Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology

Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology

 

Ronald Matteotti  ●  Stanley W. Ashley (Editors)

Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology State-of-the-Art Cancer Management

Editors Ronald Matteotti, MD, FMH Surgical Oncologist/Minimally Invasive Surgeon 263 Osborn Street Philadelphia, PA 19128 USA [email protected]

Stanley W. Ashley, MD, FACS Brigham and Women’s Hospital/Harvard Med Chief, General Surgery Department of Surgery Francis St. 75 Boston, MA 02115 USA [email protected]

ISBN  978-3-540-45018-4 e-ISBN  978-3-540-45021-4 DOI  10.1007/978-3-540-45021-4 Springer Heidelberg Dordrecht London New York Library of Congress Control Number: 2011922048 © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2011 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the material is ­concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Violations are liable to prosecution under the German Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant ­protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. Product liability: The publishers cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user must check such information by consulting the relevant literature. Cover design: eStudioCalamar, Figueres/Berlin Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

To our patients suffering from cancer: May new scientific discoveries, improved treatments and technologies contribute to a better quality of life. To my grandmother Margarethe Matteotti, my father Werner and Mary the greatest supporters in my life. We would like to express a special thank you to Stephanie Benko and Gabriele Schroeder from Springer Verlag who greatly supported this project along the way. 

Ronald Matteotti

 

Foreword I

The view of a pioneer in open approaches to Surgical Oncology It must seem surprising that an ‘open surgery’ surgical dinosaur should be invited to write a foreword for this text on minimally invasive surgical oncology. I accepted with some trepidation, expecting to be faced with the unpleasant task of writing a critical foreword of a technical text. But the title misled me, this is not a technical treatise but a disease focused management text in which the technical issues of minimally invasive approaches are emphasized. Above all, the text is comprehensive; from history to surgical education, research, robotics, to immunological response. Organ specific summaries are all covered in great depth. The authorship is a ‘who’s who’s’ of minimally invasive surgery and perhaps more importantly, a ‘who will be a who’, as the next generation develops these technical refinements. For me trying so long to focus on cancer management as a disease-based entity rather than a discipline-based entity it is most encouraging to see a text emphasizing technique but not neglecting important issues of underlying biology, evaluation and a synthesized approach to management. Having started my surgical career prior to the use of CT or MRI, I reflect how seamlessly we incorporated these techniques into patient management. I am encouraged that this will be similarly encompassed by the current generation of surgical oncologists. The trend is clear. They are courageous enough to address natural orifice surgery in oncology. Except for the increasing use of cesarean section as opposed to transvaginal delivery surgical procedures are progressively moving from large incisions to small incisions to natural orifice surgery. While debate will no doubt continue as to the relative importance of minimally invasive approaches over the more open approaches, it is clear to me that where applicable the avoidance of a large abdominal incision with its accompanying significant risk of subsequent incisional hernia, should be replaced with a minimally invasive approach. Whether the relevant merits of minimally invasive surgery change other issues of outcome should not be a debate. Minimally invasive surgery is a technique; it does not change the disease and one would hope would not change the discipline with which surgeons approach the appropriate operation regardless of the technique employed. This then makes it an oncologic text that allows support for a minimally invasive approach where appropriate. It is not surprising that the minimally invasive approach has not been extensively embraced in technically challenging procedures particularly those that require not only resection but subsequent reconstruction. In situations where the techniques by which tumors are removed, for example pancreaticoduodenectomy, is less of an issue than the consequences of the reconstruction; it is no surprise that minimally invasive



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approaches have not been embraced. Indeed, the choice of the minimally invasive approach in pancreatic surgery chooses the cases that are most amendable to success regardless of technical approach. We would all like to approach the “easy” case regardless of technique. Where minimally invasive approaches have most appeal is in the more challenging case, in the more challenging patient where the ability to perform by a minimally invasive approach has very significant benefits to the patient. An obvious example of this is in hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo oophorectomy in the morbidly obese where morbidity of the resection is often associated with the extensive abdominal incision when approached conventionally. Some MIS approaches still appear to me to be techniques looking for an indication. When asked how minimally invasive surgery has altered my approach to thyroid and parathyroid surgery, I do confess my incision is smaller and the patient goes home earlier. But I still use less pre- and intra-operative testing than most (at least when I control the plethora of tests often ordered) and my morbidity and success rate seems unchanged. We should welcome a text, which focuses on the technical aspects of minimally invasive surgery, but remains comprehensive and inclusive of disease management approaches which ultimately are the only way to improve overall outcome. I am cautiously optimistic that by the time I need my first procedure for malignancy minimally invasive techniques will be at such a level that I can contemplate the same outcome as I might from the open approach but with less pain, morbidity, and no need for an incisional hernia repair! I shall not need a hysterectomy; I will be pleased to have a distal pancreatectomy. But if you need to convert, convert early [1]. As for my thyroidectomy, a robot assisted thyroidectomy by the bilateral axillo-breast approach (BABA) is not for me [2]. A small neck incision cannot possibly make me look worse than I do now, and I do not want to risk lymphedema. In the meantime, given my secondary interest in sarcoma, it is hard to envision minimally invasive surgery dealing with a 15-kg retroperitoneal soft tissue sarcoma. So my timing is right; it will take a little longer to solve that problem with a minimalist approach. I congratulate the editors and their authors. Prof. Murray F. Brennan, M.D. Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1225 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA

