Milestones in World History (Tell Me Why #118)(Gnv64)
Short Description
A short book on the history of the world...
Description
History does not always move forward n pomp and ceremony, and even seemngly unin spring events can change ts course. A bulet fired from 19-year-old Serbian Gavr Prncp's pistol not only klled the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, but trggered a World War that caimed more than one mlon lves A mould, notced by chance, n Alexander lemng's unclean petr dsh, led to the discov ery of pencilln, the medicne that eventualy saved mlons of lves, and marked a mlestone n the history of medcne Inventons, dscoveries, exporations al have contrbuted to the progress of manknd On the darker side, you see vcous battles, dev astatng epdems, and crmes. Ths ssue of Tell Me Why, tels you about some such andmarks n the hstory of our world.
hat maes the Colosseum a andmar n world hstor?
he Coosseu o Ancent Roe s one o the landarks o world hstoy or t s a test onal to the geatness o the Roan Epe hs gant aphtheatre was bult n the centre o Roe. he constructon was started by the Epeor Vespasan n A 2 and copeted n A 80 by hs successor and he, the Epeor tus he Coosseu was huge. It could seat 50000 peope It covered around 2. hectares o land. It took ore than 1 lon tonnes o abe, stone and bcks to coplete the assve structure. he Roan epeos staged gadato ghts and other os o enter 4
tanent o the Roan people n the Colosseu, ncudng ock sea battes. Ater our centues o actve use, the agncent aena e nto negect. hough twothrds o the orgnal Coosseu has been destroyed over te, the aphtheate reans a popu a tourst destnaton, as we as an conc sybo o Roe
h s the Antonne Plague consdered a turnng pont n the hsto of Rome?
I n A 1 65,
a pague caled he Anonne pague h he Roan Epe. he epdec sole he lfe o a Roan epeo caed ucus Veus. Fo hs faly nae Anonnus he epdec go s nae Anonne plague. hs dsease was bough back o he Roe by oops
eunng fo capagns n he Nea Eas In A 18, caused 2000 deahs a day n Roe and by A 1 80 had klled hy pe cen of he populaon he plague apaged houghou he Epe fo Pesa o Span, and o Ban o Egyp. he pague alos wped ou he Roan ay he dsease boke ou agan afe nne yeas. In bef he pague ay wel have ceaed he condons o he decne of he Roan Epe
Roman solders sacked a temple of the god pollo n Seleuca. The Romans beleved that the Plague was pollos way of punsh ing them f or destr oying his temple. MESONES N WOR HSTORY
5
Lk! Ive gradua ted ro Nalada
ha s he sgfcace of he rse of he Gupa Dyasy?
he Gupa Epre exsed a he
sae e as he Roa Epe. I covered abou wo hrds of ode Ida ad pars of oden day Paksan Nepal and Bagadesh he Gupa Epe ased fo abou 320 A o abou 550 A. he dyasy was fouded by Sr Gupa Chadragupa I Saudagupa ad Chadagupa I wee he os oabe ues of hs dyasy. ung hs e here was peace ad prospery.
Chandragupta I was also known as Chan dragupta the Great, and Maharajadhraja. Though the Gupta dynasty was estabshed by Sr Gupta, t was Chandragupta I who consoldated and epanded t. 6
e MeWhy
Wrers ariss ad h s Constantne nown as a great were mperor? usicias ecouraged I was aso a era of he Roa Eperor Cosae exesive iveos who rued fro 306 o 33 A has ef ad discoveries i sci hs ark i hisory as he ruler who uied he Weser Roa Epire ece ad echoogy. Naada Uversiy wih he Easer Roa Epire which becae he Whe Cosaie cae o he cere for he educa- hroe he Roa Epire cosised o was buil durig of wo separae epires oe i Wes his e er Europe ad he oher i Easer The grea ahe Europe. Cosae was a ighy acia Aryabhaa geera who becae he soe ruer of he faous poe Kali boh he weser ad easer haves dasa ad he revered ad uied he io oe powerfu physcia hava epire. ari a ived durig I A 324, Cosaie esablshed hs era a ew capa of he Roa Epire. Therefore i is o He aed i Cosaiope ad i su rprisig ha his becae he arges cy of is ies. period is cosidered o Cosaie was coveed o Chrisi be he Gode Age of aiy ad becae he frs Chrsa eperor of he Roa Epre Acie Idia
MESONES WORD HSORY
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NVON O HE HUN h s the Huns nvason of urope mpoant?
he Huns were a trbe ro
Central Asa hey were roang herdsen who were extreey warlke by nature he Huns were skled horseen who entered Europe ro Centra Asa n A 32 As they oved westward they absorbed Ger an trba culture
Beware I Hu Kig Attila
Hore Trapping of Hun,jom th Cenur D
he Huns were eared and hated by other trbes as they had a reputaton or cruelty As they oved towards Europe Anglo Saxon trbes lke the Goths and Vsgoth ed beore the to Europe However the Huns eerged vctorous and conquered large parts o Europe Persa and nda he ost aous Hun s Atta He was a great ltary leader who led the Huns to severa vctores over the ghty Roan Epre he Huns' nvason o Europe s a sgncant event n world hstory as t arked the rst te Europe was nvaded and conquered by an Asan trbe ell eWy
Why s he trease ed 'Aryabhaiya impoant o word hsory?
A ryabhata was the frst n the l ne
o great atheatcanastrono ers ro the classcal age o Indan atheatcs and Indan astronoy Hs ost faous works are the Aryabhatya wrtten when he was 23 years od, and the Aryabhatasddhanta Aryabhata was the rst to deduce that the Earth s round, and that t rotates on ts own axs, creatng day and nght He declared that the Moon s dark and shnes only because o sunght Soar and lunar ecpses, he beleved, occurred because o the shadows cast by the Earth and the Moon In atheatcs Aryabhata's con trbutons are nvaluabe He gave the vaue of p, clang, or the rst te, that t was an approxaton And he was the rst atheatcan to gve what later cae to be caed he tabes o Snes Al these ored a part of hs treatse ttled Aryabhatya It aso deat wth other topcs n atheatcs, ke geoetry, square root, cube root, and pro gress on therefore, Aryabhatya s, undoubtedy one of the ost portant treatses ever penned MILESTONES N WORLD H STORY
Value of Zero Aabhata lived dur ing the Golden Age of the Gupta Empire One of his most valuable contributions was the concept of zer o '. 9
h was the exploraton of Greenland a sgnfcant event?
G eenan whch s ocate
between the Actc an the Atantc Oceans s the wols agest slan Almost 80 pe cent of the lan mass s covere by an ce cap an gacers Geenan was fst sette by a seres of nomac trba peopes. In A 986 Norweganborn Erk Thovason known as Erk the Re sae west wth aroun 500 men an women omestc anmas, an everythng else that was eure to create a new settement n a new country. He came to a lan wth an nvtng fo anscape an ferte green valeys an ec e to expore t � h s was 10
Geenan an Erk the Re coonse the southwesten part of Greenan. He gave Geenan ts name, an ush ee n the countrys Vkng ea The Vkngs ve n Geenlan fo almost 500 years an then sappeare However Ek the Re ha mae Euope awae of the exstence of ths awesome lan, an ths has eane hm a place n the hstoy of the wol.
This fish may be gree colour
hat s the mpoance of the Norman Conquest of Brtan?
he Normans were a group of peope who nvae an conuere Englan n 1066 hey came from Northern France. he frst Norman kng was Wllam the Conueror who clame that the earler ruer of Engan Ewar ha promse hm the throne before hs eath. he Norman Conuest brought an mportant change n Engsh hstory for a number
of reasons It nke Engan more closely wth France an the contnent of Europe an create one of the most pow erful monarches of the tmes. he Normans brought about great changes n the Engsh language an culture. he feu al system of France was ntrouce an strengthene wth the complex nsttutons that exste n the earer era hs resulte n the future eveopment of a parlament an a protecton of basc rghts, both of whch are of supreme mportance toay
Norh Men to Norman n 9 1 the French rulers allowed a group of Vkngs to settle n Normandy and they were later known as North Men or Normans ESONES N WOR SORY
11
h does Angor at represent a landmar n world hstor?
gkr Wat s a temple complex n Apt Name The name ngkor Wat means tem ple cty or cty of temples. ngkor Wat was not the orgnal name gv en to the temple when t was bult n the centu. We have lttle knowledge of how ths temple was referred to durng the tme of ts use. 12
Camboa. It s the largest relgous moument n the worl, but by the Khmer Kng Suyavama I the 2 cetuy, hoour of the Hnu go Vshu Coverg a area of oughy 202 hectares, ts ayout recreates the mage of Mout Meru a egenary pace Hnu mythoogy that s beeve to le beyo the Hmaayas a be the home of the Gos. Angko Wat was shfte fom Hu to Buhst use sometme aoun the late 3 cetury. The temple s use by Buhsts toay. Agkor Wat s epcte on Camboas atoal flag a s Camboas natoa monu ment as wel. The temple represents oe of makns most astoshg archtectua achevemets. el eWy
hat was the mpact of Geng hs Khans mpre on word hsto?
G engh Khan oune the
Mongo Empre an became one o the most eae conueros o hs tme Between 206 an 22 the Mongo leaer conuere nealy 31 mon suare klometes o terrtoymore than any nvual n hstory Unke many empre buers, Genghs Khan embace the vesty o hs newly conuere tertores He passe aws eclang regous ree om or al an even grante tax exemptons to places o woshp One o hs most mportant achevements as a ruer nvolve the ormaton o a ESONES N WOR HSORY
sevce mounte courer known as the Yam. he empre oune by Genghs Khan moense Mongolan culture an hepe open con tact between East an West Genghs Khan s now seen as a natonal hero, an the ounng ather o Mongola.
Wai a miue, my signaure s a bi enghy
h was he sgnng of he ag na Caa a hsorc even?
e Maga Cara was a ocu-
me sge by Kg Jo o Engan 1 21 5 Kng Jo o Egan, ase axes aese people whou cause pushe ose arrese whou a ral seze an beogg o e obes an was geneay very upopua. he nobes ay rebelle agas m an orce hm o sg a ocume cale he Maga Cara.
