rk`jgkc y hjocoijgjstk, y mc goestruggjoejsno sogjkc. Xo`rjio ; N L. y L. Kreky, (gonps.), ck goestruggj÷e `mc goeogjnjmeto msgockr, Hkrgmcoek, Vkj`÷s, ;::9. ]e hume tmxto pkrk `jsgutjr `jstjetks posturks goestrugX tjvjstks me mc gknpo `m ck m`ugkgj÷e msgockr. Gockhorke me mc njsno vkrjos `m cos kutorms qum nës bke jrrjpuc jrrjpucsk`o sk`o propumstks_goestrugtjvjstks me bkhck bjspkek.

Gkpîtuco 8

GOEWPX]GPJQJWNO VWJGOIMEÊPJGO< JNVCJGKGJOEMW M@]GKPJQKW @M CK PMOXÎK VWJGOIMEÊPJGK Mnjcjo tjmem pogos go;wgj;;;cmeros, pmro cos qum tjm;;m soe vmr`k`mrknmetm sttyos,¹ ;;6 skhm ;;k`k k nm`jks. M;; mc pmqum;;o etînmro `m gosks qum skhm y qum skhm hjme, ck n`s jnportketm ms qum wy ;;/ugbks qum jieork q jm pum`m ccmikr k skhmr kci;îe `Tk,,, Pjm;;m tn msp rjctc w;jvmrskc, ;;6 por cks Îa/gms sjeo po,< ck a ve;;k `m k`qujrjrcks,¹ mspTr/t;; khjmrto, jetmcjimetm, `jsp;;msto k to`o y gono `jlo No;;tk.ci;;m sj ;;6 jestruj`o, por co tctm;;6s jestrujhcm. Nm hksrk goe qum sm;n m;Lgo;;;nr mc pkrk quê `m to`o co qum bkgm y mc porquê `m to`o co qum grmm. Vums uek vmz nës nj ohlmtjvo eo ms `krcm ck Gjmegjk, sjeo m;;smcjkrcm k k`qujrjrck guke`o ck emgmsjtm.,, L L XoussMK]

Gk`k je`jvj`uo ms ccknk`o k pmeskr y rmpm;;skr, por gumetk propjk nm`jketm su propjo sjstmnk c÷ijgo mc sjstmnk `m cks eogjoems gocmgtjvks. L.

VLKIMP

Cos msgrjtos `m Vjkimt sohrm mpjstmnocoiîk y psjgocoiîk imeêtjgk nkc gkroe, sje `u`k, to`o ue bjto me ck psjgocoiîk mvocutjvk `mc sjico pksk`o. Goe smiurj`k` smiujrëe sjme`o, `urketm ue ckrio pmrjo`o, aumetm `m jespjrkgj÷e bmurîstjgk y grmktjvk pkrk mstm eumvo sjico qum rmgjêe mnpjmzk. ¿Vmro bke sj`o y smrëe tknhjêe tke jeacuymetms pkrk mc gkso `m ck psjgocoiîk `m ck m`ugkgj÷e? ¿Ck psjgocoiîk `m ck m`ugkgj÷e bk rmgjhj`o ue cmik`o `mc trkhklo pjkimtjkeo qum bkyk goetrjhuj`o k su propjo `mskrrocco y `mv mejr bjst÷rjgo? Qmkn Qmknos. os. Vor ue ck`o, ms je3cjsgucjhcm qum mc trkhklo y ck ohrk m`ugktjvk `m Vjkimt sm jesmrtke me ck irke gorrjmetm `m ck (3Msgumck Eumvk´, ccknk`k tknhjêe ck «pm`kioiîk `mc jetmrês)) qum, `ms`m Xoussmuu y pkske`o por m`ugk`orms tke jeacuymetms gono @mgrocy; Noetmssorj, Gousjemt, Amrrjmrm ; @mwmy, mtg., bk goestjtuj`o `urke tm sjicos uek aumrzk jnpucsork `m rmeovkgj÷e pm`ki÷ijgk, Wje mnhkrio, mc trkhklo pjkimtjkeo vk nës kccë `m tkcms propumstks4 gtk`ks sus gkrkgtmrîstjgks, nkrgk uek goetjeukgj÷e su êeaksjs me mc kc uneo- , kuequm k; njsno tjmnpo uek `jsgoetjeuj`k` goe `jgbk trk`jgj÷e, goe

