mikrobiologi terapan

Senin, 10 Maret 2008 MIKRO FLORA NORMAL Setelah kita mengetahui beberapa laboratorium kesehatan, maka pada artikel kesehatan kali ini akan memaparkan secara ringkas tentang mikro flora normal yang terdapat pada tubuh kita. Referensinya dapat dilihat di Mikrobiologi Kedokteran buku 1 karangan Jawetz, Melnick, dan Adelberg’s ataupun pada buku tentang mikrobiologi lainnya karena secara umum sama. Mikro flora normal itu sendiri merujuk kepada sekumpulan mikroorganisme yang hidup pada kulit dan selaput lendir (mukosa) pada manusia normal dan sehat. Mikro flora normal pada kulit ini dapat di bagi menjadi : 1. Flora Tetap ( Resident  Resident Flora) 2. Flora Sementara (Transient Flora)

PERAN FLORA TETAP

Mikroorganisme ini bersifat komensal dimana pertumbuhan pada b agian-bagian tubuh tertentu  bergantung kepada factor fisiologis seperti suhu, kelembaban dan ada tidaknya nutrisi tertentu serta beberapa zat penghambat. Beberapa anggota flora tetap di saluran pencernaan mensintesis vitamin K dan penyerapan  berbagai zat makanan. Flora yang menetap di selaput lender dan kulit dapat mencegah kolonisasi oleh bakteri pathogen dan mencegah penyakit akibat gangguan bekteri. Flora normal ini dapat menimbulkan penyakit pada manusia yaitu pada kondisi tertentu. Contohnya, streptococcus dari kelompok viridians merupakan kelompok organnisme yang biasa menghi=uni saluran nafas atas. Apabila masuk ke aliran darah dalam jumlah banyak, maka mereka akan hidup di katup jantung yang rusak atau katup prostetik dan menimbulkan endokarditis infektif.  Namun demikian flora normal ini tidak berbahayajika tidak berada pada lokasi asing dalam  jumlah banyak dan adanya factor-factor predisposisi dan dapat pula bermanfaat bagi tubuh inang  pada tempat yang seharusnya atau tidak ada kelainan yang menyertainya.

FLORA NORMAL PADA KULIT

Mikroorganisme utama pada kulit adalah difteroid aerobic dan anaerobic (misalnya corynebacterium, propionibacterium), stafilokokkus aerobic dan anaerobic non hemolitikus (Staphylococcus epidermidis, kadang-kadang S. aureus dan golongan peptostreptococcus), basil gram postif aerobic, bakteri pembentuk spora yang banyak terdapat di udara, air, a ir, tanah;

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streptococcus alfa hemoliticus (S. (S. viridians) dan enterococcus; dan basil coliform gram negative serta acitenobacter. Jamur dan ragi sering terdapat pada lipatan-lipatan kulit; micro bacteria tahan asam nonpatogen terdapat pada daerah-daerah yang kaya sekresilemak/sebum (genital, telingan bagian luar). Factor-faktor yang berperan menghilangkan flora sementara pada kulit adalah pH rendah, asam lemak pada sekresi sebasea danadanya lisozim. Jumlah mikroorganisme pada permukaan kulit mungkin bias berkurang dengan jalan menggosok-gosoknya dengan sabun yang mengandung heksaklorofen atau desinfektan lain, namun flora secara cepat muncul kembali dari kelenjar  sebasea dan keringat.

FLORA NORMAL PADA MULUT DAN SALURAN NAFAS BAGIAN ATAS

Pada hidung terdapat flora normal utama yaitu d ari Corinebacteria, stafilococcus (S. (S. epidermidids, S. aureus) dan streptococcus. Saat lahir, selaput lendir(mukosa) pada mulut dan faring akan terkontaminasi oleh flora. Kemudian setelah 4 – 12 jam setelah lahir flora seperti Streptococcus viridians menjadi flora tetap yang utama sepanjang hidup.

(terutama P. Ketika gigi mulai tumbuh, akan muncul spirochaeta anaerob, spesies prevotella (terutama P. melaninogenica), spesies fusobakterium, spesies rothia dan spesies capnocytophaga muncul secara bersamaan dengan vibrio anaerob anae rob dan lactobasili. Spesies Actinomyces secara normal terdapat pada jaringan tonsil dan pada gingival orang dewasa, begitu pula dengan beberapa  protozoa. Begitu pula dengan ragi (spesies Candida) terdapat pada mulut. Faring dan Trakhea

Pada daerah ini juga terdapat flora normal yang sama. Organism normal pada saluran nafas  bagian atas, teruatama pada faring adalah streptococcus non hemoliticus dan alfa hemoliticus serta Neisseria.

