MI-Swaco - Drilling_Solutions_Catalog 2008

2008 Catalog

DRILLING SOLUTIONS

D R I L L I N G

S O L U T I O N S

Table of Contents We Are M-I SWACO

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S I M U L A T I O N S O F T W A R E

PRESSPRO RT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 VIRTUAL CF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 D R I L L I N G - F L U I D S Y S T E M S A N D A D D I T I V E S

DRILPLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 GLYDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 NOVA Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 PARALAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 RHELIANT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 SAGDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 SILDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 ULTRADRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 WARP Advanced Fluids Technology. . . . . . 28 DURATHERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 ECOGREEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ENVIROTHERM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 ENVIROVERT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 K-MAG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PARADRIL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 PARATHERM/VERSATHERM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 POLY-PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 TRUDRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 VERSACLEAN/VERSADRIL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Drilling-Fluid Systems and Additives Listing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 A L P I N E S P E C I A L T Y C H E M I C A L S

ALPINE DRILL BEADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT . . . . . . 44 BLACK FURY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 CELL-U-SEAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 CLEAN SPOT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 FORM-A-SQUEEZE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 PA-10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 QUICK SLIDE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 SACK BLACK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 ALPINE TRACER BEADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 H D D M I N I N G W A T E R W E L L

A N D

N E W - T E C H N O L O G Y D R I L L I N G

DRILPLEX HDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 MAX BORE HDD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

POLYPAC R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 POLYPAC UL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ROD EASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 PLATINUM PAC UL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 KLA-GUARD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 FLO-PLEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 H D D

P R O D U C T S

DRILPLEX HDD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 DUO-TEC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 POLY-PLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 POLY-PLUS LV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 POLY-PLUS RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 PLATINUM PAC UL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 PLATINUM D-D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 MAX BORE HDD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 ROD EASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85 Lost-Circulation Materials (LCM) . . . . . . . . 86 M I N I N G

P R O D U C T S

MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87 PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 POLY-PLUS 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 POLY-PLUS EHV. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 POLY-PLUS RD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 POLYPAC R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 POLYSWELL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 RINGFREE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 ROD EASE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 THREAD BOND Z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 TUBE LUBE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 W A T E R W E L L P R O D U C T S

Lost-Circulation Materials (LCM). . . . . . . 100 POLY-PLUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 SUPERFOAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 SUPERFOAM AF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 SUPER PLUG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 PLATINUM PAC UL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 SMOOTH GROUT 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108 SMOOTH GROUT 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 GOPHER GROUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse. . . . . . . . . . 112

TABLE OF

XR MESH for Shale Shaker Screens . . . . . 146 DURAFLO Composite Screens . . . . . . . . . . . 147 HIFLO Replacement Screens. . . . . . . . . . . . 148 W A S T E

T R E A T M E N T

C O N T R O L

D - G A S S E R S

M U D / G A S S E P A R A T O R S

S O L I D S - C O N T R O L S Y S T E M S

MUD/GAS SEPARATOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160 SUPER MUD/GAS SEPARATOR (SMGS) . . . . 161 TOGA System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

Solids-Control Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 M I X I N G

D I S C - T Y P E

S H A K E R S

Standard Chokes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163 ESUPERCHOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 S H U T T L E

C L E A N E R S

High-Volume Mud Cleaners . . . . . . . . . . . 136

P R E S S U R E & F L U I D M A N A G E M E N T S Y S T E M ( P F M S )

C E N T R I F U G E S

FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM (FPS) . . . . . . . . 141

CLEANCUT Cuttings Collection. . . . . . . . . . 142 VACUUM COLLECTION SYSTEM. . . . . . . . . . . . 143 VERTI-G Cuttings Dryer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 VERTI-G Low-Profile Cuttings Dryer . . . . 145

I N S T R U M E N T A T I O N

SG-SMART Data-Acquisition System . . . 168

CONTENTS

C U T T I N G S T R A N S P O R T A N D H A N D L I N G

R I G

OF

F L U I D S P R O C E S S I N G S Y S T E M ( F P S )

PRESSURE & FLUID MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

TABLE

414 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137 518 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 CD-500 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 CD-600 CENTRIFUGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

C O N S O L E S

Standard Choke Consoles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

CONTENTS

C H O K E M U D

C H O K E S

AUTOCHOKE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

OF

MEERKAT PT Shale Shaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 MONGOOSE PT Linear- and Dual-Motion Shaker. . . . . . . 134 BEM-650 Shale Shaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

C H O K E S

TABLE

Mud-Mixing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

CONTENTS

C O N T R O L

OF

Horizontal D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 Vertical D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 Compact Vacuum D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . . . 158 CD-1400 Centrifugal D-GASSER . . . . . . . . . 159

TABLE

P R E S S U R E

CONTENTS

Thermal Desorption Technologies . . . . . 152 Thermal Desorption: Hammermill . . . . 153 Thermal Desorption: Rotary Kiln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154 Thermal Desorption: FOx System Enhancement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

OF

C U T T I N G S

Integrated Package Delivery . . . . . . . . . . . 130

M U D

I N J E C T I O N

Waste Injection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 WI Training Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151

R I G - E Q U I P M E N T E N G I N E E R I N G

S O L I D S

S C R E E N S

TABLE

GEL SUPREME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113 GOPHER GROUT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse. . . . . . . . . . 116 PLATINUM PAC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 PLATINUM PAC UL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 POLY-PLUS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 POLY-PLUS 2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 POLY-PLUS EHV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 SMOOTH GROUT 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 SMOOTH GROUT 30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 SMOOTH GROUT THERMAL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 TACKLE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 MAX GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 RINGFREE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 M-I GEL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

O I L F I E L D

CONTENTS

N S F C E R T I F I E D P R O D U C T S

“

The M-I SWACO solutions mindset permeates our company and positively influences the problem-solving orientation we have toward our clients, the solutions we deliver, our new-technology advancement, people development within our company and our future strategies.

”

M-I SWACO has refined the concept and development of Reservoir Drill-In Fluids (RDFs) that help operators achieve the highest returns from their valuable reservoirs with specialized fluid systems that protect production zones. Our WARP* Advanced Fluids Technology and our FLOTHRU* SMART RDF* Technology systems have not only helped operators but have won industry awards for innovation

Solutions for fluids-related problems Within M-I SWACO, we have the ability to solve problems that range from simple to complex. Dedicated teams can design entire fluids-management systems, complete with equipment, instrumentation, control systems and automation software. We have made considerable investments in research and engineering facilities as well as

Solutions that make history — every day M-I SWACO* has achieved a position of leadership in several key areas within the oilfield. We have helped operators drill a majority of the world’s deepwater and ultra-deepwater wells. We’ve pioneered the development and application of both synthetic-base and high-performance water-base drilling-fluid systems for deepwater, and we have created specialized systems for putting a fluid thermal barrier in marine risers to protect produced oil from extreme cold.

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WE ARE and performance. We’re continuing to develop high-density RDF systems, breaker technology and active filter cakes to enhance production and facilitate total reservoir management.

laboratories and field-support operations. These facilities, and the capable and talented people who operate them, give M-I SWACO a distinct competitive edge.

WE ARE – –

M-I

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M-I SWACO WE

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M-I SWACO WE ARE

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M-I SWACO WE

Engineering Center in Houston and our three International Technical Centers — in Houston; Aberdeen, Scotland and Stavanger, Norway — provide 24-hr assistance, and innovative solutions, anywhere in the world. Our Ecotoxicological Laboratory in Bergen, Norway, performs a wide range of analytical services. Drilling and production frontiers such as offshore Canada, Russia and the Caspian Sea, China, Latin America, and land and offshore operations throughout North America are now just a phone call or mouse click away from powerful technical support.

ARE

M-I SWACO has made considerable investments in research and engineering facilities as well as laboratories and field-support operations. Our Research and

ARE

Research and development

WE

Before people work for M-I SWACO, we screen them not only for current skills and experience, but also for their willingness to learn new things, solve problems and help others. Once they join the M-I SWACO organization, employees have the advantages of a global learningmanagement system which provides worldwide access to learning, in-house and custom e-learning solutions, talent and competency management, and performance management.

Starting with the basic building blocks of training for the job at hand, M-I SWACO instructors quickly bring new specialists up to speed in the disciplines required for them to deliver maximum value from our products and services. M-I SWACO ensures customers around the world get the highest level of service by standardizing training courses to meet the universal expectations of all operators. Where locale dictates certain specialized practices, M-I SWACO trainers prepare field personnel for those details as well. Once these capable people are working in the field, their learning and training are not over. In fact, basic training is just the beginning of a successful career with M-I SWACO. As an organization, we are developing career paths, checkpoint criteria and progressmeasurement methods to keep M-I SWACO and its people at the forefront of the industry.

SWACO

People are a valuable asset worth developing

ARE – –

M-I SWACO WE ARE

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M-I

M-I SWACO

SWACO

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Customer-focused, solutions-driven

Because we have our own R&D, manufacturing, environmental and technical resources, and can deploy them to active areas, we are often the first company to create the solutions that eventually become products and services adopted throughout the industry.

QHSE Each of our business units has a Quality, Health, Safety and Environmental (QHSE) director who reports to our headquarters in Houston. Our loss-prevention teams ensure that M-I SWACO operations are in compliance with the latest safety standards. Fulltime occupational health and safety specialists make sure that

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our locations and the customer locations and rigs where our people work are safe. The Occupational Health group provides a management framework that monitors and investigates a broad range of health hazards and initiates controls to manage those hazards through programs such as Hearing Conservation, Respiratory Protection, Ergonomics and Malaria Control. Our customers also frequently utilize our expertise to assess potential occupational health issues involving our products at their sites. M-I SWACO people operate with an awareness of the environment and a sense of responsibility

for protecting it. We operate specialized laboratories, including a greenhouse, where our environmental specialists conduct exhaustive tests for toxicity, biodegradation, recyclability, reuse and more. On a larger scale, our environmental emphasis and expertise are guiding forces behind the company’s focus on ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS*. Prime examples of this philosophy can be seen in our line of production chemicals and our Ecotoxicological Laboratory in Bergen, Norway. M-I SWACO will continue to establish itself as a leader by listening to customers and trusting our people to develop customized solutions to solve their problems.

WE ARE – –

M-I

The solutions that drive us

SWACO WE

As we have added to our capabilities and solved problems for our clients, groups of solutions naturally evolved over time. Now we have formalized this natural alignment, placing the products and services we offer within categories of solutions. This presents our offerings in a manner that is logical to our clients and our own people. Every solution we currently provide can be found in one of the four categories below.

ARE – –

M-I SWACO WE

Engineering/simulation software Reservoir drill-in fluids Fluid-loss-control systems Intervention fluids Packer fluids Breakers

Spacers and displacement chemicals Specialized tools Completion fluids Filtration Enhanced fluids treatment Vessel cleaning

SWACO WE ARE

Cuttings transport and handling Oilfield screens Waste injection Cuttings treatment Pressure control • D-Gassers • Mud/Gas Separators • Disc-type chokes • Shuttle chokes • Choke consoles • PRESSURE & FLUID MANAGEMENT SYSTEM* (PFMS) Rig instrumentation

PRODUCTIVITY

M-I

Wellsite and project engineering Simulation software Drilling-fluid systems and additives ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS* FEDERAL* Wholesale HDD Mining & Waterwell Technical support Rig-equipment engineering Solids control • Solids-control systems • Mud mixing • Shakers • Mud cleaners • Centrifuges • FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM* (FPS)

WELLBORE

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SOLUTIONS

ARE

DRILLING

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M-I SWACO WE ARE

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M-I M-I

Pressure control • D-Gassers • Mud/Gas Separators • Disc-type chokes • Shuttle chokes • Choke consoles • PRESSURE & FLUID MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PFMS) Rig instrumentation Enhanced fluids treatment Vessel cleaning Water treatment Production waste management

ARE

Rig-equipment engineering Solids control • Solids-control systems • Mud mixing • Shakers • Mud cleaners • Centrifuges • FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM (FPS) Cuttings transport and handling Oilfield screens Waste injection Cuttings treatment

SOLUTIONS

– –

Drag reduction Water treatment Production waste management

E N V I R O N M E N TA L

WE

Oilfield/production chemicals Chemical management H2S removal

TECHNOLOGIES

SWACO

PRODUCTION

SWACO

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S I M U L A T I O N

S O F T W A R E

PRESSPRO RT Real-time engineering answers for technically demanding, high-cost wells

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Deepwater, high-temperature, extended-reach wells and wells with very narrow pressure windows.

ឣPROBLEMS

Drilling-fluid properties must be monitored and adjusted constantly to handle rapidly changing wellbore conditions and to avoid losing expensive, premium fluids that could violate environmental regulations and damage producing formations.

ឣSOLUTIONS

Real-time problems require the in-time solutions uniquely available from the PRESSPRO* RT system. This proprietary, fit-for-purpose, real-time software application complements PWD data and helps maximize the benefits of ECD-management processes, both at the wellsite and in remote, onshore drilling centers. Instantaneous access to downhole pressure profiles and fluid properties during drilling and tripping helps manage drilling problems before they occur or as they start.

ឣECONOMICS

The PRESSPRO RT service targets reduced non-productive time/costs by helping to eliminate drilling problems that jeopardize the efficiency and economics of high-cost drilling programs. Remote program operation helps enhance the value of onshore drilling centers by providing information rather than just data, helps maximize efficiency and optimize workflow, and moves toward the ultimate objective of reducing wellsite personnel.

ឣ

The virtual sensor package provides ESD, ECD, and other key values for display at the driller’s station as if they were measured values. Using the PRESSPRO RT package is like running the VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS* package in real time.

VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS provides a “snapshot.” PRESSPRO RT gives you the “movie.” Now, the industry has access to an immediate processing technology that expands on the field-proven M-I SWACO VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS and VIRTUAL RHEOLOGY* platforms to consistently and accurately calculate ECDs and pump pressure as they occur. You get the information you need to mitigate, and even eliminate, critical drilling problems and events that can jeopardize the efficiency and economics of high-cost drilling programs. Because the system works in real time, you can make changes on the fly and impact operations that are ongoing.

The PRESSPRO package

Rig-floor display

Rig

Data source

PRESSPRO RT

E N V I R O N M E N T A L

By carefully monitoring ECD while drilling, and surge/swab pressures while tripping and running casing, the PRESSPRO RT service helps reduce the risk of lost circulation and associated mud losses to the formation.

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The PRESSPRO RT service from M-I SWACO provides unprecedented remote and wellsite engineering support with a unique, specifically designed suite of software. Proprietary programs use surface measurements to calculate downhole pressure profiles and fluid properties in real time during drilling, tripping and other critical operations. This unique technology not only provides up-to-thesecond Equivalent Static Densities (ESDs) and Equivalent Circulating Densities (ECDs) at any point in the wellbore during drilling, but also delivers surge and swab pressure measurements, Equivalent Dynamic Density (EDD) while tripping drill pipe or setting casing. And the PRESSPRO RT system is a real wellsite service. The PRESSPRO RT system and dedicated computer aboard the rig are maintained by an M-I SWACO critical-well analyst, an experienced fluids specialist trained in all aspects of drilling the most demanding deepwater, HTHP, extended-reach, and multilateral wells.

MWD/LWD Onshore drilling center

The PRESSPRO RT package includes a computer that connects to the data-source company’s computer to receive and send data. The real-time data, in turn, is either sent back to the data-acquisition company or to another third party responsible for the rig-floor display.

Offsite centers cut cost, not service

If it impacts drilling or tripping, the PRESSPRO RT service has you covered Specially designed PRESSPRO RT modules provide valuable information about all the properties of the fluids in the wellbore. • DRILLPRO* RT software targets critical parameters that must be

• TRIPPRO* RT software calculates and displays real-time fluid parameters while tripping drill pipe and running casing — situations where wellbore conditions can change very quickly • SNAPSHOT RT software provides a continuous graphical display of downhole profiles • VISUAL HYDRAULICS software provides a visual representation of downhole metrics using an easy-to-understand color scale

PRESSPRO RT and PWD: a perfect match The PRESSPRO RT package is an integral part of ECD management. It does not replace the popular Pressure While Drilling (PWD) tool. Instead, it complements PWD data, comparing the “what are” measurements of PWD with a “what should be” scenario for early detection of impending problems. While PWD provides a single-point measurement at the bit, the PRESSPRO RT package calculates complete profiles of downhole hydraulics and mud behavior. Additionally, it can substitute for the PWD when the tool is unavailable, such as while running casing, when the tool is non-operational, or when temperatures or pressures exceed tool limitations.

PRESSPRO RT and VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS packages are a winning combination Now a vital element in many operators’ onshore real-time drilling centers, the PRESSPRO RT package is the only technology that provides intime equivalent static and equivalent circulating densities at any point in the wellbore during drilling. VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS software, long an integral component of the

M-I SWACO PRESSPRO RT wellsite engineering service is the gold standard in the industry against which all other hydraulic programs are compared. Together, this incomparable suite of programs is ideal for the planning, monitoring, evaluating, optimization and collaboration required to successfully tackle today’s critical wells. The PRESSPRO RT system is one more example of why M-I SWACO is the industry leader when it comes to developing solutions to the most demanding applications.

Features • Managed by a specially trained, onsite, criticalwell analyst • Can be operated from remote Operation Centers • Monitors drilling and tripping parameters • A dedicated computer can be interfaced to an existing data-acquisition system with the data-acquisition source on the rig • Predefined screens for targeted drilling/tripping components • Downhole profiles calculated and updated every second and displayed as virtual sensors

Benefits • Prevents/minimizes downhole fluid losses due to lost circulation • Early detection of impending problems by providing “what should be” data to compare with “what is” • Minimizes mud-related non-productive time • Helps reduce drilling costs • Provides real-time monitoring for immediate response • Enhances ECD management by providing downhole pressure profiles during drilling, tripping, and other critical operations • Complements PWD when available and substitutes for PWD when the data is not available.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

The PRESSPRO RT system can also be monitored from a remote, onshore drilling center, also known as an offsite center. Real-time OCs can perform certain critical and routine functions traditionally performed at the wellsite and all input from experts who have a “virtual presence” at multiple wellsites. OCs can provide reliable, inexpensive transmission of drilling data to and from remote sites with minimal delay. The PRESSPRO RT system has been installed in clients’ OCs to facilitate efficient deployment and provide instant, remote access to real-time drilling and other operational data. Results are compared immediately to PWD and can be merged seamlessly with the real-time data stream simultaneously accessible at the OC and at the rigsite.

considered when drilling a well. For the very first time, ECD values are calculated and displayed every second while both drilling and making connections.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

The PRESSPRO RT system leverages the proven technologies in the VISUAL HYDRAULICS* module and displays key downhole profiles and fluid properties in a real-time SNAPSHOT* graph that is continuously updated with live drilling and tripping data. Whereas the VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS module provides accurate planning and sensitivity analyses, the PRESSPRO RT system closes the feedback loop by monitoring current conditions, helping personnel modify drilling practices and plan for contingencies in advance. Now, the VH RHECON* module closes the information loop by generating projections that look ahead of the bit, based on current operating conditions.

