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l\,vqntljo thonk everyone iNoh/ed In cleoiicg lhls book. lom sinceelygrcJefullo Donold Holden,I\,4ory Suffudy ond CondoceRoneyfor lheif wisdom ond gL]idonce.

Ed'led by MarySLrilodyand CandaceRan6y Oe{ign€dby BobFlle Graphicp|oduclionby E lenG€ons

LrpliI Publoations Cogright@1986by Wat6on-G Fn$ pubtished 1986in N€wYorkby Watson-Guplill PLrbllcations, Publications, a dMsioi ol Billboard nc. 1515aroadwayNewYork,N.Y1003€ t ir'ry

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Lrssolls tom Michelangslo. 1. F$tEdlawing-Tschnique. 2. Drawing, 3. [4ichelangelo FgEirsaE-E{hniqu6. Buonarlo, r475-156a-Thern€€, moti!€s. l. Title. 743'.4 ifc6t5.B8'/ €86 86-11107

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CHAPTER FIVE

TheUpper limb uu IHEMUSCLES OF]HEUPPER A?IV €9 TRICEPSTIHE IHREE HEqDED MUSCLE90 THERELAIIONSH P OFlHEFORMS OFIHEARIVTOTHESCAPULC92 ..,. THEIVUSCLES OFIHERAISED ARM 94 ' TllEIVIUSCLES ANDBON€S Of Iltr FOREARM96

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IVASSING IHEFOREARN',oo THEI\IUSCLES OFIHEIIAND '02 SIMPT]F/INGlHEI{AND'04

CHAPTER SIX

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THEFRONT OFTHE 1HIOH,10l THEMUSCTES THAT IVO!€THE iHIGH 408 THEIIAMSTRING l\ilUSCtES4,10 THERELATIONSH]P OFIHETHIGH TOi}IE PELVIS112 lHEBONES OFTHE KNEE4'4 THEFOR]\4S OFTHEKNEE1'6 THEBONES ANDMUSCLES OFIHELEE ,1'18 lHEMUSCLES OFTHEFIBULA'20 THEI\iIUSCLES OFTHECALF /22 THEFOOT: THEBOIWARCH 124 THEMUSCLES OF]HEFOOT 426 TIANITHE UPR]GHT ANIV1ALi28

