Mini Proyecto Tarea1 y 2

 

attp?//www.pgrvufg.mjh/ilc`x.ath attps?//www.k`k`syhgs.mjh/s`r-pgcr`s/`hpr`sgs attps?//www.k`k`syhgs.mjh/s`r-pg cr`s/`hpr`sgs-mjl-nugrc`rigs -mjl-nugrc`rigs

UGI57.- SG[@G. IC@LSIDIMGMIÝL C@ L@M@]ICGC@] @L @F ]@MSJ[ U[JCPMSITJ.

M[@GLCJ PLG @HU[@]G. Ihgnilg qu` vgs g hjltgr ulg `smu`fg ildgltif, ul m`ltrj c` gt`lmiýl g h`ljr`s, ulg fucj fu cjt` t`mg mg,, ul ulgg nr nrgl glog og `s `smu mu`f `fgg j ul m` m`lt ltrj rj c` jm jmij ij (p (pu` u`c` c`ss `f `f`n `nir ir fg jp jpmi miýl ýl qu qu` ` mjlsic`r`s hçs gc`mugcg)... Fg tgr`g mjlsist` `l `fgkjrgr ul cjmuh`ltj `l `f qu` mjlt`hpf`s? Cè fg `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj hjltgr  ◊ ◊   º@l qué tipj c` `hpr`sg c` gt`lmiýl g fg ildglmig ildglmig pu`c`s pu`c`s mfgsidimgr mfgsidimgr fg jpmiýl

qu` ags `f`nicj:

◊   ºCýlc` `stgrç ukimgcg: ◊   C`sm C`smrik` rik` gfnu gfnulj lj c` fjs s`rvimijs s`rvimijs j gmtivicgc`s gmtivicgc`s qu` s` pu`c`l r`gfizgr r`gfizgr `l fg `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj hjltgr.

◊   @xpýl tr`s gmtivicgc`s qu` s` pu`cgl ff`vgr g mgkj `sp`mèdimgh`lt` mjl li÷gs y li÷js h`ljr`s c` 4 g÷js. j

◊   ºWué tipj c` prjd`sijlgf`s trgkgogrègl `l fg supu`stg `hpr`sg: ◊   C`smrik` fjs r`quisitjs c` titufgmiýl y fgs dulmijl`s c` mgcg ulj c` fjs pu`stjs c` trgkgoj. .

◊   ºWué pgp`f c`s`hp`÷grèg `sp`mèdimgh` `sp`mèdimgh`lt` lt` `f Sémlimj Sémlimj j Sémlimg Sémlimg ]up`rijr `l @cumgmiýl Ildgltif:

◊   Mr`g `f jrnglinrghg c` fg `hpr`sg qu` vgs g hjltgr. hjltgr. ◊   Wué prjm`cihi`ltj y r`quisitjs c` gp`rturg gp`rturg y dulmijlghi`ltj dulmijlghi`ltj sjl l`m`sgrijs l`m`sgrijs pgrg hjltgr fg `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj.

 

◊   C`k C`k`s `s sjf sjfimi imitg tgrr fg ild ildjrh jrhgm gmiýl iýl p`r p`rtil til`l `lt` t` `l fg Mjl Mjls` s`o`r o`règ, èg, C`f C`f`n `ngm gmiýl iýl j Gyultghi`ltj c` tu fjmgficgc y gcoultgr fg cjmuh`ltgmiýl jkt`licg mjl fg tgr`g.

◊   Cis`÷g `f fjnjtipj y, `l su mgsj, ul `sfjngl `sfjngl c` tu `hpr`sg. Ilcimgmijl`s pgrg fg `ltr`ng.

Mrit`rijs c` `vgfugmiýl? Fg tgr`g s` pultÿg c` 5 g 75 sinui`lcj `stjs mrit`rijs? Sipj c` `hpr`sg y ukimgmiýl mjrr`mtg c` fg hishg? 7 pultj. Ujr mgcg gmtivicgc prjpu`stg gmjrc` mjl `f prjy`mtj `hpr`sgrigf y ki`l c`smritg 5,;0, hçs 7 pultj si `xpjl`s gmtivicgc`s `sp`mèdimgs `sp`mèdimgs pgrg h`ljr`s c` 4 g÷js (Uu`c`s suhgr `l `st` gpgrtgcj agstg ; pultjs). Urjd`sijlgf`s y jrnglinrghg. ; pultjs. Dulmijl`s `sp`mèdimgs `sp`mèdimgs c`f S]@I. 7 pultj. [`quisitjs y prjm`cihi`ltj c` gp`rturg. = pultjs. j Fjnj y, `l su mgsj, `sfjngl. 7 pultj.

MJFJ[@] G]INLGCJ] G MGCG PLG G]È  J[NGLI_GHJ] @F CJMPH@LSJ, HJLI T@[C@ MG[JF G_PF

 

YG]HI LG[GLOG HG[IG TIJF@SG [@MP[]J] @L [J]G @HU@_GHJ] GWPI SG[@G 7 MJFJMJ FG U[@NPLSG @L [JOJ Y C@SGFFJ

◊   Cè fg `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj hjltgr

Dghify r`mjlmifigtijl PL @]UGMIJ DGHIFIG[ UG[G SP @HU[@]G. Ljsjtrjs Illjvghjs, Mjlmifighjs y @cumghj @cumghjss oultjs. ]@[TIMIJ ILS@N[GF C@ GS@LMIÝL G FG ILDGLMIG @L M@LS[J] C@ S[GKGOJ.

Jdr`m`hjs s`rvimijs s`rvimijs `cumgtivjs `cumgtivjs oultgh`lt` oultgh`lt` mjl s`rvimijs c` jmij y ti`hpj fikr` N`stiýl c` @smu`fgs c` 5 g = g÷js `l `f çhkitj ilstitumijlgf j pÿkfimj y privgcj. Lu`strgs hirgs r`gfh`lt` `stçl gki`rtgs g jdr`m`r vgrigs jpmijl`s? @smu`fg y M`ltrj c` Jmij Ildgltif. Jdr`m`hjs ff`vgrt` fg @smu`fg Ildgltif, fucjt`mg y s`rvimijs c` muicgcjs pjr ajrgs ajrgs g tu prjpij trgkgoj. trgkgoj. Ugrg `ffj t` prjmurghjs prjmurghjs ul mjltgmtj cir`mtj mjl tus aiojs c`sc` mugfqui`r pgrt` cjlc` t` `lmu`ltr`s, g trgv`s c` tu t`f`djlj ` Ilt`rl`t, pjcrgs v`r g tus aiojs . @f prjpjsitj `s ulir c` `st` hjcj fg `hpr`sg, `f trgkgocjr y fg dghifig Lu`strjs ajrgrijs ajrgrijs jdr`m`l ul ghpfij hgrn`l pgrg agm`r usj c` lu`strjs s`rvimijs, fj qu` Pliélcjs` c` `st` hjcj fg @hpr`sg `f Srgkgogcjr y fg Dghifig. ((@s c`mir fungr`s cjlc` c`sgrrjffgl su gmtivicgc humags trgkgogcjrgs y trgkgogcjr`s `l l`njmijs ilcivicugf`s. Pliélcjs` c` `st` hjcj fg @hpr`sg `f Srgkgogcjr Srgkgogcjr y fg Dghifig.)) ((Ljs c`spfgzghjs g M`ltrjs Mjh`rmigf`s, M`ltrjs c` @stucijs, Jrnglishjs pÿkfimjs y `hpr`sgs.)) Lu`strj m`ltrj t`lcrç tgltj çhkitj djrhgf, mjhj lj djrhgf.

 

Fg l`m`sicgc c` mjlmifigr vicg dghifigr y fgkjrgf lj pu`c` s`pgrgrs` c` fg ic`g c` mjrr`spjlsgkificgc `l fg dghifig y `l fg prjpig sjmi`cgc. @l lu`strj prjy`mtj t`l`hjs ulg hçxihg prijricgc, lj s`rçl fjs li÷js y pgcr`s fjs qu` s` gcgpt`l gf m`ltrj ildgltif, s`r`hjs ljsjtrjs fjs qu` ljs gcgptghjs g fjs li÷js y g sus pgcr`s, g su prjkf`hçtimg fgkjrgf, sus ajrgrijs, g fg vicg g fg qu` fg sjmi`cgc gmtugf jkfing. @st` prjy`mtj lgm` c` `sg l`m`sicgc. @l `f çhk çhkit itj j dj djrh rhgf gf yg qu` s`r s`règ èg ulg `cumgmi `cumgmiýl ýl qu` ti`l` mgrçmt mgrçmt`r `r ilt`lmi ilt`lmijlg jlgf, f, pfg pfglid lidimg imgcj cj y r`nufgcj.

º@l qué tipj c` `hpr`sg c` gt`lmiýl g fg ildglmig pu`c`s mfgsidimgr fg jpmiýl qu` ags `f`nicj:

Lu`s Lu `str trgg `h `hpr pr`s `sg, g, `s ul ulgg sj sjmi mi`c `cgc gc c` s` s`rv rvimi imijs js,, sj sjl l gq gqu` u`ffg ffgss qu qu` ` kr kril ilcg cgl l su gm gmti tivi vicg cgc c g fg mjhulicgc, `stglcj `stg `lmugcrgcg c`ltrj c` fg pgrm`fg c` `cumgmiýl. ]` ilmfuy` `l `f s`mtjr t`rmigrij yg qu` `f hishj gkgrmg tjcgs fgs gmtivicgc`s `mjlýhimgs r`fgmijlgcgs mjl fjs s`rvimijs hgt`rigf` hgt `rigf`ss qu` lj prjc prjcum`l um`l ki`l`s, y n`l` n`l`rgfh rgfh`lt `lt` ` s` jdr`m`l pgrg pgrg sgti sgtisdg sdgm`r m`r l`m`sicgc`s l`m`sicgc`s c` fg pjkfgmiýl. ]` `lnfjkg c`ltrj c` fg p`qu`÷g `hpr`sg yg qu` ti`l` h`ljs c` 05 trgkgogcjr`s. Ljs c`spfgzghjs pgrg jdr`m`r lu`strg gmtivicgc pjr tjcg fg isfg c` S`l`rid`, j s`g qu` agkfghjs c` çhkitj çhk itj fjm fjmgf. gf. Fg `hp `hpr` r`sg sg ti` ti`l` l` p`r p`rsjl sjlgfi gficgc cgc our ourèci ècimg, mg, pr pr`s` `s`lt ltçlc çlcjs` js` mjh mjhj j ulg sjm sjmi`c i`cgc gc muy muygg titufgricgc c` mgpitgf `s privgcg y lgmijlgf, j s`g `f jrin`l c`f mgpitgf gpjrtgcj `s prjpi`cgc c`f ilv`rsijlistg qu` `s gc`hçs c`f hishj pgès, fumrgtivg `l su tjtgficgc. @stg sjmi`cgc trikutg pjr `f Ihpu`stj sjkr` ]jmi`cgc`s. ]` trgtg c` ulg sjmi`cgc fihitgcg y `stç mjhpu`stg pjr 3 sjmigs, mgcg ulg r`spjlc` g fgs c`ucgs s`nÿl `f mgpitgf mgpitgf gpjrtgcj, gpjrtgcj, `l `st` `st` mgsj =555 ₦ mgcg ulg, fj qu` suhg ul mgpitgf sjmigf c` 7;.555  ₦. Dghify [`mjlmifigtijl ]F s` civic` `l pgrtimipgmijl`s inugf`s, gmuhufgkf`s ` ilcivisikf`s c`f mgpitgf c` fg sjmi`cgc, y lj pu`c`l ilmjrpjrgrs` g tètufjs l`njmigkf`s, fg trgshisiýl c` `stgs pgrtimipgmijl`s `stç r`strilnicg. Fg t`l`lmig c` pgrtimipgmijl`s mjld`rirç mjld`rirç fg mugficgc c` sjmij mjl c`r`maj g vjtj, g fg pgrtimipgmiýl `l k`l`dimijs, g fg susmripmiýl pr`d`r`lt`, pr`d`r`lt`, g pgrtimipgr pgrtimipgr c` fg civisiýl c`f agk`r sjmigf y g fg ildjrhgmiýl.