FLORA NORMAL PADA SALURAN PENCERNAAN Saat lahir, kondisi usus steril namun organism akan segera masuk bersamaan dengan makanan yang dimakan oleh bayi. Saat menyusui, usus akan mengandung flora seperti Strptocokokki asam laktat dan lactobacilli

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Pada orang dewasa , esophagus terdiri atas mikroorganisme yang masuk bersama dengan saliva dan makanan. pH asam lambung yang di hasilkan akan melindungi terhadap infeksi bakteri  pathogen usus seperti cholera. Pada duodenum terdapat 105 – 108 bakteri/gram. Pada usus halus  bagian atas, lactobacillus dan enterococcus mendominasi dan pada usus halus bagian bawah yang mendominasi adalah flora tinja. Pada kolon sigmoid dan dan rectum, terdapat sekitar  1011 bakteri/gram isi kolon.

FLORA NORMAL PADA URETRA

Uretra anterior baik itu pada wanita ataupun pria mengandung sedikit mikroorganisme yang  berjenis sama seperti pada kulit dan perineum. Mikroorganisme ini terdapat dalam air kemih normal dengan jumlah 102 – 104/ ml.

FLORA NORMAL PADA VAGINA Saat lahir, lactobacil aerob muncul dalam vagina dan menetap selama pH tetap asam. Apabila  pH ini menjadi netral akan terdapat flora campuran yaitu coccus dan bacil. Saat Pubertas, lactobacil aerob dan anaerob ditemukan kembali dalam jumlah yang besar dan akan mempertahankan keasaman pH melalui pembentukan asam dari karbohidrat khususnya glikogen. Keuntungan pembentukan asam ini yaitu untuk mencegah bakteri yang bersifat  pathogen dalam vagina. Setelah Monopause, lactobacil akan berkurang jumlahnnya dan flora campuran coccus dan bacil akan muncul kembali.

FLORA NORMAL PADA MATA (konjungtiva)

Mikroorganisme yang terdapat pada mata yang paling utama adalah difteroid (Corynebacterium  xerosis), S. epidermidis dan streptococcus non hemolitik. Flora normal ini d ikendalikan oleh lisozim yang terdapat pada air mata. Diposkan oleh imad di 00:13 Kirimkan Ini lewat EmailBlogThis! EmailBlogThis!Berbagi Berbagi ke Twitter Berbagi Berbagi ke Facebook  http://imadanalyzeartikelkesehatan.blogspot.com/2008/03/mikro-flora-normal.html

Mikroflora normal manusia

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Untuk kegunaan lain dari Flora, lihat Flora (disambiguasi). (disambiguasi) .

Lactobacillus Lactobacillus bulgaricus salah satu flora normal manusia yang hidup di usus besar

Mikroflora normal manusia adalah istilah yang digunakan untuk menggambarkan berbagai macam mikroorganisme seperti bakteri seperti bakteri dan fungi yang merupakan penghuni tetap dari bagian bagian tubuh tertentu khususnya kulit kulit,, usus besar , dan vagina vagina..[1] Virus dan parasit dan parasit,, walaupun termasuk dua golongan besar mikroorganisme, tidak termasuk ke dalam flora normal manusia.[1]

[sunting sunting]] Flora normal pada kulit Mikroorganisme yang dominan adalah Staphylococcus epidermidis yang bersifat nonpatogen  pada kulit namun dapat menimbulkan penyakit saat mencapai tempat-tempat tertentu seperti katup jantung buatan dan sendi prostetik (sendi prostetik (sendi buatan). buatan).[1] Bakteri ini lebih sering ditemui pada kulit dibandingkan dengan kerabatnya ke rabatnya yang bersifat patogen yaitu Staphylococcus aureus. aureus.[1] Secara keseluruhan ada sekitar 103-104 mikroorganisme/cm2 yang kebanyakan terletak pada stratum (lapisan) korneum. korneum.[1]

Staphylococcus Staphylococcus epidermidis dilihat dengan

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Bakteri gram-negatif  gram-negatif seperti seperti Escherichia  Escherichia coli yang habitatnya ada di dalam usus u sus manusia, juga  bisa terdapat pada kulit manusia karena adanya kontaminasi kotoran manusia.[2]

[sunting sunting]] Lihat pula http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikroflora_normal_manusia Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 04:13, 20 Agustus 2011.