References   1. Jayaraman, S., Gonen, M., Brennan, M.F., D’Angelica, M.I., DeMatteo, R.P., Fong, Y., et al.: Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy: evolution of a technique at a single institution. J. Am. Coll. Surg. 211(4), 503–509 (2010)   2. Lee, K.E., Koo do, H., Kim, S.J., Lee, J., Park, K.S., Oh, S.K., et al.: Outcomes of 109 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma who underwent robotic total thyroidectomy with central node dissection via the bilateral axillo-breast approach. Surgery. 148(6), 1207–1213 (2010)

Foreword II

The view of a pioneer in Minimally Invasive Surgery There can be little doubt that the introduction of laparoscopic surgery in the mid 1980s has had a far reaching effect on surgical practice. In many ways, this development has to be categorized as disruptive as defined by Christensen in his book the Innovator’s Dilemma, because it has radically changed the way in which we, as clinical surgeons, manage and treat our patients. From the early years of cholecystectomy and appendectomy, the scope of laparoscopic surgery has expanded to the safe execution of major operations for life threatening disorders across all surgical specialties, imparting significant benefits primarily to the immediate outcome of patients and to surgical healthcare in general. The technology has continued to progress as has the surgical approaches exemplified by natural orifice and single incision laparoscopic surgery, in the quest for reduction of the traumatic insult to our patients. In some respects this progress has exceeded the expectations of the early pioneers with the advent of HDTV imaging systems and robotic surgery. To a very large extent, traditional open surgery now serves as a fall-back approach used whenever the minimally access approach proves difficult for whatever reason. This is as it should be, as surgical operations must never be considered as feats (the macho phenomenon) but simply as the appropriate means to cure or palliate patients for whom our profession exists to serve. The concerns that the laparoscopic approach by virtue of the positive capnoperitoneum somehow compromises the clinical outcome including cure rates of patients with cancer by enhancing the risks of wound recurrence and distant spread have been disproved by seminal studies including RCTs, such that we have now level I evidence on the equivalent cure rates between the open and the laparoscopic approach for cancer surgery, certainly for colon cancer. Paradoxically, the major expansion of the laparoscopic approach witnessed in the last 10–15 years has been in surgery for solid cancers. It is timely therefore that all these significant advances are brought together for the benefit of practicing surgeons. In this respect the two Editors, Ronald Matteoti and Stanley Ashley, are to be complimented for recruiting leading contributors for Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology which, in my view, achieves its objective in providing a state-of-the art account. It provides a wealth of information on all the topics which should be of considerable interest to both established surgical oncologists and residents. Appropriately in my opinion, the first 10 chapters deal with general issues and technological advances relevant to oncological practice and are followed by specific chapters on the laparoscopic treatment



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of the various solid cancers within the specialties of general surgery, endocrine surgery, gynecology, thoracic surgery, and urology. I know of no other reference textbook which covers the entire subject matter in such detail, and compliment the two Editors and all their Contributors for a seminal volume which has been long overdue. Prof Sir Alfred Cuschieri, FRSE Institute for Medical Science and Technology, University of Dundee, Wilson House, 1 Wurzburg Loan, Dundee Medipark, Dundee, DD2 1FD, UK