CHAPTER SEVEN

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woy,l wsnledlo nne do,/ \dh e vlewingo drowng show Rothetin o moslp eosurable Vhod on etperience thot offected m-- st down wilh you,lookai lhesemognficent :eeplyLs cosuoywo kedlhroughiheroom, worksond beg n d scussng thoseospeclsof :aw o drowingI coudn't toke my ey€solf, eoch wgrkthol o recleo resi1l.observeoswe :nd ol lhe olher drowlngsseemedsho ow os mosiimporlonilo lirstrolefgure drowing Iire drawngsseecied ior th s trookshow and undslingushed by comporson.Thoi :rcwingwoso nude sfudyby M chelongelo ih,. figurein manywrols posesirom a ldi lihough h o d b e e n l o m i o r w l h terenlpo nlsofvew Thereiso greoloppodu '.ilcheongelotworkol my fe, iseemedlhol nly here10observehowo moslerdrcflsmon monyol the fofmsof lhe body .nly now perhopsbecouseof myeducolion foreshodens :nd troinng,waslrecept\€to hh nfe|preto ond chongeslheif shopesin ihe different _?nsof lhe figufe nfocl,ilwasosf hodn-.ver Anyonewho serously $ontslo underslond :eenlhembeforeondlholnothingcouldbe -ore exciiinglhcn lo be n ihe presenceof greolfrguredrowingmuslde\r'cie o conslder _ gh Renoissonce od ond flnoly hove eyes ob e omounloflirnelolhesludyofonolomy _rolcoud seeit hoveonlyconcenlroledon the moslimpor n ionl musclesond musce groupson l1_ie slr Sincelhol doy I ho!€ been lhoroLrghly ,c\,€d n the processond mogicof drowing face of the f gure Forgreolerclorlv I ho\€ _.1efgure My increosedknowledgehos ncludednextlo Michelongelob workso di _e\€rde$royedlhe sponlonellyond mogcl ogromof lhe skeleton showng ony ihe mus ' hosonlyenhoncedilgreoiy ln foct,I ho!€ cle or muscesunder discussionTheseore 'rund thol drowng wthouto frm foundolion nlended io he p you underslondond re_ lhe p ncpes of onoiomy s morediflicuI anemberexocilywhereo fom beginsand ron ihe ocil.rolsdrnng of lhoseprnciples When begonio wte lh s book,mYinTen- Thesewrl ngsoTeio be consideredon in_3nwqsio keep the spirl of fgu€ drowing troductonorcotolyslio o pfofoundslLlciy thoi .iocl.lho!€ nol oltempledio soyeveMhing yo! w spendlhe restof )o!r doysenJoyng.I roi con be saidoboul drowing,nor frove fei stronglyihol \tonled lo createo book - ed to lisiolLihemuscesoflhe h!mon body ihoi would knockdown some borefs ond iclher,in o mosipleoslroblewqy,I \tonleclto a low \,oungorihisio beg n to reqllyundef: i downwiih \,ou,lookol thesemognifcenl stondthe lormsoffhe flgure,lilscleorto me thosecspectsof thal f wonledihe reoderlo shoremy g€oT ,,crksond begindiscusslng ',llch6ongelo3\^ofklhoi ore ceoresllo ob- enihlsiosmfor onolomyanddrqwng prlnc:?tueos wel os mosl imporiantio lilsl_roie p es, wou d have lo expresssome comp ex '3iJ|edrowng, deos in o more simplfed wqy ond I loke when lbegon io wriieihisbook,my inien responsibiV lor thot. N4orelhon on!4hngese, lhis book is ihe rn wosio keep lhe spit of figuredrowng _ioct, ho\€ nol oliernptedto soye\€Mh ng express on of o lo\,€affor thol I hovehodwllh -ci con be sod oboui drowng, nor hove I the exhoordinorydrawlngsof lhe greolesl - ed to sla I the mlrscles of the humonbodl mosterof the figure,Mcheongeo. Michoe Bubon NewYorkC ly,1986

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10lhe nsidemodelng of lhe fgue wilhoul firsieslab shingthe ollside shopeoJlhe fig uTen o geneTotwgy E!€ryfigurehoson implcil oclion,or gesture.]helneA connechihe portsof lhe body lrcm heodio ioe and suggesis lhe geslureof nrepose.Gestu€istheh.4hmor musicofthe p figure.whichcreoleso peosingrelotionsh benreen one form cnd onolher Mchef ongelo ncorporoledo slrongsenseof ges Hhboldcurvingond turein o lof hisdrowngs. lire posefrcm bespirolinginespre\r'enled comingstiffond wno'rurol,

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ealg ond belllchelongelo drew consfonil\4 ItI cousepoper was expensi\ein the sixleenthceniuryh spogeswelen\oroblyflled wlh o\,e opping sketchesond studies. lhe his skelches on ihispoge cleory demonsirole eorly esioblishmenl of powe !1, e\ocot\€ dlowings.Thebod, untoliernginesusedlo ndicotelhe oulsideshopeof ihe odulttg!€ and ch d {A)ore beoulifuydrown Oncethe oliside conlourof o llgufev/osdelermined,

Mcheongelo begon to indcote more deio ed forms He representedskeeiol ond musculormossesby quick,light nes Forex omple,ihelnesol Bindicoiethe col orbones, or c avcles;ihe shod nes in lhe oreo of C suggesilhegreolpecioro muscles on lop of lhe r b coge.A seresof shorllnes,which\dere suggesi then applied lo lhe arge mosses, formsthoi ore lo be in shodowtnole lhe cur\,edlineson the bock ofihe thlghoi D.