06

NJXK@KW GOEWPX]GPJQJWPKW ME VWJGOCOIÎK @M CK M@]GKGJ×E

Ck ohrk `m Vjkimt ms mc hkstj÷e `m ck gorrjmetm `mc goestrugtjvjsno y su prje

gjpkc pronotor me ck psjgocoiîk. Vjkimt sm kuto`majej÷ «goestrugtjvjstk´ nugbo ketms qum otros m e ck psjg÷coiîk, me `jvmrsks `jsgjpcjeks kajems o bkstk me ck

propjk mpjstmnocoiîk- y prmgjsknmetm `m kbî provjmeme vkrjks `m sus irke`ms kportkgjoems kc pmesknjmeto psjgom`ugktjvo goetmnporëemo, qum kquî s÷co po `mnos `mtkcckr me aornk hrmvm. Me prjnmr têrnjeo, mstë ck kgtjvj`k` goestrugtjvk `mc sulmto goieosgmetm o `mc

GOEWPX]GPJQJWNO VWJGOIMEÊPJGO

0;

uek hksm gjmetîajgk. Ck hksm gjmetîajgk `mc proymgto ut÷pjgo ms mc goestrugtjvjsno. Ck utopîk m c sumûo, mc j`mkc k smr kcgkezk `o-- tknhjêe ``mhm mhm smr goestruj`o, JEPXO@]GGJ×E

M]etmrês gmetrkc `m L. Vjkimt (;2:1-;:26) `ms`m nuy lovme aum `mskrrocckr uek

kcuneo, nm`jktjzk ck cmgtorms cmgturk `m ck rmkcj`k` `m ck sjtukgj÷e jestruggjoekc, smiüe smkckmcgukc gkso. Zk eo bky pksjvos `m ck ormkcj`k` ej `m ck sjtukg j÷e m`u

kutorksujzo Qj`k^ 866;). sostmej`ks mpjstmnocoiîk hksms gjmetîajgks `jgbk tkrmk, cm `m`jg÷ nës `m goe gjegumetk kûos `m jevmstjikgjoems pkrk ccmikr propo¹ emr co qum `meonje÷ ck «mpjstmnocoiîk imeêtjg2;5. Vor tketo, `mhm rmgoeogmrsm qum ck prohcmnëtjgk gmetrkc qum prmsj`j÷ m jespj r÷ mc trkhklo gjmetîajgo `m Vjkimt aum msmegjkcnmetm `m tjpo mpjstênjgo, gmetrk`k me rmspoe`mr k cks sjiujmetms prmiuetks gckvm< ¹¿g÷no sm pksk `m ue gjmrto ejvmc `m goeogjnjmeto k otro `m nkyor vkcj`mz?, ¿g÷no goestrujnos cos smrms bunkeos cks gktmiorîks hësjgks `m eumstro pmesknjmeto rkgjoekc? o hjme •g÷no ms qum ~ jetm jimegjk `mc smr bunkeo, qum procoeik me mc pcke~ nmetkj Îk k`kptkgj÷e h;oc÷i;gk, sm `mskrrocck me ck `jrmggj÷e `m uek goequjstk ksjnjck`ork `mc uejvmrso gk`k vmz nës potmetm y `mskrrocck`k? Vkrk Vjkimt, ck hüsqum`k `m ck rmspumstk k t~cms prmiuet~s `mhîk pkrtjr `m trms aumetms `m trkhklo `m jevmstjikgj÷e< k)¹mc mstu `;6 pornmeorjzk`o `mc `mskrrocco bjst÷rjgo `m cos goeogjnjmetos, h) mc keëcjsjs `m

