Microeconomia Ejemplos de Estructuras de Mercado

 

Xgbvhrsbiki ih Tkg Dkrefs ih Mukthakek Jkduetki ih Bgmhgbhrák Hsduhek ih Bgmhgbhrák Ahdëgbdk Bgiustrbke  Ërhk ih Kiabgbstrkdbôg Abdrfhdfgfaák Thddbôg< G Bgm. Luebf Fswkeif Sflks Krmuhtk

OFLK IH YSKCKLF HTYSXDYXSKT IH AHSDKIF

Gfacrh

Dkrght

 Kecbg Hgrbquh Bqubth Mukrdokl Hibsfg Kehxkgihr Dokdôg Cfdo

3>;;;4249 3>;=>2;42

Mukthakek, 33 ih lugbf ih 3>3>

 

OFLK IH YSKCKLF ^rbahrk ^krth

;. Tupfgmk Tupfgmk qu quh h tbhgh ef efss sbmubh sbmubhgths gths iktfs iktfs ih ugk ugk haprhs haprhsk k ih dfap dfaphthgd hthgdbk bk phrjhdtk, dfapehth ek tkcek. Ykcek B.

Juhgth<

Iktfs ih ugk haprhsk ih dfaphthgdbk phrjhdtk.

Akthrbke ih kpfyf ahrdkifs, Oflk ih trkcklf ;, ^rbahrk pkrth, ^rfcehak ;.

Hape Ha pehk hkgi gif f ek ekss jô jôra raue ueks ks bg bgib ibdk dkik ikss rhke rhkebz bzka kafs fs ef efss dë dëed edue uefs fs pk pkrk rk dfapehtkr ek tkcek< ^rfiuddbôg ([)

^rhdbf

Bgmrhsf Yftke

Dfstf Yftke

Chghjbdbf Yftke

>

$

:.3> $

- $

9>>.>>

$

-9>>.>>

8>

$

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4;>.>> $

;,>>>.>>

$

-:2>.>>

;>>

$

:.3> $

:3>.>> $

;,;8>.>>

$

-84>.>>

;8>

$

:.3> $

24>.>> $

;,3>>.>>

$

-3=>.>>

3>>

$

:.3> $

;,39>.>> $

;,39>.>>

$

-

38>

$

:.3> $

;,88>.>> $

;,4?=.8>

$

;:3.8>

4>>

$

:.3> $

;,?:>.>> $

;,:>>.>>

$

3:>.>>

438

$

:.3> $

3,>;8.>> $

;,=88.>>

$

3:>.>>

48> $ :.3> $ 3,;=>.>> $ 3,>>>.>> $ ;=>.>> Ykcek BB. Iktfs dfapehtfs ih ugk haprhsk ih dfaphthgdbk phrjhdtk.

Juhgth<

Hekcfrkdbôg prfpbk, Ykcek B.

 

Dfstfs Yftkehs $3,8>>.>> $3,>>>.>>     e    k    t    f    t    f    t    s    f    D

$;,8>>.>> $;,>>>.>>

$8>>.>> $-

>

8>

;>>

;8>

3>>

38>

4>>

48>

Dkgiki

3. Ke df dfap apeh ehtk tkrr ek tk tkce cek, k, fcsh fcshrv rvh h efs efs ik iktf tfss fc fcth thgb gbif ifss y rhs rhspf pfgi gik k ef sbmubhgth< k. Gbv Gbvhe he ih prf prfiud iuddbô dbôg g ifg ifgih ih ek hap haprhs rhsk k abg abgbab babzk zk efs chg chghjb hjbdbf dbfs s ghmktbvfs f pâribiks tftkehs

Ikif quh ek haprhsk sb fctbhghg chghjbdbfs pfsbtbvfs gf tbhgh eumkr  hsth bgdbsf. c. Gb Gbv vhe ih prf prfiu iudd ddbô bôg g ifgi gih h ek ha hap prhsk rhsk ee eehm hmk k ke pugtf ih hqubebcrbf hgtrh sus bgmrhsfs y sus mkstfs