Mikroorganisme Mikroor ganisme dan Mikrobi Mikrobiota ota Posted on 14 Oktober 2008 by Pakde sofa Mikroorganisme dan Mikrobiota Perairan alami memiliki sifat yang dinamis dan aliran energi yang kontinyu hal ini terjadi selama sistem di dalamnya tidak mendapatkan gangguan atau hambatan, antara lain dalam bentuk pencemaran. Lingkungan perairan meliputi air laut, air payau (peralihan air tawar ke air laut), dan air tawar, Di lingkungan laut lepas memiliki populasi mikroorganisme yang relatif lebih rendah, di lingkungan pantai populasi mikroorganisme terdapat lebih banyak, hal ini karena lingkungan pantai kaya akan nutrien yang berasal dari daratan. Pada lingkungan perairan terdapat mikroorganisme sama seperti lingkungan yang lainnya. Kelompok mikroorganisme yang hidup di dalam air terdiri dari : 1. bakteri 2. alga biru-hijau 3. fungi 4. mikroalgae 5. virus 6. protozoa Mikroorganisme di perairan berdasarkan sifat tropiknya meliputi : 1. Mikroba autotrof adalah organisme yang mampu menyediakan/mensintesis makanan sendiri yang berupa bahan organik dari bahan anorganik dengan bantuan energi seperti matahari dan kimia Contohnya : Thiobacillus, Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter 2. Mikroba heterotrof adalah organisme yang memanfaatkan bahan-bahan organik  sebagai makanannya dan bahan tersebut disediakan oleh organisme lain Contohnya antara lain : Saprolegnia sp., Candida albicans, Trichopnyton rubrum

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saprofitik pada sisa buangan hewan atau tanaman yang sudah mati, ada juga yang bersifat parasitik pada hewan, manusia dan tanaman yang dapat menyebabkan penyakit. Contoh bakteri yang banyak dijumpai di laut : Pseudomonas, Vibrio, Flavobacterium, Achromobacter dan Bacterium. Alga Biru Hijau Alga tidak memiliki akar, batang dan daun yang mempunyai fungsi seperti tumbuhan darat, wujud alga terdiri dari batang yang disebut thallus. Umumnya alga hidup secara bebas di air atau bersimbiose dengan jasad lain. Mempunyai bentuk uniseluler, filamen yang mengelilingi tubuhnya banyak diselimuti dengan lendir. Merupakan divisi Cyanophyta dengan beberapa kelas yaitu : Nostocales, Chroococcales, dan Stigonematales. Fungi Hidup tersebar luas. Berbentuk uniseluler, umumnya berbentuk filamen atau serat yang disebut miselia atau hifa. Contoh : Saprolegnia sp., Branchiomyces sanguinis, Icthyophonus hoferi Mikroalgae Contoh : Chlorella sp., Pyrodinium bahamense, Trichadesmium erythraeum, salah satu spesies dari Cyanobacterium, Noctiluca scintillans (satu spesies dari Dinoflagellata). Virus Bentuk virus bermacam-macam antara lain : bentuk batang pendek, batang panjang, bulat, bentuk polihedral. Ukurannya lebih kecil daripada bakteri. Hanya memiliki satu  jenis asam nukleat. Contoh virus Coli-fag Protozoa Protozoa merupakan protista unisel, mikroskopis, berukuran yang bervariasi antara 10 –  500 mikron, hidup sebagai satu individu ada pula yang berkoloni. Protozoa terbagi menjadi 3 yaitu amoeba/pseudoodia, siliata dan flagelata. Contoh : Cryptocaryon irritans, Stylonycia sp. Entamoeba histolitika 1. Lingkungan Perairan Laut Pada lingkungan perairan laut mikroorganisme terdapat di seluruh bagian laut dari permukaan air laut sampai dasar relung yang terdalam. Terdapat 8 habitat/ wilayah yang dihuni oleh mikroorganisme laut, yaitu : 1. Habitat permukaan laut disebut neuston/pleuston (mikrohabitat di perbatasan antara udara dan air yang kaya polisakarida-protein) Plankton : organisme yang pasif bergerak  sebagian besar adalah organisme fotosintetik yang berdiam di wilayah fotik.