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S I M U L A T I O N

S O F T W A R E

VIRTUAL CF Powerful software for designing and optimizing wellbore displacements When displacing drilling fluid with a completion or reservoir drill-in fluid, neglecting critical variables can lead to a world of headaches down the road. Excessive rig time. Damaged reservoirs. Added cleanup and filtration costs. Lower production. Our proprietary VIRTUAL CF* software package considers all the parameters, taking the uncertainty out of wellbore displacements. This sophisticated, integrated suite of computer programs targets the hydraulics modeling and displacement profiles of high-density brines and other completion fluids to enhance wellbore cleanup and ultimately the productivity of your well. Armed with this powerful software package, the M-I SWACO specialist can, with an unequaled degree of accuracy: • Minimize rig time for displacements by calculating all critical variables in the wellbore, including spacer volume, rheologies, fluid regime, velocity, contact time,

Engineered Displacement*

pump strokes, pump pressure and differential pressures • Design a displacement that meets equipment limitations by inputting exact wellbore geometry, including angle, and calculating such parameters as hydraulic horsepower, pill volume, flow rate, choke pressures and back pressures — all based on actual wellbore geometry • Ensure safety and well control by providing back-pressure schedules for those cases where differential or bottomhole pressures must be maintained • Provide flexible operating parameters for critical wells by simulating displacement in either direction, tracking all fluids in the displacement as a function of volume or pump strokes, and displaying position, pressure, rate and other data at any point in the wellbore

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• Optimize completion fluid economics by predicting equivalent static and local brine density at any point in the wellbore, accounting for varying temperatures from surface to bottom, which is especially beneficial in the cold, deepwater environments

Features and Benefits • Minimizes rig time for displacements • Designs a displacement that meets equipment limitations • Ensures safety and well control • Provides flexible operating parameters for critical wells • Optimizes completion fluid economics

S O F T W A R E

VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS gives you an even clearer view of your fluids’ behavior downhole The true value of the VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS software suite is truly appreciated in deepwater wells where uncontrolled ECDs can quickly exceed the boundaries of narrow operating windows, in extended-reach and horizontal wells, in High-Temperature, HighPressure (HTHP) applications and other technically demanding wells. Proven on thousands of projects, both critical and more routine applications, this powerful computational tool literally gives M-I SWACO engineers a virtual snapshot of downhole fluid behavior — before drilling begins and while the well is in progress. This accurate prediction of downhole hydraulics has a proven, positive effect on overall well performance. Now, M-I SWACO has raised the bar to an entirely new level with the release of VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS Version 3.0. Now you have everything you have come to rely on from this unparalleled hydraulics monitoring package, and much more:

• The OPTIPRO* bit hydraulics optimization package in which rheological properties are results of the optimization process • Improved models and parametric analyses for hole cleaning, ECD management, 3-D velocity profiles, downhole temperatures, and pressures and more • New graphics to address key hydraulics-related issues • A totally redesigned, state-of-theart software system

The wide range of modules in VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS covers all the issues in hydraulics modeling With VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS 3.0, we kept some of the classics that you had come to depend on, but have added a host of newly engineered modules that considers every aspect of hydraulics analysis. Complementing our new VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS NAVIGATOR, that allows our engineers to get up close and personal with your wellbore, we have added or enhanced a wide range of modules designed to consider every downhole condition. • VIRTUAL ROTARY DRILLING HYDRAULICS*, or VRDH, uses downhole ECD and pressure-loss calculations to generate a veritable “SnapShot” of downhole profiles • VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS RHECON provides reconnaissance simulations (pseudo real-time analysis) of

transient drilling, tripping and circulation, and effect on ECDs and hole-cleaning • The widely used TRIPPRO, or TRIPPING PROFILES* module provides optimum running speed based on transient surge and swab models combined with variable downhole fluid properties, and includes a host of liner surgereduction tools • The VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS PLAN*, or VH PLAN*, performs hydraulic optimizations based on surface equipment limits and downhole ECD and hole-cleaning requirements • OPTIPRO, or OPTIMUM PROFILES, optimizes fluid rheology and hydraulics based on surface equipment limits and downhole ECD and hole-cleaning requirements • The TPRO* TEMPERATURE PROFILES generates downhole transienttemperature profiles during circulation or shut-in As its predecessor did in the past, the new-generation VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS 3.0 promises to deliver more information rather than mere data — information you can use to make educated decisions about how to safely, efficiently and costeffectively drill your well.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

• The innovative VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS NAVIGATOR* 3-D visualization system was developed by M-I SWACO to create a virtual window into downhole hydraulics and related issues. The concept is the ideal combination of advanced drilling technology and 3-D computer graphics. The VH NAVIGATOR module makes it possible to navigate interactively through a virtual well and critically examine and analyze downhole hydraulics calculated by VRDH (snapshot case) and VH RHECON (transient case) on a standard-issue laptop or PC using a gamepad or keyboard. Invaluable as an analysis tool, the VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS NAVIGATOR module is also a great training tool for office-based and field personnel, as well as non-drillers.

• The VH RHECON provides dynamic reconnaissance simulations to optimize hydraulics ahead of the bit, using predefined drilling parameters

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

S I M U L A T I O N

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DRILPLEX The versatile water-base system with exceptional rheological properties designed to lower costs in a wide range of wells

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Drilling lost-circulation zones, casingmilling operations, stabilizing unconsolidated formations, coiledtubing operations, environmentally sensitive areas, and high-angle and horizontal wells.

ឣPROBLEMS

Many drilling operations require a fluid system that is cost-effective and environmentally acceptable in addition to having exceptional hole-cleaning ability, good screenability at high flow rates and the ability to control losses in hard rock as well as unconsolidated sedimentary formations.

Ordinary bentonite, extraordinary results Simply combining the DRILPLEX viscosifier with prescreened, high-quality bentonite produces a highly shear-thinning fluid with a high yield point, low plastic viscosity and high, flat gel strengths. The result is a fluid system with unequaled solids suspension, but one that still screens easily, even at high flow rates.

The bentonite/MMO associates into long ribbon-like structures that can bridge openings with diameters measured in 10s of microns.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The DRILPLEX* system is the latest generation of Mixed-Metal Oxide (MMO) products, a water-base drilling-fluid system with unequaled solids suspension, but one that still screens easily, even at high flow rates — the ideal system for an array of applications.

ឣECONOMICS

The system’s water-base chemistry reduces costs and environmental problems, minimizes torque and drag, and limits the chance of hole erosion because the DRILPLEX system provides flow that is low to zero across the wellbore.

Rheogram Showing Unique Rheological Properties

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

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The basic DRILPLEX system contains essentially no components that can harm the environment. The system and all its components are virtually non-toxic, with a low concentration of organic material. The primary fluid-loss-control additive is a starch derivative for minimal environmental impact.

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The data was obtained on a Fann 35A viscometer. Both fluids were unweighted. 80 Dial reading 70 60

40 XC polymer PV 12 YP 48 Gels 28/40 n 0.263 K 11.6

30 20 10 0 0

100

200

300

400

Rheometer speed

500

600

DRILPLEX system PV 4 YP 40 Gels 17/19 n 0.126 K 20.1

You might think that a system with the versatility and application range DRILPLEX has demonstrated would involve intricate and difficultto-engineer chemical compositions. On the contrary, the proprietary FLO-PLEX* primary fluid-loss-control additive and the DRILPLEX viscosifier are the only components developed specifically for the DRILPLEX system. The remaining chemicals are relatively common and well understood.

A diverse, worldwide track record Challenging horizontal wells in the Gulf of Mexico. The establishment of milling records in the North Sea and elsewhere. Drilling in nearly 9,000 ft (2,743 m) of water in the Campos Basin with zero losses. In West Africa, the successful drilling of a depleted reservoir and unconsolidated formation with a maximum angle of 102° F (38.8° C). The success stories go on and on.

The ability to stabilize goes with the flow Stationary, gelled layer of fluid

Excellent cuttings transport

• Zero shear stress at wall • Minimal dynamic fluid loss • Protects poorly consolidated or fractured formations • Helps prevent seepage losses • No erosion of wellbore

The unique mechanism driving DRILPLEX Bentonite platelet

MMO crystals

Features

Benefits • Ideal for lost-circulation zones, unconsolidated formations, milling situations, and high-angle and horizontal wells • Minimizes losses • Reduces environmental impact • High rates of penetration • Well-suited for coiledtubing drilling • Cost-effective

Bentonite/MMO complex

1 micron

The mixed-metal oxide comprising the core of the system has an electron-deficient lattice, and when added to water, the DRILPLEX particles bond to the cation exchange sites on bentonite, forming a strong complex, which in turn structures the fluid and provides viscosity and gels. When the MMO crystals are added to a suspension of bentonite platelets, the cationic crystals displace the naturally “resident” sodium or other cations and form strong associations with the anionic sites on the faces of the clay platelets. What results is a new complex or adduct with

characteristics that are fundamentally different from those of a virgin bentonite platelet. The entire mechanism appears to be electrostatic in nature, which makes it somewhat unusual and accounts for the unique characteristics of the fluid system. For example, an electrostatic-fieldbased mechanism could explain the elastic or deformable-solid behavior observed in the absence of shear and could also explain both the dramatic and instantaneous onset of the solid-to-liquid transition and the reversibility of the process.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

• Latest-generation MixedMetal Oxide (MMO) system • Highly shear-thinning • Excellent QHSE profile • Temperature-stable to 250° F (121° C) • Exceptional hole cleaning and suspension • Excellent ability to seal the high-permeability formations found in deepwater drilling

The flow profile of the fluid in the annulus affords DRILPLEX the ability to stabilize mechanically weak and poorly consolidated formations. The high viscosity of the fluid at low shear rates results in a stationary layer of fluid on the sides of the wellbore. This protective layer shields weak rock formations from erosion caused by the flow. The capacity of the fluid to stabilize these weak and unconsolidated formations is further enhanced by the lower pump rates used with the DRILPLEX system. This tendency may also explain the lower seepage losses that occurred in several wells in which the formations were fractured.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

A straightforward system for the most complex applications

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GLYDRIL The proven glycol system for high-performance, environmentally advanced drilling

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Offshore and onshore wells where a high-performance system is required along with the environmental benefits and drilling characteristics of a water-base system. This includes large-diameter wellbores, ERD, deepwater and subsalt applications.

ឣPROBLEMS

Many high-performance systems, especially those designed for high performance and inhibition, are oilbase products with characteristics that are not sanctioned by environmental regulations or that pose cleanup and disposal problems.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The GLYDRIL* system uses an enhanced-polymer, water-base chemistry that employs polyglycol technology to deliver a high degree of shale inhibition; wellbore stability; HTHP fluid-loss control; and lubricity.

ឣECONOMICS

The GLYDRIL system delivers lower dilution rates, higher Rate of Penetration (ROP) and lubricity, and lower disposal and environmental costs.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

Offshore: relatively low marine toxicity and fast biodegradation rates, minimal cuttings piles, and benthic impact. Onshore: shale inhibition without the use of salts, no aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds.

Proven by the M-I SWACO team in hundreds of wells worldwide, the GLYDRIL system uses an enhancedpolymer, water-base chemistry that employs polyglycol technology. Thanks to that technology, operators can count on the GLYDRIL system to deliver a high degree of shale inhibition; wellbore stability; HTHP fluid-loss control and lubricity. Because no two wells are alike, M-I SWACO offers a range of glycols to meet all drilling needs.

GLYDRIL and ROP enhancement Like most water-base systems, the GLYDRIL system’s performance can benefit from the addition of an ROP enhancer in certain applications. Please contact your M-I SWACO representative to derive maximum benefit from the GLYDRIL system and any performance-boosting additives.

Shale-Recovery Comparisons

Customization makes GLYDRIL the right choice for a variety of applications

100% Cuttings recovery

In fact, the system’s broad range of glycols makes it a preferred system where environmental guidelines dictate a water-base fluid. The GLYDRIL system can be customized to meet a variety of drilling challenges — large-diameter wellbores, extended-reach drilling, deepwater and subsalt applications, and particularly reactive shales. The system also is ideal for drilling high-angle wells in reactive shale formations — where wellbore stability, torque and drag are major concerns. In addition, the glycols in the GLYDRIL system enhance the thermal stability of both FLO-VIS*/DUO-VIS* and Polyanionic Cellulose (PAC)/starch systems, and also enhance the low-shear rheological behavior of FLO-VIS polymers at temperatures above 248° F (120° C).

60

90 80 70

50 40 30 20 10 0 Gel PHPA

KCl PHPA

Wet cuttings

GLYDRIL

Dry cuttings

Fluid-Loss Comparisons 14 cc Fluid loss 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 KCl/PHPA

API

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GLYDRIL

HTHP (200° F [93° C])

OBM

Lower dilution rates. Higher ROP and lubricity. Lower total costs. The GLYDRIL system is one more example of the M-I SWACO pledge to provide customers the most appropriate, cost-effective drilling fluids and systems.

As temperature increases and chemical environment changes, polyglycol clouds out. Soluble polyglycol enters shale pores.

Engineering experience comes with every ounce of GLYDRIL Having the right drilling fluid is only one part of the story. M-I SWACO also has the experience to help operators apply products to control rheology, fluid loss and density. In the case of the GLYDRIL system, that experience helps determine the proper concentration and choice of glycol additive. We can even help you monitor glycol concentrations through the use of optical refraction techniques. Wherever you operate, M-I SWACO has the experience that can make your operations run more smoothly and cost effectively.

GLYDRIL is the right choice for the environment, too

Features

Benefits

• Low-toxicity, water-base system • Relatively fast biodegradation • Shale inhibition • Pore-plugging, Thermally Activated Mud Emulsion (TAME) properties • Improved filter-cake quality • Pipe-wetting capabilities

• In-gauge wellbores • Lower fluid losses and leak-off values • Lower potential for differential sticking • Less torque, drag and bit balling • Lower dilution rates • Slicker, firmer filter cake • Greater wellbore stability

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

The products that make up the GLYDRIL system are formulated to address environmental concerns worldwide, both offshore and on land. For offshore operations, the system displays relatively low marine toxicity, provides relatively fast biodegradation rates, and minimizes cuttings piles and benthic impacts. Onshore, the GLYDRIL system can be engineered to provide shale inhibition without the use of salts and contains no aromatic or cyclic hydrocarbon compounds, making cuttings ideally suited for landfarming.

By plugging shale pores, the GLYDRIL system provides a barrier against water migration, thereby reducing wellbore instability caused by fluid influx.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Compare performance, then save with GLYDRIL

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NOVA Systems The environmentally sound alternative to traditional drilling fluids

NOVA systems deliver superior drilling performance

The NOVA line has what you’re looking for to replace your conventional system • Compared to water-base systems, NOVA* systems deliver significantly improved drilling rates and improved lubricity • The choice of low synthetic-towater ratios to reduce formulation costs and environmental impact • The ability to discharge cuttings • Excellent wellbore, temperature and contamination stability • Superior return permeability results, ensuring minimal formation damage • Increased hole cleaning, even in high-angle wellbores • Improved health and safety compared to oil-base systems • The choice of rheological profile to suit drilling requirements • Available in a wide range of drilling-fluid properties and densities

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Although the cost per barrel of a NOVA system is higher than traditional, water-base systems, its improved performance significantly outweighs the initial investment. M-I SWACO customers report that NOVA systems have reduced their overall drilling costs by up to 55%. And rigs running NOVA systems programs have set world-record penetration rates, representing improvements of up to 70% compared to other mud systems. NOVA systems have also reduced costs by minimizing wellbore stability problems associated with hydratable clays. The substantial improvement in hole gauge obtained by using NOVA fluids delivers in-gauge wellbores. This means better logging and casing runs, reduced bit-balling, fewer stuck-pipe and downtime incidents, and a substantial reduction of waste volumes and cement consumption. Along with record-breaking drilling rates, NOVA systems provide superior hole cleaning and lubricity for drilling “designer,” high-angle, extended-reach wells. The filter cake characteristics of a NOVA system provide excellent lubricity equal to or better than that provided by oil-base systems. Lubricity, combined with effective cuttings removal, results in significant reductions in torque and drag.

The NOVA line has proven itself in some of the stickiest applications • Where increased rates of penetration are required to reduce total time spent drilling the well, reducing overall well costs • Drilling through highly reactive shales where aqueous fluids produce wellbore instability and viscosity problems associated with hydration and dispersion of the formation • High-angle wells, including extended-reach and horizontal wells where maximum lubricity is a high priority • Controlling the stability and gauge of the wellbore while drilling through massive salt sections • Depleted reservoirs where high differential pressures require low fluid loss, as well as the best available filter cake and lubricity to reduce the potential for differential-pressure sticking • Production zones that may be sensitive to formation damage when drilled with water-base fluids • High-pressure, hightemperature (>350° F or >177° C) wells where continuous phase temperature stability is critical • While drilling wells with potential formation-related problems: bit balling, gumbo heaving and blinding of shale shaker screens

M-I SWACO supports the NOVA line with complete environmental testing and analytical services M-I SWACO confirms the environmental acceptability and regulatory compliance of its products. We maintain an environmental division within our R&D departments in Houston and Aberdeen and have the ability to run all tests for U.S. protocols within our own facilities. An in-house analytical department can supply further tests, including gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer for evaluating fluid samples for early signs of contamination. Extensive screening and analysis of synthetic-base fluids has made M-I SWACO a leader in understanding environmental issues, a function of developing technologies that optimizes drilling performance and minimizes environmental impact. Among the environmental services with which we support our NOVA line are: coordinating research samples, conducting seabed impact studies, developing appropriate protocols, interfacing with government officials and providing onsite monitoring.