^krk rhsfevhr hsth bgdbsf ckstk dfg fcshrvkr efs iktfs ih ek tkcek BB, he gbv bvh he ih prf rfiu iudddbô bôg g pk pkrk rk he pu pugt gtf f ih hqub ubebebcr crbf bf hs ih 3>> ugbikihs , thgbhgif ug bgmrhsf y dfstfs tftkehs ih $;39>.>>

Tb cbhg cbhg ihth ihthra rabg bgka kafs fs he gbvh gbvhee ih prfi prfiud uddb dbôg ôg pkrk pkrk he pugt pugtf f ih hqubebcrbf dfg sfef kgkebzkr ek tkcek BB, sh dfaprfckrk tkacbâg pfr he aâtfif ih hdukdbfghs, pkrk ek hdukdbôg ihe dfstf sh kpebdkrë ugk rhmrhsbôg pfebgôabdk k efs iktfs (mrëjbdk ih dfstfs tftkehs) ih dfstfs tftkehs< Jbmurk B.

Mrëjbdk ih dfstfs tftkehs y hdukdbôg ih dfstfs tftkehs.

9>>

Hekcfrkdbôg ^rfpbk, Ykcek BB.

Juhgth<

 

 Ke kpebdkr ek rhmrhsbôg k ek jbmurk jb murk B Fcthghafs ek hdukdbôg ih dfstfs tftkehs< ∓ ;8

DY 1∓;.48>8442>8∝;>

∓;3

?

∓2

=

∝ x ∓;.423=48?99∝;>

∝ x + 3.;9;89;848∝;>

:

∝ x + 9.=224::84

^krk hs ^krk hsth th dksf dksf hg pkrt pkrtbd bdue uekr kr df dfaf af sh pu puhi hih h fc fcsh shrv rvkr kr qu quh h ek hdukdbôg ih dfstfs tftkehs hs ih mrkif fdof. Hs ghdhskrbf ihthrabgkr ek hdukdbôg ih bgmrhsfs tftkehs, hstk hs bmuke ke prhdbf pfr dkgtbiki<  BY 1 ^x  BY 1:.3 x

Jbgkeahgth bmukekafs eks hdukdbfghs ih dfstfs tftkehs h bgmrhsfs tftkehss pkr tftkeh pkrk k ihthra ihthrabgk bgkrr ek dkgtbi dkgtbiki ki ih prf prfiud iuddbô dbôg g ihe pu pugtf gtf ih hqubebcrbf< DY 1 BY  ∓ ;8

∓ ;.48>8442>8∝;>

?

∓ ;3

∝ x + 3.;9;89;848∝;>

=

∓2

∝ x ∓;.423=48?99 ∝;>

:

∝ x + 9.=224::84:∝ ;

Shsfevbhgif ek hdukdbôg fcthghafs quh<  x 1;22.222

≈

3>> ugbikihs

Shspuhstk< He gbvhe ih prfiuddbôg pkrk eehmkr ke pugtf ih hqubebcrbf

hs ih 3>> ugbikihs. d. Gbvhe i ih h prfi prfiuddbô uddbôg g ifgih ek h haprh aprhsk sk akxb akxbabzk abzk su sus s chgh chghjbdbf jbdbfs s pfsbtbvfs f mkgkgdbks tftkehs.

^krk ihthrabgkr he gbvhe ih prfiuddbôg ifgih ek haprhsk akxbabzk suss ch su chgh ghjbjbdb dbfs fs sh ih ihch ch ih bm bmuk ukek ekrr he dfst dfsth h ak akrm rmbg bgke ke ke bg bgmr mrhs hsf f akrmbgke, pfr ef tkgtf ihthrabgkafs ek ihrbvkik ihe dfstf tftke y ek bm bmuk ukek ekaf afss ke pr prhd hdbf bf (h (hee pr prhd hdbf bf hs bm bmuk ukee ke bg bgmr mrhs hsf f ak akrm rmbg bgke ke hg

dfaphthgdbk phrjhdtk)< iDY    1 BAm 1 ^ ix 4

3

4;.>>:;4??8 ∓;.9?4?>?;?:?>>>>>3 x + >.>43=2?9??9; x ∓>.>>>4=??::=>8;:>>>>>8  x + >.>