ue Hrogdnmjmr gkpîtucoy propoemrcm goetmxto m`ugktjvo potmegjkcj`k` su grmk`ork 8666). propjgjo pkrk qum êstm `mspcjmium Me smiue`o têrnjeo, yk skhjme`o qum mc kcuneo ms ue goestrugtor kgtjvo qum, usk ck rkz÷e me tketo qum gcksja gcksjajgk, jgk, rmckgjoek, goor`jek kggjoems, je`kik, prumhk bjp÷tmsjs, mtg., ueo `m cos ohlmtjvos gmetrkcms `mc trkhklo `m cos m`ugk`orms `m jespjrkgj÷e pjkimtjkek ms aorlkr kcuneos goe uek «gkhmzk hjme aornk`k´ pkrk potmegjkr `jgbk .kgtjv .kgtjvj`k` j`k` goestrugtj vk, ue pogo gono eos co mxpoem Xoussmku me mc mpîirkam jejgjkc `m mstm gkpjtuco. Me su cjhro k g hmz hjme bmgb (;:::, me arkegês), mc sogj÷coio arkegês M Norje smûkck qum ck m`ugkgj÷e `mhmrîk kpos tkr por mc `mskrrocco `m uek rkgjoekcj`~` kutogrîtjgk `m cos kcuneos, co gukc eo `msmetoek goe ck ajrnm ktmegj÷e qum Vjkimt y sus goetjeuk`orms pusjmroe me ck kutoeonîk jetmcmgtuacc gono ohlmtjvo grîtjgo `m ck m`ugkgj÷e. @jgbo ohlmtjvo sm ksogjk jemcu`jhcmnmetm goe ck pronogj÷e `m ck kutoeonîk

progmsos c÷ijgo-nktmnëtjgos me têrnjeos cos jetmcmgtukcms cos jestrunmetos `m qum `m ck mvocugj÷e `m mstos jestru sm `jspoem y, mspmgjkcnmetm, g) mc`mmstu`jo nmetos me,,ck oetoiêemsjs `mc `mskrrocco, ms `mgjr, me ck jeakegjk y ck k`ocmsgmegjk

gktjvk. Mc sulmto pjkimtjkeo ms ue kutêetjgo goestrugtor, ue «coijqujzk`ore o ue ((nktmnktjz~`or)) `m ck rmkcj`k` me ck nës knpcjk kgmpgj÷e `m ck pkckhrk, ue metm me kutêetjgk hüsqum`k `mc smetj`o me to`o co qum co ro`mk. Z me msm trklîe `m trke skggj÷e goe ck rmkcj`k`; mc sulmto-kcuneo goestruym sus propjos jestrunmetos je tmcmgtukcms, gk`k vmz nës soajstjGk`os y gk`k vmz nës k`kptktjvos. Metoegms, uek tkrmk `mc m`ugk`or ms skhmr g÷no goestruym mc kcuneo `jgbks jetmrprmtkgjoems jetmcmgtukcms pkrk gonprme`mr nmlor ck rkz÷e `m smr `m ck sjtukgj÷e y rmgursos jetmcmgtukcms m`ugktjvk qum cm pcketmk, k aje `m goeogmr por `÷e`m trkesjtk goiejtjvknmetm mc kcuneo y, por quê eo, jetmetkr pronovmr `jgbk kgtjvj`k` goestrugtjvk. Vmro . tknhjê e ms tkrmk `mc m`ug k`or rmspmt kr ck kimegjk `mc kcuneo -kcio sohrm co qum Vîkimt jesjstj÷, gono sm mxpoem me mc smiue`o¹ mpîirkam qum `k jejgjo k mstm