 

C`ltrj c`f çhkitj djrhgf lu`str lu`strgg `hpr`sg dinurg dinurg `l fg hjcgficgc c` m`ltrjs ildgltif`s c` 5 g =, `stç r`nufgcg pjr fg F`y Jrnçlimg ;/;554, c` = c` hgyj, c` @cumgmiýl (FJ@), qu` hgrmg fjs prilmipijs c` fg `cumg `cumgmiýl miýl ildgltif, ildgltif, y qu` civic` g fg hishg hishg `l cjs mimfjs, mimfjs, `f prih`rj prih`rj c` 5 g = g÷js y `f s`nulcj s`nulcj mimfj c` = g 4. G su v`z c`ltrj c`f çhkitj lj djrhgf lu`strg lu`vg `hpr`sg s` `lmugcrg `l fg hjcg hj cgfic ficgc gc c` fu fucj cjt` t`mg mgs, s, m` m`lt ltrj rjss c` jm jmij ij il ildg dglt ltif if y `s `spg pgmi mijs js c` gm gmti tivi vicg cgc` c`ss il ildg dglt ltif` if`ss lj mjlv`lmijlgf`s. Mjhpr`lc` `f gpr`lcizgo` qu` lj `s jdr`micj pjr ul m`ltrj c` `cumgmiýl j c` djrhgmiýl y ljrhgfh`lt` lj mjlcum` g ulg m`rtidimgmiýl. Lj jkstglt` ti`l` mgrçmt`r `strumturgcj (`l jko`tivjs cicçmtimjs, curgmiýl…) y gc`hçs s` mjlsic`rg qu` s` prjmurg `f gpr`lcizgo` c` ulg djrhg ilt`lmijlgf.

◊   ºCýlc` `stgrç ukimgcg:

attp?//www.pmtt.`s/ildrg`strumturgs/

`st`

filb

`s

c`

viv`rjs

c`

`hpr`sgs t`l`rid t`l`rid` attps?//www.mghgrgt`l`rid`.mjh /viv`rjsgltgmruz.mdh Fjmgfizgmiýl `l ulg pjkfgmiýl Fg prih`rg c`misiýl qu` s` ti`l` qu` tjhgr pgrg `f`nir fg fjmgfizgmiýl hçs icýl`g c` ul l`njmij `s c`t`rhilgr fg pjkfgmiýl cjlc` s` vg g ukimgr, pgrg fj qu` `s l`m`sgrij r`gfizgr ul `stucij c`tgffgcj c` gfnuljs dgmtjr`s, `ltr` fjs qu` c`stgmgl?

 

◊   Fg prjxihicgc prjxihicgc gf h`rm h`rmgcj gcj y g fjs mfi`lt`s, mfi`lt`s, fg cistglmig cistglmig g fgs çr`gs çr`gs c` ildfu`lmig ildfu`lmig

tgf` tg f`ss mj mjhj hj zjl jlgs gs mj mjh` h`rm rmig igf` f`s, s, fg c` c`ls lsic icgc gc c` fg pj pjkf kfgm gmiý iýl, l, fg pi pirrçh çhic ic` ` c` pjkfgmiýl pjr `cgc`s, `f liv`f c` r`ltg c` fjs r`sic`lt`s gsè mjhj `f liv`f c` djrhgmiýl j `cumgmiýl. ◊   Cjtgmiýl c` s`rvimijs ` ilcustrigf c` fg zjlg, suhilistrj suhilistrj c` gnug, fuz y t`fédjlj, t`fédjlj, gsè 

mjhj c` fg ildrg`strumturg l`m`sgrig pgrg `f tipj c` `hpr`sg qu` s` vgyg g ihpfgltgr. ◊   Fgs pjsikificgc`s c` gmm`sj g fgs hgt`rigs prihgs y mjhprgcjr`s, mjhprgcjr`s, m`rmglèg m`rmglèg c` fjs

prjv``cjr`s yg qu` dgmifitg y r`cum` fjs ngstjs c` gprjvisijlghi`ltj c`rivgcjs c`f trglspjrt`. ◊   Fg tgs tgsgg c` c`s` c`s`hpf`j hpf`j,, cispjlikificgc cispjlikificgc c` hglj c` jkrg mugfidimgcg, mugfidimgcg, gsè mjhj fgs

pjsikificgc`s c` sukmjltr sukmjltrgtgmiýl. gtgmiýl. ◊   Fgs gyucgs `mjlýhimgs y dismgf`s, fgs sukv`lmijl`s, gsè mjhj ilm`ltivjs c` fg

Gchilistrgmiýl Gchilistr gmiýl pgrg fg mr`gmiýl c` `hpr`sgs `l `f hulimipij.

@f`mmiýl c`f kgrrij j zjlg C`spués c` agk`r c`t`rhilgcj fg miucgc, c`k`hjs `f`nir `f kgrrij cjlc` vghjs g ukimgr fg `hpr`sg. Ugrg fj qu` s`rç l`m`sgrij `stucigr c`t`rhilgcjs gsp`mtjs mjhj fg ilt`lsicgc c` fg mjhp`t`lmig y lÿh`rj c` mjhp`ticjr mjhp`ticjr`s. `s. Gc`hçs, c`k`hjs vgfjrgr jtrjs dgmtjr`s mjhj fgs pjsikf`s r`spu`stgs j r`gmmijl`s c` fjs mjhp`ticjr`s glt` fg `ltrgcg c` ul lu`vj l`njmij, gsè mjhj fgs `strgt`nigs c` l`njmi l`n jmijs js c`s c`sgrr grrjffg jffgcgs cgs pjr fjs `s `stg tgkf` kf`mih mihi`l i`ltj tjss c` fg zj zjlg. lg. @s c`m c`mir ir,, vg vgfjr fjrgr gr si s` mjhpit` vèg pr`mijs j vèg cid`r`lmigmiýl y mjhprjkgr qu` fg `strgt`nig c` lu`strg `hpr`sg `lmgog y pu`c` agm`r dr`lt` g `stgs.

Fg ukimgmiýl hçs gc`mugcg

 

@l `f hjh`ltj c` c`t`rhilgr fg fjmgfizgmiýl mjlmr`tg c`f mjh`rmij, c`ltrj c` fg miucgc y `f kgrrij `smjnicj, fj prih`rj qu` c`k`hjs s`f`mmijlgr `s `f tipj c` ukimgmiýl qu` c`s`ghjs `ltr` fgs tr`s jpmijl`s `xist`lt`s? Fjmgf gisfgcj, zjlg mjh`rmigf j m`ltrj mjh`rmigf. Gc`hçs, c`k`hjs glgfizgr dgmtjr`s r`fgmijlgcjs mjl `f prjpij fjmgf tgf`s mjhj? gpgrmghi`ltjs, visikificgc, grquit`mtur grquit`mturgg ◊   Fjmgf`s cispjlikf`s, gsè mjhj lÿh`rj c` gpgrmghi`ltjs, gnrgcgkf` y ulg ku`lg ifuhilgmiýl yg qu` tjcjs vgl g c`t`rhilgr fg mgpgmicgc c` gtrg`r fg gt`lmiýl agmig `f mjh`rmij. ◊  Mjst`, sup`rdimi` y `strumturg c`f `stgkf`mihi`ltj, mjst` c` gmjlcimijlghi`ltj

pgrgg fg pu` pgr pu`st stgg `l hgr hgrmag mag c`f l`n l`njmi jmij, j, y mjh mjhuli ulimg mgmij mijl`s l`s,, ild ildrg rg`s `stru trumtu mturg rgs, s, glmaurg c` fg mgfzgcg y gm`rg, fgs mjlcimijl`s c`f su`fj, si `s zjlg gogrcilgcg, `tm.. ◊   Srçdimj p`gtjlgf, p`gtjlgf, yg qu` mugltj hçs trglsitgcg s`g fg mgff` cjlc` s` `lmu`ltrg `lmu`ltrg `f

fjmgf hçs prjkgkificgc`s qu` s` visit` `f l`njmij.

◊   Ugrg qu` fjs mjlsuhicjr`s mjlsuhicjr`s pu`cgl mjhprgr, mjhprgr, `s l`m`sgrij qu` t`lngl t`lngl pjsikificgc

c` c`spfgzgrs` agstg fg ti`lcg, pjr fj qu` `f trglspjrt` pÿkfimj `s ul dgmtjr pjsitivj. C`k`l `stucigrs` fgs cid`r`lt`s pjsikificgc`s (nugnug, tgxis, `tm.). ◊   Srçdimj rjcgcj, `stgcj c` fgs mgrr`t mgrr`t`rgs, `rgs, fg `xist `xist`lmig `lmig j lj c` gtgsmjs, si si s` trgtg

c` ulg mgff` c` s`lticj ÿlimj, fgs cistiltgs vègs c` gmm`sj, `tm… ◊  F`nisfgmiýl urkglèstimg. ◊   Lÿh` Lÿh`rj rj c` mjhp mjhp`ticj `ticjr`s r`s `l fgs m`rm m`rmglègs glègs.. Mugl Mugltjs tjs hçs mjhp mjhp`tic `ticjr`s jr`s agyg agyg `l

ulg zjlg, hçs curg s`rç fg mjhp`t`lmig y hçs kgojs s`rçl fjs hçrn`l`s. ◊   Lÿh Lÿh`r `rj j c` ti ti`l `lcg cgss lj mj mjhp hp`t `tic icjr jrgs gs.. Mu Mugl glttgs hç hçss ti ti`l `lcg cgss ag agyyg `l fj fjss

gfr`c`cjr`s, hçs mjhprgcjr`s s` gm`rmgrçl guh`ltglcj fgs prjkgkificgc`s c` v`ltg c`f l`njmij.

Lu`strg `hpr`sg `stgrç ukimgcg `l fg zjlg c` ]gltg Mruz

 

C`smrik` rik` gfnu gfnulj lj c` fjs s`rvimijs s`rvimijs j gmtivicgc`s gmtivicgc`s qu` s` pu`c`l r`gfizgr r`gfizgr `l fg ◊   C`sm `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj hjltgr. @l lu`strg `hpr`sg s` r`gfizgrçl fjs sinui`lt`s s`rvimijs? Gt`lc`r g fjs li÷js c` fjs pgcr`s qu` trgkgogl `l `hpr`sgs. Hi`ltrgs `f pgcr` j hgcr` ti`l` fg pjsikificgc c` t`l`r g su aioj `l `f hishj m`ltrj cjlc` trgkgog. [`gfizgr gmtivicgc`s `xtrg`smjfgr`s `l mjf`nijs privgcjs j pÿkfimjs. Jdr`m`r s`rvimij c` mglnurjs g cjhimifij `l ajrgrij ljmturlj(fihitgcj) M`f`krgmijl`s c` gmtivicgc`s `sp`migf`s mjhj muhpf`g÷js, `smu`fgs c` v`rgljs, `tm … Urjpjrmijlgr `hpf`gcjs pgrg nrglc`s sup`rdimi`s pgrg `f muicgcj c` li÷js.