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a. autoplankton yaitu plankton yang berasal dari habitat tersebut b. alloplankton yaitu plankton yang berasal dari luar habitat tersebut. sedangkan berdasarkan ukurannya plankton dapat dibedakan menjadi 2 yaitu: a. femtoplankton ( 0,02 – 0,2 µm); b. pikoplankton (0,2 – 2,0 µm); c. nanoplankton (2,0 – 20 µm); plankton yang lolos dari plankton-net no 25 d. mikroplankton (20 – 200 µm); e. mesoplankton (0,2-20 mm); atau netplankton merupakan plankton yang dapat ditangkap dengan plankton-net no 25 f. makroplankton (20 – 200 mm); plankton yang dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang g. megaplankton (200 – 2000 mm). 2. Habitat epibiotik : permukaan benda mati yang dilekati oleh komunitas mikroorganisme 3. Habitat endobiotik : lingkungan dalam jaringan tubuh organisme yang lebih besar. 4. Habitat epipelagik : dari permukaan sampai kedalaman 100 m Diantara lapisan epipelagik dan mesopelagik terdapat lapisan termoklin (lapisan yang selalu mengalami perubahan suhu yang cepat), terutama dijumpai di perairan dalam daerah iklim sedang. 5. Habitat mesopelagik : sampai kedalaman 2000 m 6. Habitat batipelagik  7. Habitat abisopelagik  8. Habitat bentik/dasar laut : daerah perbatasan antara air laut dengan sedimen. Distribusi bakteri di laut dipengaruhi oleh antara lain gerakan air laut, jarak dari pantai, kedalaman, cahaya matahari, iklim dan organisme lain. 2. Lingkungan Perairan Tawar Pada umumnya lingkungan perairan tawar lebih banyak mengandung nutrien jika dibandingkan dengan lingkungan perairan laut. Lingkungan perairan tawar dibagi menjadi 2 kategori yaitu :

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Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kehadiran flora normal pada tubuh manusia adalah : 1.nutrisi 2.kebersihan seseorang (berapa seringnya dibersihkan) 3.kondisi hidup 4.penerapan prinsip-prinsip kesehatan Mikroflora pada tubuh berdasarkan bentuk dan sifat kehadirannya dapat digolongkan menjadi 2 yaitu : 1. Mikroorganisme tetap/normal (resident flora/indigenous) yaitu mikroorganisme jenis tertentu yang biasanya ditemukan pada bagian tubuh tertentu dan pada usia tertentu dan pada usia tertentu. Keberadaan mikroorganismenya akan selalu tetap, baik jenis ataupun  jumlahnya, jika ada perubahan akan kembali seperti semula. Flora normal/tetap yang terdapat pada tubuh merupakan organisme komensal. Flora normal yang lainnya bersifat mutualisme. Flora normal ini akan mendapatkan makanan dari sekresi dan produkproduk buangan tubuh manusia, dan tubuh memperoleh vitamin atau zat hasil sintesis dari flora normal. Mikroorganisme ini umumnya dapat lebih bertahan pada kondisi buruk  dari lingkungannya. Contohnya : Streptococcus viridans, S. faecalis,Pityrosporum ovale,Candida albicans. 2. Mikroorganisme sementara (transient flora) yaitu mikroorganisme nonpatogen atau potensial patogen yang berada di kulit dan selaput lendir/mukosa selama kurun waktu beberapa jam, hari, atau minggu. Keberadaan mikroorganisme ini ada secara tiba-tiba (tidak tetap) dapat disebabkan oleh pengaruh lingkungan, tidak menimbulkan penyakit dan tidak menetap. Flora sementara biasanya sedikit asalkan flora tetap masih utuh, jika flora tetap berubah, maka flora normal akan melakukan kolonisasi, berbiak dan menimbulkan penyakit. Flora normal pada manusia tidak tetap, selalu mengalami fluktuasi yang disebabkan oleh : 1.nutrisi 2. usia 3.hormon 4.kesehatan umum

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rapat pada kulit akan mengakibatkan populasi mikroorganisme secara keseluruhan akan meningkat dan mengakibatkan perubahan kualitatif flora normal. 2. saluran nafas : - hidung - nasofaring Flora normal yang menghuni hidung dan nasofaring antara lain : Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Branhamella catarrhalis, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Prevotella melaninogenica, Neisseria meningitidis. 3. saluran cerna : - mulut - orofaring - perut - usus kecil - usus besar Air liur mengandung air, asam amino, protein, lipid, karbohidrat dan senyawa anorganik. Air liur merupakan medium yang kaya kompleks yang dapat digunakan oleh mikroorganisme yang hidup di mulut sebagi sumber nutrien. Mikroorganisme yang menghuni orofaring (bagian belakang mulut) antara lain S. aureus dan S. epidermis dan streptococcus viridians (merupakan penghuni asli orofaring). Adanya flora normal dalam saluran cerna akan memberikan keuntungan bagi hospesnya : 1. menghambat pertumbuhan atau menimbulkan resistensi terhadap bakteri patogen 2. menghasilkan vitamin B kompleks dan vitamin 3. konversi pigmen empedu dan asam empedu 4. absorbsi zat makanan Contohnya : B. fragilis, C. perfringens 4. saluran urogenitalis : saluran kemih Pada saluran urogenitalis laki-laki dapat ditemukan bakteri : Staphyllococcus epidermis, Mycobacterium smegmatis, dan E. coli. Pada saluran urogenitalis perempuan ditemukan antara lain : E. coli, Enterobacter aerogenes, Staphyllococcus, Streptococcus, Veillonella, Mycobacterium smegmatis, Neiserria catarrhalis, N. sicca, dan Yeast.