The orginal Magna Carta was wrtten on a parchment made from dred sheepskn. t was wrtten n Latn and later translated into French. The Magna Caa was ssued n Englsh only 300 years later . 14
ell eWhy
The Maga Cata was the fst foma documet statg that a kg had to folow the aws of the lad ad t guaateed the ghts of dvduals agast the wshes of the kg. Ths meat people coudt be aested mpsoed o have the possessos take away except by the law of the lad. The Maga Cata guaateed the cv ghts of the dvdua I ths espect t was a hstoc documet ad t emas to ths day a symbol of lbety.
at s te sgnfcance of te traves of arco Poo?
M aco olo was oe of the most
mpotat ad famous expoes ad wtes fom Euope He was bo Vece 1 254 I 1 266, Macos fathe ad uce eft fo Cha to stat a tadg busess leavg Maco behd Maco fst vetued to Cha whe he was tavelg wth hs fathe ad uce The tp took fou yeas. He stayed fo yeas wokg as a advso to Kuba Kha ad taveg though Asa. Maco etued to Vece ad a few yeas late he was aested whe Ve ce wet to wa wth Geoa. t was dug hs jal tem that the book The Tavels of Maco olo was wtte. Macos book was vey successfu t poved to be a spato fo may othe expoes cludg Chstophe Columbus.
ESONES N WOR SORY
15
stuy the casscal texts of Acet Geece a Rome a use ths kowlege to acheve ew heghts of excellece the fes Ths eo between the 4 an the cetu es s cons ee to be the b ge betwee
Rebih The word renas sance s a French one whch means rebh
How did the Renas sance rewrte world hs to?
he 4 cetuy saw
a etu to classcal eas a cultue. At sts scetsts a schoas bega to 16
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the Me Ages a moer tmes a s kow as the R eassace It starte as a cutural move met Italy, a later sprea to a o Europe. The veto o the Guteberg ptg press 450s s a mestoe whch marks the begg o the Reassace. Ieas were able to be sprea ucke a arthe becau se o the prtg pess he Reassace was a tme o great beauty a art. Artsts lke Leoaro a Vc a Mchelagelo create great works o at ug ths tme. It was also a tme o creatvty. The Reassace mpacte a shape the utue a the chages that t brought about le to the moer era LESONES N WORL SORY
hat was the Blac Death?
he Black eath was oe o the worst recore catasto phes wor hstoy. It was a plague that swept though Eu rope rom 1 346 to 353 kllg about 200 mlo people The Black eath arrve Europe by sea October 343 whe 2 shps ocke at the port o Messa ater a og jourey through the Black Sea wth may o the cew ethe ea o sck. eople cale ths sease the Black eath because eath was the evtable esut a the symptoms o the sease clue black lumps coverg the boy. As a resut o the Black eath the populato o Europe oppe rastcaly.
7
h is the Inca mpre mpoant n world histo r?
he Incas were a smal trbe that ve n the vl
Son of the Sun The Incas caed thei empe Tawantin suyu, o the and of Fou Cones Thei king, o apa Inca, was consideed as the on of the un. 18
age of Cuzco hgh n the Anes Mountans of South Amerca. Over the next 100 years the Inca con uere trbe after trbe unt they bult an empre that stretche nearly the entre length of western South Amerca The Incas are famous for havng nvente terrace farmng to grow foo more easy on the sharp mountan slopes They store ther foo an strbute t to al the peope n tmes of rought. Most of the people were farmers but the Incas also ha specalse professons lke weavers who mae textes an muscans who create new muscal nstruments. There was an effcent centra government a strong economy an a wel trane army. The I ncas have let a astng legacy an many of ther tratons lve on n the Anes Mountans. ell eWy
hat s the mpoance of the prntng of the Gutenberg Bible?
he nventon of the Guten
beg pntng pess s consee to be one of the most mpotant nventons of all tme.
The Guteberg press wats a proofreader
In 1455 Gutenbeg emonstate te powe of te pnt ng pess by selng copes of a twovolume Bbe known as te Gutenbeg Bble Each page of the book a 42 lnes. The pape was hanmae an eac page contane a watemak At fst 80 copes wee mae most of them on pape atough some wee pnte on velum a kn of pachment. The pnte Bbe pove ute popua an te stock was ucky sol out The Gutenbeg Bble was the fst majo book pnte usng mass pouce movabe type. Ts mae t sgnfcantly cheape than a anwtten Bble The Gutenbeg Bbe sgnale the stat of te G utenbeg Revouton whc le to the Age of the Pnte Books 19
h s Columbus scover of he New orl one of he mos hsorc evens o have ever aen place?
C hrstoher
Columbus was an Italan exporer who wante to n a ucker route to Asa to make t easer or Europeans to obtan spces jewels an slks or trae. n 1492 Kng Fernan an hs we Queen Isabea o Span gave Coumbus shps an a crew to n such a route Coumbus bel eve tat he cou reach the East more uckly he set sal westwar an ts s what he . On 2 October 492 Columbus lane on a smal slan o the aha 20
mas. He name t San Sal vaor. He thought he ha reache the Ines so e calle the peope Inans Coumbus went on an contnue hs journey. He ane on Hspanola whch s known toay as te omncan Repubc an Hat. He aso ane on Cuba whch he be eve was the ma n lan o As a. Coumbus ha actually s covere the New Wor o the Amercas though he never realse t The scovery o the New Wor by Chrstopher Columbus change the story o the worl complete Iy. Ths ha a number o mportant eects the most sgncant beng te eventual creaton o the Unte States o Amerca. e eWy
ha was he mpac of Vasco a Gamas scove of Ina?
Vasco a Gama a otu
guese exorer eft otugal o 8 Juy 497 to f a sea route to a. e ha four shs a 1 0 me Ealer thousas of salos ha ost ther lves attacks a shwecks whle tyg to each a but that ot ete Vasco a Gama e
sae arou the t of Afca a because there was a mosoo w he reache a ess tha oe moth . he scovery of ths oute to a meat that oe to each Asa saors wou ot have to cross the Meteraea or Aaba both of whch were cosee to be very agerous at that tme. t allowe the ortuguese to ceate a coloa emre Asa a mae t ossbe for the ortuguese Eme to mrove ts tae wth the East. Most mortat of al Vasco a Gamas voyage succeee kg Euroe a Asa for the fst tme by a ocea route t coecte the Atatc a the a Oceas a bought the West a the East closer together
hat s the mpoance of the con quest of the Aztecs b the Spanars?
Hernan Cores' rmy
he Aztecs were a ferce tbe of wa rors who settled n the Valley of Mexco n te 1 3 centuy A. They fougt endess was wth negboung tbes untl they domnated most of Centa Ameca hey establshed a geat cvlzaton and bult spectacuar ctes Ther captal Tenochttlan ay n the mddle of a ake and became the hub of te vast empe. nvaders ed by te Spansh conustador ernan Cotes ove threw te Aztecs by foce and captued Tenochttlan n 521 They tore down much of the cty of enochttlan and but te own cty on the ste caled Mexco Cty. The Spansh conuest of te Aztecs destoyed a great cvlzaton. It made Span a wod powe and eventualy led to the creaton of Mexco. 22
Mandato Education was very impoant to the tecs Par ents were sup posed to teach their children properly and every child had to attend school too.
ell eWhy
hat dd agellas voage roud the world tech us?
enan Magean a o-
tuguese sea captan set out fom Span n 9 wth a fleet of fve shps to scove a west en sea oute to the Spce slans On hs way he scovee what s now known as the Stat of Magean an became he fst Euopean to coss the acfc Ocean . The voyage was long an angeous an ony one shp etune home thee yeas late Although t was laen wth valuable spces fom the East only 8 of the feets ognal cew of 270 etune wth the shp Though Magelan hmsef as kle ung the jouney hs ang an ambtous voy S ONES N WORD SORY
age aoun the wo pove the Euopeans wth fa moe than just spces. Euopean geogaphc knowege was expane mmeas Mageans uably by expeton Most mpotant of a Magel lans voyage pove concu svey that the Eath was oun an not fat as was beeve eae
Reached the same place A wased jourey!
hat was Coperncan helo centrsm?
C operca helocetrsm s
a very bg tem fo a astoomcal moel evelope by Ncolaus Copercus a astroomer mathematcan a scetst born the cetuy. hs moel change how we vewe the postog of the Su Earth an other celestal objects space. It has the Sun motoness at the cete of the Uverse whle the Earth an other plaets otate aou t crcular paths. Copencus was ot the frst astroomer to suggest the Su as the cete of the Uvese. But the eas of earer astroomers were rejecte 24
because of opposto from the Church Howeve Copecus mo el of the uvese was accepte because hs was more accurate. He aso ha a better formula for the caculaton of plaets postos at fferet tmes of the year.
ow may yoks are here his bu's eye?
e eWhy
tme t takes for the earth to go aroun the Sun once s coser to 3652425 ays or about 365 ays 5 hours an 49 mnutes. Ths fference h s the Gregoran calendar s about eleven m n utes each an mpoant mlestone? year. To correct ths th e calenar he Gregoran calenar was wa move forwar ten ays n ntrouce n 582 by oe 1 582, an a new calenar the Gregory X I Gregoran calenar was ntroIt relace the Julan calen uce. ar whch ha been the offcal The Gregoran caenar year calenar of Euroe snce t ffers from the solar year by was ntrouce by Julus Cae only 26 secons. Ths only ar n 46 BC. But the Julan as u to one ays fferalenar ha an error ence every 3323 years The The ength of the Juan Gregoran calenar s the most year wa exactly 36525 wely use caenar n the ays. However the actual worl toay.
Many beeve that the theory an eas ut forwar by Coerncus herale the mo ern era n astronomy.
LESONES N WORLD SORY
25
Wow ha plae is a sar!
h were Galileos astronomcal obseatons usng a telescope a sc entfc breathrough?