@xpýl tr`s gmtivicgc`s qu` s` pu`cgl ff`vgr g mgkj `sp`mèdimgh`lt` mjl li÷gs y li÷js h`ljr`s c` 4 g÷js. Gmtivicgc`s prjd`s d`sijlgf` ijlgf`ss trg trgkgogr kgogrçl çl `l fg supu` supu`stg stg `hpr`sg: `hpr`sg: C`smrik` C`smrik` fjs ◊   ºWué tipj c` prj r`quisitjs c` titufgmiýl y fgs dulmijl`s c` mgcg ulj c` fjs pu`stjs c` trgkgoj. @l lu`strg `hpr`sg trgkgogrçl tgltj Sémlimjs `l @cumgmiýl Ildgltif mjhj Guxifigr`s c` @cum @c umgm gmiý iýl l Il Ildg dglt ltifif,, p` p`rs rsjl jlgf gf gc gchi hili list strg rgti tivj vj,, `q `qui uipj pj `c `cum umgt gtiv ivj j mj mjhj hj hg hg`s `str trjs js,, p`cgnjnjs, `tm… Fjs pu`stjs c` trgkgoj `l `f çhkitj c` fg `cumgmiýl lj djrhgf sjl hÿftipf`s y vgrigcjs yg qu` irçl `l dulmiýl c` fg `hpr`sg (fucjt`mg, nrglog `smu`fg, m`ltrj r`mr`gtivj j c` jmij…) y c` fgs gmtivicgc`s y/j s`rvimijs qu` `l `ffg s` pr`st pr`st`l. `l.

 

@l `f mgsj c` fgs fucjt`mgs, `f lÿh`rj hèlihj c` p`rsjlgs prjd`sijlgf`s `l fjs `quipjs c`p` c` p`lc lc` ` c` fj fjss s` s`rv rvimi imijs js qu qu` ` pr pr`s `st` t` `f m` m`lt ltrj rj y c` su gd gdjr jrj j hç hçxi xihj hj.. G li liv` v`ff c` titufgmiýl, fg mjjrcilgcjrg j mjjrcilgcjr c`k` cispjl`r c` ulg titufgmiýl hèlihg c` `cumgm `cu mgmiýl iýl sup sup`ri `rijr jr c`f çhk çhkitj itj sjm sjmij` ij`cum cumgt gtivj ivj y c`k c`k`r `rçç c`s c`s`hp `hp`÷g `÷grr fgs sin sinui` ui`lt lt`s `s dulmijl`s? dulmij l`s? Jrn Jrngliz glizgmiýl gmiýl c` nrupj nrupjss y ajr ajrgrijs grijs,, ilv ilv`lt `ltgrij grij c` hgt hgt`rigf, `rigf, mfgsi mfgsidimgm dimgmiýl iýl y mgtgfjngmiýl mgtgfjn gmiýl,, ildj ildjrhgm rhgmiýl iýl y prjhjmiýl prjhjmiýl c`f c`f s`rvimij s`rvimij,, cis`÷ cis`÷j j y c`sgr c`sgrrjffj rjffj c` gmtivi gmtivicgc`s cgc`s prjnrghgcgs, prjnrghgc gs, pfglidimgmiýl c` gmtivicgc`s y `vgfugmiýl `vgfugmiýl c` fgs hishgs. hishgs. Ugrg `f r`stj c` fgs p`rsjlgs qu` mjhpjl`l `f `quipj c` fg fucjt`mg, fgs titufgmijl`s `xinicgs, `l su mgsj, sjl `stgr `l pjs`siýl c` ul tètufj c` nrgcj h`cij c` fg dghifig prjd`sijl prjd `sijlgf gf c` fjs ]`rvimijs ]`rvimijs ]jmijmufturg ]jmijmufturgf`s f`s y g fg Mjhul Mjhulicgc, icgc, cipfjh cipfjhgg c` hjlitj hjlitjrr j hjlitjrg c` gmtivicgc`s c` jmij ildgltif y ouv`lif, `l `st` mgsj sus dulmijl`s sjl fg c` gmjhpg÷gr y pr`stgr gpjyj `l fgs gmtivicgc`s c` ou`nj c` fgs p`rsjlgs usugrigs c`f m`ltrj.

ºWué pgp`f c`s`hp`÷grèg `sp`mèdimgh`lt` `f Sémlimj j Sémlimg ]up`rijr `l @cumgmiýl Ildgltif: Fgs Ildgltif:  Fgs tgr`gs qu` ul ku`l prjd`sijlgf `l `cumgmiýl ildgltif c`k` s`r mgpgz c` ff`vgr g mgkj sjl? ]`r mgpgz c` n`stijlgr tjcgs fgs mjltiln`lmigs qu` pu`cgl gpgr`m`r `l `f `ltjrlj c` fjs li÷js y li÷gs, yg s`g `l `f `ltjrlj dghifigr j `l jtrjs `ltjrljs. ]i`hpr` mjl `f çlihj c` ilt`nrgr y c` gpjrtgr sjfumijl`s g fjs pjsikf`s mjldfimtjs agmi`lcj dfuir fg mjhulimgmiýl `ltr` fgs cid`r`lt`s pgrt` ilt`nrglt`s. Mjfgkjrgr si`hpr` mjl fg dghifig pgrg kusmgr `f h`ojr `ltjrlj c` ilt`nrgmiýl pgrg fjs ildglt`s, `l fjs cid`r`lt`s çhkitjs c` su cèg g cèg. ]`r mgpgz c` h`cigr y n`stijlgr `l fjs qu`agm`r`s c` civ`rsicgc mufturgf si`hpr` mjl çlihj ilt`nrgcjr ilt`nrgcjr y pjsitivj.

 

N`stijlgr mugfqui`r tipj c` gyucg j ilt`rv`lmiýl tgltj c` mgrçmt`r p`rsjlgf, `cumgtivg j sjmigf qu` t`lng r`fgmiýl r`fgmiýl mjl fjs li÷js y li÷gs y sus dghifigs. ]`rr mgpg ]` pgzz c` n`sti tijl jlggr fj fjss r`mu murrsjs l`m `m` `sg sgrrij ijs, s, gm gmti tivvgr fj fjss pr prjt jtjm jmjf jfjs js y prjm`cihi`ltjs prjm`cihi`l tjs mjrr`spjlci`lt`s, mjrr`spjlci`lt`s, `l `f ti`hpj pr`misj pgrg pgrg gt`lc`r y cgr r`spu`stg g fjs ildglt`s y sus dghifigr ilmfusj muglcj `stjs r`qui`rgl c` fg pgrtimipgmiýl c` jtrjs prjd`sijlgf`s, mjhj hécimjs, gn`lt`s sjmigf`s u jtrjs. Gmtugr si`hpr` mjl mja`r`lmig, s`nuricgc y mjldiglzg glt` mugfqui`r `v`ltugficgc, pgrg qu` fjs li÷js y fgs li÷gs r`mikgl ulg s`lsgmiýl c` s`nuricgc. N`ssti N` tijl jlgr gr tj tjcg cg fg cj cjmu muh` h`lt ltgm gmiý iýl l l` l`m` m`sg sgri rig, g, y s` s`rr mg mgpg pgzz c` `h `hit itir ir y gl glgf gfiz izgr gr vgfjr vg fjrgmi gmijl` jl`ss sjk sjkr` r` r` r`suf suftg tgcjs cjs jkt jkt`li `licjs cjs c` mug mugfqu fqui`r i`r gm gmtug tugmiý miýl l j ilt ilt`rv `rv`lm `lmiýl iýl r`gfizgcg sjkr` `f `ltjrlj j p`rsjlg c` fjs ildglt`s. Djrhgmiýl mjltilÿg. ]`nuir hjtivgcj y kusmgr fg djrhgmiýl, `f mr`mihi`ltj p`rsjlgf, fg hgyjr prjd`sijlgficgc, y `f ki`l c` fjs li÷js y fgs li÷gs, g trgvés c`f mjljmihi`ltj y fg mjltilÿg gmtugfizgmiýl c`f hishj, sjkr` tjcj fj r`d`r`lt` g fg `cumgmiýl ildgltif, sus témlimgs, sus hétjcjs... Mr`g `f jrnglinrghg c` fg `hpr`sg qu` vgs g hjltgr pgrg

 

J[NGLIN[GHG @L @F ÇHKISJ LJ DJ[HGF

 

Wué prjm`cihi`ltj y r`quisitjs c` gp`rturg y dulmijlghi`ltj sjl l`m`sgrijs pgrg hjltgr fg `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj. C`k`s sjfimitgr fg ildjrhgmiýl p`rtil`lt` `l fg Mjls`o`règ, C`f`ngmiýl j Gyultghi`ltj c` tu fjmgficgc y  gcoultgr fg cjmuh`ltgmiýl

jkt`licg mjl fg tgr`g. S[ÇHIS@] N@LÉ[IMJ] ]jl gquéffjs qu` tjcjs fjs l`njmijs, s`g mugf s`g su lgturgf`zg, c`k`l muhpfir glt`s c` mjh`lzgr su gmtivicgc. 7. Gchilistrgmiýl c` Agmi`lcg? c`mfgrgmiýl pr`vig gf ilimij c` jp`rgmijl`s, gftg `l `f Ihpu`stj c` Gmtivicgc`s @mjlýhimgs (IG@) y `l `f ITG, c`mfgrgmiýl m`lsgf c` ilimij c` gmtivicgc y jkt`lmiýl c`f MID.

 

;. [`nistrj H`rmgltif? H`rmgltif? ilsmripmiýl c` fg sjmi`cgc (`l mgsj c` lj s`r gutýljhj). =. S`sjr`règ N`l`rgf ]`n. ]jmigf (]])? ilsmripmiýl c`f `hpr`sgrij `l `f [énih`l c` Srgkgogcjr`s Gutýljhjs (sýfj si vg g r`gfizgr fg gmtivicgc mjhj tgf), ilsmripmiýl c` fg `hpr`sg `l fg ]] y gftg c` fjs `hpf`gcjs. 3.FIM@LMIG C@ GU@[SP[G C@ GMSITICGC Ugrg fgs gmtivicgc`s iljmugs, qu` `l prilmipij lj c`k`l n`l`rgr lilnulg hjf`stig, fjs r`quisitjs sjl hçs s`lmiffjs. @s `f mgsj, pjr `o`hpf `o` hpfj, j, c` fjs mj mjh`r h`rmij mijss c` pr prjcu jcumtj mtjss lj p`r p`r`m` `m`c`r c`rjs js li p`f p`finr inrjsj jsjss (mj (mjhj hj ulg pgp`f`règ j ulg kjutiqu` c` hjcg), j ulg p`qu`÷g jdimilg gki`rtg gf pÿkfimj (mjhj ulg ilhjkifigrig j ulg n`stjrèg). Ufgl mjltrg ilm`lcijs Jkfingtjrij pgrg? tjcjs fjs `cidimijs c`k`l t`l`r s`÷gfizgmiýl c` `vgmugmiýl, gfuhkrgcj c` `h`rn`lmig y `xtiltjr `xtiltjr`s. `s. Fjs pfgl`s mjltrg ilm`lcijs sjl jkfingtjrijs pgrg fjs m`ltrjs sglitgrijs, `sp`mtçmufjs pÿkfimjs, gfjoghi`ltjs turèstimjs y gmtivicgc`s ilcustrigf`s. Urjm`cihi`ltj? c`k`rçl mjltgr mjl pfgl`s c` `h`rn`lmig qu` ilmfuygl prjtjmjfjs c` `vgmugmiýl y gutjprjt`mmiýl. Gc`hçs, agy qu` `xpjl`r `l fungr visikf` fjs pfgljs c`f fjmgf mjl fgs rutgs c` sgficg, mjltgr mjl gfgrhgs gmÿstimgs y cispjl`r c` fjs `xtiltjr`s gc`mugcjs pgrg fjs tipjs c` du`nj qu` s` pu`cgl prjcumir.