Preface

Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology: State-of-the-Art Cancer Management offers a unique compendium of the current knowledge and applied techniques in treating cancer with a minimally invasive approach. It is a comprehensive text trying to cover all fields in oncology where minimally invasive surgery is currently used. The book is divided into two sections. Section one covers general topics ranging from historical aspects of the field to research in oncology, covering topics like residency training and includes contributions special to oncology like immunology and changes in elderly patients. Section two is subdivided into 25 chapters, organ-based, covering all aspects of minimally invasive surgery in the cancer patient in a unique way. At the end of each chapter the reader will find a section about future trends and a quick reference guide to the specific topic and procedure. More so, the accompanying DVD offers tips and tricks by experts in the field explaining their surgical approach in a step-by-step fashion. The ever growing field of minimally invasive surgery in combination with a better understanding of the consequent immunological and pathophysiologic changes has led to applications of minimally invasive approaches to maximally invasive disease processes. Over almost 2 decades, this field has rapidly evolved and there is almost no disease process and organ which has not been addressed. Despite this, oncologic diseases have always been addressed with great reservation and, for a long time, it was thought that cure could only be safely achieved with traditional open surgery. When we first talked about the concept of the book we quickly realized that there is no existing book focused on the topic. All that was available were surgical atlases, case reports, and some randomized studies, particularly for covering colorectal malignancies. There was no clear guide of how to apply these techniques with maximal short- and long-term benefit to cancer patients. Our goal was to give the reader a better understanding of how the proven advantages of minimally invasive surgery could factor into an individualized surgical treatment plan, understanding that management of cancer is always multidisciplinary. Minimally Invasive Surgical Oncology: State-of-the-Art Cancer Management brings together the expertise of not only experts but true leaders and pioneers in the field. It provides clear explanations of all surgical procedures as outlined in the table of contents but is, by far, more than just another surgical atlas. Current nonsurgical therapies, future trends, and alternative procedures are discussed with a quick reference guide and a multimedia section. We hope that the unique structure of this book



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will particularly be helpful to those engaged in treating oncological patients, contribute to a wider acceptance of the application of minimally invasive techniques in malignancies and might open up new avenues for future research. Philadelphia, PA, USA Boston, MA, USA

Ronald Matteotti Stanley W. Ashley

Quotes

“The smaller the incision, the bigger the surgeon’s concern should be to do the right procedure for the right patient at the right time.” 2010

Ronald Matteotti

“The cleaner and gentler, the act of operation, the less pain the patient suffers, the smoother and quicker the convalescence, the more exquisite his healed wound, the happier his memory of the whole incident.” 1920



Lord Moynihan

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Editor’s Biographies

Ronald S. Matteotti, MD, FMH Editor in Chief Surgical Oncologist/Minimally Invasive Surgeon 263 Osborn Street Philadelphia, PA 19128, USA Ronald Matteotti, MD is a graduate of Gymnasium Vaduz, Principality of Liechtenstein and Medical College University of Basel, Switzerland. He completed a residency in general surgery and thereafter joined the faculty of Kreisspital Männedorf, Faculty of Surgery, University of Zurich, Switzerland. In Zurich, he was responsible for building up a minimally invasive surgical unit. In 2003 he joined the research staff of Prof. Gagner at his Minimally Invasive Surgical Unit at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY and Weill-Cornell College of Medicine. After 2 years in research with Prof. Gagner he completed an advanced laparoscopy fellowship at Boston University in Boston, Massachusetts as the first Karl Storz “Surgical Innovation and Advanced Laparoscopy fellow.” Realizing the tremendous opportunities in the USA he completed a second residency at University Hospital of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve, Cleveland, OH. He moved on to Fox Chase Cancer Center in Philadelphia, where he served as a fellow in surgical oncology. Dr Matteotti holds specialty certificates in general, gastrointestinal, and trauma surgery. His primary interest is hepatobiliary disease and gastrointestinal cancer, especially minimally invasive approaches to gastric and colo-rectal malignancies. His research founded at Mount Sinai Hospital and further at Fox Chase Cancer Center includes pathophysiological changes during laparoscopy in a sepsis model and currently novel targets to treat hepato-cellular cancer. He has multiple publications in the field of minimally invasive surgery and was the founding editor of the open access journal “Annals of Surgical Innovation and Research” where he currently is the editor in chief. He is a member of multiple professional societies especially SAGES – Society of Gastrointestinal end Endoscopic Surgeons.

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Stanley W. Ashley, MD, FACS Coeditor-in-Chief Frank Sawyer Professor and Vice Chairman Department of Surgery Brigham and Women’s Hospital/ Harvard Medical School Boston, MA 02115, USA

Stanley W. Ashley, MD is a graduate of Oberlin College and Cornell University Medical College. He completed a residency in general surgery at Washington University in St. Louis and subsequently joined the faculty. He spent 7 years at UCLA before assuming his current position at Brigham and Women’s Hospital/ Harvard Medical School in 1997. He is currently the Frank Sawyer Professor and Vice Chairman of the Department of Surgery. He is also Program Director of the General Surgery Residency and Chief of General Surgery for Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates. Dr. Ashley is a gastrointestinal surgeon whose primary interests are diseases of the pancreas and inflammatory bowel disease. His research, which has been funded by both the VA the NIH, has examined the pathophysiology of the small bowel and pancreas. He has more than 250 publications. He serves on numerous editorial boards, including the Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Journal of the American College of Surgeons, Current Problems in Surgery, and ACS Surgery. He is currently a director of the American Board of Surgery and will serve as Vice Chair and then Chair from 2010 to 2012. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract.