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environment (lingkungan). environment (lingkungan). Kesehatan tubuh manusia tercipta, ketika tiga faktor tersebut seimbang. Seandainya, salah satu dari ketiga faktor tersebut tidak lengkap atau salah satunya mengalami kerusakan, tubuh manusia akan mengalami sakit” kata dr. Inayati Habib, M.Kes., Kepala Bagian Mikrobiologi Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta (FK  UMY), saat diskusi memperingati “Global “Global Washing Day” Day” di UMY, Rabu (15/10). Terkait dengan washing day yang diperingati oleh masyarakat seluruh dunia tepat p ada hari ini, Inayati mengatakan bahwa cuci tangan adalah sebagian kecil dari langkah hospes untuk terhindar  dari bakteri yang tidak cocok untuk masuk tubuh di bagian dalam. Lebih pentingnya lagi,hospes lagi, hospes dalam berinteraksi dengan environment, apakah environment nya nya sudah steril atau bersih untuk  aktifitas sehari-hari, kata Inayati Habib. Dosen Kedokteran Umum UMY ini juga menegaskan, kita tidak perlu merasa apriori atau ketakutan pada bakteri yang ada di dalam tubuh. Di dalam tubuh terdapat tiga bakteri, seperti bakteri jahat, bakteri normal atau flora atau flora normal , dan bakteri higienis. Bakteri normal, dan bakteri higienis sangat bagus tetap ada di tubuh, karena bakteri normal akan menyeimbangkan antara bakteri jahat, dan bakteri higienis, tidak saja bakteri higienisnya saja yang penting untuk tubuh, tetapi bakteri jahatnya juga, tegas Inayati Habib. Dia mencontohkan pentingnya flora pentingnya flora normal bagi normal bagi tubuh, disaat penggunaan sabun untuk menjaga kebersihan vagina. Dari sisi kesehatan sangatlah bagus untuk mematikan bakteri jahat yang masuk ke organ dalam, Inayati mengingatkan “janganlah terlalu sering membersihkan vagina dengan sabun tersebut, karena dapat mematikan flora mematikan flora normal nya nya juga”. Vagina perlu kelembaban juga, yang dihasilkan oleh flora oleh flora normal , tambah Inayati. Inayati menegaskan juga,  bahwa kulit harus memiliki bakteri, tetapi bukan bakteri patogen (bakteri jahat) yang akan masuk  di dalam tubuh. Di akhir perbincangannya, pada diskusi yang mengambil tema “Kesehatan Tubuh, di Mulai dari Tangan Higienis”, dia menyarankan pada orang yang kesehariannya selalu beraktifitas, perlu mengetahui mengenai kondisi lingkungan yang setiap hari untuk berakifitas, apakah potensi mengandung kuman atau tidak; memahami media mana saja kuman tersebut dapat ditularkan; dan selalu menjaga kebersihan atau higienis, jangan terlalu berlebihan. Seandainya, semua itu dapat dipahami akan terhindar dari beberapa penyakit, seperti diare, avian influenza, dll., ujarnya.

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Makal Makalah ah ini disusu disusun n guna guna meme memenu nuhi hi tugas tugas mata mata kulia kuliah h “Mikro “Mikrobio biolog logii Terap Terapan an”” yang yang diberikan oleh Ibu Susi Dewiyeti, S.Si., M.Si.

Dalam makalah ini kita akan membahas membahas tentang “Flora Normal Tubuh Manusia (Mikrobiota)” yang mencakup pengertian flora normal itu sendiri, asal mula flora normal, penggolongan flora normal, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kehadiran flora normal pada tubuh manusia, peran flora normal dan penyebaran flora normal pada tubuh manusia.

Sebaga Sebagaima imana na kita ketahui ketahui sebelum sebelumnya nya mikroorg mikroorganis anisme me adalah adalah organism organisme e hidup hidup yang yang berukuran mikroskopis mikroskopis sehingga sehingga tidak dapat dilihat dengan mata telanjang. telanjang. Mikroorganisme Mikroorganisme dapat dapat ditemuk ditemukan an di semua semua tempat tempat yang yang memung memungkink kinkan an terjadin terjadinya ya kehidup kehidupan, an, di segala segala lingkungan hidup manusia. Mereka ada di dalam tanah, di lingkungan akuatik, dan atmosfer  (udara) serta makanan. Dan karena beberapa hal mikroorganisme tersebut dapat masuk secara alami ke dalam tubuh manusia, tinggal menetap dalam tubuh manusia atau hanya bertempat tinggal sementara.