Fgs fucjt`mgs  c`k`l jmupgr fg tjtgficgc c` ul `cidimij j ulg pgrt` c` ést`, mjhpf`tgh`lt` ilc`p`lcizgcj. @l `st` s`nulcj mgsj, sus c`p`lc`lmigs, qu` c`k`l `stgr mjhulimgcgs `ltr` sè h`ciglt` `spgmijs mjhul`s prjpijs, c`k`l mjlstituir ulg ulicgc ilc`p`lci`lt ilc`p`lci`lt`. `.

 

C`k`l C`k` l ci cisp spjl jl`r `r l` l`m` m`sg sgri righ gh`l `lt` t` y mj mjhj hj hè hèli lihj hj c` fj fjss si sinu nui` i`lt lt`s `s `s `spg pgmi mijs js ` ilst il stgf gfgm gmij ijl` l`ss ci cid` d`r` r`lm lmig igcj cjs? s? j zjl jlgg c` gm gmjn jnic icg, g, j `spgmi `spgmij/ j/ss c` ou ou`n `njs js,, j çr çr`g `g c` gchilistrgmiýl gchilistrgm iýl y n`stiýl, j gfhgmél, gfhgmél, j sglitgrijs. Fjs m`ltrjs qu` gm`pt`l usugrijs y usugrigs h`ljr`s c` 3 g÷js c`k`l cispjl`r, cispjl`r, gc`hçs c` fjs `spgmijs ` ilstgfgmijl`s `luh`rgcjs `l `f gpgrtgcj glt`rijr, c` ulg agkitgmiýl mjl mghkigcjr c` usj pr`d`r`lt` c` fgs p`rsjlgs h`ljr`s. Fg sup`rdimi` hèlihg c` `spgmij ÿtif pgrg `f ou`nj c` fg fucjt`mg c`k` s`r c` 05 h`trjs mugcrgcjs. @f gdjrj hçxihj c`f m`ltrj s` `stgkf`m`rç gpfimglcj fg prjpjrmiýl c` ;,0 h`trjs mugcrgcjs c` `spgmij ÿtif pgrg `f ou`nj pjr usugrij j usugrig. Fjs `quipghi`ltjs y hjkifigrij c`k`l `stgr gcgptgcjs g fgs `cgc`s y mgrgmt`rèstimgs c` sus usugrijs y usugrigs, y s` c`k`l `vitgr mgltjl`rgs, hgt`rigf`s c` ri`snj j gstiffgkf`s y jkstçmufjs go`ljs g fg `strumtur `strumturgg c`f `spgmij c` gmu`rcj mjl fg ljrhgtivg gpfimgkf` `l `stg hgt`rig. 4.;.;. @spgmijs ` ilstgfgmijl`s (II) Tghjs gajrg g pr`s`ltgr fg fistg c` `sjs `spgmijs qu` c`k` t`l`r tjcg fucjt`mg. g. @spg @spgmijs mijs c` ou`n ou`nj j Fgs fucjt`mgs fucjt`mgs c`k`l cispjl`r cispjl`r c` zjlgs zjlgs c` ou`njs ou`njs cid`r`l cid`r`lmigcg migcgss gt`lci`l gt` lci`lcj cj gf nrgc nrgcj j c` hjtrimicgc hjtrimicgc qu` c`sgrrjff c`sgrrjff`l `l fjs cid`r`lt cid`r`lt`s `s tipjs c` ou`njs. ou`njs. @l mgsj c` qu` ulg fucjt`mg cispjl` c` cid`r`lt`s cid`r`lt`s çr`gs j `spgmijs c` ou`nj, c`k` hjstrgr c` hgl`rg visikf`, g trgvés c` mjfjr`s j sinljs `lt`lcicjs, fgs `cgc`s c` fgs p`rsjlgs usugrigs g qui`l usugrigs qui`l`s `s s` cirin` mgcg `spgmij `spgmij,, gsè mjhj `f gdjrj gdjrj hçxihj. hçxihj. Lj s` p`rhit` p`rhit` fg ilstgfgmiýl c` s`rvimijs c` kgr li hçquilgs suhilistrgcjrgs c` k`kicgs y mjhicg c`ltrj c` fjs `spgmijs `spgmijs c` ou`nj. k. ]gfgs tgff`r tgff`r y gfhgmél Fgs fucjt`mgs fucjt`mgs pu`c`l pu`c`l cispjl`r cispjl`r c` uljs `spg `spgmijs mijs c`ljh c`ljhilgcjs ilgcjs ‖sgfgs ‖sgfgs tgff tgff`r‘ `r‘ pgrg fg r`g r`gfizgm fizgmiýl iýl c` gmtiv gmtivicgc` icgc`ss fÿcim fÿcimgs, gs, mr`gtivgs y hglugf`s c` sus usugrijs y usugrigs, fgs mugf`s c`k`l cispjl`r c` hjkifigrij gc`mugcj g fgs dilgficgc`s c` qu` sjl jko`tj. Fgs a`rrghi`ltgs a`rrghi`ltgs y r`mursjs r`mursjs c`stilgcjs c`stilgcjs g gmtivicgc`s c` tgff`r c`k`l s`r nugrcgcjs `l fungr`s s`nurjs y sýfj t`lcrç gmm`sj g `ffjs `f p`rsjlgf prjd`sijlgf c`f m`ltrj. Sjcgs fgs fucjt`mgs c`k`l pr`v`r ul `spgmij pgrg pgrg `f gfhgm`lgo` c` hgt`rigf fÿcimj civ`rsj c`kicgh`lt` jrc`lgcj y pgrg `f fgvgcj y fg fihpi fih pi`z `zgg c` fjs ou ounu nu`t `t`s `s.. @s @st` t` `s `spg pgmi mij j c` c`k` k` s` s`rr pg pgrg rg us usj j `x `xmf mfus usiv ivj j c` c`ff p` p`rs rsjl jlgf gf

 

prjd`si prjd `sijlg jlgff c` fg fuc fucjt jt`mg `mg.. m. Ogr Ogrcil cil`s, `s, t` t`rr rrgcj gcjss y pgt pgtijs ijs ilt`ri ilt`rijr` jr`s? s? Fjs ogrcil ogrcil`s, `s, t`rrgcjs y pgtijs cjlc` s` agm`l gmtivicgc`s fÿcimgs c`k`l cispjl`r c` tjcgs fgs h`cicgs gc`mugcgs mjl `f dil c` `vitgr gmmic`lt`s y ri`snjs, `ltr` jtrjs, c` v`rticjs. C`k`l mjltgr mjl sist`hgs c` prjt`mmiýl y s`nuricgc pgrg `vitgr y pr`v`lir fg mgècg gmmic`ltgf c` jko`tjs c`sc` `f `xt`rijr j c`sc` `f ilt`rijr c`f hishj r`miltj. @l `f mgsj c` ils ilstg tgfgr fgr gr gr`lg `lgf`s f`s `l `f `sp `spgmi gmij j `x `xt` t`rij rijrr, c`k c`k` ` ng ngrg rglt ltizg izgrs rs` ` ul hgl hglt` t`lih lihi`l i`ltj tj ainiél ain iélimj imj y sgl sglit itgri grij j mjr mjrr` r`mtj mtj.. @s @stjs tjs `sp `spgmi gmijs js lj mj mjhpu hputg tgl l `l fg c`t c`t`rh `rhilg ilgmiý miýl l c`f gdjrj hçxihj c`f m`ltrj c. Mjlcimijl`s sjkr` s`nuricgc, aini`l`, sglicgc, sglicgc, agkitgkificgc y gmm gmm`si `sikifi kificgc cgc?? Fg p`r p`rsjl sjlgg tit titufg ufgrr c`f m`ltrj m`ltrj c`k c`k` ` tjh tjhgr gr fgs h`cicg h`cicgss pgrg pgrg qu` fjs fjmgf`s ` ilstgfgmijl`s muhpfgl fg ljrhgtivg vin`lt` `l hgt`rig c` s`nuricgc, aini`l`, sglicgc, agkitgkificgc, gmm`sikificgc y supr`siýl c` kgrr`rgs grquit`mtýlimgs, gsè mjhj jtrgs mjlcimijl`s `l hgt`rig c` `cidimgmiýl c`t`rhilgcgs pjr fg ljrhgtivg vin`lt`, t`li`lcj `l mu`ltg fg `cgc c` fgs p`rsjlgs usugrigs g fgs qu` vg c`stilgcj `f s`rvimij, y `stç jkfingcg g dgmifitgr `f gmm`sj g fjs `spgmijs y g fgs ilstgfgmijl`s gf p`rsjlgf c` fgs gchilistrgmijl`s mjhp`t`lt`s `l hgt`rig c` ilsp`mmiýl y c` mjltrjf c` fjs gsp`mtjs h`lmijlgcjs. Sjcjs fjs m`ltrjs c`k`l cispjl`r c` ul kjtiquèl, qu` qu` c`k` `stgr du`rg c`f gfmglm` c` fjs li÷js y li÷gs, c`kicgh`lt` m`rrgcj, y qu` c`k` mjlt`l`r `f hgt`rigf l`m`sgrij pgrg agm`r ulgs prih`rgs murgs. @l `f mgsj c` fgs fucjt`mgs, pgrg fg jkt`lmiýl c` fg fim`lmig hulimipgf `sp`mèdimg `s l`m`sg l`m `sgrij rij s`n s`nuir uir fjs tr trçhi çhit` t`ss sin sinui` ui`lt lt`s? `s? g) @l fg sjf sjfimi imituc tuc c` fg fim` fim`lmi lmigg hul hulimi imipgf pgf `sp`mèdimg s` c`k` gmjhpg÷gr fg cjmuh`ltgmiýl mitgcg `l `f pultj ‖Cjmuh`ltgmiýl pgrg fg gmr`citgmiýl‘ y fg cjmuh`ltgmiýl r`stglt` qu` s`g pr`m`ptivg, y pr`s`ltgrfg gf gyu yul ltgh ghi` i`l ltj c` c`ff hu huli limi mipi pij j `l qu qu` ` s` pr pr`t `t`l `lcg cg ih ihpf pfgl glttgr fg gm gmti tivi vicg cgc. c. k) @f gyul gy ultg tghi hi`l `ltj tj,, `l `f pf pfgz gzj j hç hçxi xihj hj c` mi milm lmj j cè cègs gs,, `l `lvè vègg `f `x `xp` p`ci ci`l `lt` t` gf ýr ýrnngl glj j mjhp`t`lt` `l hgt`rig c` `quipghi`ltjs mèvimjs c` fg Gchilistrgmiýl c` fg Mjhulicgc g dil c` qu` `hitg ildjrh` g `d`mtj `d`mtjss c` m`rtidimgr, m`rtidimgr, si `s `f mgsj, fg gmr`citgmiýl c`f m`ltrj m`ltrj mjhj fucjt`mg. fucjt`mg. @f ýrn ýrnglj glj mjhp`t`lt mjhp`t`lt` ` `l hgt hgt`rig `rig c` `quip `quipghi`l ghi`ltjs tjs mèvimjs mèvimjs v`ridimg v`ridimg fg cjmuh`ltgmiýl pr`s`ltgcg y `hit` ildjrh` `l `f pfgzj hçxihj tr`s h`s`s g pgrtir c` fg r`m`p r` m`pmiý miýl l c` fg cjm cjmuh` uh`lt ltgmi gmiýl. ýl. Srg rglsm lsmurr urricj icj `s `st` t` pfg pfgzj zj sil qu` s` ag agyg yg `hi `hitic ticj j ildjrh`, ést` s` c`k` `lt`lc`r dgvjrgkf`. @f ildjrh` dgvjrgkf` y `f m`rtidimgcj c` fg gmr`citgmiýl s` `lvègl gf gyultghi`ltj g dil c` qu` jtjrnu` fg fim`lmig hulimipgf. @l `f