Skilled engineers and full computer support ensure high productivity on your well. It takes highly trained drilling-fluid engineers to support the exceptional NOVA line. In addition to the extensive training in drilling fluids and our advanced programs, our engineers receive in-depth training in running NOVA systems, including the environmental and QHSE aspects of the systems. We support our rigsite engineers with local, area technical services supervisors and a technical services group working at our R&D facilities. This critical well support group of field and staff engineers has at its disposal some of the most advanced software available. MUDVOL* is a program used on a daily basis to track any losses of NOVA system fluids while drilling and to provide information about the volume of fluid discharged into the sea. By analyzing the results from MUDVOL, M-I SWACO engineers can detect areas where fluid loses can be reduced, saving money. VIRTUAL HYDRAULICS is proprietary software that provides calculations for dynamic downhole conditions involving temperature and pressure specifically for NOVA systems. Our engineers use it to determine pressure drops, equivalent circulating densities, standpipe pressures and more. This information is extremely valuable when planning well hydraulics to minimize losses in areas of low fracture gradients. Supporting our field engineers is the most extensive drilling-fluids plant and warehouse network in the industry. This distribution network ensures that M-I SWACO customers have access to the NOVA line of fluids 24/7.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

One of the main reasons for developing a synthetic-base system was environmental considerations. NOVA systems not only have proven less damaging (environmentally) than diesel-base and mineral-oil-base systems, but they also generate less waste than water-base systems. Among the many stringent environmental tests conducted on NOVA systems are those for the Gulf of Mexico. In 2001, the EPA established new regulations for the use of SyntheticBase Drilling Fluid (SBF) for use in the Gulf of Mexico. These regulations included stock limitations and discharge limitations in a two-part approach to control SBF-cuttings discharges. The first part was based on product substitution through use of stock limitations (i.e., sediment toxicity, biodegradation, PAH content, metals content) and discharge limitations (i.e., sediment toxicity, limit on the retention of SBF on SBF-cuttings). The NOVA system is designed to meet both the stock limitations and the discharge limit of sediment toxicity. It is also design to biodegrade in the most difficult of environments: those without oxygen. Detailed documentation is developed to insure the compliance of the NOVA system. The EPA has viewed the use of a product like the NOVA system, in combination with the VERTI-G* technology, as a pollution-prevention technology. M-I SWACO formulated NOVA systems with the health and safety of rig crews in mind. In addition to protecting the environment, NOVA system fluids go a long way in making life easier for the people who handle and work with them. Extensive

testing has been carried out on the basic ingredient in the NOVA system, the base fluid. Details of, and results from, the testing procedures for eye and skin irritation are available upon request. A significant safety benefit provided by the NOVA products are high flash points. This is confirmed by the results of a study to detect and analyze the vapors emitted by the base fluids at different temperatures. The reduction in vapors has improved the work environment, especially in enclosed areas around shale shakers and mud pits.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

The NOVA line satisfies virtually every country’s environmental regulations

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PARALAND The non-aqueous system designed to deliver outstanding performance coupled with unsurpassed environmental excellence

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Extended-reach and complex wells both on land and offshore where maximum environmental protection is desired.

ឣPROBLEMS

Conventional invert-emulsion fluids exhibit both slow and incomplete biodegradation, as well as component toxicity, requiring expensive and lengthy treatments to permit the disposal of contaminated drill cuttings onshore.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The PARALAND* system has been designed with environmental protection in mind. The system components are biodegradable and of low toxicity, with an internal phase which provides nutrients for plant growth. Coupled with a designed treatment method, the system minimizes environmental risk.

ឣ

E C O N O M I C S

With its unique environmentally acceptable design, the PARALAND system not only improves drilling efficiency as a high-performance, invert-emulsion fluid, but also reduces the cost and footprint for disposal of contaminated cuttings.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

The PARALAND system, designed specifically for environmental excellence, minimizes risk and cost by providing various options for rapid and complete treatment to meet safe-disposal standards. The system treatment can be designed to convert drill cuttings into an agriculturally acceptable byproduct, resulting in a unique zero-waste treatment.

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The issues with conventional invert-emulsion fluids External phase

Weight material

Emulsifiers

Others

Internal phase

External phase. Typically diesel or mineral oils, these materials only partially and slowly degrade, leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant waste that can pose a long-term liability for disposal. Emulsifiers. Typically these materials only partially and slowly degrade leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant waste. Internal phase. Typically calcium chloride, which

An entire system engineered to reduce environmental liability The PARALAND system design incorporates ready biodegradability and low terrestrial toxicity into all of its organic components. In addition, the inorganic components are designed to minimize conductivity and enhance plant growth. All of this is accomplished while maintaining the high-performance characteristics of an invert-emulsion fluid.

provides high levels of conductivity to any waste and inhibits plant growth. Weight material. Typically barite, non-toxic in itself, which can be substituted with an improved weight material that can promote site recovery. Other components. Typically lime, organoclays and filtrationcontrol additives, the latter materials can be slow to degrade leaving behind toxic, degradation-resistant waste.

Typical Formulations Product PARALAND* B SUREMUL* SUREWET* Lime VG-PLUS* Water K-52* Hematite

Concentration 45 – 85% 6 – 8 lb/bbl 1 – 3 lb/bbl 3 – 6 lb/bbl 5 – 8 lb/bbl 5 – 30% 5 – 45 lb/bbl As needed

CLIMATE

Landfarming

Increasing containment

DEPENDENT

Biopile/biocell

Increasing containment

Vermiculture

CLIMATE

Co-composting (bag composter)

Total containment

Co-composting (rotary composter)

Field results deliver performance promises from laboratory

A wide range of efficient techniques can be used to treat the PARALAND system to either meet local disposal regulations or to convert drill cuttings into a useful byproduct which can be utilized as a topsoil or a fertilizer, in a true beneficial-reuse, zero-waste environmental scenario. Landfarming, biopiling, composting, bioreacting and vermiculture are all suitable treatment techniques for PARALAND drill cuttings. With efficient composting and vermiculture, these cuttings can be beneficially reused as a soilenhancing additive. The use of PARALAND allows faster treatments with less dilution additives than conventional invert fluids, resulting in lower treatment costs and less environmental risk.

In the field, PARALAND has consistently exceeded performance expectations with high rates of penetration, low dilution rates and high levels of contamination tolerance. Mud weights from 7.5 to 16 lb/gal (0.9 to 1.92 kg/L) have been easily achieved with ideal rheological and filtration properties. The system is easily and economically maintained with actual total fluid-cost reductions of as much as 30% below estimate. The PARALAND system has been used in various zero-waste operations. In New Zealand, PARALAND cuttings were used as a food source for worms in a local vermiculture farm, converting the cuttings into vermicast fertilizer. In Colorado, PARALAND cuttings were co-composted with straw, bark and sand to provide a topsoil for reseeding the drillsite.

Slurry bioreactor

Features • High-performance, invert-emulsion system • Readily engineered and maintained • Biodegradable organic components • All components low terrestrial toxicity • Variety of compatible treatment options

Benefits • Optimized drilling performance • Low dilution rates • Minimum environmental exposure • Lower well costs • Beneficial reuse of cuttings • Zero-waste option

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

Multiple treatment options ensure minimal environmental risk

INDEPENDENT

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Bioremediation: The PARALAND options

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D R I L L I N G - F L U I D

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RHELIANT The non-aqueous system with the flat rheology you can trust to reduce expensive mud losses and protect your AFE

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Deepwater, extended-reach and other technically demanding wells.

ឣPROBLEMS

Adjusting the rheological properties of conventional synthetic-base drilling fluids to deal with changing temperatures and other well conditions can lead to poor hole cleaning, excessive ECDs, barite sag and lost circulation.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The constant rheology of the uniquely engineered RHELIANT* system opens the door for more efficient, trouble-free and costeffective drilling by improving hole cleaning and minimizing barite sag, pressure spikes, progressive gel strengths and other problems that result when balancing ECD values.

ឣECONOMICS

With its flat rheological profile, the RHELIANT system is unsurpassed in reducing fluid losses in challenging downhole environments. The resultant higher drilling efficiency and minimized formation damage further help to reduce total well costs.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

The RHELIANT system requires less dilution, further optimizing its environmental advantages. The system is a flat-rheology invert that can be formulated as a synthetic-base system for offshore-discharge compliance.

20

The practical side of a flat rheological profile ECD Problem B: Adjusting the rheology upwards to compensate for higher downhole temperatures and pressure can lead to excessive ECD values and gel strengths.

RHELIANT System vs Conventional SBM 35 YP (lb/100 ft2)

30

25

20

15

10 50°

70°

90°

110°

130°

150°

170°

Temperature (° F) Conventional SBM

RHELIANT system

ECD Problem A: In deepwater, the surface rheology must be reduced when encountering cold temperatures to offset negative ECD effects.

An entire system engineered to reduce dilution and costs The RHELIANT system’s lower clay content, fit-for-purpose viscosifiers, newly developed emulsifiers, rheology modifiers and adaptability to different base fluids yield a highperformance system that is costeffective yet easy to maintain.

The RHELIANT Solution: With its flat rheology, this new-generation system maintains consistent fluid properties that are independent of temperature and pressure. It maintains constant 150° F (65.5° C) properties even when confronting temperatures as low as 40° F (4.4° C). You can drill with ECDs lower than, or equal to, conventional invert systems while encountering fewer drilling problems and successfully avoiding the loss of whole mud.

In the field, the RHELIANT system has shown performance characteristics far superior to those of any conventional synthetic-base and other invert drilling fluids in deepwater applications.

Now, manage ECD without sacrificing hole cleaning or promoting barite sag

14,000

12,800 13,800

15,800

• On-bottom drilling time reduced by as much as 24 hrs per interval

19,800

16,000

16,800 17,800 18,800

0.5 lb/gal

17,000

728 gpm

18,000

770 gpm

12.8

12.7

12.6

20,000

21,800

21,000 12.3 12.7 13.1 13.5 13.9 14.3

SBM 12∏-in. PWD (lb/gal)

12.5

13

13.5

14

RHELIANT 11∑-in. PWD (lb/gal)

12.5 0

50

100

150

200

250

Time, min Conventional system

PWD

RHELIANT system

MW (in.)

The RHELIANT system’s superior cuttings transportation properties translate into smoother ECD profiles, reduced incidents of barite sag and dramatically improved hole cleaning. And, since the rate of removal keeps pace with the cuttings generated, the drill solids will not accumulate in the annulus and increase the ECD values. The system’s constant yield point ensures efficient hole cleaning and fewer packoffs. Not only is the RHELIANT system ideal for the challenging deepwater environment, it has also yielded tremendous benefits in any application where superior ECD management is needed to reduce the risk of lost circulation.

Minimized Pressure Surges 1400 Pump output (gpm)

ECD (lb/gal) 11.5

1200 11.45 1000 11.4

800 600

11.35

400 11.3 200 11.25

0

4:07:41 4:10:34 4:13:26 4:16:19 4:19:12 4:22:05 4:24:58 Time Flow rate

ECD

The RHELIANT system also has demonstrated its capacity to eliminate pressure spikes on connections. During the static period, the high gel strengths that can develop in conventional systems, especially at low temperatures, can cause excessive pressures to develop when the pumps are restarted, creating the potential for a formation breakdown. The RHELIANT system’s low clay content and flat rheology profile ensure minimum buildup of gels, effectively eliminating these pressure surges seen with other invert drilling fluids.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

No name is more synonymous with synthetic-base drilling fluids than the widely accepted NOVAPLUS* system. Long the system of choice for the deepwater and similarly challenging environments, this award-winning system set the standard for balancing costeffective performance with environmental efficiency. While just as robust as its forerunner, the RHELIANT system’s easier-on-the-AFE formulation allows it to deliver value-added performance that no conventional synthetic-base or other invert drilling fluids can match.

0.4 lb/gal

19,000

20,800

• Reduced mud losses, less dilution and improved displacement characteristics

RHELIANT technology builds on the NOVAPLUS system’s success

12.9 Sag flow loop test, NOVAPLUS and RHELIANT systems

15,000

14,800

• ROP as much as 20 ft/hr (6.1 m/hr) faster than typical syntheticbase systems

• Balanced yield point delivers higher penetration rates, vastly improved cuttings-transport and considerable savings in hole-conditioning time

RHELIANT System vs Conventional SBM Barite Sag Performance

RHELIANT Field Data Well B: PWD Comparison with Direct Offset

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Field results that deliver on the promise of the laboratory

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SAGDRIL The drilling-fluid system that keeps you moving ahead, even in sticky tar sand

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Wells drilling in the Athabasca tar sands and in any area where Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is used to drill for, and produce, crude oil from bitumen deposits.

ឣPROBLEMS

The sticky bitumen clings to bits, Bottomhole Assemblies (BHAs), drill pipe and shaker screens, and the wellbore can erode easily if the drilling fluid is too hot or contains critical amounts of solvents.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The water-base SAGDRIL* drillingfluid system resists bitumen accretion and screen blinding while keeping the wellbore clean and intact for tight build radii and extended-reach horizontal sections.

ឣECONOMICS

The SAGDRIL system significantly reduces drilling time and expense by promoting faster, cleaner drilling; by maintaining wellbore integrity and by significantly reducing cleanup costs.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

The water-base SAGDRIL system reduces both solid and liquid drilling waste streams, and we can employ the SAGDRIL tar-sand cuttings cleaner to strip tar from drilled solids for mix-bury-cover onsite.

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Product Functions and Descriptions Product TARVIS* TARSURF*

Function Rheological properties, especially LSRV Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive

TARLIFT*

Anti-accretion drilling-fluid additive

TARCLEAN*

Anti-accretion for rig equipment

Features

Benefits

• INTEGRATED FLUIDS ENGINEERING (IFE) combined with latestgeneration SAGD drilling fluid • Minimizes fluid impact on bitumen and cleans cuttings at surface • Dual tar control through TARLIFT* and TARSURF* • Excellent hole cleaning and suspension • Separates and cleans different waste streams

• New approach for drilling and drilling waste management • Mud cooler not needed (flowline temperature >95° F (>35° C) may require cooling) • Minimizes hole washout % • Minimizes waste generation • Liner run without incidents • Easy to engineer • No cuttings beds formed • Maximizes ROP, saves drilling time

Description Biopolymer Blend of solvents and surfactants Blend of solvents and surfactants Solvent

The SAGDRIL system gives you exactly what you need for this demanding work

• A water-base drilling fluid that relies on a strong water-wetting agent to minimize accretion of the sticky tar sands on the bit and drillstring while it minimizes shaker-screen blinding

• A rheological profile optimized for minimal wellbore erosion • Rheology that ensures optimum hole conditions while drilling and running casing and production liners • Onsite fluids engineers who monitor the system’s Low-ShearRate Viscosity (LSRV) with a Brookfield viscometer

controlling wellbore erosion, the system further reduces the amount of drilling waste generated. SAGDRIL wells have realized significant savings in disposal costs of both solid and liquid drilling waste. They have also seen a significant reduction in solids-control costs and overall project costs.

Drilling Waste 400 tonnes 350 300 250 200

The SAGDRIL system’s stable wellbore helps you beyond just drilling Another area where the SAGDRIL system helps your operation run more smoothly is in running casing and liners. High operating temperatures, thermal expansion and high stress levels in the casing and cement sheath are facts of life in SAGD drilling. Add to that the absolute requirement that an excellent pipe/cement and cement/ formation bond be accomplished throughout the intermediate casing, and you have quite a challenge for any drilling fluid. And that’s precisely why the SAGDRIL system isn’t just any drilling fluid. It helps you achieve your running and cementing goals by ensuring maximum lubricity while running the intermediate casing, and it aids in creating a better cement bond by delivering an in-gauge wellbore. An aid to responsible drilling waste management practices M-I SWACO has formulated the SAGD system to address the specific problem areas of accretion, shakerscreen blinding and wellbore erosion. A reduction in accretion and shaker-screen blinding have resulted in a significant increase in shaker-screen life and a sharp decrease in both fluid dilution and drilling waste disposal costs. By

150 100 50 0

Solvent/xanthan gum system SAGDRIL system

Compared to wells drilled with traditional solvent-base systems, SAGDRIL wells have realized significant savings in disposal costs of both solid and liquid drilling waste. They have also seen a significant reduction in solids-control costs and overall project costs.

Differential Rotor Decay 0.5 Reduction in diameter (mm) 0 –0.5 –1 –1.5 –2 –2.5 –3 0

20

40

60

80

100 120 140 160 180 200

Time, min SAGDRIL fluid Solvent-base System A Solvent-base System B Solvent-base System C

In a laboratory test to simulate hole erosion in various drilling fluids, technicians rotated calibrated tar-sand cores at controlled temperatures and rotating speeds in solvent/xanthan gum formulations or SAGDRIL fluid. Periodically, the technicians measured the cores to check for erosion. The solvent/xanthan gum formulations were more aggressive, causing higher erosion, while the SAGDRIL fluid proved to be the least aggressive.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

M-I SWACO developed the SAGDRIL system to address the specific problems unique to drilling high buildangles and long-reach horizontal sections through the tar sands. The system incorporates a combination of surfactants and solvents, each with a specific function. Extensive laboratory testing of several solvent and surfactant products resulted in the selection of two products, TARLIFT and TARSURF, for accretion control. These products, working in conjunction with water-wetting surfactants effectively control wellbore erosion by forming a stable emulsion of the solvents so their interaction with the wellbore can be reduced. The result of M-I SWACO research, development and field testing is a proven system that delivers the features which help you get more production from the tar sands at a lower cost:

• Oil-wetting surfactants to encapsulate tarry cuttings and promote their effective removal by the shakers and other solids-control equipment such as centrifuges

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

A great deal of a SAGD program’s success depends upon finding a highly specialized drilling fluid that will keep the hole clean, without wellbore erosion, for tight-build radii and extended-reach, horizontal sections; that will keep the bit and drillstring clean to minimize bitumen-accretion problems; and that will prevent screen blinding at the shale shakers. Add to that the need for an environmentally compatible formulation that also reduces the amount of drilling waste, and the challenge to find the right drilling-fluid system is even greater.

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SILDRIL The adaptable silicate fluid system with the proven inhibition of an invert-emulsion fluid

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Onshore and offshore wells, including vertical and high-angle, drilling through highly reactive formations where an invert system would be required but where environmental restrictions preclude the use of oilbase systems.

ឣPROBLEMS

Many onshore, offshore and deepwater wells require highly inhibitive drilling-fluid systems but are located in areas subject to strict environmental regulations.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The SILDRIL* system uses silicate technology to inhibit reactive clays while offering the environmental benefits of a water-base formulation.