norkc. grjtmrjos norkcms ; nës [umrmr aornkr kcuneos goe`ms÷cj`os por goevjggj÷e pmr mstë `mtrës lustk -hksk`k soekc kutogoestruj`k, jnpucskr uek sogjm`k` me rmcëgjoems `m rmgjprogj`k`- ; rmspmtuosk y tocmrketm aue`knmeto jemquîvo go pkrk ck goestruggj÷e `m uek goevjvmegjk `mnogrëtjgk. Kc rmspmgto, Amrrmjro (;:::) bk mxpumsto `m aornk nkijstrkc kciueos gonmetkrjos pmrtjemetms me toreo k cks posjhjcj`k`ms qum mc goestrugtjvjsno khrm me mstk `jrmggj÷e<

Eo tmemnos ue proymgto vjkhcm `m sogjm`k` pkrk metrmikr k eumstros kcuneos. Pmeiknos mc vkcor `m prmpkrkrcos pkrk qum mccos mccos co jevmetme. Eo gckusurmnos mc au. turk .. Xmeuegjkr k ck mspmrkezk me ck lustjgjk ms knputkr ck m`ugkgj÷e. «Pu smrës5), j3Eosotros smrmnos;)4 «Pu grmkrës)), «Eosotros smrmnos k trkvês `m tu grmkgj÷e)), Vkrk qum ck bjstorjk sjik khjmrtk k ck m`ugkgj÷e, m`ugkgj÷e, pkrk`÷ljgknmetm, emgmsjtk uek ]topî ]topîkk goe

mc

(Hj`mku` 866;, Bmreëe`mz ;::2).

. `gg.jink psjgoi_n_,_b_¹go

Vrohcmnëtjgk

Aue`knmetos mpcstmejoc÷icgos

Vrohcmnëtjgk mpjstmnoc÷ijgk< mpjstmnoc÷ijgk< ¿G÷no goeogmnos? ¿G÷noo pksknos `m ue ms tk`o `m goeogjnjmeto `k`o k otro supmrjo r y `m ¿G÷n nkyor vkcj`mz? vkcj`mz? ¿G÷noo goestrujno s cks gktmiorîks hësjgks ¿G÷n hësjgks qum eos pmrnjtme pm eskr rkgjoekcnmetm? Goestrugtcvjsno me`÷imeo-psjgoc÷ijgo (goe tme`megjks hjocoijgjstks hjocoijgjstks me ck mxpccgugj÷e)me`÷imeo-psjgoc÷ijgo cetmrkggcoejsno

Kspmgtos tm÷rjgos gmetrkcms

Pmorîk `m cos mstk`jos `mc `msurrocco Pmorîk Pmorîk `m ck mqujcjhre`÷ e / @mskaaocco -, Kprme`jzklm Mstu`jo `m ck psjgoiêemsjs `m gutmiorîks `mc goeogjnjmeto c÷ijgo nktmnëtjgo, aîsjgo y sogjkc

Mstrktmijks nmto`oc÷ijgks mnpcmk`ks prjegjpkcnmetm

Nêto`o `m mxpcorkgj÷e grîtjgk grîtjgk o nêto`o `îejgo-gratjgo

;::2), K pkrtjr `m Bmreëe`mz ;::2),

08

NJXK@KW GOEWPX]G PJQJW Î KW ME VWJGOCOIÎK @M CK M@]GKGJ×E

Ck propumstk mpjstmnoc÷ijgk `mskrrocck`k por Vjkimt y sus gockhotk`orms pum`m gkrkgtmrjzkrsm gono goestrugtjvjstk kc sostmemr qum mc goeogjnjmeto y cks mstrugturks opmrktorjks sm goestruyme kgtjvknmetm. Êc sostmeîk qum mc goestrug tjvjsno ms ck grmkgj÷e `m eovm`k`ms por jetmirkgj÷e kunmetktjvk, kunmetktjvk, `m no`o qum uek mstrugturk supmrjor sm goestruym k pkrtjr `m otrk jeamrjor por nm`j÷ `m ue

goelueto `m trkesaornkgjoems.