 

mgsj c` qu` `f ildjrh` `hiticj pjr fg Gchilistrgmiýl s`g c`sdgvjrgkf`, `f m`ltrj jko`tj c` fg sjfimituc c` gmr`citgmiýl `l lilnÿl mgsj pu`c` utifizgr utifizgr `f ljhkr` c` ‖fucjt`mg‘ ‖fucjt`mg‘.. @f mghkij j c`sgpgrimiýl c` fgs mirmulstglmigs qu` c`t`rhilgrjl `f jtjrnghi`ltj c` fg gmr`citgmiýl c`t`rhilgl fg mgcumicgc c` éstg. @l `f mgsj c` mghkij c` fg titufgricgc c` fg fu fucj cjtt`m `mg, g, s` c` c`k` k` mj mjhu huli limg mgrr gf gyu yult ltgh ghi` i`lt ltj j, qu qu` ` c` c`k` k` cg cgrr tr trgs gsfg fgcj cj g fg Gchilistrgmiýl Gchilistr gmiýl c` fg Mjhulicgc. Cjmuh`ltgmiýl pgrg pgrg fg gmr`citgmiýl ºWué cjmuh`ltgmiýl cjmuh`ltgmiýl c`kj pr`s`ltgr: pr`s`ltgr: g) H`hjrig H`hjrig c`smrip c`smriptivg tivg cjlc` s` agng agng mjlstgr? mjlstgr? Fg p`rsjlg p`rsjlg titufgr titufgr c` fg fucjt fucjt`mg. `mg. Fg tipjfjnèg c` fg fucjt`mg. @f ljhkr` c`f m`ltrj. Fg `cgc c` fgs p`rsjlgs usugrigs g qui`l vg cirinicj cirinicj `f s`rvim s`rvimij. ij. @f ajrgrij c` pr`stgmi pr`stgmiýl ýl c`f s`rvim s`rvimij. ij. Fjs h`tr h`trjs js mugcrg mugcrgcjs cjs c`f c`f fjmgf y `f gdjrj gdjrj hçxihj. Fg cistrikumiýl c` fjs `spgmijs. `spgmijs. k) Fjs s`rvimijs qu` s` pr`t`lc` jdr`m`r y `f lÿh`rj c` prjd`sijlgf`s qu` pr`stgrçl `f s`rvimij y su titufgmiýl. m) Urjy`mtj sjmij`cumgtivj, qu` c`k` mjlt`l`r, mjhj hèlihj, fjs gsp`mtjs sinui`lt`s? U`rs U` rsjlg jlgss c`s c`stil tilgt gtgri grigs. gs. Jko` Jko`tiv tivjs. js. H` H`tj tjcjf cjfjnè jnèg. g. Gmt Gmtivic ivicgc` gc`ss y su t`hpjr t`hpjrgfi gfizg zgmiý miýl. l. ]ist`hg c` `vgfugmiýl. c) [`nfgh`ltj c` rénih`l ilt`rlj, qu` c`k` pr`v`r `f dulmijlghi`ltj y fgs ljrhgs jrnglizgtivgs c`f m`ltrj y qu` `l tjcj mgsj c`k` mjlt`l`r fjs gsp`mtjs sinui`lt`s? [`quisit [`q uisitjs js c` gmm`sj. Ajr Ajrgrijs grijs y cègs cègs c` gt`lmiýl gt`lmiýl gf pÿkfimj pÿkfimj.. Ljrh Ljrhgs gs c` fg fucjt`mg. fucjt`mg. Urjtjmjfj c` mjhulimgmiýl `l mgsjs c` ri`snj c` hgftrgtj g fjs li÷js j li÷gs usugrijs y usugrigs c` fgs fucjt`mgs, c` gmu`rcj mjl fj qu` `stgkf`m` fg ljrhgtivg vin`lt` `l hgt`rig c` prjt`mmiýl g fg ildglmig i ldglmig y vijf`lmig hgmaistg. Jkfingmijl`s dismgf`s y fgkjrgf`s. Fgs jkfingmijl`s dismgf`s y fgkjrgf`s sjl mjhul`s, ilc`p`lci`lt`h`lt` c` fg djrhg  ourècimg c` fg `hpr`sg. Fgs jkfingmijl`s dismgf`s c`f `hpr`sgrij j `hpr`sgrig sjl fgs

 

glt`s c` `hp`zgr fg gmtivicgc? sinui`lt`s glt`s gmtivicgc? Ur`s`lt Ur`s`ltgr gr fg c`mfgrgmiýl m`lsgf. Cgrs` c` gftg gftg `l `f `f Ihpu`st Ihpu`stj j c` Gmtiv Gmtivicgc` icgc`ss @mjlýh @mjlýhimgs imgs Plg v`z mjh`lzg mjh`lzgcg cg fg gmtivicgc? gmtivicgc? ]i r`gfizgs r`gfizgs pgnjs sjh`ticjs g r`t`lmiýl, yg s`g pjr t`l`r p`rsjlgs `hpf`gcgs j `d`mtugr pgnjs g prjd`sijlgf`s, prjd`sijl gf`s, yg s`g s`g pjr gkjlgr r`lcihi`ltjs c`f mgpitgf hjkifigrij. C`k`rçs r`gfizgr r`gfizgr fg c`mfgrgmiýl glugf c` jp`rgmijl`s mjl t`rm`r t`rm`rjs. js. C`k`rçs pr`s`lt pr`s`ltgr gr fgs c`mfgrgmijl`s c`mfgrgmijl`s c`f ITG. IT G.

C`k`s c`mfgr c`mfgrgr gr tus ilnr`sjs? ilnr`sjs? j ]i trikutgs trikutgs pjr `f Ihpu`st Ihpu`stj j sjkr` fg [`lt [`ltgg c` c` fgs fgs

U`rsjlgs Dèsimgs (I[UD), trih`strgfh`lt` s` c`k`rç `d`mtugr fjs pgnjs drgmmijlgcjs g mu`l mu `lttg

y gl glug ugfh fh`l `ltt` fg c` c`mf mfgr grgm gmiý iýl l c` c`ff I[ I[UD UD . j ]i triku trikuttgs pjr `f Ihpu` Ihpu`sstj c`

]jmi`c ]jm i`cgc` gc`s, s, tri trih`s h`str trgfh gfh`lt `lt` ` s` c`k c`k`r `rçç `d `d`mt `mtugr ugr fjs pgn pgnjs js dr drgmm gmmijl ijlgcj gcjss g mu` mu`lt ltgg (hjc`fj ;5;) y glugfh`lt` fg c`mfgrgmiýl c`f Ihpu`stj c` ]jmi`cgc`s. @l mugltj g fgs r`fgmijl`s fgkjrgf`s, ljs m`ltrghjs `xmfusivgh`lt` `l fgs jkfingmijl`s c`ff `h c` `hpr pr`s `sgr grij ij j `h `hpr pr`s `sgr grig ig `l hg hgt` t`rig rig c` pr prjt jt`m `mmi miýl ýl c` ri` ri`sn snjs js fg fgkj kjrg rgf` f`). ). @f `hpr`sgrij j `hpr`sgrig c`k`rç ngrgltizgr fg sgfuc y s`nuricgc c` fjs trgkgogcjr`s y trgkgogcjrgs, pgrg fj mugf agkrç c`? 7. @vitgr fjs ri`snjs. @fihilgr gqu`ffjs qu` s`gl `vitgkf`s. ;. @vgfugr fjs ri`snjs. Gquè s` c`t`rhilgl gqu`ffjs ri`snjs qu` lj s` pu`c`l `vitgr pgrg fj mugf agkrç qu` glgfizgr fgs mgrgmt`rèstimgs c` fjs fjmgf`s, ilstgfgmijl`s, `quipjs c` trgkgoj, gn`lt`s quèhimjs, dèsimjs j kijfýnimjs utifizgcjs, `tm. Fg `vgfugmiýl c`k` c` k` ag agm` m`rrs` gf il ilim imij ij c` fg gm gmti tivi vicg cgc c j mu mugl glcj cj s` hj hjci cidi diqu qu`l `l fj fjss `q `qui uipj pjs, s, fg fgss mjlcimijl`s c` trgkgoj, trgkgoj, lu`vjs trgkgogcjr`s, trgkgogcjr`s, `tm.). =. C`p`lci`lcj c` fg mjhpf`oicgc y c` fg jr jrng ngliz lizgmi gmiýl ýl c` fjs r` r`mur mursjs sjs pr pr`v `v`l `ltiv tivjs js c` fg `hp `hpr`s r`sg, g, pu` pu`c`l c`l r`gfiz r`gfizgr gr fg `vgfugmiýl si mu`ltgl mjl fg mgpgmitgmiýl l`m`sgrig (pgrg gqu`ffgs c` hgyjr `lticgc s` r`qui`r` c` prjd`sijlgf`s mjl djrhgmiýl c` liv`f ilt`rh`cij, y pgrg fgs `vgfugmijl`s hçs mjhpf`ogs s`rç l`m`sgrij cispjl`r c` djrhgmiýl c` liv`f sup`rijr)? j @f prjpij `hpr`sgrij j `hpr`sgrig. j Fgs p`rsjlgs p`rsjlgs c`sinlgcgs c`sinlgcgs pjr fg `hpr`sgrig `hpr`sgrig j `f `hpr`sgrij. `hpr`sgrij. @f s` s`rvi rvimi mij j c` pr pr`v `v`l `lmi miýl ýl pr prjp jpij ij,, il ilmf mfui uicj cj si `s hg hglm lmjh jhul ulgc gcj. j.

j @f s` s`rv rvim imij ij c`

pr`v`lmiýl go`lj. 3. Ufglidimgr y gpfimgr fg gmtivicgc pr`v`ltivg. ]i c` fg `vgfugmiýl glt`rijr s` pusi`rgl c` hglidi`stj situgmijl`s c` ri`snj, `f `hpr`sgrij j `hpr`sgrig pfglidimgrç fg gmtivicgc pr`v`ltivg qu` prjm`cg mjl jko`tj c` `fihilgr, mjltrjfgr j r`cum r` cumir ir cim cimajs ajs ri` ri`snj snjs. s. Cim Cimags ags gmt gmtivic ivicgc` gc`ss pr` pr`v` v`lt ltivg ivgss mjl mjlff` ff`vg vgrç rç fg r` r`gfi gfizg zgmiý miýl l c` gmmijl`s gmmijl `s tgf`s mjhj? j @st @stgkf`m` gkf`m`rr prjm prjm`cihi `cihi`lt `ltjs js pgrg qu` `l tjcgs fgs gmtivic gmtivicgc`s gc`s y c`misijl`s c` fg `hpr`sg, s` mjlsic`r`l y mjltrjf`l sus r`p`rmusijl`s sjkr` fg sgfuc y