Acknowledgements

For Sandra who stood at my side all this time. Ronald Matteotti To Stanley W. Ashley Who always supported this project as coeditor without any reservations, adding his invaluable input and experience. Ronald Matteotti To Michel Gagner and Jeffrey Ponsky Two pioneers, creative minds, thought leaders, and real friends. Without you two as mentors I would not be where I am right now and this book would never have been possible without your continued inspiration. Ronald Matteotti To Ronald Matteotti Without whose vision and effort this project would not have been possible. Stanley W. Ashley



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Contents

Part I  General Topics   1 Minimally Invasive Surgery – The Pioneers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . George Berci and Masanobu Hagiike

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  2 Evolution of Minimally Invasive Surgery and Its Impact on Surgical Residency Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adrian E. Park and Tommy H. Lee

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  3 Laparoscopy and Research in Surgical Oncology: Current State of the Art and Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dominic King, Henry Lee, and Lord Ara Darzi

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  4 Moral and Ethical Issues in Laparoscopy and Advanced Surgical Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Richard M. Satava

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  5 Robotic Applications in Surgical Oncology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scott J. Belsley

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  6 Laparoscopy and Malignancy – General Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Shigeru Tsunoda and Glyn G. Jamieson

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  7 Laparoscopy and Immunology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael J. Grieco and Richard Larry Whelan

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  8 Pneumoperitoneum and Its Effects on Malignancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alan T. Lefor and Atsushi Shimizu

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  9 Laparoscopy in the Elderly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Michael Ujiki and Nathaniel Soper

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10 Transluminal Surgery: Is There a Place for Oncological Procedures? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Patricia Sylla and David W. Rattner



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Part II Special Topics: Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastro-Esophageal Junction 11 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Two-Cavity Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Christopher R. Morse, Omar Awais, and James D. Luketich 12 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Transhiatal Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 Lee Swanstrom and Michael Ujiki Part III  Special Topics: Cancer of the Stomach 13 Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy – LADG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 Mutter Didier, O.A. Burckhardt, and Perretta Silvana 14 Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy – LATG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Seigo Kitano, Norio Shiraishi, Koji Kawaguchi, and Kazuhiro Yasuda 15 Endoluminal Procedures for Early Gastric Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167 Brian J. Dunkin and Rohan Joseph Part IV  Special Topics: Small Bowel 16 Laparoscopic Management of Small Bowel Tumors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 Miguel Burch, Brian Carmine, Daniel Mishkin, and Ronald Matteotti Part V  Special Topics: Cancer of the Colon and Rectum 17 Right Hemicolectomy and Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 Antonio M. Lacy 18 Left Hemicolectomy and Sigmoid Colon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Joel Leroy, Ronan Cahill, and Jacques Marescaux 19 Laparoscopic Rectal Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 Rolv-Ole Lindsetmo and Conor P. Delaney Part VI  Special Topics: Cancer of the Hepato-Biliary System 20 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253 Jonathan P. Pearl and Jeffrey L. Ponsky 21 Liver: Nonanatomical Resection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 Fumihiko Fujita, Susumu Eguchi, Yoshitsugu Tajima, and Takashi Kanematsu

Contents

Contents

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22 Liver – Anatomical Liver Resections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273 Bruto Randone, Ronald Matteotti, and Brice Gayet 23 Cancer of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts . . . . . . . . . . . . 297 Andrew A. Gumbs, Angel M. Rodriguez-Rivera, and John P. Hoffman Part VII  Special Topics: Spleen 24 Spleen: Hematological Disorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Eduardo M. Targarona, Carmen Balague, and Manuel Trias Part VIII  Special Topics: Endocrinology 25 Cancer of the Thyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 Prashant Sinha and William B. Inabnet 26 Cancer of the Parathyroid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355 Paolo Miccoli, Gabriele Materazzi, and Piero Berti 27 Cancer of the Pancreas: Distal Resections and Staging of Pancreatic Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 Vivian E. Strong, Joshua Carson, and Peter J. Allen 28 Cancer of the Pancreas: The Whipple Procedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 Michael L. Kendrick 29 Cancer of the Adrenal Gland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 Ronald Matteotti, Luca Milone, Daniel Canter, and Michel Gagner Part IX  Special Topics: Gynecology 30 Minimally Invasive Management of Gynecologic Malignancies . . . . . 407 Farr Reza Nezhat, Jennifer Eun Sun Cho, Connie Liu, and Gabrielle Gossner Part X  Special Topics: Urology 31 Cancer of the Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447 Daniel J. Canter and Robert G. Uzzo 32 Cancer of the Prostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465 Gino J. Vricella and Lee E. Ponsky 33 Cancer of the Urinary Bladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487 Kevin P. Asher and David S. Wang

