mintppt-150922054312-lva1-app6891

Advances in production technology OF

By

22 September 2015

P. V. NAIK

P. VASUDEV NAIK Assistant professor & Ph D scholar (Hort)

 Botanical name : Mentha spp. Family : Labiatae(Lamiaceae)  English name : Mint  Indian name : Pudina, Putiha (Sanskrit)  Pudina (Hindi & Kannada)  Putina (Tamil)

 Podina (Telugu)

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• Genus Mentha there are several commercially grown species, varying in their major chemical content, aroma and end use. Their oils and derived aroma compounds are traded worldwide.

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The four most commonly cultivated species are Ø Ø Ø Ø

Japanese Mint/Menthol Mint (M.arvensis) Peppermint (M.piperita) Spearmint (M. spicata) Bergamot mint (M. citrata)

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Silent feature of mint crop

• All species are herbaceous plants, readily sending out runners (rainy season) and Stolons (winter), which develop new roots and shoots at the nodes and form plants.

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• The entire aerial shoots together with foliage is a source of essential oil rich in menthol, Carvone, Linalool and Linanyl acetate having use in pharmaceutical preparations and flavour industry.

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• For the past four decades, mints are commercially cultivated in India. Of these, the Japanese Mint, yielding menthol is grown extensively in northern India. • Other major producing countries are China. USA and Brazil and to a smaller extent Thailand and Vietnam.

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Origin • The cultivation of mint originated from Brazil and China. • Subsequently, China and India overtook Brazil and more recently India has taken the leading position in cultivation of this essential oil yielding plant.

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Botanical Description  Mint is a perennial ascending herb growing about 60-80 cm. in height and under favourable conditions may attain a height upto 100 cm.  It is propagated mainly by its stolons. Leaves are lanceolate-oblong, sharply toothed; petiole is small about 5mm. in length.  The leaf lamina varies from 5 to 15 cm. The leaf surfaces mainly lower side is covered with dense hairy growth of glandular trichomes.  Flowers are borne in axillary and terminal verticillaster , abundant in number , purplish in colour.  The flowers are small with corolla measuring 4-5mm., calyx 2-3mm., narrowly deltoid and acuminate.  It does not produce seed and propagation is through vegetative means only. 22 September 2015

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Economic Importance

 Japanese Mint (Mentha arvensis sub sp haplocalyx var. piperascense) is an aromatic perennial herb, grown as an annual in sub-tropical parts of north India.  The over-ground herb (foliage) on distillation yields an essential oil, containing high (75 – 80%) menthol content. The oil has a bitter cooling taste, harsh odour and is the principal source of menthol.  It is used in combating cold, used as an ingredient in cough drops and related pharmaceuticals, dentifrices, cosmetics, mouth washes, scenting of tobacco products and flavouring of beverages. 22 September 2015

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Cultivated mint species and their main constituents Common name

Botanical name

Japanese mint

Mentha arvensis Menthol (70-80 %)

Pepper mint

M. Piperita

Menthol (35-50 %)

Bergamot mint

M.citrata

Linalool and linalyl acetate (45 %)

Spear mint

M. Spicata

Carvone (60-95%)

Scotch spear mint

M. cardiaca

Carvone (53-68 %)

Garden mint

M. viridis

Carvone (very less)

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Main constituents of mentha oil

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Area and Production • At present, Japnese mint is cultivated in India on about 103,000 ha. of land with estimated production of 19,400 tonnes of mint oil which accounts for about 55% of total menthol mint production in the world.