ឣECONOMICS

This one, versatile system delivers optimum inhibition characteristics, high penetration rates, decreased trouble time, superior wellbore integrity and superb solids-removal performance.

SILDRIL: The one system for optimum shale inhibition and environmental compliance This uniquely formulated system capitalizes on the very latest in silicate technology to give you performance approaching that of oil-base mud but with the environmental acceptability of a waterbase fluid. This one system delivers optimum inhibition characteristics, high penetration rates, decreased trouble time, superior wellbore integrity and superb solids-removal performance — all with minimal environmental impact.

It’s hard to match the shale inhibition of the SILDRIL system The SILDRIL system achieves its superior inhibition through a threefold approach:

• Direct chemical bonding of the silicate polymers to drill cuttings and formation surfaces • Precipitation of the silicate with divalent ions • Silicate polymerization that results in complex, inorganic polymer structures that react with the shale surfaces The system generates highly competent, inhibited cuttings that contribute to optimum performance of the solids-control equipment and greatly enhanced formation evaluation. By dramatically reducing solids contamination, the SILDRIL system reduces dilution rates and the costs associated with drilling waste management. Field experience has shown the solidscontrol efficiency of the system can compare very favorably to that achieved with typical invertemulsion fluids.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

In the field, the SILDRIL system has proven itself with low dilution rates, a full complement of non-toxic products and safe-handling characteristics.

Before SILDRIL treatment: Cuttings from a reactive formation drilled with a conventional KCl polymer fluid.

24

After treatment: In the same formation, SILDRIL produces a high degree of cuttings integrity.

The relatively small number of components that comprise the non-dispersed SILDRIL system provide a great deal of flexibility in matching the system to the particular application. Fewer products also mean ease of maintenance, simpler logistics and lower total fluid costs. The versatile SILDRIL system is compatible with a variety of inorganic salts that can be added to enhance inhibition and help meet specific environmental regulations.

Shale Recovery

Swellmeter Test

100  Shale recovery (%)

35  Swelling (%)

90

30

80 25 70 60

20

50

15

40

10

30 5 20 0

10 0

–5 FW/ polymer

NaCl/ PHPA

KCl/ glycol/ PHPA

SILDRIL

Oil-base mud

100

200

400

600

800

1,000

1,200

Time (min) DI water/XC

Low pH dispersed

KCl/glycol

SILDRIL

Features • Outstanding inhibition • Low toxicity • Applicable for deepwater • Minimum number of components • Highly flexible fluid parameters

Filter-cake deposition

Si Physical and chemical barrier to invasion

O

H Si Clay platelets

Benefits Non-clay particles

For systems formulated with SILDRIL, primary inhibition is achieved with the addition of a unique 2:6-ratio silicate. Polymerization of the higher-ratio silicate monomer effectively provides a physical and chemical barrier to filtrate and particle invasion.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

• High penetration rates • Optimum solids removal • Low dilution rates and superb drilling waste control • Excellent cuttings integrity and stable wellbores • In-gauge holes

H

O

1,400

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Fewer components give you more flexibility

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D R I L L I N G - F L U I D

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ULTRADRIL The water-base system that helps you achieve your drilling and environmental goals through an exclusive, triple-inhibition approach

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Deepwater and other offshore and onshore projects in environmentally sensitive areas characterized by highly reactive shales.

ឣPROBLEMS

Drilling in highly reactive shales calls for a high-performance fluid with excellent inhibition characteristics. Reducing drilling waste management costs, as well as complying with environmental regulations, virtually dictate the use of a water-base fluid.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The water-base ULTRADRIL* system inhibits highly reactive shales and stabilizes wellbores while promoting hole cleaning and reducing clay/ gumbo accretion and bit balling.

ឣECONOMICS

The system’s ability to promote well-bore stability, high Rates of Penetration (ROP) and excellent hole cleaning saves valuable rig time. Its lower dilution requirements, lower waste volumes and recyclability, even after drilling long intervals of highly reactive formations, significantly reduce drilling waste management and fluid costs.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL The excellent drilling waste management characteristics of the system — less dilution, lower waste volumes and excellent recyclability — as well as its water-base formulation, make the system environmentally acceptable in virtually any drilling area.

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In the field, the ULTRADRIL system delivers results comparable to oil-base systems Comparative Inhibition: GOM Shales 100 Moisture and recovery (%) 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20% NaCl/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl)

Synthetic OBM

Moisture Recovery

The inhibitive capability of the ULTRADRIL system surpasses that of a conventional water-base system and nearly matches that of a synthetic-base drilling fluid. The system’s low moisture content results in drier, firmer drilled cuttings. With densities up to 11.3 lb/gal (5.1 kg/L), ULTRADRIL systems have successfully drilled long sections of highly reactive gumbo shales and graded out very high in terms of stability, inhibition, screenability and maintenance. In sections typically drilled with CaCl2 or 20% NaCl/PHPA water-base fluids, the high-performance ULTRADRIL system eliminated the shakerscreen binding, rapid encapsulator depletion and high-dilution rates that had severely impacted wells drilled with its more traditional counterparts.

Reactive-Clay Hydration 120 Hydration (%)

The results of a 16-hr test of various drilling fluids on samples of reactive clay. Three formulations of ULTRADRIL all had lower clay hydration than that of conventional waterbase drilling fluids. Through highly reactive intervals, ROPs have averaged up to 150 ft/hr (45.7 m/hr), delivering cuttings that exhibited the excellent integrity expected if drilling with an oil-base system.

100

80

60

40

20

0 –20 Gel/Lignosulphonate KCl/PHPA CaCl2/Polymer Seawater/glycol/PHPA KCl/glycol/PHPA

ULTRADRIL (Seawater only) ULTRADRIL (20% NaCl) ULTRADRIL (KCl) Invert OBM

Features

Benefits

• High chemical stabilization • Low dilution, low toxicity • Near-OBM/SBM performance • Easy to build and maintain • Anti-accretion agent

• Optimizes inhibition • Environmentally acceptable • Deepwater alternative • Reduced costs • Increases drilling rates

Inhibition Action #1: Superior Clay Inhibition

Inhibition Action #2: Cuttings Encapsulation

Conventional water-base systems do not have the highly inhibitive quality of the ULTRADRIL system, so shales are prone to sloughing and swelling that can cause stuck pipe, and washouts.

With conventional systems, drilling is slower, the cuttings are smaller, and there is not the same, high level of inhibition as we have with the ULTRADRIL system. Many of the cuttings break apart and disperse, creating fines that not only require dilution of the system but that settle in the hole and can packoff the bit. Other particulates swell and agglomerate into large masses that adhere to the bit, drill pipe and Bottomhole Assembly (BHA).

The first feature of the ULTRADRIL system’s triple-inhibition approach is its ability to inhibit the most reactive shales and provide superb wellbore stability, even in the most reactive clays.

Inhibition Action #3: Protected Metal Surfaces

The third feature of the system’s triple-inhibition approach is its ability to coat the bit, BHA and drill pipe with an accretioninhibitive coating. The cutting structure stays clean and effective, resulting in less bit balling and higher ROP.

The high-performance, water-base system that’s easy to build and maintain For all of the capabilities it provides, the ULTRADRIL system is easy to build and maintain on location. The base fluid can be anything from freshwater to potassium chloride, to sodium chloride and, in some instances, seawater. The fluid is extremely clean, it does not use

any bentonite in its makeup, and its inhibitive character means a very low colloidal content. Its properties can be easily maintained, even in the presence of contaminants such as cement and common drillingfluid additives. And the ULTRADRIL system provides its high degree of inhibition without the use of performance-limiting salts such as calcium chloride.

To ensure top performance in the field, the ULTRADRIL system can be tested for proper concentrations, using simple, common tests such as pH titration, ammonia extraction and retort analysis to confirm product-volume percentage. The basic system consists of three main components: ULTRAHIB*, ULTRACAP* and ULTRAFREE*.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

Conventional fluids allow gumbo buildup and bit balling to occur, slowing down the entire drilling process.

The second feature of the ULTRADRIL system’s tripleinhibition approach is the way it encapsulates cuttings with a thin polymer coating that virtually eliminates shale dispersion. This, in turn, reduces the need for dilution and the disposal of large fluid volumes. Because it is a high-performance system, the well can be drilled at higher ROP, producing larger cuttings which reach the shaker firm and intact.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Triple inhibition is your key to faster drilling and better drilling waste management

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WARP Advanced Fluids Technology The specially treated microparticles are your assurance of higher mud weights with lower rheologies for critical applications

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Onshore and offshore wells where tight control must be maintained over fluid weights, rheologies, ECDs and barite sag.

ឣPROBLEMS

Extended-reach, HTHP and small-bore drilling with narrow mud-weight windows, require sufficiently high viscosity to suspend barite, but not so high that ECD management is compromised. For high-density completion and workover fluids, the choices have been either conventionally weighted fluids with potential settling problems or high-density, very costly, solids-free brines.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The micron-size particles used in WARP* Advanced Fluids Technology from M-I SWACO can be used in many water-base and invert drilling and completion-fluid systems to increase density without compromising rheology or promoting particle settlement.

ឣECONOMICS

For faster drilling, WARP Fluids Technology reduces torque, drag and particle settlement. For completions and workovers, WARP Advanced Fluids Technology is more cost-effective than some high-density brine systems.

ឣ

E N V I R O N M E N T A L

Finer shaker screens can be used, improving solids-removal efficiency and reducing overall dilution and discharge volumes. Completion fluids formulated with WARP Fluids Technology are cost-effective and environmentally more acceptable than many high-density, clearbrine systems.

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Every manual on drilling-fluid engineering tells us that micronsize particles are detrimental to drilling fluids. With too many fines in the fluid, the rheology increases, often with detrimental effects. The technology behind WARP Fluids Technology lies in grinding the weighting material to extremely fine particle sizes — from 0.1 to 10 microns, with the majority measuring 1 micron. By pretreating these extremely fine particles, there is no rheology increase. Now imagine what WARP Fluids Technology micro-particles can do for your water- and oil-base drilling, reservoir drill-in and completion fluids: • Low-rheology, high-density fluids • Weight materials that do not settle, even with very low rheologies • Better management of ECDs • Ability to use ultra-fine shaker screens that improve solidsremoval efficiency without sacrificing valuable products

• Fluids that reduce environmental impact • The ability to formulate oil-base completion fluids

API barite 75 μm max size

API barite d50 ~25 μm

WARP particle < 1μm The micron-size weighting materials developed for WARP Fluids Technology are much smaller than standard API barite, allowing them to flow easily through 300-mesh shaker screens, so that virtually 100% of drilled cuttings can be removed on the first pass. Their ultra-small size, combined with their proprietary treatment, ensures that fluids formulated with WARP Fluids Technology do not settle or sag.

Features

Benefits

• Micron-size weighting agent • Lower fluid viscosities • Reduces sag • Improves filtration properties • Excellent solids-separation efficiency • Greater hole cleaning • Reduces torque and drag • Environmentally acceptable • Reduces oil on cuttings

• Ideal for extended-reach and horizontal drilling, throughtubing drilling, coiled-tubing drilling and HTHP wells • Excellent for high-density completion and workover fluids, kill fluids, logging and testing fluids, packer fluids, and high-density reservoir drill-in fluids • Safer, more secure well control • Less dilution and reduced discharge to the environment • Non-damaging to formation • Finer-mesh shaker screens can be used

Graded Calcium Carbonate • Mud weights limited at higher densities • Limited ECD management and rheology control at higher densities

• Lower rheologies for the same density • Better management of ECD and control of losses • Complete flowback through sand screens

Solids-Free Calcium and Zinc Bromide or Cesium Formate brines • High costs • Personnel safety and handling concerns • Disposal issues • Environmental concerns

• No heavy metals • No environmental concerns • No particle settlement or sag • No personnel safety or handling issues • Easy cleanup and disposal

Drilling Fluids Reservoir Drill-In Fluids

When the stakes are high, WARP Fluids Technology keeps rheologies — and problems — down

• Horizontal and extended-reach wells

• Coiled-tubing drilling • Reservoir drill-in fluids • Wells with narrow operating windows • HTHP wells • Inhibitive fluids • Wells with risk of barite sag • Drilling waste management

For completion fluids, WARP Fluids Technology wins out over conventional weighting agents Above 13 lb/gal (1.6 kg/L), solidsfree completion and workover fluids are limited to mixed calcium chloride, calcium bromide and zinc bromide, or mixed potassium and

cesium formate brines. The only other alternatives are specially formulated barite- or calciumcarbonate-weighted fluids that are prone to sag and settlement. Now there is WARP Advanced Fluids Technology from M-I SWACO in which the ultra-fine particles behave similar to solids-free fluids with no settlement, minimal reservoir damage and complete flowback through gravel pack and sand-screen completions — all with no environmental or disposal hazards. In addition, you now have the option of high-density, oil-base completion fluids for a complete oilbase drilling and completion-fluids train, minimizing spacers and the potential for emulsion blocks.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

The low rheological profile of a fluid enhanced with WARP Fluids Technology actually improves hole cleaning by effectively removing any cuttings buildup on the lower side of the hole. In addition, the low rheologies of WARP Fluids Technology clear the way for better control and management of equivalent circulating density, which is especially critical when a very narrow margin exists between the pore and fracture pressure. In fact, ECDs are actually reduced and pump pressures are lower with WARP Fluids Technology, which also reduce swab and surge pressures while tripping and running casing. These and other advantages make WARP Fluids Technology the ultimate choice for a wide array of critical drilling applications, including:

WARP Advanced Fluids Technology • Near-zero sag and settlement in inclined and horizontal sections • Fluid rheology may be low and independent of sag • Better management of ECD and control of losses. No mud weight variation. • Lower drillstring torque delivering superior bit horsepower • All-in-one drilling and completion fluid • Lower dilution factors and lower well costs • Reduced discharge volumes and environmental impact

Completion and Workover Fluids

Conventional Weighting Materials API Barite • Higher rheologies to control barite settlement and sag • Problematic ECD management in sections with narrow pressure windows • Horsepower limitations in extreme, horizontal wells

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

The Clear Advantages of WARP Advanced Fluids Technology Over Conventional Weighting Materials

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DURATHERM The DURATHERM* system is a lowcolloid, contaminant-resistant water-base fluid designed for hightemperature drilling. It provides good inhibition, minimizes clay migration and swelling, and is stable to >500° F (>260° C) ambient, with densities from 9 to 20 lb/gal (1.1 to 2.4 kg/L), and at depths from 5,000 to 25,000 ft (1,524 to 7,620 m). High ROPs, improved solids-removal capability and minimal formation damage help reduce drilling costs, while its aqueous-base chemistry gives it environmental advantages over oil-base systems. The system is especially useful when there are concerns about formation evaluation, kick detection or lost circulation. It may be formulated with freshwater or seawater, and nonflocculating salts may be incorporated for inhibition. Because the DURATHERM system evolved from formulations used as packer fluids, where long-term rheological stability is necessary, this low-colloid system remains stable in the presence of acid gases, salts, and drill solids. The system’s stability can be maintained by minimizing the concentration of active solids, and using polymeric materials for viscosity requirements. This reduces gelation caused by the flocculation of active clays at high temperature, as well as the viscosity increase resulting from saltwater flows, acid gases, or salt. Generally, treatments with lignosulfonate (SPERSENE*) should be discontinued at bottomhole temperatures above 325° F (163° C). Solids-control equipment — shakers, hydroclones and centrifuges — must be operated as efficiently as possible to minimize maintenance costs.

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This product continues to function as designed in fluids that encounter formation temperatures greater than 500° F (260° C). It is the primary treating agent in the DURATHERM system, and it provides potassium ions for shale inhibition. RESINEX* resin polymer is used for HTHP fluid-loss reduction by decreasing filter-cake permeability, and it contributes to fluid stabilization. Field results have demonstrated the utility of RESINEX in minimizing formation damage. RESINEX is used in conjunction with XP-20 to control these properties in the DURATHERM system. TANNATHIN* is a lignitic material that works with RESINEX to reduce HTHP fluid-loss values and stabilize rheological properties in the DURATHERM system. Polymers contribute viscosity and API fluid-loss control to the DURATHERM system. Minimizing bentonite concentrations requires the use of polymeric materials as viscosifiers. Cellulosic polymers and xanthan gum provide the viscosity required to suspend weigh material and drill solids, and lower API fluid-loss values in the DURATHERM system. M-I GEL* may be used for fluid-loss control and viscosity in wells with bottomhole temperatures below 250° F (121° C). For bottomhole temperatures above 250° F (121° C), M-I GEL must be maintained at low levels. The primary function of M-I GEL at these reduced concentrations is to help form a thin, dense, low-permeability filter cake.

System products

M-I BAR* and/or FER-OX* are highdensity materials with specific gravities of 4.2 and 5.0, respectively. They provide fluid density in the DURATHERM system.

XP-20* potassium chrome lignite material is used as a viscositystabilizing agent and to control fluid loss in the DURATHERM system.

Caustic, lime and gypsum are used to balance alkalinities and control the effects of carbonates/bicarbonates on rheological properties. The

basic environment provided by hydroxyl ions aids in tubular corrosion control and in hydrolyzing mud products added at the surface. Corrosion control and lubrication. The DURATHERM system is compatible with selected corrosion control-chemicals and lubricants. The low-solids feature of the DURATHERM system, in conjunction with lubricants such as LUBE-167* and EP LUBE*, will reduce bit balling, torque and drag.

The DURATHERM system as a packer fluid The DURATHERM system has been recognized as a drilling fluid applicable in areas of high temperature and pressure. Due to its physical characteristics it also may be used as a packer fluid. The characteristics that make the DURATHERM system an ideal packer fluid are: • Thermal stability to temperatures in excess of 500° F (260° C) • Minimal liquid separation or breakout • Ability to suspend barite and solids without settling • Non-corrosive (when freshwater is used as a base) • Low static shear strengths • Quick reversion to fluid state upon agitation For corrosion protection, M-I SWACO recommends that a filming amine corrosion inhibitor such as CONQOR* 101 be added to the packer fluid. One barrel of CONQOR 101 per 100 bbl of mud usually results in an adequate concentration of inhibitor. Additions of 0.2 to 0.5 lb/bbl (0.1 to 0.2 kg/bbl) BACBAN III preservative (bactericide) will prevent the growth of sulfate-reducing bacteria and fermentation of the mud.