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of Form TheShopes The n o fgureson ihe rqhlotlhs drowing, ! whch ore renderedn lqhi ondshode(4 wereperhopsfrctskelchedln line,muchlike the n o frgu€s on the eft (Bl Itishelplulfilsiloindcolelheoulsideshape of lhe figLrre in o looseond genero monner, wilhoulbeing concemed oboul mnor de toils.l€epng in mindhowlheheod,ribcoge, ond pe vicmosses orelo be p oced inspoce, musl o so delerrn ne the poslonsof ihe ),ou ormsond egs,Onceyouho€ opproprole y drownlhe oulsde shopelo del lle lhe direc iion ond size of ihe forms,lhen colefully ond poienlly refne ollthe genero linesio ochievethe flno ouisde conlour ine Asyou obser\ethe oulsideshopesof thesefgures, noiicelhe\,orouschongesin difeciionof lhe lnes l.liimotely,lhe linesof lhe f glle connol be vogue;ihey must cleory fepresentthe onolomy lt s mportanl, ho\^€!€i notlo drow d fecllonsond linesndicolngdetalsL.htilthe propofiions ol the lorgerformsoreexocty lhe lhe woyyouwsnilhemObviouslythesiudyof shopesof ihe formsof ihe bodyisfundomenio io drowingihoseformsoccuraieyAsihe trueshopes of lhe boneond rnuscleslructure ore underslood,lin€sbecome \€ry eosyto

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ln the d'owing ol efl, tou con see how IMchelongelo bu i feshyforrnson lop of lhe skeletolshucture.lhe ribcoge (AJondlhe pevis(B)ore hugebonystructuresonwhichto Londmork boselhe enlireposeondgesture, greonyfromone indviduollo \r'ory oflhe iLesh onolherOnsomemodelsthen pp esorelowl on olherslheyore high Bonesg \,eo reloble on whlchto setof fixedpoints,or ondmorks, buiLdo drowing. lvloke onofomcol drowlngsolong with )o!rdraw nggfromthe model.Ofcourselour rnode does nol ook like on onotomcal drowng,bui by mokn9occomponyng skel' etolondmuscuordrcwngs,youore liflinglhe curtoinof skin n orderlo seelhe uhderlyng strlcturethof detgrmneslhe shopeson lhe

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Agoodwoylo eorniheformsofihebody s lo proclicedrowingthe majof mossesffom onoiomy chorh Drow ihe frcni, side,ond bock views Closeihe book dnd see how much'ou can dfowlrcm memoryll lsa soo good ideo lo proclice drowing frcm the greotmo$ers,lf N,lchelongelocon gi\€ )ou on ideowherethe linesshoud be pul down, whal betrerhelp coLJldyou ho1€?Another wqyio eorn isio dtaw ftom o reolskelefon, Skelchihe skeeion o\€r yourfguredrowings io seeif lou hove ploced ihe bonescorrecily, lhe skin-for Monybonesore directlyLJndor instonce, ihe skul,the knee,ond lhe bonesof ihe feol and hoads