 

s`nuri s`nu ricg cgc c c` fj fjss tr trgk gkgo gogc gcjr jr`s `s y tr trgk gkgo gogc gcjr jrg. g.

j Il Ilst stru ruir ir g tj tjcg cgss fg fgss p` p`rs rsjl jlgs gs mjl

r`spjlsgkificgc o`rçrquimg `l fg `hpr`sg c` fg jkfingmiýl c` ilmfuir fg pr`v`lmiýl c` ri`s ri `snj njss `l tj tjcg cg gm gmti tivi vicg cgc c qu qu` ` r` r`gf gfim im`l `l u jr jrc` c`l` l`l. l. j C` C`t` t`rh rhil ilgr gr qu qué é h` h`ci cicg cgss c` s`nuihi`ltj y mjltrjf pr`v`ltivj agy agy qu` `d`mtugr. `d`mtugr. j Ur`v`r fgs h`cicgs c` vinifglmig c` fg sgfuc qu` s` dgmi dgmifitgr fitgrçl çl g fjs trgkgogcjr trgkgogcjr`s `s y trg trgkgogc kgogcjrg jrgs. s. j Ufglidimgr Ufglidimgr fgs gmmijl gmmijl`s `s g tjhgr glt` pjsikf`s situgmijl`s c` `h`rn`lmig. `h`rn`lmig. j Cis`÷gr fg djrhgmiýl y `stgkf`m`r fjs prjm pr jm` `ci cihi hi`l `lttjs c` il ilddjr jrhg hgmi miýl ýl pgr grgg fj fjss tr trggkg kgog ogc cjr jr` `s y tr trgk gkggog ogcj cjrrgs y su suss r`pr r` pr`s `s`l `lttgl gltt`s `s..

j @s @stg tgkf kf`m `m`r `r mg mgum um`s `s c` mj mjjp jp`r `rgm gmiý iýl l mj mjl l jt jtrj rjss `h `hpr pr`s `sgr grij ijss y

`hpr` `hp r`sgr sgrigs igs mjl qui qui`l` `l`ss s` mjh mjhpgr pgrtg tg fun fungr gr`s `s c` tr trgkg gkgoj oj j ils ilstg tgfgm fgmijl ijl`s, `s, g dil c` gs`nur gs` nurgr gr `f muh muhpfi pfihi` hi`lt ltj j c` fg f`n f`nisf isfgmi gmiýl2 ýl2 gsè mjhj mj mjl l fgs `hp `hpr` r`sgs sgs c` tr trgkg gkgoj oj t`hpjrgf muglcj utifim` sus s`rvimijs c` pu`stg g cispjsimiýl c` p`rsjlgs trgkgogcjrgs. j Dgm gmif ifit itgr gr y mj mjl ltr trjf jfgr gr `f mu muhp hpfi fihi hi`l `lttj c` su suss jk jkfi finngm gmij ijl` l`ss pj pjrr pg pgrt rt` ` c` jt jtrrjs `hpr`sgrijs j `hpr`sgrigs mjl qui`l`s mjltrgt`l j sukmjltrgt`l gmtivicgc`s g r`gfizgr `l su m`lt m`ltrj rj c` trgkgoj. trgkgoj. Gs`nu Gs`nurgr rgrs` s` qu` fg hgqu hgquilgrig ilgrig,, `quipjs, prjcumt prjcumtjs, js, hgt`rigs hgt`rigs prihgs y ÿtif`s qu` dgmifit` g jtrjs `hpr`sgrijs y `hpr`sgrigs pgrg fg r`gfizgmiýl c` jp`r jp `rgm gmij ijl` l`ss mj mjlt ltrg rgtg tgcg cgs, s, gu gulq lqu` u` lj s` c` c`sg sgrr rrjf jff` f`l l `l su m` m`lt ltrj rj c` tr trgk gkgo goj, j, lj mjlstituy mjls tituygl gl ulg du`lt` c` p`finrj pgrg fgs p`rsjlgs p`rsjlgs trgkgogcjr trgkgogcjrgs gs qu` fjs utifim utifim`l. `l. j @stgkf`m`r prjm`cihi`ltjs pgrg `fgkjrgr y mjls`rvgr fg cjmuh`ltgmiýl cjmuh`ltgmiýl r`suftglt` r`suftglt` c` fgs gmtivicgc` gmtiv icgc`ss y h`cic h`cicgs gs pr`v`ltivg pr`v`ltivgs. s. j Gs`nu Gs`nurgr rgr ulg prjt prjt`mmiýl `mmiýl sudimi`lt` sudimi`lt` y gcgptg gcgptgcg cg g fgs mir mirmul mulst stglm glmigs igs c` huo huo`r `r`s `s `l sit situgm ugmiýl iýl c` `hk `hkgr grgz gzj j j pgr pgrtj tj r` r`mi` mi`lt lt`, `, oýv oýv`l` `l`ss h`ljr`s c` 71 g÷js, trgkgogcjr`s y trgkgogcjrgs t`hpjrgf`s j c` `hpr`sgs c` trgkgoj t`hpj t` hpjrg rgff y tr trgkg gkgogc ogcjr jr`s `s y/ y/j j tr trgkg gkgogc ogcjr jrgs gs `sp `sp`mi `migfh gfh`l `lt` t` s`l s`lsik sikf`s f`s g c`t c`t`rh `rhilg ilgcjs cjs ri`snjs. j Mjlsuftgr g fjs trgkgogcjr`s trgkgogcjr`s y trgkgogcjrgs trgkgogcjrgs y g sus r`pr`s`ltgl r`pr`s`ltglt`s, t`s, gf h`ljs 70 cègs glt`s c` pjl`r `l prçmtimg mugfqui`r h`cicg qu` pu`cg gd`mtgr gf liv`f c` prjt`mmiýl prjt `mmiýl c` fg sgfuc y s`nuricgc. s`nuricgc. j @stgkf`m`r @stgkf`m`r mglgf`s mglgf`s pgrg pgrg r`mikir fgs prjpu`s prjpu`stgs tgs y sun`r`lm sun` r`lmigs igs c` fgs p`rsjlgs p`rsjlgs trgkgogcjr trgkgogcjrgs gs y sus r`pr`s`l r`pr`s`ltgl tglt`s t`s.. j Dg Dgmifit mifitgr gr g fjs/fg fjs/fgss r`pr`s`ltglt`s c` fjs trgkgogcjr`s y trgkgogcjrgs fjs h`cijs y `f ti`hpj `stgkf`micj pgrg `f `o`rmimij c` sus dulmijl`s. H@ DGFSG FJ] GL@QJ] C@ FJ] UGU@F@] UG[G HJLSG[ FG @HU[@]G.

 

Cis`÷g `f fjnjtipj y, `l su mgsj, ul `sfjngl c` tu `hpr`sg

◊ ‖PL @]UGMIJ DGHIFIG[ @L SP @HU[@]G‘. ◊ ‖]@[TIMIJ ILS@N[GF C@ GS@LMIÝL G FG ILDGLMIG @L M@LS[J] C@ S[GKGOJ‘. DGFSG @F FJNJ ...@]SJY @L @FFJ

Sgr`g pgrg UGI5;. Sgr`g 7 pgrg UGI5; CI]@×J C@ U[JY@MSJ] [@FGMIJLGCJ] MJL @F ]@MSJ[

@stg tgr`g mjlsist` mjlsist` `l fg pfglidimgmiýl c` ul prjy`mtj c` gt`lmiýl g fg f g ildglmig. 7. Ous Oustid tidimg imgmiý miýl l c`f prjy prjy`mt `mtj. j. (7p (7pult ultj) j) Agz ulg kr`v kr`v` ` c`s c`smri mripmi pmiýl ýl c`f pr prjy jy`mt `mtj j y ous oustid tidimg img fg ihpjrtglmig y jpjrtulicgc c`f hishj. @xpýl fjs r`suftgcjs c`f glçfisis c` fg r`gficgc qu` agygs r`gfizgcj pgrg ff`ngr g fg mjlmfusiýl c` qu` `f prjy`mtj qu` `xpjl`s `s `f hçs icýl`j. C`smrik` `f r`suftgcj c` gf h`ljs cjs témlimgs c` glçfisis c` fg r`gficgc qu` agy agygs gs utifizgcj. IHUJ[S IHUJ[SGLS@? GLS@? Ugr Ugrgg r`gfizgr `st` gpgrtgcj ags c`kicj c` ff`vgr g mgkj mjl glt`rijricgc ul glçfisis c`f mjlt`xtj cjlc` vg g ukimgrs` `f prjy`mtj.

LJ]JS[J] Illjvghjs, Mjlmifighjs y @cumghjs @cumghjs oultjs. ¾

GM@[MG[ LP@] GM@[MG[ LP@]S[J S[J]] ]@[TIMIJ] ]@[TIMIJ] GF MFI@LS@ MFI@LS@,, @L LP@ LP@]S[ ]S[J] J] M@LS[ M@LS[J] J] J @L ]P HI]HJ FPNG[ C@ S[GKGOJ. Fg l`m`sicgc c` mjlmifigr vicg dghifigr y fgkjrgf lj pu`c` s`pgrgrs` c` fg ic`g c` mjrr`spjlsgkificgc mjrr`spjls gkificgc `l fg dghifig y `l fg prjpig sjmi`cgc.

 

@l lu`strj prjy`mtj t`l`hjs ulg hçxihg prijricgc!. Lj s`rçl fjs li÷js y pgcr`s fjs qu` s` gcgpt`l gf m`ltrj ildgltif, s`r`hjs ljsjtrjs fjs qu` ljs gcgptgr`hjs g fjs li÷js y g sus pgcr`s, g su prjkf`hçtimg fgkjrgf, sus ajrgrijs, g fg vicg g fg qu` fg sjmi`cgc gmtugf jkfing. ¡@st` prjy`mtj lgm` c` `sg l`m`sicgc! Lu`strgs hirgs r`gfh`lt` `stçl gki`rtgs g jdr`m`r vgrigs jpmijl`s? @smu`fg y M`ltrj c` Jmij Ildgltif Jdr`m`hjs ff`vgrt` fg @smu`fg Ildgltif, Fucjt`mg y s`rvimijs c` muicgcjs c` ajrgs g tu prjpij trgkgoj. ¡@s c`mir! fungr`s cjlc` c`sgrrjffgl su gmtivicgc humags trgkgogcjrgs y trgkgogcjr`s `l l`njmijs ilcivicugf`s. Pliélcjs` c` `st` hjcj Fg @hpr`sg, `f Srgkgogcjr y fg Dghifig. Ljs c`spfgzghjs g M`ltrjs Mjh`rmigf`s, M`ltrjs c` @stucijs, Jrnglishjs pÿkfimjs. M`ltrjs c` @stucijs. ¾ ]@[TIMIJ ILS@N[GF C@ GS@LMIÝL GS@LMIÝL G FG ILD ILDGLMIG GLMIG @L @L M@LS[J] M@LS[J] C@ S[GKGOJ. LGSP[GF@_G C@F U[JY@MSJ (c`smripmiýl c`f prjy`mtj) Mjrr Mj rr`s `spj pjlc lc` ` g fg c` c`di dili limi miýl ýl c` fg   ic`g ic`g m` m`ltr ltrgf gf c`f prj prjy`m y`mtj tj   ` ihp ihpfim fimgg `x `xpjl pjl`r `r kr`v`h`lt` fg ic`g qu` r`pr`s`ltg `f prjy`mtj, ic`ltidimglcj `f prjnrghg j pfgl c`f qu` pgrt`, gsè mjhj fg ilstitumiýl c` fg qu` c`p`lc` Ur`s`ltgr fjs rgsnjs sjkr`sgfi`lt`s c`f prjy`mtj, c`tgffgr fj hçs mfgrgh`lt` pjsikf` qué `s fj qu` s` qui`r` r`gfizgr, muçf s`rç `f r`suftgcj dilgf c`f hishj y mýhj s` vg g agm`r. Ihpfimg `xpfimgr qué vg g prjcumir j qu` s`rvimij vg g pr`stgr, mýhj fj vg g ff`vgr gc`fglt`, y qui`l fj vg g `o`mutgr. Agyy jt Ag jtrj rjss `s `squ qu`h `hgs gs c` pr prjy jy`m `mttjs qu qu`` ag agm` m`l l r` r`dd`r `r`l `lmi mig g g? IL ILS[ S[JC JCPM PMMI MIÝL ÝL /   GLS@M@C@LS@]  GLS@M@C@LS @]  / MJL]IC@[GMIJL@] MJL]IC@[GMIJL@] U[@TIG] U[@TIG] / MJLS@QSJ MJLS@QSJ Mjls Mj lsis ist` t` `l fg pr pr`s `s`l `ltg tgmi miýl ýl c` fg il ildj djrh rhgm gmiý iýl l hç hçss r` r`f` f`vg vglt lt` ` y ci cir` r`mt mtgh gh`l `lt` t` r`fgmijlgcg mjl `f prjy`mtj prjy`mt j c` hgl`rg qu` s` mjlsic`r` mjlsic`r`l l gpjrt`s `l r`d`r`lm r`d`r`lmig ig g ést`, ilmfusj muglcj muglcj s` trgtg c`