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ECOGREEN Ester-base chemistry for optimum drilling performance in the most fragile environments When you prefer an ester-base system in order to meet local discharge requirements without sacrificing the economic benefits of a highperformance fluid, the ECOGREEN* system is the logical choice. The true value of the ECOGREEN system lies in its versatility. It is easily formulated to address a wide range of drilling requirements, including Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) and horizontal drilling, and drill-in fluid applications. The system produces the penetration rates consistent with oil-base muds, while eliminating or dramatically reducing the instances of stuck pipe, out-of-gauge holes and unstable

Features

Benefits

• Biodegradable • Synthetic system • Non-aqueous-fluid system • Ester chemistry

• Wellbore stability • Increases ROP • Cuttings integrity • Lubricity • Hole cleaning • Permission to discharge

has passed some of the most rigorous toxicity, biodegradation and vapor tests in the industry and has been approved for discharge in some of the world’s most restricted environments. The ECOGREEN system is also completely reusable after only minimal treatment, significantly reducing your mud consumption costs.

The ENVIROTHERM system is used primarily in the Western Hemisphere and is similar to a chrome-free DURATHERM using TANNATHIN and SPERSENE CF for rheology control, and RESINEX for fluid-loss control. Freshly prepared muds have low viscosity, yield points and gels. These fresh muds should be treated with additional POLYPAC* R

(or DUO-VIS) to increase the viscosity in the pits to prevent barite settling. Once drilling begins, the drill solids accumulate and give the fluid enough rheology to support weight material. Other options include polymers for synthetic viscosity fluid-loss control.

ENVIROTHERM The ENVIROTHERM* system is a chrome-free, environmentally advanced fluid designed for hightemperature drilling. Its low-toxicity, high-temperature stability and minimal reactive-solids content make it ideal for high-temperature operations. This environmentally acceptable drilling-fluid system provides good filtration control and reduces trouble time.

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wellbores normally associated with water-base systems. Its low-lubricity coefficients dramatically reduce torque and drag, making it particularly beneficial in deviated and highangle wellbores. From an environmental standpoint, the ECOGREEN system is a synthesized material, and the fattyacid ester comprising its base fluid contains no “priority pollutants” and is biodegradable. The system

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

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ENVIROVERT The invert drilling-fluid system that reduces drilling, completion and disposal costs With the ENVIROVERT* system, operators now have all the performance advantages of a conventional invert-emulsion drilling fluid, with the added benefit of reduced disposal costs. The system contains no chlorides, but rather a proprietary calcium nitrate salt that not only inhibits reactive shales, but also provides nitrogen that accelerates biodegradation. The ENVIROVERT system has been shown to significantly reduce torque and drag, making it an ideal option for drilling high-angle or horizontal wellbores. Its hightemperature stability gives you a dependable system for drilling deep, hot holes. What’s more, this highly versatile system has demonstrated its effectiveness as a perforating, completion, spotting and casing-pack fluid.

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Features

Benefits

• Invert drilling-fluid system for water-sensitive formations • Uses calcium nitrate in place of calcium chloride • Excellent torque and drag reduction • Prevents lost circulation in low-pressure zones

• Eliminates typical chloride disposal problem • Promotes faster biodegradation • Reduces unexpected events • Also works as a spotting, packer and casing-pack fluid • Reduces drilling, completion and disposal costs

ENVIROVERT reduces your environmental costs and concerns For a landfarming operation to succeed in its biodegradation activity, one or more supplemental applications of a fertilizer high in nitrogen is necessary. The ENVIROVERT system gives you a head start by providing the nitrogen required for hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms to perform effectively in landfarming operations. The ENVIROVERT calcium nitrate salt not only eliminates the trouble and costs associated with chlorides, it also facilitates faster biodegradation. In addition, ENVIROVERT meets NMX-L-162-1996-SCFI specifications.

Water Activity of the ENVIROVERT System 1.00 Water activity 0.95 0.90 0.85 0.80 0.75 0.70 0.65 0.60 0.55 10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

55

60

Water-phase salinity (% by weight) ENVIROFLOC*

65

70

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K-MAG Used primarily in the Gulf of Mexico, the K-MAG* system is an inhibitive water-base system that provides shale inhibition and wellbore stability while it minimizes bit balling. System benefits include reduced dispersion of drill cuttings for easier removal, near-gauge wellbores for better cement jobs, even in water-sensitive shales, and reduced swelling for wellbore stability. The K-MAG system is designed to perform most efficiently in freshwater to seawater-salinity environments, but the salinity can be increased to improve shale stability and gas-hydrate inhibition when necessary. The use of a powerful dispersant, such as lignosulfonate, is usually kept as low as possible in order to minimize excessive

dispersion of drill solids and wellbore washout. The system’s popularity has increased as the use of syntheticbase fluids in offshore drilling has become more challenging due to more stringent environmental regulations, biodegradation restrictions and other environmental issues. In addition, low fracture gradients and narrow ECD windows often encountered in deepwater operations greatly increase the risk of lost circulation, which can drastically increase the cost of the operation. More economical water-base fluids, such as the K-MAG system, with good shale inhibition and effective ROP enhancement are now competing with synthetics in deepwater applications.

Features and Benefits • Flexible system can be formulated to suit drilling environment • Excellent shale inhibition and wellbore stability • Minimizes bit balling, improves ROP • Preserves drill cuttings for easier removal • Tolerates salinity from freshwater to seawater levels • Substitutes for some synthetics where environmental issues are a concern

PARADRIL The true value of the PARADRIL system lies in its flexibility. Weights can range from unweighted to 18 lb/gal (2.2 kg/L). The paraffin/water ratios can range from as low as 50:50 to as high as 95:5, depending on mud weight and solids loading. The system is formulated as an emulsion in which the paraffinic liquid forms the continuous phase, while a brine solution serves as the dispersed phase. It is easily formulated to address a wide range of requirements, including extendedreach, horizontal and reservoir drill-in applications.

Hydrocarbon monitoring. All too often, the inability to accurately monitor the presence of crude oil in mud returning from the production zone restricts the use of oilbase drilling fluids. With the PARADRIL system’s linear-paraffin base fluid, that concern has been eliminated. The unique chemistry of the PARADRIL SB base fluid generates a very identifiable fingerprint, and GC/MS work has shown that even in concentrations as low as 0.5%, crude oil is still detectable in the system.

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The PARADRIL* invert-emulsion system was designed specifically as an alternative to conventional or mineral-oil-base drilling-fluid systems, balancing high performance with environmental compliance. The heart of the system is the paraffinic component which, depending on the application, discharge requirements and availability, can range from synthetic Linear Paraffins (LP) to mixed blends of refined paraffins. All of the products comprising the PARADRIL system have been formulated to meet local discharge requirements.

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PARATHERM/VERSATHERM The PARATHERM* and VERSATHERM* systems are invert-emulsion systems with one significant difference in their formulations. PARATHERM uses a linear-paraffin base oil, while VERSATHERM employs a lowtoxicity mineral oil. Both were originally designed for use in HTHP applications, but can be engineered for use in low-temperature wells. It was developed to meet the technical challenges associated with drilling wells with narrow hydraulic windows and extended-reach profiles. The system was designed with the specific goal of delivering the following qualities: • Stability at high temperatures • Reduced high-shear-rate viscosity • Stable low-shear-rate viscosity • Reduction in Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD) • Reduced sag potential

Applications The PARATHERM system is suitable for applications with narrow hydraulic windows, regardless of the expected Bottomhole Static Temperature (BHST). The first field

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Typical System Components Additive Linear Paraffin Low-Toxicity Mineral Oil (LTMO) EMI-783 Bentone 38 VG-SUPREME* Lime SUREMUL* SUREWET* Freshwater CaCl2 VERSATROL* VERSATROL HT Barite

Material Base fluid

Function Continuous phase

Base fluid Organophilic clay Organophilic clay Organophilic clay Calcium hydroxide Polyamide Fatty acid Freshwater Calcium chloride Gilsonite Gilsonite Barium sulfate

Continuous phase Viscosifier Viscosifier Viscosifier Alkalinity Primary emulsifier Secondary emulsifier Internal phase Salinity Fluid loss Fluid loss Density

application of the PARATHERM system was in a low-temperature (1,670° F [910° C]), narrow-hydraulicwindow well. The well was successful due in large part to the lower rheological properties and associated reduction in ECD obtainable with the PARATHERM system. This application confirmed the ability of the PARATHERM system to provide a fluid with reduced high-shear-rate viscosity compared to conventional systems, providing a direct benefit in reduced total system pressure loss.

The PARATHERM system has also been used successfully to drill Extended-Reach Drilling (ERD) wells. The VERSATHERM system has been successfully used in HTHP applications. The maximum bottomhole static temperature the system has been used to drill is slightly above 3,560° F (1,960° C). The system has exhibited very stable properties and low, non-progressive gel strengths.

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POLY-PLUS The POLY-PLUS* system employs high-molecular-weight polymers and anionic liquid to provide cuttings encapsulation and shale stabilization. It also acts as a viscosifier, friction reducer and flocculant while providing some fluid-loss control. POLY-PLUS additive can be used in mud systems ranging from low-solids to weighted, utilizing makeup waters from fresh to saltwater. • POLY-PLUS additive mud systems. POLY-PLUS provides excellent cuttings encapsulation and improved wellbore stability. • Clear-water fluids. POLY-PLUS agent may be used in clear-water, solids-free drilling fluids. POLY-PLUS polymer increases viscosity and enhances solids removal by flocculating the undesired solids. It also provides cuttings encapsulation and improved wellbore stability.

Features and Benefits • Provides excellent cuttings encapsulation and limits cuttings dispersion • Provides improved shale stabilization • Enhances the removal of drill solids • Liquid product for easy mixing and rapid yield

• Aids in preventing balling on the bit, stabilizers and BHA by coating and lubricating solids • Improves the lubricity of most mud systems, particularly nondispersed muds, when used in combination with a lubricant • Can be used to viscosify clearwater and low-solids drilling fluids

• Weighted muds. POLY-PLUS can be used in weighted muds for cuttings encapsulation, improved wellbore stability, secondary viscosity and to improve filter cake integrity.

treating the fluid as a conventional invert. There is no real break-over procedure to be dealt with, and conversion to an invert is straightforward. All system components are efficient elements of invertemulsion formulations. TRUDRIL fluids have been used in a wide variety of conditions and environments:

and properties, (as compared to inverts) including:

• POLY-PLUS sweeps. Viscous POLY-PLUS sweeps are effective for periodic hole cleaning.

TRUDRIL The TRUDRIL* system differs from other oil muds in that it is formulated without an internal brine phase. A highperformance organoclay is used to generate superior rheology and suspending properties. Efficient filtration control is achieved through use of particulates and/or synthetic polymers. The inevitability of incorporation of small quantities of water from the drilling operation and surface handling operations is addressed through use of limited treatments with emulsifiers and oil-wetting agents, but unlike conventional invert-emulsion fluids, water content is minimized and is treated as a contaminant rather than a system component. Experience has shown that over 5% by volume of water can be incorporated without any evidence of negative interaction with drilled formation or cuttings. At higher water fractions, it is expedient to address balanced-activity issues and to salt up as appropriate,

• Base fluids have ranged from crude and diesel to ultra-low-aromatic mineral oils

• High YP/PV ratio and superior suspending performance • Lower ECDs • Efficient hole cleaning • Reduced gas-hydrate sensitivity • Lower densities than achievable with inverts. Low-density inverts tend to have a high aqueous fraction which further limits the ability to achieve low densities

• Densities have varied from unweighted (basically the density of the base fluid) to over 18 lb/gal (2.2 kg/L)

• Reduced concern over water-phase composition

• Application is documented at temperatures up to ~400° F (~204° C)

• Lower maintenance costs

• Drilling environments have varied from critical-angle deepwater wells to shallow horizontals The composition of the fluid delivers certain desirable characteristics

• Minimum number of products making engineering simple

• More environmentally competent discharges i.e., no salt added • Low surfactant content with possible reservoir implications

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• Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed (LSND) muds. POLY-PLUS agent is well suited to LSND systems. In reduced-bentonite muds, POLY-PLUS serves as a bentonite extender to increase viscosity, flocculates drill solids for more efficient removal, encapsulates cuttings and improves wellbore stability.

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VERSACLEAN/VERSADRIL The VERSACLEAN* and VERSADRIL* systems are oil-base fluids formulated and engineered to meet any drilling-fluid requirement. The only difference between the two systems is that the VERSACLEAN system uses a highly refined mineral oil while the VERSADRIL system is formulated with No. 2 diesel oil as the continuous external phase. Both systems deliver excellent thermal stability for drilling deep, hot holes. Their formulation provides inherent protection against acid gases, such as CO2 and H2S, as well as corrosion due to the presence of lime (used as an alkalinity control reagent) in the continuous oil phase. VERSACLEAN and VERSADRIL systems can drill watersoluble formations (anhydrite, gypsum, salts and complex salts) with minimum or no hole-washout problems. They provide improved lubricity for drilling deviated holes and for significantly reducing occurrences of stuck pipe. VERSACLEAN

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Features

Benefits

• Low coefficient of friction • High-temperature stability • Chemically stable • Excellent filtration control

• Maximizes production • Reduces torque and drag • In-gauge wellbores • Optimized ROP • Stable wellbores

and VERSADRIL systems minimize damage to producing formations through the prevention of water intrusion, thereby eliminating clay swelling which can cause reduced permeability of the pay zone. They also provide increased rates of penetration and ability to drill thick, water-sensitive shale sections with relative ease, thus providing for gauge hole drilling. In many cases, oil muds are not considered, although the drilling conditions warrant their use, because of their initial makeup costs. However, if the overall drilling costs are considered, the costs

accompanying the use of an oil mud are usually comparable with, or less than, those of a water-base fluid, particularly when most drilling problems are eliminated, resulting in substantial time savings. In addition, both VERSACLEAN and VERSADRIL oil muds can be salvaged and reused following the drilling operation.

System VERSACLEAN* VERSADRIL*

Base Oil Mineral oil Diesel

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Drilling-Fluid Systems and Additives Product Trade Name

Description

Type

Primary Function

Secondary Function

Sulfonated organic-resin blend Sulfonated organic blend Sulfonated asphalt

Water Water Water

Shale inhibitor Shale inhibitor Shale inhibitor

Filtration Filtration Filtration

Low-toxicity defoamer Caustilized lignite

Water Water

CLEAN UP*

Detergent for general rig cleaning when using oil- and synthetic-base fluids

Defoamer Thinner Filtration Surfactant

— Thermal stability Emulsifier Emulsifier

CONQOR* 101 CONQOR* 202 B CONQOR* 303 A CONQOR* 404 C-SEAL*

Filming amine Persistent filming amine Amine corrosion inhibitor for clear brines General-use, phosphorus-base inhibitor Coke FLCA

Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor Lost circulation

— — — — —

C-SEAL* F

Coke FLCA (fine grind)

Lost circulation

—

D-D*

Drilling detergent

Surfactant

DEFOAM-A* DEFOAM-X* DRIL-FREE* DRIL-KLEEN* DRIL-KLEEN* II DRILPLEX* DRILZONE* DRILZONE* L DUO-TEC* DUO-VIS* DUO-VIS* L DUO-VIS* PLUS DURALON* DUROGEL* ECOGREEN* B ECOGREEN* M ECOGREEN* P ECOGREEN* S ECOKLEEN* ECOTROL* RD

Alcohol-base defoamer All-purpose liquid defoamer High-performance lubricant, anti-sticking agent Concentrated, mild drilling detergent with low toxicity Anti-bit balling agent Viscosifier for the DRILPLEX MMO system ROP enhancer Low-cost anticrete Xanthan gum Xanthan gum Liquified xanthan gum, non-clarified Xanthan gum High-temperature filtration-control polymer Sepiolite clay Ester base fluid Low-end rheology modifier Primary emulsifier for the ECOGREEN system Secondary emulsifier for the ECOGREEN system Anticrete for tar applications Readily dispersible filtration control additive

EMUL HT*

HTHP emulsifier

ENVIROBLEND* FER-OX*

Salt for ENVIROVERT system Hematite

FORM-A-PLUG* II

Acid-soluble plug

FORM-A-PLUG* ACC

Accelerator for the FORM-A-PLUG II system

FORM-A-PLUG* RET

Retarder for the FORM-A-PLUG II system

Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Water Water Water, Oil, Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Water Water Water

Defoamer Defoamer Lubricant Surfactant

Water Water Water Water Water Water — Water Water Water Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Oil Synthetic Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic

Surfactant Viscosifier Surfactant Surfactant Viscosifier Viscosifier Viscosifier Viscosifier Filtration Viscosifier Thinner Viscosifier Emulsifier Emulsifier Surfactant Filtration

Emulsifier Shale control — — Surfactant Emulsifier Shale control Emulsifier, Lubricant Shale inhibitor — — — — — — Thermal stability — Lubricant — Surfactant Surfactant — —

Emulsifier

—

Shale inhibitor Density

— —

Lost circulation

Filtration

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

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ASPHASOL* ASPHASOL* D ASPHASOL* SUPREME BUBBLE BUSTER* CAUSTILIG*

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Drilling-Fluid Systems and Additives Product Trade Name

Description

FORM-A-SET * FORM-A-SET * ACC

Cross-linked polymer plug Accelerator for the FORM-A-SET pill

FORM-A-SET * AK

Polymeric lost-circulation material

FORM-A-SET * AKX

Variant of FORM-A-SET AK for water shut off

FORM-A-SET * RET

Retarder for the FORM-A-SET pill

FORM-A-SET * XL

Cross-linker for the FORM-A-SET pill

G-SEAL*

Sized graphite bridging agent

GELEX*

Bentonite extender

GELPLEX* GLYDRIL* DG GLYDRIL* GP

HRP* HYDRABLOK* IDCAP * D IDLUBE* XL IDSPERSE* XT K-17*

Viscosifier for the DRILPLEX system Water-miscible glycol-hydrate inhibitor Broad-cloud-point, general-purpose polyglycol for low-salinity fluids and low temperatures Polyglycol for high-salinity fluids and high temperatures Low-cloud-point polyglycol for low-salinity fluids and low temperatures Medium-cloud-point polyglycol for moderate-salinity fluids and high temperatures Modified metal-cellulose polymer Modified metal-cellulose polymer that also provides viscosity Fluid-loss additive and secondary shale inhibitor with ultra-low viscosity Liquid viscosifier for oil fluids Deepwater hydrate inhibitor Polymeric shale inhibitor Extreme-pressure lubricant High-temperature polymeric dispersant Potassium lignite