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minuslhe xiphod process, I n drowing,the fgure s bu I oul ol mosses bone,or sternum, 5 s wh ch s ocoiedot lhe boliomof lhe siern!m I lhol hoveo relofonshp io eoch oiher:Th acLectpropodons n o ploportono sYslem Thelenglhoflhe slernumnlocleqLrolslhe _-reori st con usewhoteverporl of lhe bocly longlhof selerc oiher seclionsof lhe onoi^? kesos o lnl of meosureThenhe need omy Forexompe, l eqlols the engthof The the lengihol lhe shoulderblode,or :- y anol\/?ehow lhh chosenunil Ie oles10 clovcLe, :: erpodsofthebodyTheonc enl EgYplons scop! o,lhe d sloncebelweenlhe scopuoe, _:c o propodionolsystem thoi\dasbosedon the lenglhof lhe hand m nuslhe tp of lhe -,. englh ol lhe midde fnger opp colions th rd f nger ond lhe w dth oi ihe heod n oddton, ihe siernollenglhmutpled :: rhhsyslemoso occur n cerToinexompes the one ond o ho f limesequa slhe lenglhofihe :'Greek orl Accordng 10 lhs syslern, :^qih ofihe midde fngermulip ed by n ne' heod (fromthe top of the sku io the boliom _:.n equos the heght of ihe figure The ollhechin)ondthe englhollhe foreormThe ihe engih ol :^glh of ihe hond muiplied by ien or the slernollengihdoubed eqLrols :^glh oi ihe looi muLlp ed by sx a so op- lhe r b cooe,iheoppfoxmoleu/dih oiihe fli) : .x moieslhe heghiof on o\€roge hlmon coge oi iiswdesl poinl ond ihe engThofihe upper orm, or humerus Ihree iimes ihe ri l'redeveopedlhe drowingshownhere, lenglhoilhe siernurn ol tte eqlo sihe Lengrih '. a.eongelowosevdeniylhnkng of lhe lhighos\de oslhe lenglhofihe egwihlhe :_!i1 of lhe kneeond how il le oieslo lhe fool, lhal s, the heighloi ihe fooi (ihe dis :-: formsoflhebodyAflercorrecly render lonce fromihe onke io lhe groLlndl n ine,M cheongelo Ho\,e),ouevercompleledo drowng oiihe :-e porlsoitheknee :::eeded to odd lght ond shode-noie figureonlyio fnd lhoi lhe head isioo srno, - :' -e ght in lhisdrowingcomesfromthe ihe orm s ioo long,oI the body sloo wide? Thecurefortheseproblemsslo workosmuch =' .-i iowqrdthe fronlol lhe liglrre -: nlerestng lo observelholihe engihoi osyoucon wth proporions,TheoncienlorT -:..39,ihoi s,lhedisloncefromlhetopoisis of Greece lo\,ed lo work wlh meosure -: ::-rmon lendon,(4, of lhe quodrlceps mentsond numbersond thosehormonoLrs -,:: . io ihe knee ng polnl,or tuberce oi numbersloundihe rwoyinlothereoi onships -: -: . forms lhe lgure of lhe of equa s the enerlh of lhe br,aosilBl,

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be- usuollymode n the owerlmbs Qy underrtondngthe reoionshrps glween fofmsin a siondnq f qLrfeyouw Accordingio lhs systemof meosuremenf, hovea beller deo of whot io expeclwhen ihe heod lselfconsiitules the irst meosure h the dlslou encounlerfglres in seotedor €clinng meni(A).Thesecondmeosuremenl lance beireen lhe chin ond ihe nppes (B) Arlisisof ihe Renossoncewere fond of Thethird meosuremenis lhe d sloncefrom Lrsingihe englh of Jhe heod os o uni of lhe n pp es io the e\€ ol the no\,e (C)rihe meosureThe engih of Jheheod mulip ed iourlh fromthe no\€l lo ihe crolch,or symsevenond one hof lmes equo/slhe loto physspubls(D)jtheRfihffornihe crolchloihe he ghiof on a\erogeliguretlheheod lengih leve of lhe mddle ol ihe ihigh (E)rlhe sixth mullipliedby eghl equohlhe heighloJololl fromlhe midde ol lhe lhighlo ihe le\,eof the personrond the heod lenglh mulllp/ied knee (D;lhe se\,enfhfrom lhe knee lo lhe roughlyby sevenequo slhe he ghl ol o shod m dde ol ihe ower eg (G)jond the eighfh ndviduol.Renossonceorlsh usualy used fromlhe mlddleof the owerleg io the bol eghi heodsas o meosuremenl simpy be- tom of the foot (H) I yo! oppy lhe englh of lhe heod to lhe couse il s eosier10 subdivdeeighl lhon se\,enond o holf.Ofcoursenolo lrnodeho€ w dihsoisorneoi ihe mossesolihe figufe,),ou ihe some height D screpdncyn heighl in con seelhol lhe lengthol one heod equa s mosTinsionces, occursn the o\^€rlimbsrlhe lhe d sloncebe veenthe nipplesos we os lengihoilhe heodond lnrnkdoesnot\ilryso lhe d slonceocrossthe \ro si, One ond one hol heod engihsequo lhe much.Thelefore, odjuslmentsn heghlwefe