Source: Essential Oils Association of India (2013),

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Estimated area and production of mint in India and abroad. Species

Area (ha.) (India)

Production (tonnes of Oil) (India)

Japanese mint

Total world production (tonnes of Oil)

Major Producing Countries

103,000

19,400

34,860

India,China, Brazil,USA

8,500

280

9,780

USA, France, former USSR, Brazil, India

4,200

65

492

USA , Brazil, Thailand

23,000

380

4,050

USA,China, former USSR, India

Peppermint

Bergamot mint Spearmint

Source: Essential Oils Association of India (2013), 22 September 2015

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MARKET ANALYSIS AND STRATEGY Demand and Supply Patterns • The Mint oils obtained from Mentha arvensis, Mentha piperita, Mentha citrata and Mentha spicata have put India on the world map. • Of these, mint oil and menthol are primarily exported whereas others meet the home requirement of the industry. • Despite our quantity of peppermint and spearmint being at par with World Standards, we have not made any headway in export trade because of fierce competition by USA. The latter is also the largest consumer of these oils. 22 September 2015

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Export of mint oils, menthol and other derivatives from India (2010-11 to 2013-14). 2010-2011

2011-2012

2012-2013

2013-2014

Item Q

V

Q

V

Q

V

Q

V

1292.0

32.2

757.0

22.5

1515.4

53.9

1421.5

50.9

1798.4

215.3

1967.7

314.8

12809.0

567.4

8956.7

498.8

934.0

89.5

1238.6

34.3

2326.3

39.0

754.1

27.9

-

337.0

-

371.6

-

660.3

-

579.6

Mint oil

Menthol

DMO Total Value

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Source: Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade of India, Vol II Export) QNAIK = Quantity (tonnes) ; V = Value (Rs. crores) P. V.

• Fluctuations in price are common. Currently it varies between ₹.550-650/Kg for oil and ₹.900-1200/Kg for menthol (July-August and October) but the price is also governed by demand and price prevailing in importing countries and speculations on volumes and crop condition within India.

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Analysis and Future Strategy  India has attained position of primary and dominant source of mint oil and menthol in the world market, replacing China to a great extent due to (lower) price structure and comparable quality.  At present, the growth in demand of oil and menthol in world trade is slow and unless its demand rises significantly in flavouring sector (where natural products are preferred), there is little scope for any major expansion in cultivation area. 22 September 2015

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Analysis and Future Strategy...

 However, because of rising input cost and expensive labour in South China, its cultivation there could presumably shrink and consequently Indian mint may find increasing larger market in next several years. There can be significant increase in area of cultivation due to this.  The country has evolved a number of new high yielding varieties which has helped to maintain India in a lead position. At present, India produces 4000 – 5000 tonnes of DMO (dementholized oil) annually which is sold at a low price.  This has several minor constituents which could be fractionated and marketed at higher price. Similarly, some low value constituents of the DMO could be synthesized into high value end products to help industry realize better value of the primary product. 22 September 2015

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Analysis and Future Strategy...

 At present, Cis – 3 hexanol is fractionated from DMO and exported at a high price. Its production started in 1994-95 and this pushed price of DMO from ₹.50 to 90 in that year itself.  There is scope for producing L-limonene, 3–octonol, pure menthone and isomenthone. Similarly, L-menthol, neo-menthol, isomenthone can be converted into high value menthol and esters of menthol, like methyl isovalerate, menthol lactate, methyl salicylate which fetches better price in trade.  All this can sustain a high level of cultivation and support export trade. The market demand for pure Lmenthol, iso-menthone, L-limonene, neo-menthol and pinene is high. 22 September 2015

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Agro-climatic Requirements • Mint can be cultivated both in tropical and sub-tropical areas. • The mean temperature between 20-400 C during major part of the growing period and rainfall between 100-110 cm. (light showers at planting stage and ample sunshine at the time of harvesting)

is ideal for its cultivation. • Well drained loam or sandy loam soils rich in organic matter having pH between 6 and 8.2 are ideally suited for its cultivation. • It can also be cultivated on both red and black soil. In case of acidic soil having pH less than 5.5, liming is recommended. 22 September 2015

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Japanese

Bergamot

Mint

Pepper

Spear

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JAPANESE MINT (Mentha arvensis)    

Highly branched and grow upto 1 meter tall Oil content -0.5 -1% Broad ovate leaves Presence of glandular hairs on leaves, stem and calyx

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Variety

Characteristics given in literature

1.

MAS-1

§ § § §

2.