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Part XI  Special Topics: Pediatrics 34 Minimally Invasive Management of Pediatric Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501 Arjun Khosla, Todd A. Ponsky, and Steven S. Rothenberg Part XII  Special Topics: Lung and Mediastinum 35 Minimally Invasive Management of Intra-Thoracic Malignancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 Philip A. Linden Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

Contents

Abbreviations

5-FU 5-Fluorouracil ABC Argon Beam Coagulation ABMS American Board of Medical Specialties ABVD Adriamycin, Bleomycin, Vinblastine, Dacarbazine AC Anesthesia Control ACC Adrenocortical Carcinomas ACGME Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education ACS American College of Surgeons ACTH Adreno Cortico Tropes Hormon ADEPT Advanced Dundee Endoscopic Psychomotor Tester AESOP Animated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning AGES Age, Tumor Grade, Extent, Size AHPBA The American Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary Association AJCC TNM American Joint Committee on Cancer Tumor Node Metastasis AJCC/UICC American Joint Committee on Cancer/International Union Against Cancer AMES Age, Metastasis, Extent, Size ANED Alive with No Evidence of Disease AP Anterior-Posterior APDS Association of Program Directors in Surgery APR Abdominoperineal Resection APUD Amine Precursor Uptake and Decarboxylation ARR Aldosterone to Renin Ratio ASCRS American Society of Colon and Rectal Surgeons ASGE American Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy ASIS Anterior Superior Iliac Spine ASMBS American Society for Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery ASTRO American Society of Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology ATA Anterior Transabdominal AWD Alive With Disease BABA Bilateral Axillary-Breast Approach BCR-ABL Breakpoint Cluster Region-Abelson Murine Leukemia bDFS biochemical Disease-Free Survival BEACOPP Bleomycin, Etoposide, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, Vincristin = Oncovine, Procarbazine, Prednisone BED Biologic Effective Dose BMI Body Mass Index

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BNS Bilateral Nerve Sparing CA Carbohydrate Antigen CAR Compression Anastomosis System CBC Complete Blood Count CBD Common Bile Duct CCD Charged Coupled Device CCG Children’s Cancer Group CDR Complimentary Determining Region CEA Carcino-embryonic Antigen CEM Confocal Endomicroscopy CHF Chronic Heart Failure CHOP Cytoxan, Hydroxyrubicin (Adriamycin), Oncovin (Vincristine), Prednisone CIS Carcinoma In Situ CLASICC Conventional versus Laparoscopic-assisted Surgery in Colorectal Cancer CLASSIC Conventional versus Laparoscopic-assisted Surgery in Colorectal Cancer CLL Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia CML Chronic Myeloid Leukemia CO Converted to Open COG Children’s Oncology Group COLOR COlon Cancer Laparoscopic or Open Resection COST Clinical Outcomes of Surgical Therapy CP Pancreatic Cyst CRC Colorectal Cancer CRM Circumferential Resection Margin CRP C-Reactive Protein CSF Cerebrospinal Fluid CT Computerized Tomography CVA Cerebrovascular Accident CVP Central Venous Pressure CVP Cyclophosphamide, Vincristine, and Prednisone CXR Chest X-ray DC Descending Colon DCUE Dual-Channel Endoscope DOF Degrees of Freedom DP Distal Pancreas DPAM Disseminated Peritoneal Adenomucinosis DRE Digital Rectal Examination DTC Differentiated Thyroid Cancer DTH Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity DVD Digital Versatile Disc DVT Deep Venous Thrombosis EBL Estimated Blood Loss EBRT External Beam Radiotherapy ECOG Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group EEG Electroencephalogram EGC Early Gastric Cancer

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

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EGD EKG EMR EN ENT EORTC EPO ERCP ESD ESR EUS FACT-G FAP FC FDA FDG FDG-PET FDG-PET FIGO FLS FNA FTC FU FVC FvPTC GB GI GIA GIST GMCSF GOALS GOG GOO GU HAIC HALS HBV HCC hCG HCV HD HDTV HGD HIFU HIFU HL HLA-DR HMD HPT