G aeo
Gae was an Itaan astonome physcst mathematcan phosophe an nvento who ve ung the Renassance peo. Among hs mpotat nventons wee teescopes a compass, an a the momete. Gaeo bult o the wok of othes to ceate telescopes that wee fa, fa moe poweul tha ay of the exst
Blind but Undeterred Galleo was totally blnd dung the last yeas of hs lfe. Howeve that dd not dete hm n any ay fom pusung hs passon fo scence. t was whle he was blnd that he desgned a specal mechansm fo pen dulum clocks. 26
Tell MeWhy
g teescopes of te tmes Wth tese teescopes Galeo was able to obseve te skes ways pevousy not acheve Tey eabe m to caefuy obseve anayse a stuy te soar system In 1610 Gaeo obsee fou objects suoung Jup ter tat beave uke stars These tune out to be Juptes fou largest satelte moons Gaeo mae many mpotant scovees wc e oc umete n varous teary woks ug s fetme Gaeo as been cale te fate of obseatona astonomy te fate of moen pyscs a te fate of scence
te eat He aso escbe ow te eats egua contactons ve te fow of boo aoun te woe boy Havey was abe to make s e scovees because hat was the impact of gnoe the meca tet books am Hae's dscove of of te tme Instea e sbood crcuaton? secte amas an mae s own obseatons an te am Haey a 1 cen euctos tuy Engs pyscan was te Haeys teoes of boo frst peson to escbe n eta ccuaton ew coseabe ow boo was pumpe by te ctcsm n te meca comeat an crcuate toug- munty at tat tme but utout te boy matey tey wee pove to He sowe tat atees an e coect an s contbuvens fom a compete ccut tos to moen mecne wee wch stats an leas back to ae
W
ESONES N WORD SORY
27
h s he Taj ahal a hsorcal landmar?
he Taj Maha Agra s cosee to be the fest exampe of Mugha archtecture a a symbol of Ias rch hstoy. It was commssoe 632 by Shah Jaha as a tomb for hs belove wfe
Hrry p! I wan o bild a Taj here!
Mumtaz Maha. The Taj took 22 yeas to compete a has bee hale as oe of the woers of the wor. Ths moumet s mae of geamg whte mable. It has a arge whte ome that s ofte cale a oo ome ue to ts shape whch s surou e by fou smaer omes Aou 20,000 peope worke rou the cock fo more tha two ecaes to complete ths mavel. A thousa elephats wee use to tasport the co structo mateas fom fferet pats of a a thty fferet types of precous a sem pre cous stoes were use to aor t. e eWhy
s t any woner then that a Maa was esgnate as a UNESCO Wor Hetage Ste n 1 983? It s tuy poetry captue n stone, an an everastng trbute to mmorta ove.
How did the contrbutons of Sr saac Newton change the world of scence?
S r Isaac Newton was a b-
ant Engs scentst who was bon n te 1 centuy He came up wth numerous teores an contrbute eas to many fferent fes ncung physcs mathematcs an phosophy. These theoes competey revoutonse te wo of scence. One of s most famous theoes s te aw of unvesa gravtaton. It escbes te attracton gavtatona between ffeent boes wth mass ke the Earth an te Moon Newton was known to ave sa that ths teoy of gavta ton was nspre by watcng an appe fa fom a tree. He aso fomuate the tree aws of moton that eate the forces LESONES N WORD HSORY
actng on a boy to ts moton. One of hs most famous pub catons s te osophae Natuas ncpa Matematca o Mathematca rncpes of Natua osophy. It prove to be grounbeakng n tat t a te founaton fo cassca mecancs. Newton was aso the frst one to bu a refectng teescope, to stuy te spee of soun an to obsee spectrum of coours tough a sm Te st of aceve ments of ts egenay genus s tuy awe nspng. 2
hat s the sgnfcance of Samuel Johnsons Dctona?
Samue Johnson was an Englsh
wrte an ctc an one of the most famous teray fgues of the 18 centuy Hs bestknown wok s hs A ctonay of the Englsh Lan guage. The ctonary took eght yeas to comlete an was ublshe on 1 5 A 155 It was not the fst such ctonay but was cetany the most mortant at that tme. n Johnsons fetme fve futher etons were ublshe, an a sxth came out just afte hs eath. Johnson efne 43000 wos. Hs ctonary was ath breakng n many ways an ha a great nfuence on the stye of ater ctona es Johnson sometmes exlane wos n hs ctonary n a way that showe hs onons too. 30
ot te Only One n 1 55, a new Unvel Eymolog ical Diionay compiled by coBailey was also published o Johnsons diiona was no he only one ha was published in ha yea bu i was ceainly he mos famous one.
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h was the ndustral Revo uton hstorcall mpoant?
he Industral Revolution is
the name given to the enormous changes that took pace in technoogy, farmng m ning, manufacturng and transpoation from the mddle of the 1 8 century through to the mdde of the 1 9 century It began in Great Britain and spread to Western Europe North America, and around the world I n the ate 700s manufacturing was often done n peopes homes and soceties were argely rura The Industral Revolution changed a that The main thing that hapened during the Industria Revoution was that machines were deveoped that could do many of ESTONES N WOR SORY
the obs and tasks that had prevousy been done by peope or in some cases, animas, such as horses There was a shift to owspecialpurpose ered machinery, factories, and mass production Th s eriod saw the emphass shift from agriculture to industry, from domestic industry to factores from water and wnd power to steam engi nes There was a revoution n transpo and commu ncation as raways and teegraph became more popuar There was a raid growth of towns the opuaton grew, and incomes rose There is no doubt therefore that the Indusria Revoution marks a maor turning point in the history of mankind 3 1
National Hero
How dd Rousseaus The Socal Contract brng about changes n socet?
" ean
Jacques Rousseau was a geat Fench phiosophe is most famous wok is The Social Contact which was witten in 1762 n this book Rousseau agued against the pevailng beef that kings had absoute powes by dvine ight e asseted that t s the peope who ae soveeign and that ony the peope have the ght to make aws Rousseau's deas about the soca contact' wee vey mpotant to the wites of the Ameican Decaation of nde 3
Rousseau gained the ec ognition he deseed only afte his death. ixteen yeas afte he passed away he was declaed a national heo in Fance
pendence s politca ideas wee champoned by eades of the Fench Revoution and payed an mpotant oe n tg geing the Revolutionay Wa
Yes I agree The people are sovereign
e MeWhy
hat s the mpoance of the Frst Battle of Panpat?
he Fist Batte of Panipat
s a historic one, as it marks the beginning of the Mugha dynasty in India It was fought between the ast ue of Lodhi dynasty bahm Lodh and the uer of Kabu Babur By 526, Babu had captured the whole of Punjab, and then he proceeded towards Deh to meet bahim Lodhi Ibahm Lodh had a much lage amy, wth fomidable wa elephants Baburs army was smaler, but he had guns whch he used to scae the elephants Thanks to Babus skiful stat egy, his much smaller foce was abe to defeat Lodh's ESONES N WORD SORY
mghty army In addition to heading the begnning of the Mughal era in Indian history the victory n the batte made Babur the master of Delhi and Agra the two potcal centes of northern India The teasures that Babur came to acure fom the oya treas uy of Dehi made hm financialy vey strong Another reason for the im po tance of ths batte is the extensve use of gun powde, matchlocks, and field atey fo the fst tme n the Indian subcontinent All in all the frst battle of Panpat, pulled curtains on the already cumbling Dehi Stanate The 300 year rue of te Sutanate ended, and a new ea in the histoy of medi eva ndia began 33
h was James as steam engne a mlestone n world histo?
ames Watt was a Scottish
enginee and invento and one o the most impotant con tributos to the Industa Revoution e is best known o making mao mpovements to the steam engine The steam engine was actuay but or
the rst tme in 1 698 by Thomas Savey, but t was Watt who impoved it n the 800s, and made it eay useu In Watt's steam engine steam output and engine speed were contoed Watt's steam engine oeed a poweru source that coud be ocated amost anywhee In the ate 1760s, Watt woked with the invento John Roe buck and an enginee, Matthew Bouton They made steam engines o canas, coa mines and mis Fom the mid 1 800s to the eary 1 900s steam engines poweed machines ran actoies, trains, and even huge shps Watts steam engne domi nated industry and tanspotation or 50 yeas
In 698 Thomas ave an enginee and invento patented a machine that could eectivey daw wate fom fooded mines using stea� pessue This was the fist sam engine. In 2 anothe English man Thomas Newcomen developed an impoved vesion that was used fo the next 50 yeas o so by mine ownes 34
el eWhy
hat was the mpact of the US eclaraton of Independence on the world?
he
Declaation of ndeendence was a document declaring the US to be indeendent of the Britsh Cown It was signed on July 4 1776, by the epesentatves of the thrteen colones Thomas Jefferson was the main architect of this document These colones had been at war wth Britain for over a year, nd afte the document was sgned, they became the Unit ed States of Amerca The eclaation of Independence tates that the authority to goven belongs to the eople, that ll people ae created equal nd have ghts to lfe, lberty, nd the usuit of hainess ESONES N WORLD SORY
The Declaraton of Independence laid the foundaton for the United States of Ameri ca, and had great mact on wold hstory It inspied the feedom movement in many countes that wee unde the colonial rule of Euopean counties
Th Lgn Thomas Jefferson died on uly 4 1 826 the 50t annvery of the vote to approve the Declaraton of Independence. 35
Waiig for aoher revoluio
How dd the French Revoluton change hstor?
he
French Revoluton took pace fom 1789 t1799. he evouton boke out because of the msule of the Kng Lous XVI. By 1 787 the county was nealy bank rupt and the poor peope wee dyng of stavaton whle the nobes and the kng were vng a lfe of dle xury The French Revouton began on July 14 789 when the peope of Fance stomed the Bastlle n Pas a royal fot that had been conveted to a prson
A t One of the most famous books about the French Reolution is Tae of Two Cites'. It was written by Charles Dickens, and is con sidered one of the greatest itera works of a time. 36
ell MeWhy
The revolution lasted unti 99, resultng in the abolton o the rench royal amily a change in government, urther armed conlcts wth other countries in Europe, the execution o Kng Lous XVI and his Queen Marie Antonette and the begnnng o Napoeon Bonapartes regn n France. The French Revolution prooundly altered the course o word hstory, and ts ideas o Lberty Equaity and Fraternity trggered the decine o monarchies and the rse o republics and libera democraci e s not just n Europe but in oth er continents as wel
h s A indcaton of the Rghts of oman' consdered to be a mlestone n world hsto?