@m jiukc no`o ck posturk mpjstmnoc÷ijgk pjkimtjkek `mhm goesj`mrkrsm gono jetmrkggjoejstk `k`o qum sm supoem qum, pkrk goestrujr tkcms mstrugturks `m go eogjnjmeto mc sulmto goieosgmetm kgttck sohrm mc ohlmto `m goeogjnjmeto mc gukc tknhjêe 3(pkrmgm kgtuk kgtuke5 e5 soh rm mc sulmto) trkesaornëe`oco y trkesaornëe`osm k sj njsno. @m bmgbo, me su pcke.tmknjmeto sm kgmptk uek gonpcmtk je`jsogjkhjcj`k` metrm sulmto y ohlmto `m goeogjnjmeto me mc kgto `m goeogmr y uek pcmek goestrug gj÷e rmgîpr ogk mt4ttr mt4ttrmm knhos Gmccêrjmr ;:9:). Me mc goestrugtjvjsno pjkimtjkeo, mc ohlmto `m goeogjnjmeto sm goegmptukcjzk gono ue cînjtm me mc smetj`o nktmnëtj go)4 pmro kc njsno tjmnpo sm goesj`mrk qum ms kcio jekiotkhcm `k`o qum, kuequm mc sulmto husqum kproxjnkrsm k êstm goe ue jestrunmetkc goiejtjvo gk`k vmz nës soajstjgk`o, mc ohlmto pkrmgm rmsjstjrsm´ y «sm bkgm gk`k vmz nës gonpcmlo´, pcke

tmëe`ocm eumvos `mskaîos y prohcmnëtjgks Gkstorjek ;:2: y 8666k). Vkrk kiotkr kc ohlmto, rmqumrjrîknos goeogmr jeajej`k` `m propjm`k`ms4 pmro `k`ks cks cjnj tkgjoems `m eumstrks posjhjcj`k`ms goiejtjvks ; nugbks `m mccks sm eos msgkpke. Mc ohlmto euegk ms gopjk`o y euegk ms kcgkezk`o me sa njsno me ue `mtmrnjek`o nonmeto4 nës hjme, sjmnprm sm trkhklk goe ue ohlmto rmprmsmetk`o o jetmrprmtk `o por ck jetmcjimegjk `mc sulmto Hrjeiujmr ;:99 ;:99), ), Wohrm mc ohlmto y ck ohlmtjvj`k`, pmrnîtksmnm prmsmetkr uek gjtk msgckrmgm`ork `m Amrrmjro<

C.{; EQK~JKEPMW A]EGÎOEKCMW y CKW propumstk pjkimtjkek, pkrk mxpcjgkr M`mskrroc o goiejtjvo `mhme rmgoeogmr  k

MWPX]GP]XKW

QKXJKHCMW

cks jevkrjketms auegjoekcms `m cks mstrugturks vkrjkhcms. Ksj, cks jevkrjketms auegjoekcms sm

goetjeuj`k` `m cks auegjoems me k `jsgoetjeuj`k` mstrugturkc. Me cks jevkrjketms auegjoekcms, auegjoekcms, sm pum`m ohsmrvkr gckrknmetm ck tme`megjk hjocoijgjstk

k os nmgkejsnos rmajmrme qum pmrnkemgme k o /kriohësjgos je`jspmeskhcms `mc `mskrrocco goiejtjvo y qum pmrnjtme ck goestruggj÷e `m ks mstrugturks goiejtjvks qum, k su vmz, pmrnjtme j`metjajgkr k os mstk`jos `m `mskrrocco. Eo me hkc`m, k ujgjo `m Ikrgjk (866;), ck propumstk tm÷rjgk psjgoc÷ijgk `m Vjkimt ms uek atWcetmsjs ku`kz´ metrm auegjoekcjsno y mstrugturkcjsno, mxprmsëe`osm me smûkckr msk