 

prjy`mtjs c` `ldjqu` huy sihifgr gf lu`strj. @s c`mir, agy qu` pr`s`ltgr ul cignlýstimj c`f `stgcj `l `f qu` s` `lmu`ltrg `f mjljmihi`ltj gm`rmg c`f t`hg c`f prjy`mtj y ul `ldjqu` `l pgrtimufgr c`smriki`lcj si aukj mjl glt`rijricgc prjy`mtjs r`fgmijlgcjs mjl `f prjpu`stj, mjl fg sjfumiýl j mjl fgs gft`rlgtivgs c` sjfumiýl pfglt`gcgs.

ILLJTGHJ]? Ur`stglcj ul s`rvimij gcgptgcj g fgs l`m`sicgc`s qu` n`l`rg fg vicg fgkjrgf c`sgrrjffgcg `l `hpr`sgs. @stghjs `l mjltiluj mghkij. Ljs pgr`m` prihjrcigf grnuh`ltgr fg ilimigtivg `hpr`sgrigf qu` ljs gtg÷`. G v`m`s fgs ic`gs c` l`njmijs vi`l`l cgcgs pjr fgs prjpigs l`m`sicgc`s c`f illjvgcjr, h` gtr`v`règ g c`mir qu` `l `st` `s t` mgsj mgsj fg pr prjk jkf` f`hç hçti timg mg p`rs p`rsjl jlgf gf c` gf gfnu nulg lgss mjhp mjhpjl jl`l `lt` t`ss c` `s `st` t` nrup nrupj j c` `hpr`l `hpr `lc` c`cj cjrrgs, gs, ljs ljs ag ff ff`v `vgc gcj j g `f `fgk gkjr jrgr gr fg ic`g ic`g,, `f prjy prjy`m `mtj tj `l sè sè.. @s c`mi c`mirr, jks`rvglcj fg r`gficgc c` ljsjtrgs hishgs s` ljs ag jmurricj prjy`mtgr lu`strgs l`m`sicgc`s r`gf`s `l ul l`njmij prçmtimj y dulmijlgf, gmjrc` g fjs ti`hpjs qu` mjrr`l. @s `vic`lt` qu` fg sjmi`cgc `l n`l`rgf gsuh` `l fg gmtugficgc `vic`lt`s mghkijs tgltj `l sus mjlcumtgs y mjstuhkr`s mjhj gsè hishj `l sus civ`rsgs `strumturgs c`f c`v`lir mjticiglj. @f mghkij s` ag icj agmi`lcj `vic`lt` c`sc` fjs g÷js >5, y `s qu` gÿl ajy fg mjsg sinu` `l mjlstglt` `vjfumiýl. @s ilcucgkf` `f c`sgrrjffj `mjlýhimj, `f hishj ag a`maj `f trgkgogr ulg l`m`sicgc qu` ag dgvjr`micj ul lu`vj tipj c` vicg `l fg qu` mgcg v`z fg huo`r s` agffg hçs ilt`nrgcg ilt`nr gcg `l `f trgkgoj du`rg c` mgsg. @l `stg `stg vjrçnil` vjrçnil` fgkjrgf fgkjrgf fg mjh mjhp`titivicgc p`titivicgc ` `xin` xin` huma hu mags gs v`m` v`m`ss gn`l gn`lcg cgss pr prjd jd`s `sij ijlg lgf` f`ss il ilmj mjls lstg tglt lt`s `s gs gsèè mj mjhj hj c`sp c`spfg fgzg zghi hi`l `ltj tjs, s, prjnrghgcjs prjnrg hgcjs j il`sp`rgcjs, il`sp`rgcjs, qu` r`qui`r`l c` lu`strg lu`strg r`spjlsgkificgc, mir mirmulstglm mulstglmigs igs `stgs qu` n`l`rgfh`lt` ihpjsikifitgl `f rithj c` vicg dghifigr ljrhgf. Agstg gajrg fg sjmi`cgc r`hgrmgkg fg dghifig mjhj `f `f`h`ltj `s`lmigf c` `stg, lj mgkèg cucg c` qu` `f lÿmf`j c` fg hishg `stgkg r`mjljmicj mjhj `f fungr ic`gfh`lt` cistil cis tilnui nuicj cj,, cjlc` cjlc` lu`st lu`strg rgss li÷gs li÷gs y li÷js li÷js gpr gpr`lc `lcègl ègl y `x `xp`r p`rih` ih`lt ltgkg gkgl, l, tjcj tjcj fj ihpr` ihp r`sm smilc ilcikf ikf` ` pgrg pgrg ulg ku`lg ku`lg `cumg `cumgmiý miýl l `l vgfjr vgfjr`s, `s, r`sp` r`sp`tj tj,, sjm sjmigf igfiz izgmi gmiýl, ýl, `l

 

c`dilitivg tjcj fj kçsimj qu` pr`pgrgrèg g lu`strjs aiojs pgrg vivir mjhj p`rsjlgs gcuftgs sglgs c` h`lt` y `spèritu. Ajy `l cèg fgs mjsgs agl mghkigcj y fg ulicgc dghifigr ag vistj h`rhgcj su ilt`nrgf prjtgnjlishj, jtrjs mjlcimijlglt`s `xt`rljs agl icj jmupglcj `f fungr c` `stg, ljs r`d`rihjs g muicgcjr`s, Sémlimjs `l @cumgmiýl y @c @cumg umgcjr cjr`s, `s, Hg`st Hg`strj rjs, s, hjlit hjlitjr` jr`s, s, ilstru ilstrumt mtjr` jr`s. s. @l c` c`dil diliti itivg vg ulg fgrng fgrng fistg fistg c` pr prjd jd`s `sij ijlg lgf` f`ss qu` qu` agl agl ic icj j sust sustit ituy uy`l `lcj cj fg fg fgkj kjrr qu qu` ` fg dgh ghif ifig ig c` c`sg sgrr rrjf jffg fgkg kg `l `xmfusivg. @l c` c`di dili liti tivvg, ljsj ljsjtr trgs gs a`hj a`hjss mr`è mr`ècj cj qu qu` ` `st `stg lu`v lu`vgg sjmi sjmi`c `cgc gc pfgl pfglt` t`gg ul ulgs gs l`m` l` m`si sicg cgc` c`ss il ilsg sgfv fvgk gkf` f`s. s. Lj Ljss r`d` r`d`ri rihj hjss `xg xgmt mtgh gh`l `lt` t` g fg `cum `cumgm gmiý iýl l ild ildgl glti tif, f, `lt`lc`hjs qu` g `sg `cgc fjs h`ljr`s mjhpf`tgl ul p`rijcj huy ihpjrtglt` c` suss vicg su vicgs, s, `l cima cimagg `tgp `tgpgg s` `s `stg tgkf kf`m `m`l `l ul uljs js mjlj mjljmi mihi hi`l `ltj tjss y ag agki kifi ficg cgc` c`ss qu qu` ` dgmifit dgm ifitgrç grçl l su gpr`lciz gpr`lcizgo` go` `l `f duturj. duturj. @l `st `stgg `tgpg `tgpg s` `st `stgkf`m gkf`m`l `l açkit açkitjs js y rutil rutilgs gs l`m`sgrijs pgrg `f prjm`sj c` hgcurgmiýl c`f li÷j, c`ltrj c` su c`sgrrjffj `vjfutivj. Lgcg `s mgsugf `l lu`strj prjy`mtj, tjcj jk`c`m` g fjs ÿftihjs gvglm`s p`cgnýnimjs ilstgurgcjs, fjs mugf`s trgtgl c` cgr prjtgnjlishj gf li÷j c`sc` fg pgrtimipgmiýl mjlstglt`, y fg hjtivgmiýl pgrg `stg.

MJLMIFIGHJ]?   Fjs pgcr`s ti`l`l fg jkfingmiýl c` trgkgogr, p`rj c`k`l `stgr si`hpr` qu` s`g pjsikf`, `l fj ku`lj y `l fj hgfj, gf fgcj c` sus aiojs2 oungr y agkfgr mjl `ffjs. ]i fjs li÷js ti`l`l fg gt`lmiýl y `f ghjr qu` tgltj l`m`sitgl, `f vèlmufj gd`mtivj mjl sus pgcr`s `stgrç `stihufgcj, y s` v`rç ilmr`h`ltgcg su gutj`stihg y mjldiglzg mjldiglzg.. Fjs li÷js l`m`sitgl sgk`r qu`, gulqu` `stél f`ojs c` sus pgcr`s, t`lcrçl qu` s`nuir sus r`nfgs. Fg `cumgmiýl lj sjfgh`lt` s` hgrmg c` djrhg pr`s`lmigf. Fg l`m`sicgc c` mjlmifigr vicg dghifigr y fgkjrgf lj pu`c` s`pgrgrs` c` fg ic`g c` mjrr`spjlsgkificgc `l fg dghifig y `l fg prjpig sjmi`cgc. C`k`hjs s`r mjlsmi`lt`s c` qu` fgs p`rsjlgs c`k`l s`r vgfjrgcgs pjr fj qu` sjl, mjhj p`rsjlgs, y lj pjr fj qu` ti`l ti`l`l `l.. S`r `r`s `sgg Fý Fýp` p`z, z, c`m c`mgl glgg c` fg Pl Pliv iv`r `rsi sicg cgc c Mj Mjhp hpfu fut` t`ls ls` ` c` Hg Hgcr cric ic y vim` vim`pr pr`s `sic ic`l `lttg c` fg dulc dulcgm gmiý iýl l Gmmi Gmmiýl ýl Dghif ghifig igrr, pr prjp jpjl jl` ` mu muggtrj trj fèl` fèl`gs gs c` p`lsghi`ltjs?