'A Vindicaton o the Rghts o
Woman s a book written by Mary Wostonecrat in 92 It is a mlestone in that t s one the irst books on eminsm whch is a movement to uphod the rights o women Till then many people beieved that here was no need to educate women. n this book Mary Wostonecrat onted out that womens educaton s o nationa importance ecause t is women who usually ILESONS N WORD HSORY
educate ther chdren She says that an educated woman can also be companons to their husbands, rather than just uneducated wives Wolstonecrat dd not see women as smpy ornaments to society, or property to be traded in marriage She argued that women are equa to men in every way and deserve the same basic rights men have The deas in her book were truy revoutionary at the tme, and caused tremendous controversy 37
Edward enner had many different interests He was a keen natural historian and carried out research on the habits of the cuckoo bird. His findings on this subject were published in 88
Dot worry its jus smallpox virus
How dd Edward Jenners ds cove of he smalpox vaccne change he world?
Fo centues smalpox was a
deaded dsease It was Edward Jenne who dscovered a way to pevent peope om catchng smalpox Jenner eased that gvng peope a md dose o the dsease coud protect them om gettng t n a sevee orm In 1796, Jenne conducted hs rst expement on a boy caled James Phpps, and t was a success 38
MWhy
h was the Battle of ater loo a hstorc event?
o the word's most amous battles It was ought on 1 8 June 8 5 at Waterloo n present day Belgum. The overal commanders at Wateroo were two o the greatest generas o a tme They were Brtans Duke o Wellngton who had never lost a battle n 1 2 years o war, and the French Emperor Napole on who had n hs tme crushed every army n Europe except Brtans But, Waterloo was not ust a Brtsh vctoy.
The Duke o Welngton woud have been hard pressed to wn wthout the tmey hep o Marshal Bluchers Prus sans. Besdes twothrds o hs own army was made up o aes rom the rest o Europe It was a boody bae, wth heavy causates on both sdes. Wateroo was the batte that naly and decsvey ended the ambton o the French Emperor Napoeon to dom nate Europe It brought to an end a terrbe war that had raged on and o or more than 20 years and ushered n a hundred years o reatve peace untl 1914.
hs s how Jenner's vaccnaton treatment was born. Jenner's work s regarded as the oundaton o mmunoogy
s was the rst successul vaccne ever to be developed and remans the ony eectve preventve or smallpox.
he Batte o Waterloo s one
ON N WORLD HORY
39
Ts t was a camera? ard o beleve
hat s the sgnfcance of Nc phore Nepce n the world of pho tograph?
he very first perma nent photograph ever taken shows the view from the upstairs win dow of Niepces home. It is rather fuy The photograph was lost for almost 50 years before historians rediscovered it.
Nece loved nature but was unsklled at drawng e sought a way to colect mages rom nature n 82627, he catured the vew
from hs workroom wndow usng lghtsenstve chem cals on a ece of meta hs was the frst erm a
he French nventor Ncehore
40
el eWhy
nent phoograph. Niepce formed a panership wth Louis Daguerre who helped him refine the process so that the photographs coud be sharper and clearer Nepce wi always be remembered n history as the man who made permanent photographs a reaity. hy was the abolto of slav e i the Brtsh Empre a great step foard for ma d?
In 1833, slavery was aboished from he Brish Empire by an ac caled The Slaver Abolton Act Savery had exsed n a number of Brtsh coones prncpally n he plantaons n the West ndies Ths act gave ESNES N WRLD HSR
al slaves in he Brtsh Empre heir freedom. The Brtish gov ernment paid compensaton to he slave owners. The amoun hat the planaion owners receved depended on the number of saves hat they had. This ac was an mpoan sep forward for mankind paved he way for he toa aboiion of slaver all over he world. Slavery was an evi tha had degraded humaniy for cenu ries Saves were reated even more harshly than anmas and hey had no rghts whatso ever The aboiion of slavery was a signifcant vcor for the prncpe that a men are born equal and ha no man s he personal propery of another. 4
Dr. Crawford Long
NRODUCON O NEHE
pan Surgeons empoyed a knds of means, fom usng opum to acoho to essen the pan wthout much success Late, the dscovey and deveopment of anaesthesa was a turnng pont for the wod of surgery D Crawford Long was a ponee n ths fed e bazed a new path when he admnsteed sufurc ethe by nhaaton to a man named James Venabe n ode to remove a tumou fom the mans neck The
Doctor, give me alcohol not anaesthesia
h s Long's ntroduc ton of ether n surger consdered a medcal breathrough?
I n ancent tmes, a patent undergong sugery of any knd suffeed excucatng
�Cl n G y A patent wo s gven genea anaestesa . befoe suge wl not fee any pan dung T T te pocedue. Anaestesa can aso cause amnesa so tat even f te patent wakes up dung suge e w not emembe anng about t aeads. 42
e eWhy
young man dd not fee any an, but Long dd not ubsh hs findings at once as he wanted to be sure of his dscovery. In 849, he resented hs fndngs to the Medcal Col ege of Georga and was haied for ths breakthrough n ensurng anfree surgery.
was 83 a sorc ear or na?
A r 6 , 1 853 was a historc day in nda It was on this day that the first assenger tran servce was ntroduced between Bor Bunder Bombay, and Thane. The tran wth fourteen ral way carriages carryng around 400 guests, left Bori Bunder at 3:30 m that day. t was drawn by three engnes and covered ESONES N WOR HSORY
a total distance of 33 km n 57 mnutes. Raways were deve oed n ndia first by the Brtsh East India Comany and ater, by the Brtish Government many to transort troos for ther wars and secondy, to transort cotton for exort to mills in UK Since then, the Indian Railway has grown to become the argest rai network n Asia today. It is aso the world's second largest network oer ated under a single manage ment. Indian Railway has 1 5,000 km of track length, and runs 2,6 7 trains to carry over 23 mon assengers daly connectng more than 7, 1 2 sta tions. t is indeed amazng to thnk t al began as a single train service 4
Use his fa-free rfle
hat s the sgnfcance of ndas frst war of ndependence?
I ndias first war of independence, has great signfcance for t marked the first step n ndia's struggle for freedom from Brtish rue There was genera unrest and dscon tent among the Indian people aganst the poicies of the Engish East Inda Company The last straw was the use of animal grease on the cardges of the company's newly acquired rifles Whe loadng the rifles the soders had to bite off the end of the cartridge, greased with cow or pg fat
Inn gnt Inn During the first war of independence, many Indian kings were on the side of the British They fought against the soldiers of the British Army who were their own countrymen. 44
e eWhy
This outagd both th idu ad Muslim solds, fo it wt agast th ligious tachings. O May 1 857 th Idia soldis i Mut otstd. Although th uis g was quld by th Btish, t st th stag fo Ida's F dom Movmnt aganst th Bitish Rul
h s the boo O the org of Speces, a pathbreag oe?
th Ogi of Spcis, by
Chas Daw is a ath bakig book ubishd i 859 Daw chagd th way umas viwd thmslvs, ad th wold aoud thm, hough his idas o volutio ad atual slctio ES ONES N WORLD HSORY
Daw, a Englsh atualist, put fowad th ida that all spcis of lif hav volvd ov tim fom common acstos Dung this pocss, favou ab taits bcom mo commo i succssiv gatos of ivig thgs. At th sam tim ufavouabl tats bcom lss commo This is kow as th Thoy of Natua Scto Daw pstd coml lng vidc fom his dtaild sach which icudd a fv ya voyag o th MS Bagl. On this voyag, Dawn vsitd co logicaly divs gios ik th Gaaagos Isands This book is cosidd to b a admak i th fild of volutoay biology
45
How dd Ge Gegor gor edels edel s aws a ws of of Ihertace fluece scetfc thought? was a 1 9 cenG ego Mende was
Wow! These plans are k alikes
tuy monk and biliant scientist. e was i ntee nteested sted in heedity and though his expeiments ound that cetain taits wee inheited oowing speciic pattens Mendel expeimented with peas in his gaden, and discov eed that ivin ivingg thi ngs pass tait taitss to the next geneation by something which emains unchanged in successive geneations o an oganism e ound that taits coud skip a gene gen eaati on seem seemii ng ngly ly ost t tai aits ts coud appea again in anothe geneati genea tion on and he caled these these ecessive taits. Mende identiied ecessive and dominant taits which pass om paents to osping. The taits that Mende
Succ Succ Bm B m f fm m Fa Fau u Mende joned a monastey when he faed n physcs at the unves and could not study futhe It was as a monk that he ca ed out hs expements on amost 30000 pea plants ove 8 yeas of of eseach to make some patheakng dscovees 46
Why
descrbed ae known as genes' today. Mendels work ony made a bg mact n 1 900, 1 6 yea yeass a ate te hs death, and 34 yeas after after he frst ub shed t oday, he s honoured as the Father of Genetcs
h s the en o the shogun ule n Japa an mpoant mlestone?
he
shogun was Jaan's sureme mltay leade e was awarded the tte by the emeor From Fr om 1 1 92 th thoug oughh 1 86 867 7 Jaan was rued by a seres of shoguns he roe of the e meo wa wass ce ceemo emona nal,l, s sm m-oston on of the th e Jaaar to the ost ese monarchy ater second word war Aso known as the SOS WORD SORY
Edo eod, the shoguns usheed n a tme of nte nternal rnal eac eace, e, oltca stablty and economc gowth. he shoguns mosed a strct class system, wth the samura or waros at the to, followed by famers, artsans, and merchants okugawa shogunate was the ast shogunate n Jaan Dung ts na 30 years n ower, the okugawa shogunatee had nat h ad to cont contend end wth eas eas-ant ursngs and samua u n es est,t, as wel as wth fnanca obems In addton, thee was the growng theat fom Western owes As a esut, many demanded the estoaton of dect mea ue he ast Shogun Yoshnobu, was ovehow ove hownn n 1 86 867. 7. h hss marked the end of the shogun rul e n a aan. an.
47
h was he opeg of he Se Caal a hsorc evet?
he Suez Cana s a manmade
Wn On, L On Ferdinand de esseps was the developer of the Suez Canal which proved to be a grand success. He also dreamt of building a canal across the Isthmus of Panam Panama. a. Work bega be gan n in 1 881 881 but but Ferdinand failed to achieve his second dream.