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y'6youdrow conlinuolyscon\,oursubleci iLsiancebeireen the ormpihos wellosthe lemoeb The lntroduclionol bod proporlionsresulls ,ldlh of lhe mo eh pevc massrlhe whenyou Looktoo longat ony givenpan or seLvicrnossss ghllywidet delollof lhe body n odditionto lhe propor dsthe lengih of tu/o heodsequoh ihe here, '3nce ocross lh,a moe3 shouders;the lionolsysiems thothovebeend scussed relo_ wlh oiher come up why nolexplore ond norrov€t The ore sighty shouders =moeb olyourown?Themorereollonships .nglh ofiv/oheodsso soequolto ihe lengih uonships thoiyouconlindosyoudrowlhe moreoccu_ :i ilre lhigh. role yourlgure wiL be. Proporiionosy$ems n drow ngiromlhelop li so mhiokeiobeg be lseful and comiodoble Mchei_ your shoLrld sh drow_ lo fn ond oliempl ihe heod :: -g of ihe bo1lomoi the fgLrreojl n one ex ongeos meoslrremenls oi ihe llgure ore lhose ol soy E Greco lrcm poris of The ceorly differenl sketch n ihe :arion Lnsfeod, 'j!re n o generolv/oy,lndicoing proporiions Thefemoe fgu|e oi DeLoh ond the orger tholyouhovebeenstudyng :_c ceslure,Thnkof ),ourfiguredrowng oso lg!re ofSornson -.p on whichyo! simpyv,/oniio pon ond here ore dfown occordingio proporlionol thal ore roughyihe same I s ihe :;coler ihe plocemenlof the porlsof lhe syslems of meosurelhal ore d i ol po nts,or lond lengths lhe Lrnits of ..:dy lhe esloblishmenl -ark, ond the plocemenlof inesconneci €leni noiice lhol the heod ol Sornsonis _3 lfese poinlsore mportonl n poitng i\r ce os lorgeoslhol oi Delioh : aperproporijonsbetv€enlormsofthebody

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Fonns Designing The eftecllveplocemeniot one obleci in I fe otonto onolheroblecfs\ery mporlonl in a work of orl. Thelhingsthot )ou leorn oboul drowingo sngle figurewillo so be of help in composlngo piciule mode !p of groupngsof frgures. Juslosthe€ iso geslule, or h)4hm,throughoulihelormslhol mokeup o singleflgure,theremuslbe a rhy,thm lhot conneclsmuliple imoges, In ihis drowing of Hercuesengoged in d sporole octions, lhe gesfuresof lhe ind! vlduolfguresbiendhormoniousylo creoieo unifed composillonThoifhormonyofgestue cousesthe eyelo fow freelyfromone fgure lo onoiherTryio visuolize curved,ffowinglines thofconnecithethreef gufesin lhlsdrcwing. A good composilionollen hos numerous fildhm hesrunnlngln monydifferentdireclionr,Thus,ihe podsof o drawingore never ireoiedas bh ond piecesbul workiogether lo forrno lorgerlnljy

Rhy'hmlinesindi.ote lhe flaw ot .rD.Jenlenlwithin o drcwing ond rclote indiviluol figut$ ta the compositr, os o whole.