Hybrid-77

§ Early maturing variety. § It is 50-60 cm. in height. § Less prone to diseases viz. leaf spot & rust diseases. § Menthol content-80-85%. § Yield: About 250 q/ha. of herbage & 120-150 kg. of oil /ha. § It is especially well adapted to sandy loam soils and drier climate than that of the tarai region.

3.

Shivalik (selection from Chinese cultivar)

§ § § § § §

4

Kushal

§ § § §

Sr. No.

22 September 2015

It is a dwarf variety 30-45 cm. in height and early maturing variety. Less prone to insects due to short height. Menthol content-70-80%. Yield: About 200 q/ha. of herbage & 125-150 kg. of oil /ha.

The recovery of oil from the herb is 0.4 -0.5 %. Menthol content: 65-70%. This variety is highly suitable for obtaining second cut through ratooning. It is particularly grown in tarai region of U.P. & Uttaranchal. The herbage yield is 300q/ha while the essential oil yield amounts to about 180 kg/ha. Highly sensitive to the fungal diseases and pests prevailing in the tarai area.

New variety developed through tissue culture. Matures within 90-100 days. The crop remains free from pests and diseases (particularly rust and leaf blight). The variety is most suitable for transplanting after wheat in semi-arid –sub- tropical condition of UP and Punjab. § It can withstand waterlogging for few days. § Yield: 300-330 q. /ha. having oil yield upto 175-200 kg./ha. P. V. NAIK

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5.

EC-41911 (selection

Russian germplasm)

from

§

This is an erect type variety, which is less affected by rains.

§

It produces 236.5 q/ha of herbage and 125.2 kg/ha of oil with 70% menthol.

§ Oil is preferred in flavouring food items.

6.

Gomti

§ It is sturdy, light red in colour. § Menthol content-78-80%. § Yield is less compared to other varieties. It is less adopted by farmers.

7.

Himalaya

§ Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases. § Crop is good; size of leaves is larger than other varieties. § Menthol content-78-80%. § The yield of herbage is 400q/ha and essential oil is 200-250 kg/ ha.

8.

Kosi

§ Matures early in 90 days. § Resistant to rust, blight, mildew and leaf spot diseases. § Essential oil content 75-80 % menthol. § Yield: 200-250 kg. of oil /ha.

9.

Saksham 22 September 2015

§ Developed through tissue culture from cv. Himalaya. § Yield: 225-250 kg. of oil/ha. having menthol content more than P. V. NAIK 25 80%.

PEPPER MINT (Mentha piperita)  Height of 45 -80 cm tall  Oil content is 0.3-0.7 %

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3. CIM-Indus It yields high menthoferan to meet industrial demand in perfumery and pharma sector (US Patent filed NF 449/2002).

4. CIM – Madhuras • A sweet smelling genotype of peppermint. • Used in food additives, flavors and pharmaceutical formulations. 22 September 2015

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SPEAR MINT (Mentha spicata) Perennial herb Height of 90 cm tall  Oil content 0.6 %

 High carvone content

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Spearmint

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

CIMAP-MSS-1 CIMAP-MSS-5 CIMAP-MSS-98 Punjab spearmint-1 Ganga Neerkalka

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1. MSS-1 (released CIMAP, Lucknow) • This is a selection from the spearmint cultivars introduced from USA.

• It gives a fresh herbage of 535 q and yield 253 kg of oil per hectare in 3 cuttings containing 60 per cent carvone.

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2. MSS-5 • It is a selection from MSS-1 (CIMAP, Lucknow).

• This variety has an yield potential of 600 q fresh herb and 349 kg/ha of oil from 3 cuttings. • The carvone percentage in the oil is 70.

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3. Punjab spearmint-1 • This variety is a clonal selection made at CIMAP, Lucknow. • This variety has a erect growth habit with quadrangular purple green hairy stem. • It produces 209 q/ha of herb having 0.57 per cent oil and can yield 119.29 t/ha oil with 68 per cent carvone. 22 September 2015

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4. Ganga A multipurpose culinary variety of Mentha spicata var. Viridis leading to number of products like disinfectant antimicrobials (NF 135/2000 US patent filed). 5. Neerkalka Inter-specific hybrid between Mentha arvensis and Mentha spicata with novel oil quality, use in oral / dental care (US Patent PP 12,030). 22 September 2015

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BERGAMOT MINT (Mentha citrata) Branching, perennial herb  60 cm tall  oil content 0.4-0.5%

 oil emits lemon like smell

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1. Kiran • This is a mutant selection developed by mutation through gamma irradiation at CIMAP, Lucknow. • It has high quality oil content.