K-52* KLA-CURE * KLA-CURE * II KLAFLOC* I KLAFLOC* II KLA-GARD * KLA-GARD * B KLA-STOP* LO-WATE*

Potassium supplement Hydration suppressant Hydration suppressant plus detergent Low-cost shale inhibitor for floc water drilling Cationic flocculant for floc water drilling Shale stabilizer and inhibitor Salt-free KLA-GARD Shale inhibitor Ground calcium carbonate weight material

LUBE-945* M-I BAR *

Water-dispersible lubricant Barite, meets API specifications

M-I CEDAR FIBER* M-I CIDE* M-I GEL*

Shredded cedar fiber Biocide – Not available in the U.S.A. Bentonite, meets API specifications

GLYDRIL* HC GLYDRIL* LC GLYDRIL* MC HIBTROL* HIBTROL* HV HIBTROL* ULV

M-I GEL* SUPREME Non-treated bentonite, meets API specifications M-I GEL* WYOMING API-spec bentonite sourced only from Wyoming

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Type

Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water

Primary Function

Secondary Function

Lost circulation Lost circulation

— —

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lost circulation

—

Lubricant

Filtration

Water Water

Flocculant Viscosifier Viscosifier Thermal stability Shale control Filtration Shale control Filtration Shale control Filtration Shale control Filtration Filtration Filtration

Water

Filtration

Oil Water Water Water Water Water

Viscosifier Surfactant Shale inhibition Lubricant Thinner Filtration Thinner Shale control Shale control Shale control Filtration Filtration Shale control Shale inhibitor Shale control Density

Thermal stability — — — — Emulsifier Shale control — — — — — Filtration — — Filtration Lost circulation

Lubricant Density

Shale inhibition —

Lost circulation Biocide Filtration Viscosifier Viscosifier Viscosifier

— — —

Water Water Water Water Water Water

Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Water Water Water Water

— — Surfactant Lubricity Lubricity Lubricity Lubricity Shale inhibition Shale inhibition Viscosifier Shale control

Filtration Filtration

M-I LUBE* M-I PAC* R

General-purpose lubricant PAC polymer, tech grade

M-I PAC* UL M-I SEAL*

PAC polymer, low-viscosity, tech grade LCM for fractured or vugular formations

M-I-X* II

Ground cellulose

MUD WASH* MUL HTP*

Rig wash Primary emulsifier for negative-alkalinity system

MY-LO-JEL* NOVAMOD* NOVAMUL*

Pregelatinized starch Rheology modifier, LSRV Basic emulsifier package

NOVATEC * B NOVATEC * M

Synthetic Synthetic

Thinner Viscosifier

NOVATEC * P NOVATEC * S NOVATHIN* NOVAWET*

LAO base fluid Low-end rheology modifier for the NOVATEC system Primary emulsifier for the NOVATEC system Secondary emulsifier for the NOVATEC system Deflocculant Wetting agent

Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic

Emulsifier Emulsifier Thinner Surfactant

NUT PLUG *

Ground nut shells

Lost circulation

OILFAZE *

Sacked oil-base concentrate

Water Oil Synthetic Oil

OS-1L* PARADRIL* B PARALAND* B PARAMIX* A PARAMIX* N PARATROL* HT PIPE-LAX*

Sulfite-base oxygen scavenger Base fluid for the PARADRIL system Base fluid C11-17 linear paraffin for the PARALAND system Salt for the PARALAND system Salt for the PARALAND system High-temperature Gilsonite Oil-base, stuck-pipe-freeing surfactant

Corrosion inhibitor Thinner Thinner Shale inhibitor Shale inhibitor Filtration Free pipe

PIPE-LAX* ENV PIPE-LAX* W EXPORT POLYPAC * ELV POLYPAC * R

Low-toxicity, stuck-pipe spotting fluid Liquid, one-drum, stuck-pipe spotting fluid

Water Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Synthetic Water Oil Water Water Oil Water Water

Filtration Viscosifier Thermal stability — — — — — —

Free pipe Free pipe

Lubricant —

Filtration Filtration

POLYPAC * SUPREME R POLYPAC* SUPREME UL POLYPAC * UL POLY-PLUS *

Premium-grade polyanionic cellulose

Water

Filtration

PAC, premium-grade, ultra-low viscosity

Water

Filtration

Polyanionic cellulose Liquid PHPA

Water Water

Filtration Shale control

POLY-PLUS * Dry

Dry PHPA polymer

Water

Shale inhibitor

POLY-PLUS * LV POLY-PLUS * RD

Low-viscosity PHPA Readily dispersible PHPA powder

Water Water

Shale control Shale control

POLY-SAL* POLY-SAL* T PTS-200* RESINEX*

Preserved modified starch Non-fermenting tapioca starch derivative Polymeric temperature stabilizer Resinated lignite complex

Water Water Water Water

Filtration Filtration Thermal stability Filtration

RESINEX* II

Resinated lignite, tech grade

Water

Filtration

Shale inhibitor Shale control Viscosifier Shale control Viscosifier Shale inhibitor Viscosifier Shale control Viscosifier Flocculant Filtration Flocculant Filtration, Flocculant Viscosifier Flocculant Viscosifier Viscosifier — Thermal stability Thinner Thermal stability Thinner

Extra-low-viscosity PAC Polyanionic cellulose

Type

Primary Function

Secondary Function

Water Water

Lubricant Filtration

Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Rig wash Oil Synthetic Water Synthetic Synthetic

Filtration Lost circulation

— Viscosifier Shale inhibitor Shale inhibitor Filtration

Lost circulation

Filtration

Rig wash Emulsifier

— Filtration

Filtration Viscosifier Emulsifier

— — Surfactant Filtration Thermal stability Viscosifier Lubricant —

Emulsifier

Filtration Filtration Surfactant Emulsifier Thinner Thermal stability —

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

Description

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Product Trade Name

39

D R I L L I N G - F L U I D

S Y S T E M S

A N D

A D D I T I V E S

Drilling-Fluid Systems and Additives Product Trade Name

Description

RHEBUILD*

Viscosifier for RHELIANT system

RHEDUCE*

Thinner for RHELIANT system

RHEFLAT*

Rheological modifier for RHELIANT system

RHETHIK*

Rheological modifier for RHELIANT system

RHEOSPERSE* SAFE-CARB *

Polymeric high-temperature deflocculant Ground marble (calcium carbonate)

SALT GEL* SCREENKLEEN* SHALE CHEK *

Attapulgite clay Organic blend to control screen blinding while drilling heavy oil/tar formations Shale-control and gumbo additive

SILDRIL* D SILDRIL* EPL SILDRIL* K SILDRIL* L SIL-LUBE* SP-101*

Primary Function

Secondary Function

Viscosifier

—

Thinner

—

Viscosifier

—

Viscosifier

—

Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil Water Water Oil Synthetic Water Water

Thinner Filtration

— Density

Viscosifier Surfactant

— —

Water

Shale control

Dry sodium silicate Extreme-pressure lubricant for the SILDRIL system Potassium silicate Liquid sodium silicate Lubricant for the SILDRIL system Sodium polyacrylate

Water Water Water Water Water Water

Shale inhibitor Lubricant Shale inhibitor Shale inhibitor Lubricant Filtration

SPERSENE*

Chrome lignosulfonate

Water

Thinner

SPERSENE* CFI SPERSENE* I

Iron lignosulfonate Ferrochrome lignosulfonate

Water Water

Thinner Thinner

STARGLIDE* STEEL LUBE* EP SULFATREAT * DFS SULFATREAT * XLP SUPRA-VIS* SUREMOD*

Lubricant and ROP enhancer Extreme-pressure lubricant H2S scavenger Extended-life H2S scavenger High-performance biopolymer viscosifier Viscosifier, gelling agent for invert-emulsion systems

Lubricant Lubricant Corrosion inhibitor Corrosion inhibitor Viscosifier Viscosifier

SUREMUL*

Primary emulsifier for invert-emulsion systems

Emulsifier

Surfactant

SURETHIK* SURETHIN*

Rheological modifier Thinner for invert-emulsion systems

Viscosifier Thinner

— Surfactant

SUREWET*

Wetting agent for for invert-emulsion systems

Surfactant

Emulsifier

SV-120* SWA* EH

Corrosion inhibitor Surfactant

— Emulsifier

Water

Thinner

TACKLE * DRY TANNATHIN *

Organic H2S scavenger Oil-base wetting agent for high-brine-content systems Liquid, low-molecular-weight polyacrylate (dry available) Powdered low-molecular-weight polyacrylate Ground lignite

Water Water Water Water Water Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil Synthetic Synthetic Oil Synthetic Oil Water Oil

Filtration Surfactant Thermal stability — — — — — Shale control Thermal stability Emulsifier Filtration Thermal stability — Thermal stability Filtration Surfactant — — — — —

Water Water

TARCLEAN* TARLIFT* TARSURF* TARVIS* THINSMART* TRUVIS* ULTRACAP * ULTRAFREE * ULTRAFREE * L ULTRAFREE * NH

Anticrete agent for heavy oil to thin asphaltenes Solvent for the SAGDRIL* system Water-wetter for the SAGDRIL system Liquid viscosifier for the SAGDRIL system Thinner for water-base drilling fluids Viscosifier for the TRUDRIL system Encapsulator for the ULTRADRIL system ROP enhancer for the ULTRADRIL system Low-cost anticrete Non-hydrocarbon version of ULTRAFREE ROP enhancer

Thinner Filtration Thinner Shale control Surfactant Surfactant Viscosifier Thinner Viscosifier Shale inhibitor Surfactant Surfactant Surfactant

Filtration Thermal stability — Emulsifier Thermal stability — — — — — Filtration — — Lubricant Lubricant

TACKLE *

40

Type

Water Water Water Water Water Oil Water Water Water Water

Description

Type

Primary Function

Secondary Function

ULTRAHIB* UNITROL* VERSACLEAN * B VERSACOAT *

Shale inhibitor for the ULTRADRIL system Modified polysaccharide Base fluid for the VERSACLEAN system Emulsifier and wetting agent

Water Water Oil Oil

Shale inhibitor Filtration Thinner Surfactant

High flash-point emulsifier for oil-base fluids

Oil

Emulsifier

VERSADRIL* B VERSAGEL* HT VERSALIG * VERSALUBE * VERSAMOD* VERSAMUL*

Base fluid for the VERSADRIL system Hectorite Amine-treated lignite Oil-soluble lubricant Rheology modifier, LSRV Basic emulsifier package

Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil Oil

Thinner Viscosifier Filtration Lubricant Viscosifier Emulsifier

VERSAPAC*

Thermally activated, organic thixotrope

Viscosifier

VERSATHIN * VERSATROL*

Thinner and conditioner for oil-base fluids Asphaltic resin

Oil Synthetic Oil Oil

— — Lubricant Emulsifier Thermal stability Surfactant Thermal stability Lubricant Filtration Lost circulation — — Surfactant Filtration Thermal stability Viscosifier Lost circulation

VERSACOAT * NA

VERSATROL* HT

High-temperature Gilsonite

Filtration

VERSAVERT * B VERSAVERT * BT VERSAWET *

Base fluid for VERSAVERT system Thin version of worker-friendly base oil Wetting agent for oil-base fluids

Oil Synthetic Oil Oil Oil

VG-69* VG-PLUS *

Organophilic clay Organophilic clay

VG-SUPREME* VINSEAL*

Organophilic clay for the NOVA systems Filtration control and electrical stability agent

XP-20K*

Potassium chrome lignite

XP-20* N

Chrome lignite, sodium hydroxide, neutralized

Thinner Filtration

Thinner Thinner Surfactant

— Lost circulation Viscosifier —

Viscosifier Viscosifier

Lubricant Lubricant Emulsifier Thinner Thermal stability Filtration Filtration

Viscosifier Filtration

Filtration —

Thermal stability

Emulsifier Filtration Thinner Thinner Filtration

Oil Oil Synthetic Synthetic Water Oil Synthetic Water

Water

Thermal stability

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Product Trade Name

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

41

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

ALPINE DRILL BEADS ALPINE DRILL BEADS* additive is a completely spherical all-co-polymer bead uncontaminated with glass or all-styrene material, designed to act as a mechanical lubricant. ALPINE DRILL BEADS lubricant is non-abrasive and temperaturestable to 450° F (232° C). It is compatible with water-, oil- and synthetic-base mud systems. Because of its high compressive strength, this lubricant is able to minimize casing wear, reduce torque and drag and lower the risk of differential sticking in depleted, underbalanced formations.

Fine and coarse sizes available.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Semitransparent variegated spheres Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.10 to 1.13 Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble Temperature range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stable to 450° F (232° C) Size ranges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fine: 100 to 300 μm Coarse: 300 to 1,000 μm Reactivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Inert

Applications ALPINE DRILL BEADS additive is designed for use in situations where torque, drag, casing wear, and/or the potential for differential sticking are likely. Typical applications for ALPINE DRILL BEADS lubricant are highly deviated holes, wells with high tortuosity and wells with severe or unplanned doglegs where high torque and drag are encountered.

The initial concentration of ALPINE DRILL BEADS additive is in the range of 2 to 6 lb/bbl (5.7 to 17.1 kg/m3). This value can be adjusted in accordance with the torque and drag limitations of the drilling operation. After the initial treatment, additions need to be made to replace product that is left embedded in the formation or the mud filter cake.

In wells where rotation inside of casing is required for extended periods of time, ALPINE DRILL BEADS lubricant reduces casing wear, which in turn reduces the risk of compromised casing integrity. ALPINE DRILL BEADS mechanical lubricant can also be spotted in an openhole for logging operations and for running casing at 8 to 12 lb/bbl (22.8 to 34.2 kg/m3). ALPINE DRILL BEADS lubricant is available in fine or coarse sizes, varying from 100 microns to 1,000 microns.

10 grams

1.1 SG

2.5 SG

Glass beads

3.0 SG

ALPINE co-polymer drill beads

Ceramic beads

Best Value: ALPINE co-polymer drill beads cover 150% more surface area.

42

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Advantages

Toxicity and handling

Packaging and storage

• Reduces friction

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

ALPINE DRILL BEADS additive is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multiwalled, paper sacks; 48 sacks to a pallet. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

• Minimizes casing wear • Decreases torque and drag • Breaks capillary attraction • Lowers risk of differential sticking • Compatible with all drilling fluids • Non-abrasive

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

True weight-to-bit. The ball bearing effect of ALPINE DRILL BEADS reduces friction, torque and drag, helps prevent casing wear, and paves the wellbore.

43

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT The ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT* (DBRU) is designed to minimize the amount of ALPINE DRILL BEADS lost to surface solids-control equipment, eliminating costly and repetitive additions of drill beads to the mud system. Without a recovery unit, the majority of drill beads would be removed from the circulating system at the shale shakers. ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS* has designed a system that meets strict industry guidelines for safety, minimizes the amount of personnel required and provides an efficient recovery method. Utilizing the ALPINE DBRU, all cuttings and solids removed at the rig shaker are transported to a second set of shakers where drill solids and waste material are separated from the drill beads, and are discharged to the waste stream, while the drill beads are recovered and returned to the suction pit.

Features • Streamlined to fit all rigs • Designed to meet OSHA standards • Customized linear-motion shakers • Self-contained and fully equipped

Benefits • Meets safety requirements • Efficient recovery of drill beads • Minimal personnel requirements • Compatible with all WBM, OBM and SBM • Screen changes in 1 min

44

Heavy-duty construction, compact design.

Features Streamlined to fit all rigs. The bead-recovery system is equipped with its own shale shakers and an efficient processing tank that requires minimum space. If required, the system can be tailored and modified to utilize the space available through a flexible arrangement of pumps and piping. Designed to meet OSHA standards. The design of the equipment, both mechanical and electrical, strictly complies with OSHA regulations. Safety rails and guards have been placed on the unit to protect workers. Customized linear-motion shakers. The DBRU’s custom-sized shakers facilitate rapid screen changes with a minimum of downtime. Screen life is maximized and the finest-mesh screens are used in order to remove drill solids while recovering the highest percentage possible of ALPINE DRILL BEADS.

Self-contained and fully equipped. The unit has the primary shaker mounted on the catch tank and has centrifugal pumps manifolded and attached on the skid. An electrical power box is built onto the skid and allows easy rig-up. The equipment arrives at the rig complete with hoses and transfer pumps for maximum efficiency. Experienced technicians are on hand at all times to monitor and service the DBRU.

ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS positions the equipment as close to the rig shale shakers as possible. As cuttings and drill beads return from downhole, they are washed down to the first shaker with base fluid where fine solids and drill beads pass through a 10-mesh screen into the catch tank. The fluid is then pumped through hydrocyclones which separate the drill solids from the drill beads. The drill solids are discharged in the

underflow of the hydrocyclones and are removed by a fine-mesh screen then transported to the solids-control waste stream. The ALPINE DRILL BEADS have a lower specific gravity (1.1 SG) than the cuttings, so they will pass with the overflow to a secondary shaker where a fine-mesh screen captures them. The drill beads are then mixed with drilling fluid and pumped to the suction pit where they are sent downhole again.

ALPINE DRILL BEADS RECOVERY UNIT Rig shakers

Cuttings trough

Beads and water to recovery shaker

Wash down return Recovery system is a self-contained, closed-loop system

Primary shaker

Recovery shaker Fluid return line

To hydrocyclone

Clean drill beads back to mud system

Cuttings and unwanted solids Wash down to rig shakers

Wash down pump

to overboard or reserve pit Cone pump

Hydrocylone separates ALPINE DRILL BEADS (1.1 SG) from unwanted solids (1.1 to 4.2 SG)

Typical Components and Footprint

Since each configuration is customized for a specific project, specifications vary. Here is a typical list of components.

Component Main recovery unit Recovery shaker Drip pan Recovery pump

Length in. (mm) 123 (3,124) 96 (2,438) 96 (2,438) 64 (1,626)

Width in. (mm) 84 (2,134) 60 (1,524) 60 (1,524) 24 (610)

Height in. (mm) 148 (3,759) 56 (1,422) 12 (305) 34 (864)

Weight lb (kg) 11,600 (5,262) 2,200 (998) 850 (386) 850 (386)

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

Specifications

Recovered beads returning to the mud system.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

How it works

45

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

BLACK FURY BLACK FURY* liquid Gilsonite^ suspension is specifically formulated to stabilize water-sensitive, micro-fractured shales when drilling with water-base drilling fluids. BLACK FURY liquid gilsonite seals micro fracture, reduces dynamic fluid loss and minimizes the potential for differential sticking. Secondary benefits include improved lubricity and reduced accretion from sticky clays. The product has application in most water-base drilling fluids and is acceptable environmentally.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black viscous liquid Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.05 to 1.09 pH . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 to 9.2 (2% in distilled water) Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93° C)

Applications

A concentration of BLACK FURY liquid Gilsonite is maintained by volumetrics as the product is only slightly soluble in water. BLACK FURY shale-control additive does not induce foaming and is not sensitive to contamination. It is compatible with other sealing agents and has been used to combat seepage losses in conjunction with fibrous materials and calcium carbonate.