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Form Complex Simplifying Thk is o foscinolinoskelchnloving mony I fgufesondmuchdynomc oction,lis!cuobe becouseii showshow lvlchelongelo lhoughl oboui ond drew compicotedcuslers oi inlerocJngfgures Theseliguresore drownos simpe iornrs,bll the drowingis in no v\rcy vague,Theseporoionof one muscle mossirom onolheron lhesesmoi bodiesis c eorlydeined by Inei ond shorl holched nesore paced on thosetiguresor porlsol fgures1o €presentshoding Nole lhat lhe ighi source n N/ichelongelo's drowingsol mosio wqyscomes from lhe efl Wrelherlou are workingon o drowingof one fgure or o hlfdred fgures,il is wiselo keepo lihe foms smple lf youcon v sucize you one hundredfguresos one lorge rnoss, w I ha\e discoveredo fundomenlolkuth oboui whot greatdrowingenlois lhe subord nolionofdeioi io ihe elfeclverendering

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l Mossing lheHeqd Th s h o delo I of lhe drowinglhol oppeors concept I on poge 131.lheoldestmossing |.Bedby orl slsfor lhe head h lhol of ihe boll ond the owl. Tryto seelhrough deloils of lhe heodosif lheydid nol exslond nolelhoi the or cranium,sosphefe(Al.ondthe t rolncose, mossofthe iJce, whenthe feoluresore dis'egoded, oppeors lic be on o\r'ol(B).ll is exiemey imporloniic wderstondthe slzeof li|e bo oflhe heod in le olonshiptolhe size

of theowl of lhe nrce.Thebolloftheheod,or cronium,willRlinloa perbcJsqloretthe ovol ofthe loce isone ond o holft mesoslongos lhe boll of the heod. Peopleofien moke lhe ihe croniumloo smollforthe foce Theorlisl mustalsoconsiderhow these1vr'o large mossesore io be ploced, lhe relo lionshipof ihe ballof the heod lo the owlof lhe foc€ will of cou6e wry depending on ihe posiiionof lhe heod.

the relallonshpat the poll of lhe hed b t'heawl at thb fo.P wj chonge os the mode/3pcrtion chonges

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The iosr or dfowng,ucl"rcomplcoied I fo{m5os lhe heod in o llted posilions greaiy essenedf youlrst th nk ofthot head oso slmpeiorm o bock,cy ndetorovo ond ihen placeihiss mpe form n o posilion lhoicor€spondsioihedes redposion oiihe heod Disreoord ng ihe ieolures, Thedrowng of ihs heod con be Lrnclerslood os a cyiinder kemossilling ntolhepoperoilh,-lopos the bolTorn of the cylnderproleclsforwarclf o cy nder were poced n lhis posion in spoce you woud see some of lhe c rcuor underpone allhe boltomor bosebul none oi the c rculorlop plone.Nolce lhal lh-- nes represenifglhe hol (Aldefne ond ernphosze ihe cy ndrcol shope of ihe for-oheocl, ond ihol the rlesusedfor the borderof lhe oweriaw (BJsuggesilheunderpone ol the cy rdetvsuo z ng lhe foceoso cy nderwih inesencrc ng t also heps nsurethot you ploce eyes,nose,and mouthon the heod

la irs,te lf)e ptapet tlll af the hedd lr .dtowirg. t is helptulta lhi.k af the fa.e as o cftnCtical

SIUDYOF IHE NEADOF DA\II..I 1524-21 tot totet) ed chdtk, bldck choik, ohd peh 13', \ 31/,',63 42 t 21 se cn) L