• This variety can yield 239 kg of oil per hectare with 48 per cent linalool. 22 September 2015

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Propagation • Mint can be propagated vegetatively through stolons and runners. • by planting live juicy 8 to 10 cm. • long stolons (underground stems) during early spring season. • The seed rate: 400-450 kg. of stolons per ha. 22 September 2015

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Production of Stolons • The plot should preferably be the best piece of land. It should be given high level of FYM during land preparation. • Around 200 sq.m. plot is required to produce stolons for 1 hectare. • The nursery for the stolons is planted in August. • Stolons are produced in autumn and are ready for use during the months of January to March. To obtain the stolons , the soil is opened manually or mechanically. • These stolons can be used immediately or within a fortnight or so. 22 September 2015

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Systems of Stolon production

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Sl. No. Materials

Per acre

Per hectare

1

Stolons (kg)

160

400

2

FYM (t)

16

40

Fertilizer (kg)

1

Spear mint

N P K

48 20 16

120 50 40

2

Japanese mint

N P K

64 20 16

160 50 40

3

Pepper mint

N P K

50 20 16

125 50 40

4

Bergamot mint

N P K

48 20 16

120 50 40

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• In the plains, planting is done during winter months, whereas in

temperate climate, planting is done in autumn or spring from last week of December to 1st week of March or from 1st week of January to 3rd week of February. • Late planting always gives poor yield. • Mints require thoroughly ploughed, harrowed fine soil. All the stubbles of weeds should be removed before the crop is planted. • The stolons are cut into small pieces (7-10 cm) and planted in shallow furrows of about 7-10 cm deep at a distance of 45-60 cm from row to row manually or mechanically. • Stolons are planted half way down on inner side of the ridges 22 September 2015

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Commercial Raised bed methods of planting

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• Water requirement of mints is very high. Depending on soil and climatic conditions the crop is irrigated 6-9 times before the first monsoon. • The crop requires three irrigations after monsoon.

• Japanese mints require fifteen irrigations require getting maximum yield. • Weed growth causes about 60 per cent reduction in herb and oil yield. Hence, mints require weeding at regular intervals in the early stages of crop growth.

• Sinbar is effective as a post-emergence weedicide. Spray @ 1 kg per hectare. • Organic mulch with combination of 0.5 kg oxyfluorfen herbicide per hectare and weeding or Pendimethion herbicide at 1 kg per hectare and weeding has been found to give excellent weed control throughout the crop growth

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Crop Rotation  The rotation of mint crop with other food crops is found to be a good way of controlling weeds. Continuous cropping of any of the mints is not advisable.  The best rotation is Mint : Rice and Mint : Potatoes and Mint : Vegetables : Peas etc. depending upon cropping system followed in the region 22 September 2015

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Insects

Hairy

Scientific name of insects

Diacrisia obliqua

Caterpillar Cutworms

Nature of damage

The caterpillar starts eating the under-surface of the leaves.

Agrotis flammatra Young plants are damaged at the collar region during spring

Control

Application

of

Thiodan

@1.7ml/ litre of water Soil

treatment

with

Phorate 10g before planting.

season. Red Pumpkin Aulocophora

The pest feeds on the growing

Beetle

leaves and buds.

Mint Roller

foevicollis Leaf Syngamia abrupatalis

The caterpillar folds the leaf in

Spraying 5% dipterex

Two to three sprayings of

the form of a roll and feed

Thiodan

@1.5ml/litre

inside the leaf tissue during

water at weekly intervals.

of

August-September. The edges of

the leaves are held together 22 September 2015

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Name of disease

Causal organism

Symptoms

Control

Stolon Rot

Macrophomina phaseoli



During rainy season, stolon  Crop rotation. It is better to rot occurs on the follow 3-year-crop rotation underground parts; the with rice, wheat and mint. infected stolons show brown  Treatment of the stolons lesions which enlarge and with 0.25% solution of turn black, resulting in a soft Captan or 0.1% Benlate, 0.3 decay. % Agallol solution for 2 to 3 minutes before planting is a preventive measure.