Ihsphlkgif he gbvhe ih prfiuddbôg fptbaf<  x 14;4.48 ugbikihs

 

Bgmrhsf tftke y dfstf tftke Chghjdbf Yftke $3,8>>.>> $9>>.>> $3,>>>.>> $3>>.>> $;,8>>.>>    f    t $   g >    f   f    b    A     j    d$;,>>>.>>    h $-3>>.>>    g    h $8>>.>>    C $-9>>.>> $> $-:>>.>>

8>

8>

;>>

;>>

;8>

;8>

3>>

3>>

38>

38>

4>>

4>>

48>

48>

9>>

9>>

Dkgiki

$-?>>.>> Bgmrhsf Yftke

Dfstf Yftke Dkgiki

Shspuhstk> ugbikihs, pfr hgih ek mrëjbdk ih chghjbdbf tftke hg he pugtf ifgih ek dkgtbiki hs ih 3>> ugbikihs he vkefr ihe chghjbdbf hs dhrf. Hg ek mrëjbdk ih chghjbdbf tftke tkacbâg sh fcshrvk quh he aëxbaf ih chghjbdbfs sh fctbhgh pkrk ugk dkgtbiki ih 4;4 ugbikihs.

 

Thmugik ^krth

;. Hgshmubik sh prhshgtkg prhshgtkg iktfs obpftâtbdfs obpftâtbdfs ih ugk haprhsk haprhsk quh phrthghdh phrthghdh k ug ahrdkif ahrdkif ih dfaphthg dfaphthgdbk dbk phrjhdtk.  ^1 $ 3:.>> , DY 1 3>>>+ ;> [ + >.>3 [

3

k. Dfa Dfapeh pehth th ek ttkce kcek k

Ykcek BBB. ^r ^rfi fiud uddb dbôg ôg ([) ([)

 

^rhd ^rhdbf bf

Iktfs obpftâtbdfs haprhsk ih ahrdkif ih dfaphthgdbk phrjhdtk.

Bgmr Bgmrhs hsf f tf tftk tkee

>

 $

3:.>> 3:.>> $

38

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $

8>

-

Dfst Dfstf f tftk tftkee

Dfst Dfstf f vkrb vkrbkc kceh eh

  Dfstf jlf prfahibf

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> -

Dfstf vkrbkceh prfahibf

Dfstf prfahibf

Dfstf   Chghjdbf tftke akrmbgke

-

-

$

;> ;>.> .>> >

$

-3 -3,> ,>>> >>.> .>> >

$

3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >>

$

$

3,3: 3,3:3. 3.8> 8>

$

3:3. 3:3.8> 8> $ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

?>.> ?>.>> >

$

;> ;>.8 .8> >

$

2> 2>.8 .8> >

$

;;.> ;;.>> >

$

-; -;,: ,:;3 ;3.8 .8> >

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $ ;,4> ;,4>>. >.>> >> $

3,88 3,88>. >.>> >>

$

88>. 88>.>> >> $ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

9>.> 9>.>> >

$

;;.> ;;.>> >

$

8; 8;.> .>> >

$

;3.> ;3.>> >

$

-; -;,3 ,38> 8>.> .>> >

=8

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3: 3:.> .>> > $ ;,28 ;,28>. >.>> >> $

3,?: 3,?:3. 3.8> 8>

$

?:3. ?:3.8> 8> $ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

3:.: 3:.:= =

$

;; ;;.8 .8> >

$

4? 4?.; .;= =

$

;4.> ;4.>> >

$

-2 -2;3 ;3.8 .8> >

;>>

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3:.> 3:.>> > $ 3,:> 3,:>>. >.>> >>