 

7. Psj c`f ti`hpj. Fg r`spjlsgkificgc c` t`l`r aiojs y `cumgrfjs `s `xmfusivgh`lt` c` fg dghifig. Fg sjmi`cgc `l n`l`rgf y fjs pjc`r`s pÿkfimjs c`k`l gyucgrf` g muhpfir sus dulmijl`s. Lj s` trgtg c` gfgrngr fjs ajrgrijs fjs  ajrgrijs c` fjs mjf`nijs agstg mjf`nijs agstg fgs ci`z c` fg ljma` pgrg qu` fjs li÷js 'lj hjf`st`l', j ff`lgrfjs c` gmtivicgc`s `xtrg`smjfgr`s pgrg qu`, c` `st` hjcj, hgcr`s y pgcr`s pu`cgl trgkgogr trgkgogr sil t`l`r qu` jmupgrs` c` `ffjs. Lj `s fýnimj qu` fjs ajrgrijs irrgmijlgf`s irrgmijlgf`s c` trgkgoj jkfinu`l g gfgrn gfgrngr gr fg p`rhgl`lmig c` fjs aiojs du`rg c`f ajngr. ]` c`k` gkjngr pjr mghkigr lu`strg mufturg `l fj qu` gf usj c`f ti`hpj s` r`di`r`. ;. Dghif Dghifig ig y sjmi`c sjmi`cgc. gc. Fgs c`misi c`misijl` jl`ss tjhgcg tjhgcgss `l `f s` s`lj lj dg dghif hifigr igr c`k c`k`l `l gd gd`m `mtg tgrr `xmfusivgh`lt` g lu`strj çhkitj privgcj. ]i t`l`hjs aiojs j lj, `s ulg c`misiýl dghif ghifig igrr, y gulq gulqu` u` ci cima magg c` c`mi misi siýl ýl s`g s`g gf gfnnj qu` qu` qu qu`c `cgg c` pu`r pu`rtg tgss gc gc`l `ltr trj, j, `vic`lt`h`lt` sus mjls`mu`lmigs sgf`l c` fg prjpig dghifig, fj qu` qui`r` c`mir qu` `xist`l du`rt`s ilt`rr`fgmijl`s `ltr` fgs c`misijl`s qu` s` tjhgl `l fgs dghifigs y fg prjpig sjmi`cgc. Plg gd`mtg g fg jtrg, muglcj lj fj c`k`règ. igmiýl iýl dg dghif hifigr igr y fgk fgkjr jrgf gf,, =. Ujfèt jfètim imggs c` inug inugfc fcggc. Mug Muglc lcj j s` agk gkfg fg c`   mjlmif mjlmifigm ljrhgfh`lt` ljrhgfh`lt ` s` agkfg c` pjfètimgs pÿkfimgs mjlm`kicgs mjhj pjfètimgs c` c` huo`r  huo`r,, mjl fj mugf, dgffghjs pjr fg kgs`. @sgs pjfètimgs c` mjlmifigmiýl c`k`l ir hçs gffç c` fjs huo`r `  ` ilmjrpjrgr gf c`kgt` fjs c`r`majs c` tjcjs fjs hi`hkrjs c` fg c`r`majs c` fg huo`r dghifig mjl fg hishg ilt`lsic ilt`lsicgc. gc. Fg mjlmifigmiýl c` fg vicg dghifigr y fgkjrgf lulmg s`rç pjsikf` si lj `xist` fg c`kicg mjrr`spjlsgkificgc, fg mugf `xin` qu` s` vgfjr` lj sjfgh`lt` `f trgkgoj qu` fg huo`r agm` c`ltrj c`f ajngr, silj tghkiél su pgp`f prjd`sijlgf. Fg sjmi`cgc irç mghkiglcj g h`cicg qu` fgs r`spjlsgkificgc`s `stél humaj hçs r`pgrticgs `ltr` huo`r`s y ajhkr`s. ;. Jko`tivjs. (7pultj) Gljtg fjs jko`tivjs n`l`rgf`s qu` p`rsinu`s mjl `f prjy`mtj prjy`mtj y r`fgmiýlgfjs mjl fjs `sp`mèdimjs.

 

=. H`t H`tjcj jcjfjn fjnèg. èg. (7p (7pult ultj) j) C`s C`smri mrik` k` fg h` h`tjc tjcjfj jfjnèg nèg qu` vgs vgs g uti utifiz fizgr gr gf pjl pjl`r `r `l hgr hgrmag mag fgs gmtivicgc`s y `xpfimg pjr qué mr``s qu` `s fg hçs gc`mugcg. 3. Gmt Gmtivi ivicgc cgc`s. `s. (7p (7pult ultj) j) @lu @luh` h`rg rg y `xpfim `xpfimgg kr`v kr`v`h` `h`lt lt` ` qué gmtivi gmtivicgc cgc`s `s ff`vgr ff`vgrçs çs g mgk mgkj. j. ]`r ]`règ èg r`mjh`lcgkf` qu` fgs r`fgmijlgs`s mjl fjs jko`tivjs `sp`mèdimjs qu` mjltrikuy` g mjls`nuir mjls`nuir.. 0. Sgr`gs. (7pultj) C`snfjsg mgcg ulg c` fgs gmtivicgc`s `l fgs tgr`gs qu` vg g t`l`r qu` r`gfizgrs` pgrg mjhpf`tgrs` mgcg gmtivicgc. 4. S`hpjrgfizgmiýl. (7pultj) Ptifizg gfnulg c` fgs a`rrghi`ltgs c` t`hpjrgfizgmiýl qu` a`hjs vistj `l fg ulicgc pgrg c`t`rhilgr fg curgmiýl c` tu prjy`mtj y c` mgcg ulg c` fgs gmtivicgc`s y tgr`gs. >. [`mursjs. (7pultj) @luh`rg fjs r`mursjs qu` vgs g l`m`sitgr pgrg ff`vgr g mgkj mgcg ulg c` fgs

 @]SJ @[G FJ C@ FG SG[@G Y FG GMSITICGC WP@ ]@ AGKFÝ @F JS[J CIG @L MFG]@ tgr`gs.

Ugrg lu`strg `hpr`sg vghjs g l`m`sitgr? [`mursjs Auhgljs2 mjl `cumgcjrgs ildgltif`s pgrg fgs cistiltgs zjlgs c` trgkgoj y p`rsjlgf`s vgrijs pgrg trgkgogr mjl li÷js. [`mursjs hgt`rigf`s2 tgf`s mjhj ounu`t`s cicçmtimjs, puzzf`s, h`sgs, siffgs, pilturgs, djfijs, `tm... 1. Ur`supu`stj. (7pultj) @f @fgk gkjr jrgg ul pr`s pr`sup upu` u`st stj j ti tipj pj,, mjhj mjhj `f qu qu` ` t` hj hjst strg rghj hjss `l fjs fjs mjlt mjlt`l `lic icjs js c` fg ul ulic icgc gc y, pjst`rijrh`lt`, `xpfimg qu` vègs vgs g utifizgr pgrg fg jkt`lmiýl c` dilglmigmiýl. 9. Gl`xjs. (; pultjs) Gpjrtg gf h`ljs cjs gl`xjs? 9.7 Pl mugcrj j dimag mjhj `f qu` t` a`hjs hjstrgcj `l fjs mjlt`licjs cjlc` s` r`fgmijl`l fgs gmtivicgc`s mjl fjs jko`tivjs `sp`mèdimjs. (7pultj) 9.;. Plg dimag cjlc` s` r`fgmijl`l fgs gmtivicgc`s y fgs tgr tgr`gs. `gs. (7 pultj) @ltr`ng @ltr`ng fg tgr tgr`g `g `l ul ÿlimj grmaivj mjhprihicj, g f`trg Sih`s L`w [jhgl 7;, ilt`rfil`gcj s`lmiffj. @f grmaivj s` ffghgrç mjl tu ljhkr` y gp`fficjs s`nuicj c` ffgg pgfgkrg UGI5;Z UGI5;ZSSgr`g. Gsè, Ougl Mruz Ngrmèg ffghgrèg g su grmaivj c` tgr`g OuglMruzNgrmigZUGI5;ZSgr`g. Urjmurg `vitgr tifc`s, ÷ y mgrgmt`r`s `xtrg÷js `l `f ljhkr` c`f grmaivj. SG[@G 7 7.7 Cè fg `hpr`sg qu` ags `f`nicj hjltgr º@l qué tipj c` `hpr`sg c` gt`lmiýl g fg ildglmig pu`c`s mfgsidimgr fg jpmiýl qu` ags `f`nicj: ºCýlc` `stgrç ukimgcg:

]@[TIMIJ ILS@N[GF C@ GS@LMIÝL G FG ILDGLMIG @L M@LS[J] C@ S[GKGOJ Fg l`m`sicgc c` mjlmifigr vicg dghifigr y fgkjrgf lj pu`c` s`pgrgr s`pgrgrs` s` c` fg ic`g c` mjrr`spjlsgkificgc `l fg dghifig y `l fg prjpig sjmi`cgc. @l lu`strj prjy`mtj t`l`hjs ulg hçxihg prijricgc, lj s`rçl fjs li÷js y pgcr`s fjs qu` s` gcgpt`l gf m`ltrj ildgltif, s`r`hjs ljsjtrjs fjs qu` ljs gcgptghjs g fjs

 

li÷js y g sus pgcr`s, g su prjkf`hçtimg fgkjr fgkjrgf, gf, sus ajrgrijs, g fg vicg g fg qu` fg sjmi`cgc gmtugf jkfing. @st` prjy`mtj lgm` c` `sg l`m`sicgc. Lu`strgs hirgs r`gfh`lt` `stçl gki`rtgs g jdr`m`r vgrigs jpmijl`s? @smu`fg y M`ltrj c` Jmij Ildgltif Jdr`m`hjs ff`vgrt` fg @smu`fg Ildgltif, fucjt fucjt`mg `mg y s`rvimijs c` muicgcjs pjr ajrgs g tu prjpij trgkgoj. @s c`mir c`m ir fun fungr gr`s `s cjl cjlc` c` c`s c`sgrr grrjff jffgl gl su gmt gmtivi ivicgc cgc hum humags ags trgkg trgkgogc ogcjr jrgs gs y tr trgkg gkgogc ogcjr jr`s `s `l l`n l`njmi jmijs js ilcivicugf`s. Pliélcjs` c` `st` hjcj fg @hpr`sg `f Srgkgogcjr Srgkgogcjr y fg Dghifig. Ljs c`spfgzghjs g M`ltrjs Mjh`rmigf`s, M`ltrjs c` @stucijs, Jrnglishjs Jrnglishjs pÿkfimjs. Lu`strj m`ltrj t`lcrç tgltj çhkitj djrhgf, mjhj lj djrhgf. @l `f çhkitj djrhgf yg qu` s`règ ulg `cumgmiýl qu` ti`l` mgrgmt`r ilt`lmijlgf, pfglidimgc pfglidimgcj j y r`nufgcj. @stç r`nufgcj pjr f`y`s `cumgtivgs qu` c`t`rhilgl fjs mrit`rijs c` gchisiýl, fjs mjlt`licjs c` fgs `ls`÷glzgs, fg mugfidimgmiýl c`f prjd`sjr prjd`sjrgcj, gcj, fjs r`quisitjs c` fgs ilstitumijl`s. Fg ilt`lmiýl `cumgtivg `s hçxihg, s` pfglidimgl fjs prjm`sjs c` `ls`÷glzg-gpr`lcizgo`, `f gmm`sj g cid`r`lt`s liv`f`s, `f mjltrjf gchilistrgtivj y fg m`rtidimgmiýl c`f gpr`lcizgo`. @l `f çhkitj lj djrhgf `xist` ilt`l ilt`lmijlgficgc mijlgficgc `cumgtivg p`rj jmurr jmurr`l `l du`rg c`f çhkitj c` fg `cumgmiýl djrhgf.