Fusarium Wilt

Fusarium oxysporum 

Affected leaves turn yellow,  Application of Benlate, curled and finally dry. Bavistin and Topsin. @ 2g/l

Leaf blight

Alternaria sp.



Cause loss of foliage during  Application of copper summer season. fungicide @ 5%

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Leaf blight at early stage

Leaf blight at severe stage

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Indices: Generally the crop are harvested 100-120 days after planting when the lower leaves start turning yellow. Further, harvesting should be done in bright sunny weather.  Harvesting consists of cutting the green herb by means of sickle 2-3 cm above the ground. A second harvest is obtained 80 days after the first harvest and the third after about another 80 days.  The first crop is ready by the end of June and the second in September or October.

The average fresh yield from three cuttings is 22 Septemberoil 2015yield about 125-250 P.kg/ha. V. NAIK Essential

20 to 25 t/ha 49

Mechanically harvesting of mint

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Shade drying

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Shade drying

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EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION o Harvested herb may be wilted in shade for a few hours o Both fresh and dry herb used for distillation o To get better result herbage should be shade dried for a day before it is distilled o Steam distillation usually preferred and duration of distillation is 1.5-2 hours o Impurities present in oil can removed by filtration o Moisture present in oil can be removed by application of anhydrous sodium sulphate o GI or aluminium containers are suitable for long time storage 22 September 2015

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Extraction of Peppermint oil Peppermint oil is extracted from the whole plant above ground just before flowering. The oil is extracted commercially by steam distillation • Fresh or partly dried plant herb • Yield is 0.1 - 1.0 %. 22 September 2015

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Water distillation

water

Direct steam distillation

Water & steam distillation

steam

water

Different types of distillation apparatus 22 September 2015 P. V. NAIK

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Steam distillation

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oil water

oil water

Different types of oil and water separators 58 P. V. NAIK

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Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)

It was performed by I. Gainar et al. and was compared with that of peppermint oil isolated by hydro distillation and found SFE is better.

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Schematic diagram of SFE

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Microwave extraction • The process is based on heat generated by ionic conduction and/ or dipole rotation, and its efficiency depends on the dielectric properties of the material. • The extraction occurs when the water inside the plant absorbs energy coming from the microwaves and increases the pressure inside the material causing the cell structure to break allowing the solvent to penetrate into the matrix (Wang and Weller, 2006; Chan et al., 2011; Eskilsson and Björklund, 2000; Routray and Orsat, 2012).

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Industrial concrete production

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Plant for absolute production

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Ancient method for oil extraction

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Home extraction • • • •

Easy method Suited for small sample extracts Time consuming Materials required • • • • • • •

Mason jar Mint leaves Grain alcohol or high-proof vodka Sieve, strainer, or cheesecloth Knife Funnel

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• Step 1: Mince fresh mint leaves with a knife. The finer the leaves are chopped, the more surface area will be available for oil extraction. • Step 2: Place the chopped leaves into a glass mason jar. Fill the jar with three parts of a high proof alcohol such as grain alcohol or vodka for every one part minced leaves. The alcohol will act as an agent to pull the oils out of the mint. • Step 3: Cap the jar and shake well. Leave the container of herbs to sit in a dark place for the next four to six weeks. Shake the jar to stir up its continue every few days. • Step 4: After the mint has soaked for four to six weeks, separate the plant material from the liquid by pouring the mixture into a clean bowl through a sieve or strainer. Wrap the soaked leaves in a piece of fine cheese cloth and squeeze out any captured extract. • Step 5: Store the mint extract in small glass bottles or jars in22 September a cool 2015dark place. P. V. NAIK 66