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Electrocardiography Endoscopic Mucosal Resection Enucleation Ear, Nose & Throat European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Erythropoietin Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio Pancretography Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Endoscopic Ultrasound Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General Familial Adenomatous Polyposis Fellowship Council Food and Drug Administration Fluorodeoxyglucose Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography 18 F-fluorodeoxy Glucose Positron Emission Tomography International Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology Fundamentals of Laparoscopic Surgery Fine-Needle Aspiration Follicular Thyroid Cancer Fluorouracil Forced Vital Capacity Follicular Variant of Papillary Thyroid Cancer Gallbladder Gastrointestinal Gastro Intestinal Anastomosis Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor Granulocyte-Macrophage-Colony-Stimulating-Factor Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills Gynecologic Oncology Group Gastric Outlet Obstruction Genitourinary Hepatic Arterial Infusion Chemotherapy Hand-assisted Laparoscopic Surgery Hepatitis B Virus Hepatocellular Carcinoma Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Hepatitis C Virus High Definition High-Definition TV High-Grade Dysplasia High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound High Intensity Focused Ultrasound Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Human Leukocyte Antigen DR Head-Mounted Display Hyperparathyroidism

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HPT-JT HPTN HRPT2 HU IC ICAM-1 ICG R15 ICSAD ICU IFN IGS IL IMA IMRT IMV INSS IPC IPMN IPSID iPTH IPTMT IRB IT ITP IVC JCOG JGCA JP JSES LAC LACR LADG LAK LAPG LAR LATG LAVH LC LCS LDH LDP LDS LED LEn LESS LESS LG LK LLL

Abbreviations

Hyperparathyroidism-Jaw Tumor Syndrome Hyperparathyroidism Hyperparathyroidism 2 Hounsfield Unit Integrated Circuit Inter-Cellular Adhesion Molecule 1 Indocyanine Green Retention Rate at 15 min Imperial College Surgical Assessment Device Intensive Care Unit Interferon Image-Guided Surgery Interleukin Inferior Mesenteric Artery Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy Inferior Mesenteric Vein International Neuroblastoma Staging System Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm Immunoproliferative Small Intestinal Disease Intact PTH Intrapapillary Tumor/Mucinous Tumor Institutional Review Board Insulation Tipped Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Inferior Vena Cava Japan Clinical Oncology Group Japanese Gastric Cancer Association Jackson–Pratt The Japanese Society of Endoscopic Surgery Laparoscopic-Assisted Colectomy Laparoscopic Colon Resection Laparoscopic-Assisted Distal Gastrectomy Lymphokine-Activated Killer Laparoscopic-Assisted Proximal Gastrectomy Low Anterior Resection Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy Laparoscopic Assisted Vaginal Hysterectomy Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Laparoscopic Ultrasonic Coagulation Shears Lactate Dehydrogenase Laparoscopic Distal Pancreatectomy Laparoscopic Dissection Shears Light-Emitting Eiode Laparoscopic Enucleation Laparo-Endoscopic Single-Site Surgery Laparo Endoscopic Single Port Surgery Laparoscopic Gastrectomy Left Kidney Left Lower Lobectomy

Abbreviations

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LN Lymph Node LOS Length of Stay LPD Laparoscopic Pancreaticoduodenectomy LPNs Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomies LPS Lipo-Polysaccharide LRN Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy LRP Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy LS Laparoscopic Splenectomy LTA Lateral Transabdominal LTE Laparoscopic Transhiatal Esophagectomy LUL Left Upper Lobectomy MAC-1 Membrane-Activated Complex 1 MACC Methotrexate, Adriamycin, Cyclophosphamide, CCNU MACIS Metastases, Age, Completeness of Surgical Resection, Invasion, Size of the Primary Tumor MALT Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tumor MC Mammary Cancer Cells MCT Microwave Coagulation Therapy MEMS Micro Electro Mechanical Systems MEN Multiple Endocrine Neoplasm MEN 1 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia 1 MEN 2 Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia type 2 MHC-II Major HistocompatibilityComplex-II MI Myocardial Infarction MIBG Metha-Ido-Benzo-Guanidine MIE Minimally Invasive Esophagectomy MIRS Minimally Invasive Robotic Surgery MIS Minimally Invasive Surgery MISTELS McGill Inanimate System for Training and Evaluation of Laparoscopic Skills MIST-VR Minimally Invasive Surgical Trainer-virtual Reality MIT Minimally Invasive Open Technique MIT Minimally Invasive Open Thyroidectomy MIVAT Minimally Invasive Video Assisted Thyroidectomy MMPs Matrix Metalloproteins MN Minnesota MR Magner Resonance MRC CLASIC Multicenter Randomized Comtrolled Trial of Conventional versus Laparoscopic-Assisted MRI Magnetic Resonance Imaging MSI-H High Microsatellite Instability MTC Medullary Thyroid Cancer mTOR Surgery in Colorectal Cancer MVP Maryland Virtual Patient NCCN National Comprehensive Cancer Network NCI National Cancer Institute NE Neuroendocrine NED No Evidence of Disease NET Neuroendocrine Tumor