Mikroorganisme Mikroorganisme ini dapat menguntungkan menguntungkan inangnya tetapi dalam kondisi tertentu dapat juga menimbulkan penyakit. Untuk itu lah makalah ini disusun guna membahas mikroorganisme alami penghuni tubuh manusia, sehingga kita dapat mengetahui hubungan antara manusia dan flora normal tubuh manusia.

1.2 Rumusan Masalah

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BAB II FLORA NORMAL TUBUH MANUSIA (MIKROBIOTA) A. Pengertian Flora Normal Tubuh Manusia (Mikrobiota)

Manusia secara konstan berhubungan dengan beribu-ribu mikroorganisme. Mikrobe tidak hanya hanya terdapa terdapatt dilingk dilingkunga ungan, n, tetapi tetapi juga menghu menghuni ni tubuh tubuh manusia manusia.. Mikrobe Mikrobe yang yang secara secara alamiah menghuni tubuh manusia disebut flora normal, atau mikrobiota. mikrobiota. (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi, 2008: 545) Selain itu juga disebutkan bahwa, flora normal adalah kumpulan mikroorganisme yang secara alami terdapat pada tubuh manusia normal dan sehat. Kebanyakan flora normal yang terdapat pada tubuh manusia adalah dari jenis bakteri. Namun beberapa virus, jamur, dan

protozoa

juga

dapat

ditemukan

pada

orang

sehat

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kuman serta diberi makan hanya makanan yang sudah disterilkan, maka hewan tersebut tidak membentuk mikrobiota (Gambar 1). Ini merupakan bukti bahwa sampai waktu dilahirkan, janin tidak mengandung mikroorganisme. (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S. Chan, Dasar-Dasar  Mikrobiologi, 2008: 546)

Gambar 1. Diagram skematik suatu unit isolator bebas kuman. Bagian dalamnya dapat

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Walaupun seorang individu mempunyai mikrobiota yang “normal”, seringkali terjadi bahwa selama hidupnya terdapat fluktuasi pada mikrobiota ini disebabkan oleh keadaan kesehatan umum, nutrisi, kegiatan hormon, hormon, usia, dan banyak faktor lain. (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi, 2008: 547)

C. Penggolongan Flora Normal Tubuh Manusia

Flora normal tubuh manusia berdasarkan bentuk dan sifat kehadirannya dapat digolongkan menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu : 1. Mikroorganisme tetap/normal (resident flora/indigenous) yaitu mikroorganisme jenis tertentu yang biasanya ditemukan pada bagian tubuh tertentu dan pada pada usia tertentu tertentu.. Keberad Keberadaan aan mikroorga mikroorganism nismeny enya a akan selalu selalu tetap, tetap, baik jenis jenis ataupun ataupun  jumlahnya, jika ada perubahan akan kembali seperti semula. Flora normal/tetap yang terdapat pada tubuh merupakan organisme komensal. Flora normal yang lainnya bersifat mutualisme. Flora normal ini akan mendapatkan makanan dari sekresi dan produk-produk buangan tubuh manu manusi sia, a, dan dan tubu tubuh h memp memper erol oleh eh vita vitami min n atau atau zat zat hasi hasill sint sintes esis is dari dari flor flora a norm normal al

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kelemba kelembapan pan dan tidak tidak adanya adanya nutrisi nutrisi tertent tertentu u serta zat-zat zat-zat pengha penghamba mbat. t. Keberad Keberadaan aan flora tersebut tidak mutlak dibutuhkan untuk kehidupan karena hewan yang dibebaskan (steril) dari flora tersebut, tersebut, tetap bisa hidup. hidup. Flora Flora yang yang hidup hidup di bagian bagian tubuh tertentu tertentu pada manusia manusia mempun mempunyai yai peran peran penting penting dalam dalam mempert mempertaha ahankan nkan kesehata kesehatan n dan hidup hidup secara secara normal. normal. Beberapa anggota flora tetap di saluran pencernaan mensintesis vitamin K dan penyerapan berbagai zat makanan. Flora yang menetap diselaput lendir (mukosa) dan kulit dapat mencegah kolonialisasi oleh bakteri patogen dan mencegah penyakit akibat gangguan bakteri. Mekanisme gangguan ini tidak jelas. Mungkin melalui kompetisi pada reseptor atau tempat pengikatan pada sel penjamu, kompetisi untuk zat makanan, penghambatan oleh produk metabolik atau racun, penghambatan penghambatan oleh zat antibiotik atau bakteriosin (bacteriocins) . Supresi flora normal akan meni menimb mbulk ulkan an temp tempat at koson kosong g yang yang cend cenderu erung ng akan akan ditem ditempa pati ti oleh oleh mikro mikroorg organ anism isme e dari dari lingkungan atau tempat lain pada tubuh. Beberapa bakteri bersifat oportunis dan bisa menjadi patogen. (Jawetz, Melnick, dan Adelberg’s, Mikrobiologi Mikrobiologi Kedokteran Kedokteran (Medical (Medical Microbiology), Microbiology), 2005: 277-279)