Steps in extraction of mint oil

Step I

22 September 2015 Step V

Step II

Step III

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Step IV

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Chemical constituents • Various constituents of peppermint oil as per monographs of International Pharmacopoeia are  limonene (1.0-5.0%),  cineole (3.5-14.0%),  menthone (14.0-32.0%),  menthofuran (1.0 -9.0%),  isomenthone (1.5-10.0%),  menthyl acetate (2.8-10.0%),  isopulegol (max. 0.2%),  menthol (30.0-55.0%),  pulegone (max. 4.0%) and  carvone (max. 1.0%). • The ratio of cineole content to limonene content should be minimum two. 22 September 2015

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Standards for Evaluation • • • • • • •

International Pharmacopoeia monograph Relative density : 0.900 to 0.916. Refractive index : 1.457 to 1.467. Optical rotation : -10° to -30°. Specific gravity : 0.8997 to 0.9011 Optical rotation : -370 11’ to 370 29’ Acid value : maximum 1.4, determined on 5.0 g diluted in 50 ml of the prescribed mixture of solvents. • Fatty oils and resinified essential oils : Complies with the test for fatty oils and resinified essential oils. • Peppermint oil contains • not less than 4.5 % w/w and not more than 10.0 per cent w/w of esters: menthyl acetate, C12H22O2, • not less than 44.0 per cent w/w of free alcohols: menthol, C10H20O, and • not less than 15.0 per cent w/w and not more than 32.0 per cent w/w of ketones: menthone, C10H18O. • Chromatographic profiling of peppermint oil can be done with Gas chromatography with flame ionization detector. 22 September 2015

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Adultration • Peppermint oil can be adulterated by addition of much cheaper cornmint oil (Mentha arvensis). • Peppermint oil blends well with: Although most essential oils blend well with one another, peppermint oil blends particularly well with benzoic, eucalyptus, lavender, marjoram, lemon and rosemary. • Synthetic analogues of menthol can be prepared in the labs 22 September 2015

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Storage Store in well-filled, tightly-closed, light-resistant containers in a cool place. Good quality PVC drum with screw caps: Short term storage. Galvanized iron drums or aluminium containers: Long term storage.

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• Marketing:

– It is commonly sold in 1 oz. or 4 oz. bottles.

– US$ 13.50 for 10 ml

• Products – Burners and vaporizers – Blended oil or in the bath – Mouthwash – Cream or lotion 22 September 2015

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Leaf proteome profiling of transgenic mint infected with Alternaria alternata •

Ragini Sinha, Dipto Bhattacharyya, Aparupa Bose Majumdar, Riddhi Datta, Saptarshi Hazra, Sharmila Chattopadhyay฀ Plant Biology Laboratory, Drug Development/Diagnostics & Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, 4, Raja S.C.Mullick Road, Kolkata 700 032, India

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Ragini Sinha et. al., (2013) 22 September 2015

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Hydrophobic derivatives of guar gum hydrolyzate and gum Arabic as matrices for microencapsulation of mint oil Shatabhisa Sarkara, Sumit Guptab, Prasad S. Variyarb, Arun Sharmab, Rekha S. Singhala,∗ a. Food Engineering and Technology Department, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga, Mumbai 400 019, India b. Food Technology Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Trombay, Mumbai 400 085, India

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Paola Veronese et.al (2001)

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SOURCES OF INFORMATION • Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow

• G. B. Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pant Nagar – 263 145, District – Udham Singh Nagar, Uttaranchal • National Medicinal Plants Board, New

• Indian Horticulture Research Institute, Bangaluru. 22 September 2015

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1. Dr. K Umesh, Professor of PMA, College of Horticulture, Bangaluru. 2. Dr. Himabindu, Principle Scientiest, IIHR, Bangaluru 3. Dr V.K Rao, Principle Scientiest, IIHR, Bangaluru 4. Mr. Mahanthesh jogi P.hD (Hort) scholar., 5. Mr. Udachappa pujare P.hD (Hort) scholar., 6. Mr. saidulu, P.hD (Hort) scholar., 7. www.google.com. 22 September 2015

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