$

4,3> 4,3>>. >.>> >>

$

;, ;,3> 3>>. >.>> >>

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> $

3> 3>.> .>> >

$

;3. ;3.>> >>

$

43.> 43.>> >

$

;9 ;9.> .>> >

$

-: -:>> >>.> .>> >

;38

 $

3:.> 3:.>> > $ 4,38 4,38>. >.>> >>

$

4,8: 4,8:3. 3.8> 8>

$

;, ;,8: 8:3. 3.8> 8>

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> $

;: ;:.> .>> >

$

;3. ;3.8> 8>

$

3?.8 3?.8> >

$

;8 ;8.> .>> >

$

-4 -4;3 ;3.8 .8> >

;8>

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $ 4,2> 4,2>>. >.>> >> $

4,28 4,28>. >.>> >>

$

;,28 ;,28>. >.>> >>

$ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

;4.4 ;4.44 4

$

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$

3: 3:.4 .44 4

$

;:.> ;:.>> >

$

-8 -8>. >.>> >>

;=8

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $ 9,88 9,88>. >.>> >> $

9,4: 9,4:3. 3.8> 8>

$

3,4: 3,4:3. 3.8> 8>

$ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

;;.9 ;;.94 4

$

;4 ;4.8 .8> >

$

39 39.2 .24 4

$

;=.> ;=.>> >

$

;? ;?=. =.8> 8>

3>>

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3: 3:.> .>> > $ 8,3> 8,3>>. >.>> >> $

9,?> 9,?>>. >.>> >>

$

3,?> 3,?>>. >.>> >>

$ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

;>.> ;>.>> >

$

;9 ;9.> .>> >

$

39 39.> .>> >

$

;?.> ;?.>> >

$

9> 9>>. >.>> >>

38>

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $ :,8> :,8>>. >.>> >> $

8,=8 8,=8>. >.>> >>

$

4,=8 4,=8>. >.>> >>

$ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

?. ?.>> >>

$

;8 ;8.> .>> >

$

34 34.> .>> >

$

3>.> 3>.>> >

$

=8 =8>. >.>> >>

:8 :8>. >.>> >>

-

Dfst Dfstf f jl jlf f

4>>

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $ =,?> =,?>>. >.>> >> $

:,?> :,?>>. >.>> >>

$

9,?> 9,?>>. >.>> >>

$ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

:. :.:= :=

$

;:. ;:.>> >>

$

33 33.: .:= =

$

33.> 33.>> >

$

;, ;,>> >>>. >.>> >>

438

 $

3: 3:.> .>> > $ ?,98 ?,98>. >.>> >> $

=,4: =,4:3. 3.8> 8>

$

8,4: 8,4:3. 3.8> 8>

$ 3,>> 3,>>>. >.>> >> $

:. :.;8 ;8

$

;:. ;:.8> 8>

$

33 33.: .:8 8

$

34.> 34.>> >

$

;, ;,>? >?=. =.8> 8>

9>>

 $

3:.> 3:.>> > $ ;> ;>,9 ,9>> >>.> .>> >

$

2,3> 2,3>>. >.>> >>

$

=, =,3> 3>>. >.>> >>

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> $

8. 8.>> >>

$

;?. ;?.>> >>

$

34.> 34.>> >

$

3: 3:.> .>> >

$

;, ;,3> 3>>. >.>> >>

938

 $

3:.> 3:.>> > $ ;; ;;,> ,>8> 8>.> .>> >

$

2,?: 2,?:3. 3.8> 8>

$

=, =,?: ?:3. 3.8> 8>

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> $

9. 9.=; =;

$

;?. ;?.8> 8>

$

34.3 34.3; ;

$

3= 3=.> .>> >

$

;, ;,;? ;?=. =.8> 8>

98>

 $

3:.> 3:.>> > $ ;; ;;,= ,=>> >>.> .>> >

$

;> ;>,8 ,88> 8>.> .>> >

$

?, ?,88 88>. >.>> >>

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> $

9. 9.99 99

$

;2 ;2.> .>> >

$

34.9 34.99 9

$

3? 3?.> .>> >

$

;, ;,;8 ;8>. >.>> >>

9=8

 $

3:.> 3:.>> > $ ;3 ;3,4 ,48> 8>.> .>> >

$

;; ;;,3 ,3:3 :3.8 .8> >

$

2, 2,3: 3:3. 3.8> 8>

$ 3, 3,>> >>>. >.>> >> $

9. 9.3; 3;

$

;2 ;2.8 .8> >

$

34.= 34.=; ;

$

32 32.> .>> >

$

;, ;,>? >?=. =.8> 8>

Juhgth<

Hekcfrkdbôg prfpbk. Oflk ih trkcklf< Thmugik pkrth, prfcehak ;.