Selain itu, diperkirakan bahwa stimulasi antigenik dilepaskan oleh flora adalah penting untuk perkembangan sistem kekebalan tubuh normal. (pemburumikroba.blogspot.com/2010/09/flora-

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dan dan bakte bakterim rimia. ia. Terda Terdapa patt bany banyak ak contoh contoh tetap tetapii yang yang penti penting ng adala adalah h flora flora norma normall tidak tidak berbahaya dan dapat bermanfaat bagi tubuh inang pada tempat yang seharusnya atau tidak ada kelainan yang menyertainya. menyertainya. Mereka dapat menimbulkan menimbulkan penyakit jika berada pada lokasi yang asing dalam jumlah banyak banyak dan jika terdapat terdapat faktor-faktor predisposisi. predisposisi. (Jawetz, Melnick, dan Adelberg’s, Mikrobiologi Kedokteran (Medical Microbiology), 2005: 279)

E. Penyebaran dan Terjadinya Mikrobiota Manusia.

Flora normal biasanya ditemukan di bagian-bagian tubuh manusia yang kontak langsung dengan lingkungan misalnya kulit, hidung, mulut, usus, saluran urogenital, mata, dan telinga. Organ-organ dan jaringan biasanya steril.

1. Kulit Kulit secara konstan berhubungan dengan bakteri dari udara atau dari benda-benda, tetapi kebanyakan bakteri ini tidak tumbuh pada kulit karena kulit tidak sesuai untuk pertumbuhannya. (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, Dasar-Dasar Mikrobiologi, 2008: 548)

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berkolonisasi pada setiap area kulit yang mampu mendukung pertumbuhan bakteri. Bakteri patogen yang akan menginfeksi kulit harus mampu bersaing dengan mikroflora normal yang ada untuk untuk mendap mendapatka atkan n tempat tempat kolonisa kolonisasi si serta serta nutrien nutrien untuk untuk tumbuh tumbuh dan berkemb berkembang ang.. Mikroflora normal kulit terutama terdiri dari bakteri gram positif. Tetapi bakteri gram negatif  seperti Escherichia coli  yang habitatnya ada di dalam usus manusia, juga bisa terdapat pada kulit manusia karena adanya kontaminasi kotoran manusia. (www.scrib.com/melanie87)

Walaup Walaupun un ada pertaha pertahanan nan tersebu tersebutt di atas, atas, beberap beberapa a bakteri bakteri patogen patogen dapat dapat berkolon berkolonisas isasii sementara pada kulit dan dapat mengambil manfaat dari luka yang ada pada permukaan kulit untuk memperoleh jalan masuk ke jaringan yang ada di bawah kulit. Di bawah kulit, mereka

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bakteri telah membuat infeksi luka bakar sulit untuk ditangani dengan efektif. Infeksi tersebut merupakan suatu penyebab utama kematian di antara penderita luka bakar. Bahkan, bila tidak bersifat fatal, infeksi bakterial pada jaringan yang terbakar meningkatkan jumlah kerusakan  jaringan dan mencegah penyembuhan area kulit yang terbakar. (www.scrib.com/melanie87)

Pada umumnya beberapa bakteri yang ada pada kulit tidak mampu bertahan hidup lama karena kulit mengeluarkan substansi bakterisida. Sebagai contoh, kelenjar keringat mengekskresikan lisoz lisozim, im, suat suatu u enzim enzim yang yang dapa dapatt meng mengha hancu ncurka rkan n dind dinding ing sel sel bakte bakteri. ri. Kele Kelenja njarr lemak lemak mengekskresikan lipid yang kompleks, yang mungkin diuraikan sebagian oleh beberapa bakteri; asam asam-a -asa sam m

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Gambar 2. Letak-letak bakteri dalam kulit. (sumber: (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, Dasar-Dasar Mirobiologi, 2008: 548) Staphylococcus Staphylococcus epidermidis epidermidis yang bersifat nonpatogen pada kulit namun dapat menimbulkan penyakit saat mencapai tempat-tempat tertentu seperti katup jantung buatan dan sendi prostetik (sendi buatan). Bakteri ini lebih sering ditemui pada kulit dibandingkan dengan kerabatnya kerabatnya yang bersifat bersifat patogen patogen yaitu yaitu Staphylococcus Staphylococcus aureus. aureus. Seca Secara ra kese keselu luru ruha han n ada ada seki sekita tarr 10 3-104 mikroorganisme/cm 2 yang kebanyakan terletak pada stratum (lapisan) korneum. korneum . (Wikipedia.org)

Dibawah ini adalah gambar bakteri Staphylococcus epidermidis (sumber: Wikipedia.org)

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Flora Flora utama utama hidung hidung terdiri terdiri dari korineba korinebakter kteria, ia, stafilok stafilokokus okus (S. epiderm epidermidis idis,, S. aureus) aureus) dan stre strept ptok okok okus us..