BLACK FURY liquid Gilsonite can be used in most water-base drilling fluids. It has been extremely effective in lignosulfonate, potassium and PHPA mud systems. An initial treatment of 2 to 5% by volume (7 to 17.5 lb/bbl [20 to 49.9 kg/m3]) is recommended to achieve optimum results. The readily dispersible nature of the product allows high concentrations to be added easily to the mud system. The product contains glycol which aids in lubricity and inhibition.

Advantages • Improves wellbore stability and shale inhibition • Improves lubricity Mix directly in mud system.

• Improves high-temperature filtration control • Reduces bit balling potential

BLACK FURY liquid Gilsonite is temperature stable to 425° F (218° C) and reduces API, HTHP, dynamic filtration, spurt-loss values and potential for differential sticking. BLACK FURY liquid Gilsonite works best when added to the mud system before encountering known trouble zones. It can be added directly to the system through the mud hopper or pumped directly into the suction pit.

250° F (121° C) @ 600 rpm @ 1,000 psi (68.9 bar) Ceramic filter disk

BEFORE

AFTER

Note low spurt loss after BLACK FURY.

46

^Mark of American Gilsonite Company.

• Reduces filter-cake buildup in depleted sands • Excellent environmental acceptability • Field proven

BEFORE ⁄32-in.

9

8∑-in. hole ⁄32-in. mud cake 9

6∑-in. drill collar

Contact area = 5∑-in. (140 mm) Side force = 1,063,920 lb (482,586 kg) ΔP = 1 lb/gal @ 15,500 ft (4,724 m)

AFTER ⁄32-in.

3

8∑-in. hole ⁄32-in. mud cake

3

6∑-in. drill collar

Contact area = 3 in. (76 mm) Side force = 580,320 lb (263,229 kg) ΔP = 1 lb/gal @ 15,500 ft (4,724 m)

Note the superior pore-throat sealing qualities of this 14-lb/gal (1.7-kg/L) ligno mud after using BLACK FURY 3% by volume.

Toxicity and handling

Packaging and storage

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

BLACK FURY is packaged in 55-gal (208-L) drums and in 550-gal (2,082-L) tote tanks. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

Dynamic and HTHP filtration test equipment.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Dynamic filtration test

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

47

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

CELL-U-SEAL CELL-U-SEAL* cellulose fiber is a superior bridging agent and LostCirculation Material (LCM) designed to bridge and seal permeable formations in water-, oil- or syntheticbase mud systems. Bridging and sealing permeable formations and micro-fractured shales reduces the potential for differential sticking and lowers torque and drag tendencies. CELL-U-SEAL fiber has proven effective in reducing differential sticking when drilling extremely depleted zones where the differential pressures are very high. For added flexibility, CELL-U-SEAL fiber is available in fine, medium and coarse grades so that the optimum particle size can be selected to bridge the pores and pore throats of permeable formations. CELL-U-SEAL cellulose fiber additions have minimal effects on mud properties.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tan to light brown powder and fibers Bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 to 32 lb/ft3 (352 to 513 kg/m3) Environmental . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biodegradable/non-toxic Solubility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46% by weight acid soluble Particle-Size Distribution (PSD). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 to 2,000 μm

Applications CELL-U-SEAL cellulose fiber is a superior bridging agent field proven to be effective when drilling highly permeable, extremely porous zones with elevated differential pressures. It is effective for treating seepage losses where only minimal treatment is required to major losses where large batch treatments are necessary. CELL-U-SEAL fiber is designed to bridge and seal permeable zones, where it reduces the possibility of stuck pipe, controls lost circulation and provides better filtration control. The recommended treatment of CELL-U-SEAL material is 4 to 10 lb/bbl (11.4 to 28.5 kg/m3) by

48

volume in sweeps and/or in the entire mud system to help prevent differential sticking tendencies. Additional treatments need to be made to replace material that remains downhole or is removed by solids-control equipment. Significant quantities of the medium and coarse grades are removed by fine meshed screens (100 mesh and finer). For medium to severe losses, 25 to 40 lb/bbl (71.3 to 114 kg/m3) should be spotted across the loss zone. Combinations of fine, medium and coarse CELL-U-SEAL fiber should be contemplated in these situations. Batch treatments are often preferred to treatments

for the whole system because batch treatments minimize shaker losses and avoid bypassing shaker screens, which reduces mud contamination from drill solids. CELL-U-SEAL fiber (fine) is sized so that approximately 40 to 43% passes through a 120-mesh screen. CELL-U-SEAL lost-circulation material can be added to the mud system through the mud hopper, where good agitation occurs, and is compatible with all water-, oiland synthetic-base mud systems.

Gravel

• Easily mixed and dispersed into the mud system • Biodegradable/non-toxic • Offers unique particle sizes, smaller than conventional LCM, yet larger than solids found in most drilling fluids

Silt

Clay

100

20

90

18

80

70 Cumulative volume, %

• Compatible with all mud systems and other lostcirculation materials

Sand

16

Frequency Cumulative Mean Median

14 Actual size

60

12

50

10

40

8

30

CELL-U-SEAL dry product (enlarged 150x)

6

20

4

10

2

0 μm 4,000 2,000 1,000 500 250 121 66 31 16 10 18 30 60 120 230 400 US 5 Sieve Particle diameter

Frequency, %

• Offers some elongated material as well as granular particles, ensuring a matting effect across the formation • Inert material with minimum effect on mud properties

Sample: CELL-U-SEAL

Extended-range laser sieve analysis

• Effective bridging and sealing agent for a wide range of formations

Screen Performance: 43% by volume passes through a 120-mesh screen Particle-size distribution: PDS = 0.5 microns to 2,000 microns

0 8

4

2

1

0.5

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

CELL-U-SEAL is packaged in 40-lb (18.1-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

Result: ASTM E11:61 report. Report performed by Westport Technology Center International (Houston, Texas), Deborah A. Ragland, Ph.D., and Michael C. Dix, September 30, 1999. Report number RT-99-052. Project number D115448D0000.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Advantages

49

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

CLEAN SPOT CLEAN SPOT* pipe-freeing agent is a water-dispersible, low-toxicity spotting fluid designed to free differentially stuck pipe by penetrating between the wall cake and metal. CLEAN SPOT additive also offers strong metal wetting characteristics and can be used as a lubricant after being incorporated into the active system.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amber liquid Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93° C) Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.91 to 0.925

Applications

Advantages

CLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agent is a low-toxicity spotting fluid that has proven itself highly effective in environmentally sensitive areas, both onshore and offshore. Success in freeing differentially stuck pipe is greatest when the spotting fluid is applied as soon as possible after the pipe becomes stuck. A fluid that can be mixed and spotted quickly often frees the drillstring before fishing operations are required. CLEAN SPOT pills are easily prepared and are well suited for spotting situations.

• Effective soak solution that quickly frees differentially stuck pipe • Can be easily weighted with barite, FER-OX* or calcium carbonate • Can be incorporated in most mud systems • Contains no hydrocarbons and is water dispersible • Excellent stability at downhole temperatures and pressures • Aids in lubrication, improving torque and drag reduction characteristics of the fluid when incorporated in the system

Mixing procedure 1. Calculate the volume of spotting fluid required and add at least 10% to compensate for washout. In addition, include 25 bbl to remain in the drillstring after initial displacement.

CLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agent contains no hydrocarbons, is compatible with most mud systems and can be used either weighted or unweighted in wells with differentially stuck pipe. After being used as a spotting fluid, CLEAN SPOT additive can be incorporated into the active mud system to reduce torque and drag and reduce the possibility of differential sticking.

50

2. In a clean dry tank, mix the required amount of CLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agent from the formulation chart. Supply adequate ventilation when opening containers and in enclosed areas when mixing CLEAN SPOT additive. 3. Add required materials in the order listed and allow for the pill to agitate and homogenize the entire pill. Add weighting agents as the final step before pumping the pill. 4. Displace the slurry to the zone where the differential sticking is

suspected. Leave approximately 25 bbl (if volume is available) inside the drill pipe to displace at an hourly rate into the openhole. 5. Work the pipe while the spot is soaking. Periodically pump 1 to 2 bbl to assure that fresh CLEAN SPOT additive is being displaced across the problem zone. 6. Allow at least 24 hrs for the CLEAN SPOT pipe-freeing agent to free the stuck pipe. Note: When using CLEAN SPOT pipefreeing agent in deviated wells with angle greater than 35°, the spotting fluid should be weighted 0.5 lb/gal (0.06 SG) heavier than the fluid in the well to encourage the spotting fluid to migrate.

Quick-Mix Recipe For a 50-bbl pill

1 3 tanks of CLEAN SPOT 2 For 8 to 12 lb/gal (0.96 to 1.44 kg/L), add 1 tank or 550 gal (2,082 L) water (12 bbl) BEFORE

AFTER

Note: The dehydration and cracking of this 12.5-lb/gal (1.5-kg/L) wall cake after covering with CLEAN SPOT concentrate.

Dynamic filtration wall cakes

3 For 13 to 18 lb/gal (1.56 to 2.16 kg/L), add ∑ tank or 275 gal (1,041 L) water (6 bbl) 4 Add 400 lb (181 kg) or 8 sacks of lime. Shear and mix for 30 min. 5 Add barite to desired density. Shear and mix for 30 min to 1 hr. 6 Add 400 lb (181 kg) or 4 sacks of salt and 500 lb (227 kg) of ALPINE DRILL BEADS and mix for 15 min

BEFORE

AFTER

Note: The dehydration and cracking of this 16-lb/gal (1.9 kg/L) wall cake after covering with CLEAN SPOT concentrate.

Mixing Table, general guidelines per barrel (42-gal) 8 (0.96)

9 (1.1)

10 (1.2)

11 (1.3)

12 (1.4)

13 (1.6)

14 (1.7)

15 (1.8)

16 (1.9)

17 (2.0)

18 (2.2)

CLEAN SPOT*, gal (L)

31 (117)

30 (114)

30 (114)

29 (110)

28 (106)

27 (102)

27 (102)

26 (98)

25 (95)

25 (95)

23 (87)

Barite, lb (kg)

25 (11.3)

80 (36.3)

140 (63.5)

190 (86.2)

240 (109)

300 (136)

360 (163)

400 (181)

460 (209)

520 (236)

580 (263)

Lime, lb (kg)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

Salt, lb (kg)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

10 (4.5)

5 (2.3)

5 (2.3)

5 (2.3)

5 (2.3)

Water, gal (L)

10 (38)

10 (38)

10 (38)

10 (38)

5 (19)

5 (19)

5 (19)

5 (19)

5 (19)

5 (19)

5 (19)

Number of bbl of finished product per tank

17

18

18

18

19

19

20

20

21

22

23

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Density, lb/gal (kg/L)

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

High-Temperature, High-Pressure filtration wall cakes

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A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

FORM-A-SQUEEZE FORM-A-SQUEEZE* high-fluid loss/high-solids slurry is a cost effective solution to lost circulation in all types of fractures, vugular formations, matrix and underground blowout events. When placed in and/or across a loss zone, the liquid phase squeezes from the slurry, rapidly forming a solid plug behind. This process can cure losses instantly, without time or temperature dependency.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.70 to 1.76 Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Slightly Odor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None The recommended concentration of FORM-A-SQUEEZE slurry is 80 lb/bbl (228 kg/m3) in either water or base oil/synthetic. The slurry can be weighted to the desired density with barite or calcium carbonate. The slurry should be pumped to the annulus, covering at least 50% in excess of the loss zone. The drill string is then pulled slowly 90 ft (27 m) above the pill. The slurry should be gently squeezed in the range of 100 to 300 psi (6.9 to 20.7 bar) to the maximum of anticipated mud weight required for the interval, holding the pressure for 10 to 20 min.

Applications

Advantages

FORM-A-SQUEEZE Lost-Circulation (LC) plug can be used to stop losses occurring in any water-base and non-aqueous base fluids and can be easily mixed in freshwater, seawater or base oil/synthetic. It was designed to be used as:

• Quick-acting plug for fractured, vugular formations and underground blowout events

• Openhole remedial and/or preventive lost-circulation squeeze • Plug to run in front of cement squeezes • Plug to improve casing shoe integrity • Preventive LC material for seepage losses, up to 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3) in the whole active system • Cased-hole squeeze for sealing perforations and casing leaks

52

• Single-sack product — each 50-sack pallet of FORM-A-SQUEEZE additive makes a 25-bbl pill • Extremely easy to mix through a standard hopper in both water and base oil/synthetic • No special equipment required to spot the pill • No spacer is required — contaminant friendly to both water-base and non-aqueous base fluids • Not affected by temperature, activator and retarder formulations or pH • Temperature stable up to 450° F (232° C) • Environmentally acceptable (complies with LC50 requirements) • Can be mixed in rig slugging pit up to 17 lb/gal (2 kg/L) • Can be used in whole circulation system up to 10 lb/bbl (28.5 kg/m3) for seepage loss

Mixing Table (approximately one barrel) Weight lb/gal (kg/L) 9 (1.1) 10 (1.2) 11 (1.3) 12 (1.4) 13 (1.6) 14 (1.7) 15 (1.8) 16 (1.9)

Water (bbl) 0.88 0.84 0.81 0.78 0.74 0.71 0.68 0.65

FORM-A-SQUEEZE* 40-lb (18.1-kg) sacks 1.76 1.68 1.62 1.56 1.48 1.42 1.36 1.30

Barite 100-lb (45.4-kg) sacks 0 0.55 1.11 1.68 2.25 2.81 3.38 3.95

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

LC Plug compressibility comparison

FORM-A-SQUEEZE Note: More compacted

Product A

Product B

Each product, 80 lb/bbl (228 kg/m3) in water (each sample dewatered within 90 sec)

Packaging and storage FORM-A-SQUEEZE additive is packaged in standard 40-lb (18.1-kg) sacks; one pallet contains 50 sacks or 2,000-lb (907.2 kg) super-bags on request. Store in a dry, well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition. Avoid generating dust. Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding, shrink-wrapping and/or stacking.

FORM-A-SQUEEZE weighted LC plug.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Toxicity and handling

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A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

PA-10 PA-10* liquid additive is designed to improve the rate of penetration in waterbase drilling fluids, especially where Polycrystalline Diamond Compact (PDC) bits are being used. PA-10 liquid additive employs a non-petroleum base fluid in conjunction with surface active agents to maximize the cutting ability of the bit. The chemical makeup of the additive resists the tendency of clays to adhere to the bit and Bottomhole Assembly (BHA) and assures that weight is more effectively transferred to bottom. It also helps maintain a clean bit face so that cutters have better contact with the formation being drilled. A secondary benefit is reduced torque and drag resulting from the increased lubricity of the drilling fluid.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light yellow-golden liquid Specific gravity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.90 to 0.93 Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >200° F (93° C)

Micro-emulsion droplets.

54

Applications PA-10 liquid additive is designed to optimize the ROP performance of water-base mud systems. It is applicable in both onshore and offshore environments. PA-10 additive coats metal surfaces, retards gumbo hydration and reduces cuttings accretion on bottomhole assemblies. PA-10 liquid additive can be mixed directly into the suction pit, preferably as near as possible to the pump suction. The product is also effective when injected directly into the pump suction. Initial treatment should be 1∑ to 2% by volume, with a target of 2 to 5% being optimum. Continuous additions of PA-10 additive should be made to the system to maintain the proper concentration as new mud is added and as mud depletes as the additive coats the wellbore and drill solids. The injection rate for PA-10 antiaccretion agent varies depending on the drill rate, hole size, pump rate and dilution level. PA-10 liquid additive is effective when pumped in pill form with a concentration of 5 to 15%, especially during sliding operations.

• Increases ROP while drilling clays and shales • Reduces torque and drag • Improves filter-cake quality • Works well with highperformance PDC bits

PA-10 is laboratory tested to enhance your mud’s performance.

Toxicity and handling

• Contains surface-active metalwetting agents that reduce balling on bits and BHA • Improves metal-to-metal lubricity

Packaging and storage PA-10 liquid additive is packaged in 55-gal (208-L) drums and 550-gal (2,082-L) tanks.

Mix directly in mud system.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

• Optimum performance may not be realized if the material is not added continuously in sufficient concentration while drilling

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Advantages

55

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

QUICK SLIDE QUICK SLIDE* multi-blend lubricant is designed to decrease the coefficient of friction in all water-base drilling fluids. Decreasing the coefficient of friction reduces torque, drag and the potential for differential sticking in the wellbore. QUICK SLIDE lubricant is a suspension of polymer drill beads in a base fluid that contains no hydrocarbons. The co-polymer beads act as a mechanical lubricant, embedding themselves in the filter cake in openholes and providing mechanical standoff in cased holes, reducing metal-to-metal friction. The carrying fluid has a unique wettability characteristic that lowers the potential of accretion on the BHA and drill pipe, allowing more consistent weight to be applied to the bit. QUICK SLIDE lubricant is only slightly water soluble under most conditions, but is dispersible in water-base muds.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milky white liquid Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >201° F (94° C) Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.00 to 1.02

Applications QUICK SLIDE multi-blend lubricant is designed for situations where torque and drag and/or the potential for differential sticking are likely, such as when drilling deviated holes or wells with high overbalance. The lubricant is applied in situations where directional concerns require extended drilling

QUICK SLIDE lubricates with micro-emulsion droplets.

56

without rotation, which causes bottomhole assemblies to hang up because of a lack of weight transfer to bottom. It is also applied during casing and logging operations where hole conditions warrant the use of a lubricant for tools and pipe to successfully reach bottom. Normal concentrations of QUICK SLIDE lubricant are in the range of 1∑ to 3% by volume (5 to 10 lb/bbl [14.3 to 28.5 kg/m3]) depending on the fluid density, desired reduction in coefficient of friction and the mud system. QUICK SLIDE blended lubricant can be used in higher concentration when applied in pills where torque and drag are clearly being produced in build sections of highly deviated wells. In those situations, concentrations should range 7 to 10% by volume (24.5 to 35 lb/bbl [69.8 to 99.8 kg/m3]). When circulating these pills, allow sufficient time for the drill beads to work themselves into the formation around the BHA.