c. Ihth Ihthrabg rabgh h he gbvhe ôpt ôptbaf baf ih prf prfiudd iuddbôg bôg

^krk ihthrabgkr he gbvhe ôptbaf ih prfiuddbôg he dfstf akrmbgke ihch ih shr bmuke ke prhdbf, pfr ef tkgtf dfg efs iktfs ih ek tkcek BBB fcshrvkafs quh<  ^1 $ 3: 1DAm

^krk hsth vkefr ih dfstf akrmbgke eh e h dfrrhspfgih ug gbvhe ih prfiuddbôg<  G^1 9>> ugbikihs

 

Bgmrhsf tftke, dfstf tfke y chghjdbf tftke $;9,>>>.>> $;3,>>>.>> $;>,>>>.>>     f     t     g     f      A

$?,>>>.>> $:,>>>.>> $9,>>>.>> $3,>>>.>> $> $-3,>>>.>> $-9,>>>.>>

8>

;> >

; 8>

3> >

38>

4 >>

48 >

9 >>

98 >

8>>

Dkgiki ih prfiuddbôg Bgmrhsf tftke

Dfstf tftke

Chghjdbf tftke

d. Iht hthr hrab abg gh efs efs ch chgh ghjb jbdb dbf fs tf tftk tkeh ehs s pkrk krk he gbv bvh he ôptb tbaf af ih prfiuddbôg.

 Kgkebzkgif efs iktfs ih ek tkcek BBB ihthrabgkafs quh efs chghjbdbfs tftkehs pkrk he gbvhe ôptbaf ih prfiuddbôg sfg<  BB 1 $ ;3>>.>>

i. Ih Ihth thra rabg bgh h efs efs ch chgh ghjbd jbdbf bfs s pf pfrr ug ugbi biki ki pk pkrk rk he gb gbvh vhee ôp ôptb tbaf af ih prfiuddbôg

^krk ihthrabgkr efs chghjbdbfs pfr ugbiki hg he gbvhe ôptbaf ih

prfiuddbôg hapehkafs ek hdukdbôg< Chghjdbf Chgh jdbf pfr ugbi ugbiki ki 1 ^ ∓ D^

Tustbtuyhgif< Chghjbdbf pfrugbiki 1$ 3:.>>∓ $ 34.>>1 $ 4.>>

Efss ch chgh ghjbjbdb dbfs fs pf pfrr ug ugbi biki ki hg he gb gbvh vhee ôptb ôptbaf af ih Shsp Sh spuh uhst stk< k< Ef prfiuddbôg sfg $4.>> h. Xt Xtbe bebd bdh h h hee p prf rfmr mrka kak k A Abd bdrf rfsf sfjt jt Hxd Hxdhe he pk pkrk rk mr mrkj kjbd bdkr kr BY, BY, DY

y

chghjbdbf tftke. (Fcshrvh quh he gbvhe ôptbaf ih prfiuddbôg hs kquhe quh kedkgzk akyfrhs chghjbdbfs f abgbabzk pâribiks.)

Jbmurk BZ.

Mrëjbdf ih bgmrhsf tftke, dfstf tftke y chghjbdbf tftke ih ugk haprhsk hg dfaphthgdbk phrjhdtk. Juhgth<

Hekcfrkdbôg prfpbk, Ykcek BBB.

 

^rhdbf, dfstf akrmbgke, dfstf d fstf prfahibf prfahibf y dfstf d fstf vkrbkceh prfa prfahibf hibf $98.>> $9>.>> $48.>> $4>.>>     f     t     g     f      A

$38.>> $3>.>> $;8.>> $;>.>> $8.>> $- >

8>

;>>

;8>

3 >>

38 >

4 >>

48>

Dkgiki ^rhdbf Dfstf prfahibf

Dfstf v krbkceh prfahibf Dfstf akrmbgke

9>>

9 8>

8>>

j. Xtbebd Xtbebdh h he prf prfmrka mrkak k Abdr Abdrfsfjt fsfjt H Hxdhe xdhe p pkrk krk mr mrkjbdk kjbdkrr he pr prhdbf hdbf,, dfstf akrmbgke, dfstf prfahibf y dfstf vkrbkceh prfahibf. (Fcshrvh quh he gbvhe ôptbaf ih prfiuddbôg sh kedkgzk ifgih ^1DAm)

Jbmurk Z.