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The I fsllhinqsyoumighlnoice n lhisdfowI ing of o heod ofe the beoulfulond com p exdetoih,blllhedelaiharenotwholmoke ihs drowing greol Whol h mportant lo nollce s lhclthe smollerforms o€ drawnso thotihey appeorlo reslgrocefullyon lop of lhe ofger mossof lhe heod ls€lf.Heods drownby Micheangeoovr'cysgile the u sionof beng o solidmossn spoce. Whendecid ng on lhe plocomentol lhe feotures,t s hepful lo dividelhe loce inio Thrds Youmightwantlo rln ghl horizonio lnesoroundlhe ow - ikemossof ihe foce al the evel of lhe balures.Theforeheodfrom the holrinelo ihe brcw (4 woud represenl one lh rdi lhe nosewoud represeni the sec ond lhirdtond lhe spocefrcmthe bofromof lhe nose (B)lo the bollom of the ch n (CJ woLrldloke up ihe losflhird.lhislosisecton con be furthersubdividednio ihirdsin order lo ploce lhe moLrihond chin colecly The seporotonof ihe lps willbe otihe botiomol the firstlhirdtlhetop of the chn wil be neor lhe boltomofthe secondihirdrond the bol, tomoflhechinw be ai ihe bollomol the osi thirdYouhoveto soy"neof"of "oboul,whsn speokng of meosufemenhbecouselhere youcon justnotlcehow ofe no obsolutgrulest c oselyiheleoluresofihe mode corespond io the c osscal proportonsoui ned obove n iems of depih, ihe reoilonshipof ihe boiufesmustoho be c eory esloblishedThe nose s fodhefforv,qrdlhan lhe mouihiihe upper lip is mo€ forvr'ord lhon ihe owerllpr ond ihe chln s fortherbockthanihe mouih. Iry drowing consiructonlines-hor zonioi, \ericol, ond diogono-from one feolureio onoiherThephllirum(D),or areo obo\€ ihe cenler of lhe lpper p exiendsdownwqrd frornlhe cenlerof the boseol the nose,lhe philirurnformso rnosi nlereslngplonet I s conco!€ irom lop io boitomond oso conco\€ iromsideloside.Thsistheonlypone of iisknd on lhe enl re lgure, you ore io reolronshlps the moresensili\,e belween vorous ieoiures,ihe belier your drowngswi be. Nol€that on mognory\€r Uco ne exlendingupwordlromthe bock of ihewingoJihenosewouldconneclthispoint of org n withlhe innercornerol the ele. Noticeloo thot the chn sirop (E)in this drowlngservesaso contourineihothelpsio exploinihecuri€d ospecloflheunderplofe ot the owerlow(Fl Ihe ch n stroposo separoles the ower jow flom onother cufted pone,lhe cylindorof the neck {Gl.Youcon seelholihechn ntesecisthe neckot o ower elellhon doesthe backoJtheskull. Thebase oflheneck s owerinfronlthon in bock,which gives i o fo^/crd ihrust

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lheFeotures withLightondShode Defining - : .:=re' c eorwheiherlh s slhe l]owiire symboof o so d s weokened. I--::: I :' : - an oro womon, lvlcheionoe o Olco!rsewiihihe heod rilh s posltion,the sde ond podonsoiihe fronipionesof ol of ,,.-:. -19 crlsfsnlo sketchlinescrevs thesmolerforms olthe heodoreo sovisibe, .. ^nsCrowing Thereo revery€w slroighl osorelhebockord sde ponesofthe neck. .:3.efe Michecnge o wasconcernedwih Thed rect ght n thisdrowng comesifom .leci nga soldheodono faipieceolpopet ihe efi ondihe iellecled ghlcomeslrornthe ,n cars besloccomplishedby usingcurvecl r ght.Thesideplonesof ihe heod ore in ght, nes Ihe linesof lhe hol (Aond B)he p c or fo whereoslhe frontpanes of lhe foce o€ in iire foundness ol the heod Thelinesof lhe shodowLghl and shadedel ne ihe meelng siernocledomasloidmuscle(C)help lo de poces of fronlond srdepones,ll rsmost m po onllholsr-rch fne the neckos o cylinder clefnilionbe estobshedby ThislhreequorlerposI on clromolicaIy n- lneor by ghl ond shcderolherwhelhe forms creoseslhe uson of ihe heod os o lhree- of the heod ond lace w I oppeorfol Themergingol thefronlondsidepionesof dimensionol foranThnk of a cube drown n juslsucho poslon Nowd.ow of lh nk of o lhe nose (Dl.s ernphcszedby lhe obrLrpl cube poced n o compelesde vewt nole chonge frornlghi lo shade Therdge oi o form,ihe iunclureof l^/o panes,shouldbe nlio y eslob shedby drowng o line. l/ore roundedformsore ndicoled by o moregroduallronslon ofva ue fromiighiio clork.BecoLrse ol th sgrodLraprogression. ihe loreheocloncl neck oppeor mor,-ro!nclecl ihon do lh-6nose,rnollh,onclch n on which ihe clrongeifom lightio clorks obrupt.The nose.mouTh.ond chin are bocklike n opTlreeor sbeoli fu lydrowno nd posilofed. tsfroniborder s ocaledallheholwrypo nl of ihe sde of ihe heod f th s worco siroqhl profe viewihe lop oriheeorwoudoppeor e!€ w th lhe browondihe bofom ollhe eor woLrldappear e\,1rwilh lhe bofonr of the nose.8!i snce ihe hed.l s I 1e.l.lownword, ihe ear correspon.l ng y iilisupword n conkasl lo ihe nose ond o\irl oi the loce Th-. more the hecrd s t led, ihe more ihe reo-