48
canal n Egypt connecting the Med terranean terr anean Sea to the Red Sea, through the Isthmus of Suez Earler, shps saiing between E u rope and South South Asia had to to make a ong and dangerous voyage al the way around the tp of Africa The openng open ng of th thee Suez Canal n 869 869,, changed all that Ships coud now go drecty d recty between the Medterranean and Red Sea throughh the cana hs 93 km long throug long
cu
wateway educed the sea oyage distance between uope and outh Asia by 7000 km The uez is the longest canal in the wold without locks and the safest too To sum up the uez Cana is the shotest sea ink between the east and the west due to its unique geographic location Its opening gae a tremendous boost to the maritime industry and word tade
How dd the nventon of the elephone b Alexander Gra a Bell change the world?
lexander Graham Bell is
best known as the inentor of he teephone in 876 e wil be remembered for al time as haing been the fist person to IN N WRLD HRY
design and patent a practical deice for tansmitting the human oice by means of an eectric cuent The telephone is consideed by many to be the most important inention of moden times It offers a fast cheap mode of communication. It has reduced the concept of distances when you can contact a per son liing thousands of kilometres away in ust a few seconds the distance does not seem ery fa The teephone has increased sociaization and inteaction between peope and made possible the intoduction of the Internet n fact if the wold is a gobal lage today it is the telephone that has played a maor role in making it so 49
Thomas Edison
h s t sad that the nenton of the eec trc bub t up the world tself?
B eore the inention o the eectric bulb,
people used candes or oi lamps whch were smoky and messy Though the nenton o the light bul b is assocated w th Thomas Edi son, t he act that is Thomas Edson dd not nent it Seera designs or the light bub had been ceated beore S Joseph Swan o England, and Thomas Edison both nented the ist eectic incandescent amps aound the 870s By ceatin g a acu um ins de the bulb, inding the ght lament to use, they were able to achee a lght bulb that lasted or many hous Edison s inention was the most pactica one Edson also estabished a powe gid system, which could generate elec tricity and deier it to homes through a network o wes e subsequenty started the Edson Electrc Lght Company in 50
e eWhy
October of 878 rom then on there was no lookng back, as new and better ght ing systems aeared on the market to lght u not ust homes, but aso offices roads and nsttutions The lst seems never ending Thanks to Thomas Edson and his eectrc light bulb, in every corner of the word, darkness is being banished wth the glow of light
nventons and more than one erson contrbuted to the deveoment of televison as we know it today n England in the 1920s John Baird, a Scottish amateur scientst successfuy trans mitted the first TV icture after years of work Teevision has been raised for its abiity to transmt visua images wth accomanying sound to entertain, educate, and to rovide a sense of truth h s teleso cosee a On the other hand, because xe blessg? of teevision, chldren have wit nessed war, murder, and voeevson s a way of send- lence frst hand so teevision ng and receving moving can actualy be considered a images and sounds over wres, mxed blessing or through the ar, by eectrical In any case, television has sarked revolutions in enteruses elevsons deveoment tanment ournaism and socal deended uon revous behaviour that are sti ongoing
S ONES N WOR ISORY
51
ha was he mpac of he omens Surage ovemen n New Zealan?
he er woen's suffrage
refers o he righ of woen o voe and o hold an eleced office. Woen dd no always have he righ o voe. U unil he 900s os deocraces hroughou hsoy ony allowed en o voe In he laer 9 cenury soe woen began o cha lenge his narrow vew of he world New ooruni es were oenng u for woen and girs and soon aenion was focused on woen's ega and oca righs oo. In Euroe he Briish coo nes and he Uned Saes a
52
oveen known as he Wo en's Suffrage Moveen began. he oveen ganed oenu and finaly on 9 Seeber 1 893 woen were graned he righ o voe n New Zeaand by an elecoral bil. New Zealand hu s becae he firs counry o ake his bi g se forward for wo e n. ceebraed Suffragiss h roughou he cou nry and congrauaions oured n fro suffrage caagners in Bran Ausraia he Uned Saes and else where New Zealand's achieveen gave new hoe and fe o all woen srugglng for his righ and aved he way for heir vcory in oher cou nries of he word oo. MWy
ha s he conrbuton of he Lum ere Brothers o he world of entean ment?
he umiere Brothers Auguste and
Th t he Lumiere Brthers sht ftage f wrkers at their factry leaving at the end f the day. hey shwed the result ing flm at an industral meeting in Paris in March 1895. his is cn sidered t be the ve first mtin picture.
Lous were French inventos who ae credted wth the nventon of the film camera. A theeinone devce that could record develop and poect moton pictues the Cnematographe as t was caed woud go down n hstory as the fist vabe fim camera. The
Oo s This wreess se is sond less
How dd arco chage he wa he world commucaed?
M arconi wa an Itaian cientit and inven
to. e built a wee teegraph, which ent meage through the ai for the fit tme At about the age of 20, Macon became inter eted n ado wave Radio wave are team of enegy that cary electric igna through the ai Marcon thought that rado wave could be ued n communicaton e experimented wth adio wave and the telegraph he teegaph ued at the tme could end and receive coded meage n the fom of eectc igna oweve, it needed wire to Lumiere Bothe howed ther theatre, thnking that t wa a flm at private creening rea tran! hei pioneerng thoughout 1895 At the fit moton picture camera, the pubic ceening, t i aid that Cinematogaphe, wl remain when peope watching the fm the talbazer or an exciting aw a tan ariving at a tation, new fom of at and entertanmany of them ran out of the ment caled cinema! 54
ell MeWhy
do so Marconi created a tele graph that coud send electric signals without wires, using adio waves n 901 , Marconi sent radio signas across the Atantic Ocean for the first time Maroni became known as the father of the radio,' because his innovative work in radio transmissions over long distances changed the way the word commu nicated
Why are the First Modern Oympic Games considered to be a landmark in the histo of spos?
The
first known Oympic Games was recorded in ro und 776 BC in Olympia, Greece. They were ceebrated u til AD 396. It was a French
MILESONES IN WORD HSTORY
nobeman, the Baron de Cou bertin, who revived the idea of the Olympic G ames i n modern times. He managed to bring together representatives of different countries in Paris, in 894 and th e Olympic Move ment was begun The first modern Oympic Games were hed in Athens in 1 896 t was the host Greece that won the most medas in these Games 46 in all. Since then, the Games have been held every four years. They have played an important role in buiding a peaceful and better word by educating youth through spo, practised without discrimination of any kd. The Oympic Games promote the Olympic spirit which brings peope from al over the word together. -
55
ha s he hsorc mpor ance of he boo The ner preaon of Dreams?
We a have deams whle
sleeping, but when we wake up, we genealy forget about them. oweve, in 1899, Sigmund Freud, a psychoanayst, beieved that our deams have meanngs, and pubshed a book anaysing them . Its name was he ntepetaton of Dreams It contained some vey nteresting theories about our deams Aways a vivd deame, Freud had by this time aso noticed the impact of deams on hs patents. Accordng to Freud, evey deam epesents a wish fulfment or fantasy that is not accessibe when one is awake. 56
The nterpretaton of Dreams' s a fascinating text reveang Feud's unique taent as a wt er and ambitious theorist. he book s vey impoant because it intoduced many key concepts that woud later become centa to the theory of psychoanalyss.
WG OR HUM h was the flght at Ktt Haw a hs orc one?
Orville Wright
M an has aways dreamt of beng
able to fly but this dream became a ealty ony because of the Wright Brothers Orvle and Wilbur They were the frst to make a successful flight with humans on board n an aircra that was powered by an engine and was heavier than ar The Wright Brothers beieved that their fascinaton wth flght began when her father brought home a toy heicopter when they were chdren Ther first lght usng an engine was on 1 ecember 903 at Ky awk Island USA The pane had a wngspan of 403 feet It was Orvle who flew the pane he fight lasted 2 seconds and the lane flew for 20 feet It was a historc oment when the aircraft landed safely ter this maden flght SONES N WORLD HSOR
Wilbur Wright
Wth this achievement the Wright Brothers had proved that Man can fy and successfuy lad down the fundamenta prnciples of arcrat design that are stl relevant to ths day
57
h dd Enstens Theo of Relatvt stun the word of scence?
A be Einstein was a scen tific genus who was born in 89 in Germany Enstein made many contibutons to the fied of theoetical physics e evised Newton's aws of gravity to make them more accurate We cal what he deveoped the theoy of relativty t s actualy two theores he fst is caed Specia Theoy of Reativty his theoy states that t is impossbe to determne whethe o not you ae moving unless you can look at another object he second is the Genea Theory of Relatvty t s the one whch redefned the aws 58
of gavty he theory expained how tme and distance may change due to the relative or dffeent speed of the object and the observe t broke new ground n the word of science n 1 92 Enstein won the Nobel Pze in Physcs for his services to heoetica Physcs Science has o energse he mass
e eWhy
ha was he mpac of he nvenon of plasc?
lastic is not the invention
of one erson The fathers of modern astcs wee chem sts Leo Baekeland Aexan e Pakes Brandenbeger Roy Pu nkett and Danie Fox Today lastic s made in factoes using chemicals found n o and natural gas It s a very versatile material It can be cooued by addng dyes ot lastic can be oued nto moulds in the shaes of toys and other things It can also be squeezed through holes to make es hoses and bags Because it is so lght many arts of aerolanes and cas ae made from lastic It can ILESNES N WD HISY
be made into thin threads and then woven to make materia that is used to make cothng such as ancoats and wateoof ackets These lastic mateas ae caed synthetic Since the aearance of astic moe than 150 years ago modern ndustry has gown aidy Plastcs have ayed a key oe in the moden way of life n the ceation of thousands of new aices and technologies We now use about 20 times more astc than we dd 50 years ago oweve we must emembe that lastcs harm the environment because it is not dadable Theefore it s mortant that we reuse and recyce astic as much as ossble 59
� at is the significance of the I Ruteord model of atom?
We kow that the atom is e smallest article of a ele et stll havig the same cemica roerties of the ele et owever by 91 , t was sovered that the atom was ade u of eve smae or �atomc articles caled os ad electos But t was
ot cea how these otos ad electros wee arraged wth the atom It was believed that they were evely sead out but this was roved ico rect. t was Erest Rutheford who first reseted a aetary mode of the atom Ths ut al the rotos i the uceus wth the electos orbitig aoud the uceus ke the aets evove aroud the Su
Si r, this is my mel of a tom. So simpe, isn't it?