pmro tknhjêe ck ekturkcmzk `m su pjkimtjkek, pcketmknjmeto goestrugtjvjstk m etmrkggjoejstk (rmckgj÷e `m jeacumegjk rmgjprogk y uej`k` je`jvjsjhcm metrm sulmto y ohlmto `m goeogjnjmeto). Ck propumstk goestrugtjvjstk, qum meaktjzkrîk metoegms cos kspmgtos auegjoekcms ms, k ujgjo `m Dkrnjcoaa~Wnjtb (;::0), ck pkrtm nës sostmejhcm m ck tmorck psjgoimeêtjgk (vmr tknhjêe Hj`mc ;::8).

mc

sm

Msqumnk `m cks auegjoems jevkrjketms y ks mstrugturks vkrjketms (K pkrtjr `m cuqum y Ikcmotm ;::2)

Auegj÷e (Jevkrjketm)

K ck kctmrektjvk gcësjgk -nktm`kcjsno vmrsus j`mkcjsno- Vjkimt opoem uek goegmp gj÷e smiüe ck gukc mc ohlmto eo mst` `k`o me mc pu to `m pkrtj`k sjeo qum sm goestruym

pmro k pkrtjr `m u orikejsno qum eo ms grmk`o por mc sulmto sjeo qum ms ck goe`jgj÷e njsnk `m su mxjstmegjk T ..^ ..^ ck ohlmtjvj`k` eo mstë `k`k me mc pu to `m pkrtj`k< ms w coiro uek goequjstk goequjstk eo u j;;;poemrsm `mc ohlmto sohrm mc sulmto sjeo u mqujcjhrjo metrm knhos qum jevocugrk ue nëxjno `m kgtjvj`k` `m pkrtm `mc sulmto, ue sulmto qum ms

3

Orikejzkgj÷e

`kptkgj÷e

Mqujcjhrjo (K`kptkgj÷e) Msqumnks rmacmlos

Mstk`jo ¡ Wmesorjonotorc

sjmnprmm kgtor y euegk nmro mspmgtk`or Amrrmjro ;:::, sjmnpr ;:::, p. ;764 cks gursjvks soe nîks).

Vkrk `kr rmspumstk k cos jetmrroiketms mpjstênjgos nmegjoek`os, `ms`m cos kajo kajoss vmjetm vmjetm Vjkimt y sus gockhork`orms `metro `m cos qum `mstkgk, sje cuikr k `u `ks; H. Jebmc`mr) rmkcjzkroe tknhjêe uek smrjm `m jevmstjikgjoems sjstmnëtjgks me psjgocoiîk psjgocoi îk imeê tjgk bkstk ck `êgk`k `m co~ ogbmetk. Mso `msm½jhog÷ me ck goestjtu gj÷e `m ck 3 tmorîk `m cos mstk` jos `mc `mskrrocco)) y ck 3ómorîk 3ómorîk `m ck mqujcjhrkgj÷e´, gono propumstks orjijekcms pkrk mxpcjgkr mc `mskrrocco jetmcmgtukc me mc ejûo. Vor tketo, eo bky qum ocvj`kr qum ck jevmstjikgj÷e psjgoimeêtjgk rmkcjzk`k por Vjkimt y sus gockhork`or gockhork`orms ms sjmnprm aum goesj`mrk`k gono pmrjaêrjgk o jestrunme tkc pkrkarks mke`o k V. Arejssm< ck psjgocoiîk imeêtjgk gono ksjstmetm kgtjvke `m ck mpjstmnocoiîk imeêtjgk). imeêtjgk). Ms `mgj `mgjr, r, ck prje gjpkc prmogupkgj÷e rmgky÷ me rmsN pme`mr gjmetîajgknmetm k cks prmiuetks mpjstênjgks ketms nmegjoek`ks o `jgbo `m otro no`o, mc trkhklo `m Vjkimt sjmnprm cm otori÷ prjorj`k` k ck hüsqum`k je gmsketm `m `msgrjhjr y mxpcjgkr ck ekturkcmzk `mc goeogjnjmeto y g÷no êstm sm goestruym.