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NG NHANES NHL NIS NK NK-LGL NOSCAR NOTES NOTUS NPO NS NSADS NSQUIP NSS OC ODG OGT OPUS OR OR OR time OSATS OST PACE PALND PBMC PDS PDT PE PECAM1 PEG PET PF PFT PGE2 PHP PIP PL PlGF PLN PLND PMCA PME PMN PMP PN POD POG PRAD1

Abbreviations

Naso-Gastric National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Sodium Iodide Symporter Natural Killer NK-Large Granular Lymphocyte Natural Orifice Surgery Consortium for Assessment and Research Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery Natural Orifice Trans Umbilical Surgery Nil Per Os Not Significant Non-Steroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs National Surgical Quality Improvement Program Nephron-Sparing Surgery Open Colectomy Open Equivalent Gastrectomy Oral Gastric Tube One Port Umbilical Surgery Operating Room Open Reconstruction Mean Operating Room Time Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skill Overnight Low-Dose Dexamethasone Suppression Test Preoperative Assessment of Cancer in the Elderly Para Aortic Lymph Node Dissection Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells Polydioxanone Suture Photodynamic Therapy Pulmonary Embolism Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule 1 Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Positron Emission Tomography Pancreatic Fistula Pulmonary Function Test Prostaglandin E2 Primary Hyperparathyroidism Picture-In-Picture Pure Laparoscopic Placental Growth Factor Pelvic Lymph Node Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection Peritoneal Mucinous Carcinomatosis Partial Mesorectal Resection Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Pseudomyxoma Peritonei Partial Nephrectomy Postoperative Day Pediatric Oncology Group Parathyroid Adenomatosis 1

Abbreviations

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PSA PTC PTH PV QOL R/O RA RAI RALPN RAS RB RCC RCT REA RFA RLL RLN RML RMS RN RPP RRP RTOG RT-PCR RUL RUQ SAE SAGES SARA SCD SCM SCT SCUE SD SEER SEMS SILS SILS SIOP SMA SMV SPA SRMs SSAT TACE TAE TAH TCC TAä

Prostate-specific Antigen Papillary Thyroid Cancer Parathyroid Hormone Portal Vein Quality of Life Ruled/Out Renal Artery Radioactive Iodine Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Partial Nephrectomy Rat Sarcoma Retinoblastoma Renal Cell Carcinomas Randomized Controlled Trial Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy Radiofrequency Ablation Right Lower Lobectomy Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve Right Middle Lobectomy Rhabdomyosarcoma Radical Nephrectomy Radical Perineal Prostatectomy Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction Right Upper Lobectomy Right Upper Quadrant Splenic Artery Embolization The Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons Single Access Retroperitoneoscopic Adrenalectomy Sequential Compression Device Sternocleidomastoid Muscle Sacro Coccygeal Teratoma Single-Channel Endoscope Standard Definition Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Self-Expandable Metal Stents Single-Incision Laparoscopic Surgery Single Port Laparoscopic Surgery International Society for Pediatric Oncology Superior Mesenteric Artery Superior Mesenteric Vein Single Port Access Small Renal Masses The Society for Surgery of the Alimentary Tract Transarterial Chemoembolization Transarterial Embolization Total Abdominal Hysterectomy Transitional Cell Carcinoma Triangular Anastomosis

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TEM TEMS TG THOR TID TLH TLRP TME TNsyF TNF-a TNM TRH TRUS TSH TUES TULA TUR-B TUR-P TV UFC UGI UNS US UTI UVF VATS VC VCAM VEGF VHS VR VVF WIT YAG

Abbreviations

Trans-Anal Endoscopic Microsurgery Trans-Anal Endoscopic Microsurgery Transgastric Conventional Thoracotomy Ter in Die (Thrice Daily Dosage) Total Laparoscopic Hysterectomy Transperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy Total Mesorectal Excision Tumor Necrosis Factor Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Tumor, Node, Metastases Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone Transrectal Ultrasound Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Trans Umbilical Endoscopic Surgery Trans Umbilical Laparoscopic Assisted Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Transurethral Resection of the Prostate Television Urinary-Free Cortisol Evaluation Upper Gastro-Intestinal Imaging Unilateral Nerve Sparing Ultrasound Urinary Tract Infection Uretero-Vaginal Fistula Video-Assisted Thoracic Surgery Vena Cava Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Video Home System Virtual Reality Vesico Vaginal Fistula Warm Ischemia Time Yttrium Aluminum Garnet