The Rutherford mode of atom was smplfied in a wel known symbol that has became popular as a sym bol for atoms and atomc energy in general Apty dubbed the Father of the N uclear Age' Rutherford received the Nobel Prze for Chemstry n 1 908.
h was Hen Ford's moving assemb ine a revouiona sep in he word of manufacuring?
ror to 1913 Ford and
other every rtualy assembled auto maker whoe cars wth a team of workers. Each team worked together to complete a sn g le car usuay from start to sh SNS N WRLD HSRY
n 1913, enry Ford nstalled the frst movng assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobie. Ford had been trying to ncrease his factores productvty for years To streamine the process Ford divded the procedure into 84 steps and trained each of his workers to do just one step. Later he instaled moving lines for bts and pieces of the manufacturing process. Fnally in December 93, he ntroduced the movngchassis assembly ine. Ford's innovation reduced the tme it took to bud a car from more than 1 2 hours to two hours and 30 minutes. This enabed the copany to bring out more cars faster. It aso cut down costs so the cars coud be sod cheaper 61
hat was the mpact of orld ar o the world?
Wold War I was a global
wa fought in Euope. It began n 194 and lasted for fou yeas t 1 9 1 8 It was fought between the Allied Powes and the Cental Powers he man members of the Aied Powes were Fance Russa and Brtan. he Unted States also fought on the sde of the Aies afte 917 he main membes of the Centa Powes wee Ge many Austraungay, the Ottoman Empie and Bulgaia hee wee many reasons fo the war but the mmediate cause was the assassnaton of Austrias Archduke Fedi 62
nand by a Sebian youth Gav 10 Prncip. Moe than 65 mion solders fought in the wa in the battlefields of Euope. he Allies eventualy won but the prce was heavy ndeed It is estmated that by the tme the war was ove, ove 9 mion soldiers had been killed, and another 2 million wound ed he member countres of the Cental Powes wee forced to sgn amistice agreements one by one and Gemany was severey punshed unde the rea of Vesaes. oday many hstoians beeve that t was the harsh teatment gven to Germany that planted the seeds of the next Wold War that is Wold War I Wy
e ay from Span o aack you
hat was the eect of the Spansh flu on the world?
B etween 9 1 8 and 91 9, a devastat-
ing epidemic the deadiest in modern histoy inected an estimated 500 mi lion peope wordwide It was caed the Spanish u Inuenza, or u, is a virus that attacks the respiratoy system Many believed that the Spanish u was caused by the use o poison gas in Word War We now know it developed in ani mals and birds and then spread to people The 9 1 8 lu was i rst observed i n Europe
pnh t Spanish Flu got ts name because Span was one of the frst countries to be repoed as being hit by the disease. ESNES N WRD HSRY
63
ha were he conse quences of he Russan Revoluon?
he term Russan Revolution actually refers to two separate revoutions in 1917 whch had a far
Moe forard
64
reachng impact on the history of the world. The first revoluton was n Feruary and the second n Octoer of 917. Pror to the revouton the Russan monarchy had ecome progressvey weaker and ncreasingy nsenstve to the hardships of the people The emperor Czar Nicolas II used extremely severe measures to put down resistance movementswith lttle effect. Vadimir Lenin the eader and motivating force ehnd the revolution rose to prominence as the most powerfu fgure n Russia Though the revoution was successfu in ovehrowng the monarchy the new government led y Vladmir Lenin would solidify ts power only after five years of civl war whch ended in 1922. After the Russan Revoution Russa withdrew from World War I The e MeW�
revoution had far reaching conseuences It brought about the overthrow of the monarchy, and the transfor mation of the Russian Empire into the Union of Soviet Sociaist Repubics. It also saw the estabishment of the word's first m munist state and oned the door for Russia to fuly enter the industria age.
h was the Jalanwala Bagh massacre one of the urnng ponts n hsto?
he Jalianwaa Bagh Mas-
sacre was an important inci dent in the history of the Indian freedom movement during the British Rue. On Apri 13 1919 thousands of unarmed, non vioent protestors gathered in the Jaianwala Bagh of mritsar, to celebrate a fesval in spite of an order from he British forbidding them o do so. British officer Coonel eginald Dyer, came to the lace with fifty riflemen, and ihout any warning, odered them to shoot at the ESOES WOD SO
crowd The shooting continued for ten minutes, and about 1650 rounds were fired. According to the government data, about 379 people were kied. owever, some private data showed that the number was more than 1000, including children and women. The incident stirred the whoe nation. Many more peope joined the Indian freedom movement after the massacre. Rabindranath Tagore even gave up his knight hood in protest This horrific event sounded the dea knel for the British rue in India, and Jaianwala Bagh has become a place of national pigrimage today.
65
hat was the mpact of fascsm?
B ento Mussoln the Prme Mnste o
Nohing agains he sae
66
Italy om 922 to 93 was the ounder o a poltca system known as ascsm In ths orm o govenment the naton as a whoe s consdeed to be moe mpor tant than the ndvdual and al powe ests wth the state Musson became the dctato o Itay and at st many Italans were happy wth Mussoln's rse to power Oder was estoed and the Fascsts began po grammes o publc woks. Musson helped andownes and ndusty eades, and con vnced the common people that the county was naly beng un ecenty. oweve ascsm became unpopuar beore long when partes that opposed t wee outawed Wokes were obdden to go on stke. Mussoln had desgned hs system to cater to the needs o the state, not o nd vduas. n the end, t seed nethe e MeWhy
Wh s the Bg Bang theo cedited with the Big Bang theoy consdered the greatest o how the Univese began scentfc achevement of Today most astonomes agee the 20 centu? wth this theoy that the Univese
G eoges emaite a Be-
gian astonome is usuay
cosmc micowav background adiation was discovd The discov was cucia as it suppod th ig ang Mod. ESONES N WOR SOR
began in a Big Bang about 138 biion yeas ago At that time the entie Univese was inside a bubbe that was thousands o times smae than a pinhead t was hotte and dense than anything we can imagine Then it suddeny expoded The Unvese that we know was bon Time space and matte a began with the Big Bang In a action o a second the Univese gew om smale than a singe atom to bigge than a gaaxy And it kept on gowing at a antastic ate It is stil expandng today The Big Bang theoy is consid eed to be one o the geatest scientiic achievements o the 20 centuy 67
Feming had woked in battlefied hosp tas in World Wa I whee soldies ded fom nfected wounds. So he made t his goal to find anti bacteral substances and he succeeded with the discove of penicillin.
Hooray Hooray I's a mouldy oliday
Why was the dscove of ncl n a gant leap foard n med cne?
eniciin is a common antibiotic
that is used to teat infections today It was discoveed quite accidentay by the Scottish bacteioogist Aexande Fleming in 928 e had gone on a vacation and when he came back he found that a geen moud caed Peniciium notatum had contaminated the petri dishes in his ab In addition this moud was kiing some of the bacteria he had been gowing Feming caed his discovey mould juice ate the name peniciin was adopted Ate much eeach and expeimentation an inectabe masspoduced fom o peniciin was ready by 942. That was ust in time to hep sodies wounded in Word War II e MeWy
On to 1 8 the a began Panc set n and on Tuesday, October 29, stock prces cashed competey Investos traded some 1 6 mn shaes on the New Yok Stock Exchange n a snge day Bons o doas were ost, wpng out thousands o nvestos In the atemath o Back Tuesday, Ameca and the est o the ndustased wod spraed downwad nto the G eat What were the onomic and Depesson social ets of the Wal Strt It was the deepest and ongCrash of 1929? estastng economc downtun n the hstoy o the Westen eday, October 29 1 929, ndustalsed wod up to that was a Back Tuesday or Wal tme Steet It was the day that the The ater eects o the cash Wal Steet stock market ncuded the cosue o banks cashed Stock pces had and ncreasng bankuptces, egun to decne n September sucdes, evctons, wage cuts, nd eay October 1 929 and unempoyment
As a esult, bactea pneumona, whch had kled 1 8 pe cent o aen soders n Wold Wa I, klled less than 1 per cent o sodes n Wod Wa II Pencn went on to change the way we treat nesses and wounds, and ts dscovey proved to be a g ant eap oward n the ed o medcne
ES ONES N WORD SORY
69
How did the Great Depesson aect the world?
he Great Depression started in 1929 It
was sparked by the Wal Street Crash. It was foowed by large scae bank closures mass unempoyment homeessness hunger despair and deecton Bread ines and soup kitchens were the ony form of nourishment for the hungry Shantytowns sprang up across the country and were the ony refuge for the homeless. Unempoyed men known as hobos travelled the raiways to different ocatons
Hoovervies Herbe Hoover was the Presdent of the USA when the Great Depresson began. The shan towns that sprang up aer peope lost ther regular homes were oen caled Hoover ves' as Hoover was generay bamed for the Depresson aRa
7
el MeWy
despeatey seaching fo wok The Geat Depession had devastating effects n counties a ove the wod both ich and poo The Geat Depession lasted fo ten yeas and ended only in 1 939
How did he Dndi Mrch c ure he imginion of he word?
he
Dand Mach aso known as the Sat Mach took ace fom Mach to Api 1 930 in India It was an act of civi disobedince against Bitains Sat Act his Act pohibited Indians fom colecting o seing salt a tape in the Indian diet Mahata Gandh ed a nonviolent otest mach against the Sat ct on Mach 2 1 930 fom ESONES N WORD HSORY
his asham to the sea coast nea the vage of Dandi This mach is famousy known as the Dandi Mach and it captued the imagination of the wod The mach continued fo 2 days A aong the way Gandhi addessed age cowds and a numbe of peope oined the mach By the time they eached Dandi on Api 6 Gandhi was at te head of a cowd of tens of thousands Eay te net moning Mahatma Gandi waked down to the sea to make salt and showcase his defiance of an unfai Bitish aw is couage inspied milions of peope Civi disobedience boke out a acoss India and eventualy this led to the bih of indeendent India 71
Wy is Wod W II consideed o e mos devsing w in e iso of mnkind?