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Afierp npointingihe conecllocoiionofThe eor youshoud generolly--stabsh ls olrlsicle shope NoleM checngeob corefuoiJeniion lolhelubekecort ogesoflheeor lhefm,or heix (E)rlhe Yshopeclnnercorl oge oi ihe onlhe x (Fl, which cLr^/es dowri\,lord o ongsde ihe he ix;ihehro smalprojeclions oi lhe irogus(G) ond ontilrosus(H) /rogus comesfromlhe Greekwordmeonng goofs beorcl"ril s herelhol hoirsn lhe eor occur Thecorliogessurround cnd deine lhe hear ing cono, or concho 0. Theeor/obe!) s hondsomeydecorotedwlh lhe eorrnO.The cortiogesformng the eols ond noseconlinue10grow througholtour lelme, whch meons od foks somelimeshove er1roor d nor y bg eorsond nosesi

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of Voluefo line TheRelolionship con opply qhiondshodelo o cV n lf VoLr I Oer yolr con dfow ihe necl of o mode Oflenlhe heod coslso shodowon lhe neck Mcheongeo knew lhol such dork spois coud spoillhesuble effeciof ghl. iis nier esing io nolelhol oilmes, he om iredor jLrsi borey suggesledsuch cost shodows(A Thereo refewexlremely dorkionesin ihe eye

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sockeioreo{Bl,ondthecaslshodowiromihe nose [C] is oso qule subJe ,\ o .ue, Micheongeo ,,!caexircmelycorefu cboul cosl shodowsand oiher dorktonesused10 defne forns n ghi oreasof hh drawngs. Youcon undersiondhow lhe drcclon of ihisheoclwasesiob shed by vsualzng hvo mpo(onTconsirucionnes;mooneo horzontc ne runningthroughlhe eyesond o !€rfco ne runnnOlhrough ihecenierofihe foce Thenose s beouifLrlydrowncnd pertucllyp oced coftislenlwth the directon of lhe rnossof the head ll m ghl be he pfu lo lh nkofonimognoryorrowpiercing ihe bock ol ihe mossoi lhe head,ot lhe eve of the bottomof lhe nose,ond com ng oullhe froni of lhe head ol the some eve Thisonow woud ndiccle the direction n which lhe nosesnouroDeolown TheInesoflhh d.aw ng oreveryexpress ve onclore reoled 1oo llhe olher eemenlsof clrowng.Lnesusecltodeineformsoflenioke ihevo uesopp ed ioihe orgermosses ln ihe oreasihai lhey possover Forexample,ihe ne oi lhe lroi iso aonTour ihai isdrowno\er ord explonslhe shopeol ThefoleheoclThis ine s very ghl os i lrovehlhroughihe high ighl oreo [D]ol the mossoi lhe heod ond becon'es.larl