07

GOEWPX]GPJQJWNO VW;GOIMEÊPJGO

¡

Msqumnks `m kggj÷e Mstrugturks< Irupo prëgtjgo `m `mspckzknjmetos Msqumnks rmprmsmetkgjoekcms

;

Mstrugturk ; {Qkrjketm) ; -

Mstk`jo Opmrktorjo Goegrmto

Mstk`jo Opmrktorjo Aornkc

¡ ¡

Msqumnks prmopmrktorjos Msqumnks opmrktorjo-goegrmtos Mstrugturks< Kirupknjmetos mcmnmetkcms `m ck opmrktjvj`k` goegrmtk Msqumnks opmrktorjo aornkcms

Mstrugturk< Irupo JEXG

NJXK@KW GOEWPX]GPJQJWPKW ME VWJGOCOIÎK

./

Xmspumstks kcao. Wm `ke guke`o

ck pmrturhkgj÷e `msmqujcjhrketm ms

`mnksjk`o cjimrk y sm gorrjim sje no`jajgkr mc mstk`o `m mqujcjhrjo, o hjme, guke`o

ms `mnksjk`o aumrtm pmro sm jieork. Me mstm gkso, mc sulmto keuck ck pmrturhkgj÷e mvjtëe`ock y rmgu'pmrk m mqujcjhrjo jejgjkc. /

Xmspumstos hmtk. Wm `ke guke`o ogurrme rmorikejzkgjoems pkrgjkcms me cos msqumnks gono rmspumstk k

CK

M@]GKGJ×E

Sks pmrturhkgjoems (`m bmgbo, êstks sm , jetmirke kc sjstmnk), pmro eo bky uek no`jajgkgj÷e smesjhcm `m mstk`o `m mqujcjhrjo jejgjkc. ck pmrturhkgj÷e pkrmgm kgmptkrsm, pmro gono uek mxgmpgj÷e, y me mc aoe`o küe eo pum`m supmrkrsm.

Gono pkrtm `m cos jevkrjketms auegjoekcms, po``knos `mtmemreos ue pogo me trktkr `m bkgmr uek smegjcck msqumnktjzkgj÷e `m ck j`mk pjkimtjkek `m ck mqujcjhrkgj÷e4 ms `mgjr, rmamrjreos kc progmso `m g÷no sm pksk `m ue mstk`o `m mqujcjhrjo `k`o k otro supmrjor. Xmguêr`msm qum bky trms tjpos `m rmspumstks k cos `msmqujcjhrjos qum cos sulmtos pum`me `mspcmikr< /

@M

Xmspumstks iknk Wm `ke guke`o ogurrme rmmstrugturkgjoems nkyorms me cos msqumnks (cks pmrturhkgjoems sm jetmirke me mc sjstmnk y, `m bmgbo, sm prm`jgme o ketjgjpke), y sm no`jajgk mc mstk`o `m mqujcjhrjo jejgjk por otro nës mstkhcm Z optjnjzk`or o ~nkyorketm´.

Eo ohstketm, gono bk smûkck`o Qoeêgbm (866;), me rmkcj`k` me cos trms tjpos `m rmspumstk

mstë ck sjnjmetm `m uek optjnjzkgj÷e o mquj;jhrkgj÷e nkyorketm, porqum me mc aoe`o gk`k. ue.k `m cks rmspumstks pmrnjtm kc sjstmnk supmrkrsm.

Opgj÷e K

¹

Jeaornkgj÷e eovm`osk

Mstk`o

K

c

@msmqujcjhrjo

Jeaornkgj÷e `jsgrmpketm qum sm `jstor`oek pkrk qum sm k`kptm k os msqumnks.

Opgj÷e H

Opgj÷e G

cos msqumnks __

sm no`cajgke

pkrk jegorporkr eumvk jeaornkgj÷e.

~

~

~