Mrëjbdf ihe prhdbf, dfstf akrmbgke, dfstf prfahibf y dfstf vkrbkceh prfahibf. Juhgth<

Hekcfrkdbôg prfpbk, Ykcek BBB.

 

3. Xt Xtbebebd bdh h ef efss ikt ktfs fs ihe ihe pr prf fceh eha ak kg kgth thrb rbfr fr,, pkrk krk rhk hkeebz bzkr kr he kg kgë ëebebssbs akthaëtbdf ih eks sbmubhgths hdukdbfghs.  ^1 $ 38.>> DY 13>>> + ;> [ + >.>3 [

3

;. Ihthr Ihthrabgh abgh he g gbvhe bvhe ôptba ôptbaf f ih prfi prfiuddb uddbôg ôg

^krk rhkebzkr hsth dëeduef sh ihch ih bmukekr he prhdbf ke dfsth akrmbgke (pfr ef tkgtf sh ihch ihrbvkr ek hdukdbôg ihe dfstf tftke pkrk fcthghr he dfstf akrmbgke)<

iDY    1 38 ix

Ihrbvkgif< ;> + >.>9 [ 1 38

Ihsphlkgif ek dkgtbiki ôptbak k prfiudbr< [1 4=8 ugbi ugbikihs kihs..

Shspuhstk< He gbvhe ôptbaf k prfiudbr hs ih 4=8 ugbikihs. k. Iht Ihthr hrabg abgh h ek hduk hdukdbô dbôg g ih chg chghjb hjbdbf dbfs s

^rbahrf pkrtbafs ih ek rhekdbôg<  BB 1 BY ∓DY 

Tustbtuyhgif eks hdukdbfghs ih bgmrhsf tftke y dfstf tftke<  BB 138 [ ∓3>>>∓;> [∓ >.>3 [

3

Tbapebjbdkgif ek hdukdbôg ih chghjbdbfs< 3

 BB 1∓ >.>3 [

+ ;8

[∓3>>>

c. Ih Ihth thra rabg bgh h ef efs s ch chgh ghjb jbdb dbfs fs tftk tftkeh ehs s pk pkrk rk he gbvh gbvhee ôp ôptb tbaf af ih prfiuddbôg.

Tust Tu stbtbtub ubaf afss he vk vkef efrr ih ek dk dkgt gtbi biki ki ôptb ôptbak ak k prfi prfiud udbr br hg ek hdukdbôg ih chghjbdbfs tftkehs< 3

1∓ >.>3 ¶ 4=8  BB 1∓

+ ;8∝4=8∓3>>>

^fr ef tkgtf he chghjbdbf tftke hs< 1

?;3.8

 BB  $

 

d. Ihth thrrabgh efs chghjbd jbdbfs pfr ugbiki pkrk he gbvhe ih prfiuddbôg ôptbaf

^krk rhkebzkr hsth dëeduef hapehkrhafs ek hdukdbôg<  BB  Chghjbdbfs pfr ugbiki 1 [

Tustbtuyhgif<

Chghjbdbfs pfr ugbiki 1

?;3.8 4=8

^fr ef tkgtf he chghjbdbf pfr ugbiki hs< Chghjbdbfs pfr ugbiki 1

;4 :

1

$ 3.;=

i. Xtbebd Xtbebdh h pkphe ab abebaâtr ebaâtrbdf bdf pkr pkrk k rhkeb rhkebzkr, zkr, hg u ugk gk sfek m mrëjbdk rëjbdk,, eks durvks ih prhdbf, dfstf prfahibf y dfstf akrmbgke y shûkeh he gbvhe ôptbaf ih prfiuddbôg ksá dfaf efs chghjbdbfs tftkehs ih ek haprhsk.

Jbmurk ZB.

Juhgth<

Durvk ih prhdbf, dfstf prfahibf y dfstf akrmbgke

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