T T
Nazism Nazism is a se of poliical beliefs associa ed wi e Naional Socia is Pay of Ge many. I was a jounalis Kon ad eiden wo fis efeed o e membes of e pay as Nazis wic means simpe minded· in Bavaian 72
Wold Wa II was the word's most
devastatng war ever diectly nvolving moe than 00 miion peope fom ove 30 counties Lasting sx years it began on 1 Sep tember 1939 with the invasion of Poand by Germany It was a wa between two goups of countries the Alies and the Axis The major Aed Powers wee Btan Fance U SSR China and the US
Ony Aryans can reside here
he mao Axis Powes wee aound the gobe and kiled Gemany Itay and apan ove 60 million. he wod was Duing the couse o the wa neve the same again ate Geman oces advanced Wold Wa II though Euope. he US didn't oin the wa unti 94 when apan attacked the Unted States Nava Base at Peal Habou In 1944 an Aied amy cossed om Bitain to ee Fance om Nazi ue One yea late Alied amies invad· ed Gemany ocing the Gemans to suende on May 945 Ate nuclea attacks on apan's mao cities ioshima llied Powers and Nagasak apan also su Frnc, Britin endeed to Allied oces n Unit tt ric, August the same yea. it Unin n Finay Wod Wa II had Cin ended It had changed the lves o mlons o peope LESONES IN WORD HSORY
What wee the consequences of the Japanese aac on Pea Habou?
wounded many whie valiantly attempting to repuse the attack. The day ate the attack the United States of he Word War II was rag- Ameca declaed wa against ng the Impea Japanese Navy Japan launched a supise militay hee days ate Gemany stke on the US Nava Base at and Itay decared wa against Peal abour in awai on the the United States and the US moning of Decembe 191 govenment responded n Ninety minutes ate it began knd. he attack on Peal arthe attack on Peal abou bour woke a sleepng giant The Unted States had was over he attack stuck a critica emained neuta in Wod War bow aganst the US Pacfc I I tl then. Pear arbou changed al feet. Much of t was deed useess Fou of eight battle- that. It pushed the Ameicans shps three destoyes and nto the wa that they wee seven othe ships wee sunk o avoiding for so ong The seveely damaged and moe Amecans fought a long than 1 88 acats wee font n the Pacfc trying to avenge the attack on Peal destoyed. A tota of 2,03 Ameicans abou and were fnaly were ked and 8 were successful.
W
74
e MeWhy
How did the Quit India Move ment change the coue of hito?
he
Quit India Movement was a civil disobedience movement It was launched by Mahatma Gandhi on 8 August 1 942 This histoica movement was ayed out in the backdro o Wold War II The Bitish
MESONES N WOR HSTOR
government entered India into the war without consutation with the Indian eoe This angered the Indians teribly On July 14 1942, the Indian National Congess assed a esolution demanding comlete indeendence rom Bit ain and aunched a civil disobedience movement On August 8 1 942 the Quit India Resolution was assed at the Bombay session o the Al India Congress Committee The British resonded with mass aests undeds o eoe wee kiled by the oice Many nationa eaders wee arested The Q uit India Move ment was cushed oweve it wil always be emembered as a mao miestone in the histoy o Indias strugge or eedom 75
hat was the reslt of the bob of Hrosha ad Naasa
roshma s a port n southwest Hon-
ar weapons programme during Word War II. But because of ack of resources they coud not deveop an atom bomb in time.
Ra a
6
shu Japan on the Inand Sea west of Osaka The cty was amost completey destroyed in Word War I when US dropped an atomic bomb on t on August 6 1945. The bomb called Little Boy, was the frst nuclear weapon ever used n mtary warfare. However the Japanese did not surrender So three days ater, on August 9 1 945 another US bomber dropped a second atomc bomb Fat Man', on Nagasaki Ths broke the Japanese On August 15 , 945 Emperor H rohto announced hs country's surrender The nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasa brought Word War II to an end The bombings ked thousands The sufferng of the Japanese people did not end even then but has contnued for decades e eWhy
hy s ENIAC consdered to e one of the most mpoant nventons n hstory?
E NIAC stands fo Elctonc
Numca Intgato and Comput Its mpoanc s n th fact that t was th wod's fst gnal pupos computr ENIAC was dsgnd and but fo th US Army to calculat aty frng tabs It
A big one ih a small brai
SONES N WORD HSORY
bgan as a scrt Word War II mtay proct card out by John Mauchy and John Psp Eckrt Jr But ENIAC also cald Th Gant Bran' was not comptd untl aftr th war Whn ENIAC was ntoducd to th publc n 96, t was hald as an ncrdb brakthrough that could comput mathmatcal problms wth bathtakng spd Th machn's powr and gnapupos uss frd th magnaton of th wold ENIAC wghd 30 tonns Th fact that today a sng mcrochp no bggr than a fngrnal can do mo than thos 30 tonns of hadwar dos not tak away fom th sns of aw that ENIAC nsprd at that tm 77
The N
Why is the formation of the UN a his toric event?
he UN is an internatonal organsa
tion o sovereign states, made up of neary evey country in the wod It was ceated n 1 945, in the wake of Wold Wa II, so as to avoid another such terribe wa Ffty states sgned the UN Charter and became the oundng membes o the UN Cuently the UN has 193 member states The UN has our man goas The frst purpose is to keep peace thoughout the wod The sec ond goal is to develop riendly ea tions between countes The third is to assist natons in encouraging human ights, heping the poo, impoving liteacy, and preventng hunge and disease Finaly, the UN aims to opeate as a centea com 8
Te U N povides food to 90 million people in ove 75 counties. It assists ove 34 million efugees and woks wit 140 nations to combat climate cange. Te UN potects human igts toug 80 diffeent teaties and declaations.
muntyor achevng these goals The UN as we as several of ts agencies and officals have won the Nobel Peace Prze at dfeent times humanitarian This oganisation has an impotant nuence on the word today ell MeWhy
Wha makes 1947 a landmak yea n Indan hsoy?
August , 1 947 is a date witten in letters of god in the most glorious chapter of Indian history. It was on this day that I ndia threw off the shackes of Bitish rue, and emerged as a free and independent nation. The road to feedom was a long and painfu one. Those
ESONES N WOR HSORY
who ed the nation to victoy on this road had to pay a heavy pice in terms of the sacifices they had to make. Many of them had to face imprisonment and even death. When the Indian tico ou was unfuled by Jawahaal Nehu, the fist Pime Minister of India, on the ram pats of the Red Fort of Dehi on August 1 947 it signaled not ust the end of 200 yeas of British ue but aso the triumph of Mahatma Gandhi's revolution J peaceful based on nonviolence and non coopeation. In addition, the futtering flag poudly poclaimed the bih of a new nation and wods largest democacy as wel. 79
n 58-5 Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invented te integrated circuit whic is a singe chip with mutiple tran sistors or oter com ponents ike resistors he first computer cips had several thou nd transistors on each cip to perform calculations
80
How has the nventon of the tran ssto changed the wa we lve?
A
transsto s an eectronc component that can be used as an ampfer, o as a swtch he transstor revolutonsed the fed of electroncs, and paved the way for smale and cheaper rados, caculators, and computers, among other thngs hee physcsts wee credted wth the nventon of the transs tor n 1 948 hey wee Water Battan, ohn Bardeen and Wlam Shockey. he fst transstor was about the sze of ou palm, and was made from Gemanum Snce then, transstors have beome smalle and smale Intoduced n 952 Shockeys bpolar juncton tanssto, whch was made from a sod pece of semconductor materal, domnat ll Wh
ed the ndustry fo the next 30 yeas. By 1954,Texas Instu ments develoed the frst transsto made fom slcon. Today n electronc devces we use comute ch, also caed ch, ntegated ccut o smal wafe of semconductor materal embedded wth ntegated ccutry Chs comse the rocessng and memory unts of modern dgtal comuters. As tansstor comonents have shrunk, the numbe of chs have doubed about evey 18 months, fom a few thousand to more than one blon.
h s he sfe of u 50?
J anuary 26, 1 950 s the day Inda
became a soveregn, democatc eublc. Inda became ndeendent on August 1 5, 1 947 A new consttuton of Inda was drafted by a commttee headed by D. B.R. Ambedka and t s the ongest consttuton n the word Athough the daft was resented on Novembe 4, 947, t took 2 yeas, months and 8 days fo t to be fnalsed The Consttuton of Inda formaly came nto force on 26 January 1 950. The day s celebrated as Reubc Day n nda eve yea The ceebratons ast fo thee days, and for evey Indan ths s a tme when the heart s fed wth ove fo the motheland, and the head s hed hgh wth atrotc de
ESOES WO HSOY
81
Why was he discove of he sruc ure of he DA an impoan mi sone in science?
D NA s the mateia that caries a
Recipe Book DNA o dobonuclc acd s a long molcul that contans ou unqu gntc cod k a cp book t holds th nstuc tons fo makng a th potns n ou bods. • Raa a 82
the inomation about how a ving thing wi look and unction . For instance, ou DNA detemines such things as what coou ou compleion is and how tal we wil grow to be DNA which is ound in evey cel o every living thing s made o chemical substances that ae inked togethe like a chan. It has a compe stucture
Ww ... mre secrets revealed...
e M eW
Each pece of NA has wo long sands o chans ha ae oned ogehe n a shape esemng a wsed o spa ladde. NA has fou dffeen ases and he ode n whch hey ae aanged foms a code ha es ces o make cean knds of poens In he eay 1 950s scenss had eaned a o aou genecs u hey s ddn' undesand he sucue of he NA moecue James Wason and Fancs Cck dscoveed he sucue of he NA n 1 953 They wee ae o pu ogehe an accuae mode of he sucue
R EE
Spunk 1 emed a connuous eep sgnal ha coud e head y ado opeaos aound he wod The saee sef povded Why was Sputnik 1 a andmak scenss wh vauae nfomaon Spunk 1 oed he in space expoation? Eah fo hee monhs afe punk 1 was he fs man whch uned sef up as made saee o e aunched fe fom o and eeneed he Eahs amosphee no o Ths emakae acheveI was aunched y he Sove non on Ocoe men s wdey ceded wh 1 95 The ny spacecaf sang he ace eween he oed Eah once evey 90 S and SSR o domnae space expoaon mnues The aunch s a mesone n The saee was he sze of a askea and aveed a ha usheed n a new ea of aou 29000 komees pe poca may echnoogca and scenfc deveopmens hou.