List of Videos

Chapter 11 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Two-Cavity Approach Christopher R. Morse, Omar Awais, and James D. Luketich The two cavity approach to esophageal cancer Chapter 12 Cancer of the Esophagus and the Gastroesophageal Junction: Transhiatal Approach Lee Swanstrom and Michael Ujiki Chapter 13  Laparoscopic Distal Gastrectomy – LADG Mutter Didier, O.A. Burckhardt, and Perretta Silvana Laparoscopic distal gastrectomy – LADG Clip 1   Division of the gastro-colic ligament (case 1) Clip 2   Division of the gastro-colic ligament(case 2) Clip 3  Dissection of the right gastro-omental vessels and of the inferior side of the proximal duodenum (case 1) Clip 4   Dissection of the right gastro-omental vessels (case 2) Clip 5   Vascular lesions on the right gastro-omental vessels Clip 6  Dissection of the gastro-hepatic ligament up to the hepatic common artery (case 2) Clip 7  Dissection of the gastro-hepatic ligament up to the hepatic common artery (case 1) Clip 8   Division of the right gastric artery Clip 9   Posterior dissection and division of the duodenum (case 2) Clip 10  Posterior dissection and division of the duodenum (case1) Clip 11  Dissection of the common hepatic artery Clip 12  Lymphadenectomy of nodal stations 7, 8 and 9 Clip 13  Division of the stomach Clip 14  Exposure of the stomach by trans-abdominal suspension Clip 15 Trans-mesocolic route and approximation of the stomach to the mesocolon Clip 16 Gastro-jejunal anastomosis, closure of the mesocolic window and extraction of the specimen (case 1) Clip 17  Gastrojejunal anastomosis (case 2)



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List of Videos

Chapter 14  Laparoscopic Total Gastrectomy – LATG Seigo Kitano, Norio Shiraishi, Koji Kawaguchi, and Kazuhiro Yasuda Laparoscopic total gastrectomy with Roux-En-Y reconstruction Chapter 15  Endoluminal Procedures for Early Gastric Cancer Brian J. Dunkin and Rohan Joseph Endoluminal procedures for early gastric cancer Chapter 16  Laparoscopic Management of Small Bowel Tumors Miguel Burch, Brian Carmine, Daniel Mishkin, and Ronald Matteotti Laparoscopic management of small bowel tumors Chapter 17  Right Hemicolectomy and Appendix Antonio M. Lacy Right hemicolectomy and appendectomy for cancer Chapter 18  Left Hemicolectomy and Sigmoid Colon Joel Leroy, Ronan Cahill, and Jacques Marescaux Laparoscopic Sigmoidectomy for cancer Chapter 19  Laparoscopic Rectal Procedures Rolv-Ole Lindsetmo and Conor P. Delaney Laparoscopic procedures of the rectum Clip 1  Transanal endoscopic microsurgery Clip 2  Laparoscopic Low anterior resection with colo-anal anastomosis Clip 3   Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal resection - colonic division Clip 4   Laparoscopic Abdominoperineal resection - perineal portion Chapter 21  Liver: Nonanatomical Resection Fumihiko Fujita, Susumu Eguchi, Yoshitsugu Tajima, and Takashi Kanematsu Laparoscopic Hepatectomy: Non-Anatomical resection Chapter 23  Cancer of the Gallbladder and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts Andrew A. Gumbs, Angel M. Rodriguez-Rivera, and John P. Hoffman Laparoscopic approaches to gallbladder cancer Chapter 24  Spleen: Hematological Disorders Eduardo M. Targarona, Carmen Balague, and Manuel Trias 1 Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy in cases of massive splenomegaly 2 Laparoscopic splenectomy and splenomegaly: AnteriorPosterior approach and ‘hanged’ technique

List of Videos

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Chapter 26  Cancer of the Parathyroid Paolo Miccoli, Gabriele Materazzi, and Piero Berti Minimally invasive video-assisted parathyroidectomy Chapter 27 Cancer of the Pancreas: Distal Resections and Staging of Pancreatic Cancer Vivian E. Strong, Joshua Carson, and Peter J. Allen Laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy Chapter 29  Cancer of the Adrenal Gland Ronald Matteotti, Luca Milone, Daniel Canter, and Michel Gagner Laparoscopic left adrenalectomy-Lateral Transabdominal Approach-LTA Chapter 30  Minimally Invasive Management of Gynecologic Malignancies Farr Reza Nezhat, Jennifer Eun Sun Cho, Connie Liu, and Gabrielle Gossner 1 Robotic assisted ovarian transposition and pretreatment surgical staging in ovarian cancer 2  Robotic radical hysterectomy Chapter 31  Cancer of the Kidney Daniel J. Canter and Robert G. Uzzo Minimally Invasive Renal Surgery Chapter 35 Minimally Invasive Management of Intra-Thoracic Malignancies Philip A. Linden Left VATS lingular resection