(Jaw (Jawet etz, z,

Meln Melnic ick, k,

dan dan

Adel Adelbe berg rg’s ’s,,

Mikro Mikrobio biolo logi gi

Kedo Kedokte kteran ran

(Medic (Medical  al 

Microbiology), 2005: 280)

Didalam hulu kerongkongan hidung, hidung, dapat juga dijumpai bakteri Branhamella Branhamella catarrhalis (suatu kokus kokus gram negatif) negatif) dan Haemophilus Haemophilus influenzae influenzae (suatu (suatu batang batang gram negatif). negatif). (Michae (Michaell J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, Dasar-Dasar Mirobiologi, 2008: 549) (Lihat Tabel 1, Gambar 5, dan Gambar 6)

Pemusnahan Pemusnahan flora normal faring dengan penisilin dosis tinggi dapat menyebabkan over growth: growth:

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Jumlah dan macam spesies ada hubungannya hubungannya dengan nutrisi bayi serta hubungan antara bayi tersebu tersebutt dengan dengan ibunya, ibunya, pengasu pengasuhny hnya, a, dan benda-b benda-bend enda a seperti seperti handuk handuk serta serta botol-bo botol-botol tol susunya. Spesies satu-satunya yang selalu diperoleh dari rongga mulut, bahkan sedini hari kedua kedua setelah setelah air, ialah Streptococcus Streptococcus salivarius. salivarius. Bakteri Bakteri ini mempun mempunyai yai afinitas afinitas terhada terhadap p  jaringan epithelial dan karena itu terdapat terdapat dalam jumlah besar pada permukaan lidah. (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, Dasar-Dasar Dasar-Dasar Mirobiologi, Mirobiologi, 2008: 552)

Sampai Sampai munculn munculnya ya gigi, gigi, kebanya kebanyakan kan mikroorg mikroorganis anisme me di dalam dalam mulut mulut adalah adalah aerob aerob atau atau anaerob fakultatif. Ketika gigi pertama muncul, anaerob obligat seperti Bacteroides dan bakteri fusiform (Fusiobacterium (Fusiobacterium sp.), sp.), menjadi lebih jelas karena jaringan di sekitar gigi menyediakan

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Baik S. sanguins sanguins maupun S. mutans menghasilkan menghasilkan polisakaride ekstraselular ekstraselular yang disebut dekst dekstran rans s yang yang beke bekerja rja sepe seperti rti perek perekat at,, meng mengika ikatt sel-s sel-sel el bakte bakteri ri menja menjadi di satu satu dan dan juga juga melekat melekatkan kan

ka pad

uka

gigi Tertahan Tertahan

bakteri bakteri dap

jug

terjadi terjadi kare

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pembuangan pembuangan karang gigi dan kebersihan mulut. (Jawetz, Melnick, dan Adelberg’s, Mikrobiologi  Kedokteran (Medical Microbiology), 2005: 281)

‘Periodontal pockets’  dalam gingival terutama merupakan sumber utama organism, termasuk

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5. Perut Isi perut yang sehat pada praktisnya steril karena adanya asam hidroklorat di dalam sekresi lambun lambung. g. Setelah Setelah ditelann ditelannya ya makanan makanan,, jumlah jumlah bakteri bakteri bertamba bertambah h tetapi tetapi segera segera menurun menurun kembali dengan disekresikannya getah lambung dan pH zat alir perut pun menurun. (Michael J.

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mikrobiota gram negatif menjadi predominan. (Michael J. Pelczar, Jr. dan E.C.S Chan, DasarDasar Mirobiologi, 2008: 557)

Spesies Spesies

ies

erobik erobik fakultat fakultatif if

diju

i di dala

olon

dala

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dapat disimpulkan sebagai penyakit saluran urine kecuali jumlah mikroorganisme di dalam urine melebihi 105 sel/ml. (www.scrib.com/melanie87)

9. Mata (Konjungtiva) dan Telinga

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

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Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.

Trusted by over 1 million members

Try Scribd FREE for 30 days to access over 125 million titles without ads or interruptions! Start Free Trial Cancel Anytime.