S
ESONES N WOR STOR
3
May conducted the excavations and was the actua fnde of the achaeoogica evidence. e husband Louis Leakey intepeted and pubicised thei fndings. n 1 98 May found the fst pefecty peseved sku of a hominoid an apeike ancesto of humans Mary Leakey's most impotant dscovey took pace n 1 98 e team uncov eed the footpnts of two hominids in Tanzana. The footprints wee estimated to be Wy wil te world aways 35 mion years od. This ndicated that humans remember Ma and Louis began wakng upight much Leaey? eare than scientsts peviary and Louis Leakey wi ousy thought. The Leakeys aways be emembeed fo the changed the way we now view impotant achaeoogica dis eay humans, and made sig covees they made nvoving nfcant contributions to the understanding of our origins. eay humans.
Tay is ot a go day We foud just oe skull
M
4
MWhy
hat dd th fall of th Brl all sgfy?
he Bern Wa was a wall
but n 1961 separatng Sovet controed East Berln from West Bern whch was under the control of the Alles France Brtan and the U SA. The wa was but to competey cutoff West Bern from East Bern and East Germany and to stop ctzens from eavng East Germany for West Germany. The Berln Wal conssted of 15 kometres of barrer between the east and the west wth concrete and barbed wre barrers separatng the two sdes at dfferent stretches along the wa. In a 1 36 peo ple ded tryng to cross the Berln Wal durng ts exstence. LSONS N WORLD HSORY
The hated Bern Wa came to symbose the Iron Cutan that separated Western Europe and the Eastern Boc durng the Cold War. Fnay Germany became one county agan on October 3 1990 and the Berln Wa was demolshed. The fa of the Bern Wa sgnfed the end of the Cod War between the superpowers of the world
Do't o m e! 1' m fom he Bei al
Why was he Cuban Missile Crisis a daneous one for he enire world?
he Cuba Msse Css s
egarded as the cosest the word has ever come to ucear wa. t was a majo corotato durg the Cold War betwee the Uted States ad the Sovet Uo The crss was tggered whe Sovet leader Nkta Khushchev agreed to Cubas equest to pace ucea ms sles Cuba to pevet utue haassmet o Cuba by the US. A umbe o msse auchg actes wee set up Cuba the summe o 1 62. Presdet Keedy o the US the decded to estabsh a mta bockade to pevet uthe msses rom eterg 6
Cuba For a tese 1 3 days, the word was o the edge o a ucea wa Fay Khrushchev ad Ke edy came to a ageemet. The Sovets agreed to dsmatle ther mssles Cuba. I tur, the US ageed to dsmate US msse bases Tukey ad aso agreed eve to vade Cuba wthout dect provocato The Cuba Mssle Crss eded o October 28 1 62 A ucear wa was avoded the hstoy o the wod.
Why do we say ha hiso was made on Juy 20 1 969?
July 20 1 6 Amerca
astoauts Ne Armstog ad Edw Ald became the st humas eve to ad o the Tll MWy
Ne Armstrong became the frst man to walk on the Moon. Armstrong sad, That's one small step for a man, one gant leap for manknd
Moo. Fou days eale, o the Sea o aqulty! As ArmJuy 1 6 wth the wod watch- stog made hs way dow the g, the Apolo 1 1 spacecraft lua modules adde, a telev had take of from Keedy so camea ecorded hs poSpace Cete wth astoauts gess, ad beamed the sga Ne Armstog, Edw Ad, back to Eah whee mlos watched geat atcpato. ad Mchael Cos aboad Ater taveg 6 hous, Apoo 1 1 eteed to a lua obt o Juy 1 9• he ext day,the ua modue Eagle, maed by Armstog ad Ad, sepaated om the commad modue, whee Co ls emaed wo hous ater, the Eage touched dow o MESTNS N WRD SRY
hy was the satellte Aryab hata a ladmar da space research?
n
Apr 9 95 nda entered the pace age On th htrc day, Inda aunched t rteve atete. t wa named the Ayabhata ater the geat 5 century atnmer and mathematcan. Aryabhata wa actuay launched m wthn the Svet Unn by a Ruanmade rcket, unde an agreement gned by the tw cuntre. t
wa but by the Indan Space Reeach Organatn r ISRO. he purpe Aryabhata wa t cnduct experment n Xray atrnmy and la phyc A t ueu nrmatn wa clected by the atete bee t bunt up a t eentered the Eath atmphere n February 992 Aryabhata wa the turnng pnt r Indan pace reeach t pved t the wrd that nda ha the capacty t make and perate atellte.
Currency Notes Indian rupee ntes had a new desgn n them between 196 and 199. They arred an image f the satellte Aabhata n the reverse. 88
e eWhy
.
NOE ZE
h s the nventon o dnamte sgnant?
he nvenon of dynme ws
Aed Nobel
Record Marie Curie was he onl person who won Nobel Prizes in boh phsics and chemis
mlesone n humn hsoy s cysed he pd deveopmen of nfsucue n mny nons Alfed Nobel Swedsh ndusls nvened dynme nd endowed he Nobel Pze The mpc of dynme ws huge. Rwys ods unnels nd cns wee ceed demolshed nd ebu wh he hep of dynme Nobel nvened dynme n 866 by combnng volle noglycene wh slc. efoe he pssed wy n 896 he lef w dedcng hs foune o cee unue pze ewdng he ousndng conbu ons n vous feds. Pzes wee nsed n he felds of physcs chemsy medcne pece nd eue Thus he Nobel Pze ws bon.
ESONES N WOR HSORY
89
What was the conseuence of the evolution of 1 989?
I
eember 1 989, a wee ong seres of vole uprsngs oo pae Romana. Roma na's ommuns eade Noae Ceausesu was ovehow n a volen revouon and fled from he apa Buhaes. Ths maed he las of he popular upsngs agas om mus ue n Easen Euope ha yea. In Poand he ages Com mus ouny apa fom he
Sove Uno he fee ade uo Soday had wo he aona eeons mang Poad he frs Sove saele sae o have a on ommu s goveme Wh he easg poess he Communs Pay of Czeh osovaa oo aoued on November 28 ha woud enqush powe. I Bugaa and ungay oo he Commuss wee oused and 1 989 beame he yea ha haged he fae of Euope
A Tough Regme FC 90
Nicolae Ceasesc was the contrs head of the state from 1 967 to 1 989 He was also Romania's second and last Commnist lead er Ceasesc's reime was oppressive ll MWy
Wha was he esul of he breakup of he Sove Unon?
Ths feedom encouaged some of he Sove saes o demand he feedom. Soon he beakup of he Sove moe saes joned hem n Unon saed n he ae 1 980s demandng ndependence and and as compee hen he n ecembe 1 991 he Sove coun boke up no 1 5 nde Uno as dssoved I as penden saes on ecembe epaced b 1 5 ne ndepend 26 1991 en naons The coapse of When khal Gobachev he Sove Unon changed he ook ove as Genea Sece ods baance of poe and a of he Sove Unon n ended an ea of compeng 1 985 he econom as n bad shape Gobachev noduced o mpoan efoms o dea h he suaon The fs he caed Glasnos. Gasnos aloed moe feedom of speech and openness n govenmen The ohe efom as caled Peesoka. Ths eleased some of he gh con o he govenmen had on he econom.
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hy was the abolton of apa hed a vcto for hmanty?
Aarted efes to a oltcal
cay ass books wth ther fgerts oto ad fomato f they wated to ete to areas that were sdeed oback. hs was a vey ufar sys tem ad te blacks ed by a great leader amed Nelso Madea rebeled agast t. Te est of te wold aso suorted the stugge by te blacks for equalty ad fay 1 99 te system of aat ed was wthdraw. It was a geat vctoy ot just fo the backs of Sout Afrca but fo humaty tsef
system of govermet tat exsted South Afca betwee 1 98 ad 1 99. Uder ths system te aces wee searated The Euoeas o wtes wo wee the moty ruled the coutry. Te majoty of the ouato cossted of atve Afrcas wo were the orga abtats of te couty Tey wee termed blacks ad wee ket aat fom te whtes I fact te term aathed s a Afkaas wod tat meas Why was Chandrayaan-1 a tr seaateess Te wtes mph for Inda's space pr detemed were a erso gramme? mgt ve; go to scoo ad adrayaa1 te Ida wat obs he o se mght od. Black eole wee forced to sacecraft was Ida's frst
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msson o he Moon . I successfu y eached he una suface on Noveme 1 2008 and ecame he fs I ndanu oec o each he suface of he Moon The fgh was aunched fom he Sash hawan Space Cen e, Shakoa on Ocoe 22 2008 he Po a Sae e aunch Vehce, PSVX C1 1 , suc Chan cessfuy aunched dayaan1 spacecaf no o. Eceen uay pcues of he una suface wee aken and eayed ack o Eah. Chan dayaan1 was n opeaon Augus 2009 Wh he success of he msson Inda oned a seec and of counes who have undeaken u na mssons Chandayaan1 has success fuy demonsaed Indas ay n cayng ou hghy compe space mssons. I has paved he MESONES N WOR SOR
Chandrayaan-2 will be ISRO's second mis sion to the moon. A moon rover will be sent up. Moving on wheels on the lunar surface the rover will pick up mples of rocks analyse them and relay the data to an orbiting spacecra.
way fo undeakng fu he mssons no us o he Moon u eyond as we 93
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Wy is pase of Pais so ca? ase of Pas o smply pase s he common name fo cacum sulphae hemhydae I s made y heang he mnea gypsum Thee s an neesng soy ehnd s cuous name In 1 666 a fe ha aged acoss he cy of ondon desoyed many uldngs. eepng hs caasophe n mnd he ng of Fance odeed ha a was made of wood n Pas e mmedaey coveed wh pase as a poecon agans such fes. Pas had a o of gypsum deposs a ha me and he kngs ode esued n he lagescae mnng of he mnea. Thus he cy of Pas ecame he cen e of pase poducon and hence he maea came o e known as pase of Pas
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