• Lubricating suspension mineral • Non-petroleum-base liquid • Co-polymer plastic beads

QUICK SLIDE multi-blend lubricant is water dispersible and blends easily in all water-base mud systems. It can be added to the mud system through the mud hopper or directly to the surface system anywhere good agitation is available.

Advantages • Effective lubricant for water-base mud systems • Decreases the coefficient of friction, which reduces torque and drag • Reduces the potential for differential sticking • Mechanically and chemically lubricates • Temperature stable to 400° F (204° C) • Reduces the tendency for bit and BHA accretion when drilling sticky shales

Packaging and storage

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

QUICK SLIDE multi-blend lubricant is packaged in 55-gal (208-L) drums and in 550-gal (2,082-L) tote tanks. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

Lubricity Test at 60 rpm (metal-to-metal tester) Coefficient of friction of water (0.33 to 0.36) = 0.35; i.e., reading at 150 in./lb is 35

Applied torque in./lb 100 150 200 300 400 500 600

Lubricity meter reading (electrical current required to sustain 60 rpm at applied torque) Base Base Base +2% BLACK FURY* Base +2% BLACK FURY +2% QUICK SLIDE +2% QUICK SLIDE* 12 11 12 11 17 24 40 56 86 115

16 20 33 45 60 80

17 13 20 25 30 33

16 19 20 24 28 31

QUICK SLIDE lubricant instantly disperses in water and is laboratory tested to enhance your mud’s performance.

Shelby County, Texas Horizontal well

12 ft/hr

12

After QUICK S LIDE

10

8

Slide, ft/hr

Dynamic filtration test

6

4

26 mL — 14 g — 4⁄32-in.

4

ft/hr Before QUICK S LIDE

14 mL — 8 g — 2⁄32-in. 2

0 Problem: Sliding unacceptable

Solution: QUICK S LIDE

The proven drilling solution: ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS maintains a database verifying the high-performance characteristics of QUICK SLIDE lubricant.

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Note how the co-polymer beads embed and protrude on the face of the wall cake. The beads reduce wall force friction, increasing your ability to slide drill.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Toxicity and handling

57

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

SACK BLACK SACK BLACK* shale inhibitor is a partially water soluble, water dispersible, coupled Gilsonite. It is used to aid in stabilizing shale sections, controlling wall-cake characteristics, minimizing spurt loss, plugging micro-fractured shales and providing HTHP fluid-loss control at elevated temperatures in water-, diesel- and synthetic-base drilling-fluid systems.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Black powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.04 to 1.06 Solubility in water. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Partially insoluble

Applications SACK BLACK additive is a coupled Gilsonite that can be used in most water- and oil-base muds. It is a free-flowing powder and can be added directly to the mud system through the mixing hopper. SACK BLACK shale inhibitor has been pretreated with a coupler to enhance its wettability in waterbase fluids and requires no additional coupler when added to a mud system. SACK BLACK shale inhibitor is ~80% non-soluble in water and therefore remains in a particulate

Advantages phase in the mud system, becoming a malleable solid that deforms as needed to seal micro fractures in shales and to reduce filtrate invasion in sands. Normal concentrations of SACK BLACK additive are in the range of 3 to 10 lb/bbl (8.6 to 28.5 kg/m3) for shale stabilizing control, and 4 to 6 lb/bbl (11.4 to 17.1 kg/m3) for high-temperature, fluid-loss control. In water- and oil-base drilling-fluid systems, SACK BLACK shale stabilizer provides the following benefits:

• Easily disperses in water • Plugs micro fractures and seals shales • Reduces HTHP fluid loss • Reduces dynamic fluid loss • Reduces torque and drag • Reduces filter-cake thickness • Stable at high temperature applications (>400° F [>204° C])

• Reduces sloughing shales • Lowers torque and drag • Reduces HTHP and dynamic filtration fluid loss • Enhances filter-cake quality Asphalt is 80% soluble in water. 4 lb/bbl (11.4 kg/m3) on API filter paper.

• Improves borehole stability • Minimizes potential differential sticking in depleted sands

Mix directly in mud system.

Gilsonite is 80% non-soluble in water. 4 lb/bbl (11.4 kg/m3) on API filter paper.

58

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Untreated Gilsonite

SACK BLACK treated Gilsonite

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Incapable of dispersing with water. Dispersion elapsed time: 24 hrs and counting.

Capable of dispersing with water. Dispersion elapsed time: 5 sec.

Packaging and storage SACK BLACK is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

Gilsonite is mined only in eastern Utah. The all-natural mineral is environmentally safe.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

Toxicity and handling

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59

A L P I N E

S P E C I A L T Y

C H E M I C A L S

ALPINE TRACER BEADS ALPINE TRACER BEADS* deepwater cement identifier is a one-sack mixture of different-sized macroporous, translucent spheres designed to refract light. TRACER BEADS spheres allow recognition of lead cement and spacers in deepwater applications where the required volumes of cement and spacers cannot be determined except through visual identification. The unique property of TRACER BEADS additive allows visual confirmation when bottoms up has occurred at the sea floor. TRACER BEADS material is inert and has no effect on mud properties. The product can be used in all types of fluids, including cement and cement spacers.

Advantages • Extremely visible with ROV

Typical physical properties

60

Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Translucent spheres

• Allows positive identification of cement returns

Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.60 to 0.90

• Minimizes excess cement

Solubility in water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble

• No effect on mud properties

Applications

Toxicity and handling

TRACER BEADS additive is designed to refract light and is used in deepwater applications where intervals have been drilled without returns and annular volumes are unknown. Typically, an unspecified amount of cement and spacers is prepared and pumped, and the only method of assuring cement returns around the casing is by viewing the operation with a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV) and trying to discern differences between the mud and the cement that is displacing the mud out of the hole. When TRACER BEADS additive is mixed in the cement or the cement spacers, the ROV can distinguish the difference in the fluids because the TRACER BEADS material refracts light, allowing visual confirmation of cement returns to the sea floor.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage

Actual photo of ALPINE TRACER BEADS in mud pill.

TRACER BEADS material can be added to cement, cement spacers, and drilling fluids of all types. Recommended concentration is 1.75 to 2 sacks per barrel, and can be mixed through the mud hopper.

TRACER BEADS additive is packaged in 1.11 ft3 (0.03 m3), multi-walled, paper sacks. Weight per bag is variable due to variation in product specific gravity. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

M-I SWACO* customers are pushing the limits of performance, drilling depths, well complexity and field productivity. As they face challenges such as oil sands and SAGD drilling, they are also contending with stricter environmental regulations. This is where our talent for innovation has helped so many operators. Because we have our own R&D, manufacturing, environmental and technical resources, we can create solutions that solve very specific problems in an environmentally responsible manner.

©2007 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.

www.miswaco.com

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Our flexibility to innovate helps our customers succeed

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H D D

M I N I N G

A N D

W A T E R W E L L :

N E W - T E C H N O L O G Y

D R I L L I N G

DRILPLEX HDD A specialty product used to enhance the gel strengths of MAX GEL* viscosifier, DRILPLEX* HDD viscosifier is an inorganic chemical viscosifier for waterbase, bentonite drilling fluids. DRILPLEX HDD viscosifier is only slightly soluble in water.

Applications DRILPLEX HDD viscosifier allows the formulation of fluids with exceptional shear-thinning properties, resulting in a drilling fluid with both excellent dynamic and static carrying capacity for solids. This is indicated by high yieldpoint and low plastic-viscosity readings. When not circulating, the mud instantly reverts to a gelled state and results in high suspending capacity indicated by high, non-progressive gel-strength readings. For 300 gal (1,136 L) of drilling fluid mix: • Add 1½ sacks (75 lb [34 kg]) MAX GEL viscosifier in freshwater and hydrate for 10 min. If higher rheological properties are desired, mix more gel. For every 7 lb (3.2 kg) of additional gel added, the yield point rises approximately 20 points.

62

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Off-white powder Odor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . None Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.8 to 3.1

• After the gel is hydrated, add 6 lb (2.7 kg) of DRILPLEX HDD (3 vis cups) viscosifier and mix for an additional 5 to 10 min • For torque reduction, add 1.5 gal (5.7 L) of ROD EASE* lubricant

Advantages • High rate of penetration • Optimum cuttings transport • Excellent solids suspension • Borehole stabilization • Low drilling costs

Limitations DRILPLEX HDD fluids are not compatible with anionic products. Do not add any polymers or thinners to this fluid. Polymers and thinners destroy the rheological properties of the fluid. DRILPLEX HDD fluid should only be used to enhance a bentonite-base fluid. The mixing

tank must be clean before being used to mix DRILPLEX HDD fluid.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage DRILPLEX HDD viscosifier comes in 25-lb (11.3-kg) multi-walled, paper sacks with 80 sacks to a pallet. Store in a dry location away from sources of heat or ignition, and minimize dust.

M I N I N G

A N D

W A T E R W E L L :

N E W - T E C H N O L O G Y

D R I L L I N G

DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS DUO-VIS*/SUPER-VIS* xanthan gum is a high-molecular-weight biopolymer used for increasing carrying capacity in water-base systems. DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS biopolymer has the unique ability to produce a fluid that is highly shear-thinning and thixotropic.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cream-to-tan powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 Bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 lb/ft3 (800 kg/m3)

Advantages

The primary function of DUO-VIS/ SUPER-VIS biopolymer is to increase low-shear viscosity for cuttings transport and suspension. This product performs effectively in all water-base fluids, from highly weighted to low-solids systems, including freshwater, seawater, salt and heavy-brine systems. DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS xanthan gum works to provide an optimized rheological profile with elevated low-shear-rate viscosity and highly shear-thinning characteristics with low “n” values. These characteristics frequently result in fluids with inverted flow properties (i.e., the yield point is greater than the plastic viscosity). Shear-thinning fluids have low effective viscosities at the high shear rates encountered inside the drillstring and at the bit. This low effective viscosity for minimal pressure losses and standpipe pressures allows optimized hydraulics and maximized rates of penetration. Conversely, at the low shear rates experienced in the annulus, the DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS product enables the drilling fluid to have a high effective viscosity for adequately cleaning the well and suspending cuttings.

• Highly effective suspension enhancer; small treatments produce significant results • Provides a shear-thinning rheological profile for improved hydraulics • Minimum frictional pressure losses for additional hydraulic horsepower at the bit and low, high-shear-rate viscosity for maximum penetration rates • Viscous laminar flow in the annulus for improved wellbore stability with maximum hole-cleaning and suspension capacity • Easy to mix

Limitations • Trivalent ions such as chromium and iron can cause biopolymer precipitation and loss of viscosity or cross-linking • DUO-VIS/SUPER-VIS systems should be pretreated with either sodium bicarbonate or SAPP, and possibly citric acid, prior to drilling cement • Subject to bacterial degradation; a biocide should be used to prevent fermentation if used for prolonged periods

• Lightly anionic nature of DUO-VIS/ SUPER-VIS biopolymer requires special mixing procedures when mixed with cationic materials

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage DUO-VIS product is packaged in 25-lb (11.3-kg) sacks. SUPER-VIS product is packaged in 2-gal (7.6-L) buckets (12.5-lb [5.7-kg] per bucket). The product can also be packaged in 15- to 21-lb (6.8 to 9.5 kg) baggies per 5-gal (18.9-L) bucket. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition. For more information, please request a product bulletin from your M-I SWACO representative.

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MAX BORE HDD The MAX BORE* HDD system is a proprietary, blended, high-yielding Wyoming bentonite supplied as a single-sack product used especially in boring-fluid applications. The MAX BORE HDD system provides suspension, wellbore stability and filtration control. The system also helps reduce torque and drag for water-base applications and is designed to minimize environmental impact.

Applications The MAX BORE HDD system provides suspension, improves wellbore stability, controls filtration, and helps reduce torque and drag in boringfluid applications. It is a costeffective product for achieving viscosity for hole cleaning, gel strength for cuttings suspension and transport, wellbore stability, fluid-loss control, and filter-cake quality in freshwater and seawater applications. Typical concentrations of the MAX BORE HDD system range from 15 to 45 lb/100 gal (18 to 54 kg/m3).

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.6 Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 to 52 lb/ft3 (769 to 833 kg/m3)

• Hydrates more than other types of clays and is best for generating viscosity for hole cleaning, developing gels for suspension and controlling filtration • Unique size, shape and high surface area provide superior filtration characteristics • Provides lubricity and wellbore stability for ease of drilling and stability of water-sensitive clays and shales • Non-toxic and environmentally safe

Limitations

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage The MAX BORE HDD system is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) multi-walled sacks, 56 per pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Performance is reduced in salty (>10,000 mg/L Cl–) or hard (>240 mg/L Ca++) waters due to decreased hydration.

Advantages • One-sack system provides ease of mixing and reduces the number of products required to prepare boring fluid

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Typical Amounts of MAX BORE HDD Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling Clay environments Gravel/rock/cobble

lb/100 gal 20 – 25 10 – 15 25 – 30

lb/bbl 8.5 – 10 4–6 10 – 13

kg/m3 25 – 29 12 – 18 29 – 37

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MAX GEL MAX GEL* viscosifier is a premium 220-bbl yield Wyoming bentonite blended with special extenders, capable of yielding more than twice as much viscosity as regular Wyoming bentonite. MAX GEL viscosifier is an easily mixed, superior Wyoming sodium bentonite for freshwater drilling and boring applications.

Applications MAX GEL viscosifier is used in the following applications to rapidly build mud viscosity and provide superior hole cleaning, as well as to help control lost circulation, formation sloughing and promote hole stability in unconsolidated formations: • Potable-water wells • Mineral exploration (coring and rotary drilling) • Horizontal directional drilling • Blast holes • Shaft drilling • Monitor/observation wells • Gel-foam, air-drilling applications

Advantages • Yields more quickly than API-standard bentonite

• Higher penetration rates than regular bentonite systems due to lower solids content

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.5 Approximate yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 bbl/ton

• Reduced transportation and storage costs as a result of less product required for treatment

described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Finer grind to enable rapid mixing

Packaging and storage

Limitations Loses effectiveness in water containing >7,500 mg/L sodium chloride/240 mg/L calcium. If dispersants or thinners are to be used, they should be added sparingly, using 50% or less of the normal treatment.

Toxicity and handling

MAX GEL bentonite is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks and is available in bulk. Store in a dry location (slip hazard when wet) and minimize dust (use dustless systems for handling, storage and cleanup). Material can be palletized at either 56 sacks/pallet or 70 sacks/pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as

Typical Amounts of MAX GEL Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation Lost-circulation control Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop filter cakes

lb/100 gal 15 – 25

lb/bbl 6 – 11

kg/m3 15 – 30

25 – 40 35 – 45

12 – 18 15 – 20

35 – 50 40 – 45

5 – 10

2–5

6 – 14

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• Non-toxic and proven suitable for use in drilling potable water wells

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

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POLYPAC R POLYPAC* R polyanionic cellulose is a high-quality, water-soluble polymer designed to control fluid loss and increase viscosity in water-base muds.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White, free-flowing powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 to 1.6 pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 8.0

Applications POLYPAC R additive controls fluid loss in freshwater, seawater, KCl and salt muds. The polymer forms a thin, resilient, low-permeability filter cake that minimizes the potential for differential sticking and the invasion of filtrate and mud solids into permeable formations. POLYPAC R fluid-loss-control additive resists bacterial attack, eliminating the need for biocides or preservatives. It is effective in low concentrations, with the normal fluid-loss treatment ranging from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3). POLYPAC R polymer also develops viscosity to a degree that is dependent on the solids concentration, salinity and makeup water chemistry. POLYPAC R anionic polymer attaches to and encapsulates exposed shales and drill cuttings. This protective polymer “envelope” inhibits the dispersion of shale cuttings and restricts fluid interactions with exposed shales.

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Advantages • Effective in low concentrations for controlling fluid loss and building viscosity • Encapsulates shale particles to inhibit swelling and dispersion • Resists bacterial attack, requiring no biocides or preservatives • Functions over a wide range of salinity, hardness and pH levels • Applicable in all water-base muds, ranging from low-solids, non-dispersed polymer systems to high-density, dispersed systems • Compatible with all common mud-treating additives • Excellent environmental acceptability

Limitations • Circulating temperature stability of approximately 300° F (149° C)

• Effective in systems with total hardness 90%

improved wellbore stability. POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer is frequently used in slim-hole, continuous-coring applications.

sweep through the well helps clear accumulated cuttings and maintain a clean hole.

Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed (LSND) muds. POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer is well suited to LSND systems. In reduced-bentonite muds, POLY-PLUS RD additive extends bentonite to increase viscosity, flocculates drill solids for more efficient removal, encapsulates cuttings and improves wellbore stability.

Addition method

POLY-PLUS RD sweeps. Viscous POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer sweeps are effective for periodic hole cleaning. Circulating a POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer can be mixed directly into the active mud system. It can also be premixed at higher concentrations in a separate pit or chemical barrel, then blended into the active system. Sweeps can be prepared by mixing POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer directly in the active system at the suction pit or by premixing a high concentration in a separate pit and allowing the polymer to fully yield before being pumped.

Typical Properties of POLY-PLUS RD in Freshwater Concentration lb/bbl (kg/m3) 0.125 (0.4) 0.25 (0.7) 0.50 (1.4) 0.75 (2.1) 1.00 (2.9) 1.50 (4.3)

PV cP 2 3 4 6 9 15

YP lb/100 ft2 1 2 4 8 11 17

Marsh Funnel sec/qt 28 31 34 46 60 110

• Readily dispersible and does not form “fish eyes” • Excellent cuttings encapsulator limits cuttings dispersion • Provides improved shale stabilization • Powdered material has significantly lower toxicity than invert-emulsion, liquid polymers • Highly concentrated product (>90% activity) reduces transportation costs and storage space requirements • Aids in preventing balling on the bit, stabilizers and bottomhole assembly by coating and lubricating solids • Enhances removal of drill solids • Can be used to viscosify clearwater and low-solids drilling fluids

Limitations • Severe flocculation can occur during the initial treatment of POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer in a non-dispersed mud system. Flocculation causes high viscosity until all of the solids are coated. POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

mud systems use low concentrations (240 mg/L Ca++) waters due to decreased hydration.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage The MAX BORE HDD system is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) multi-walled sacks, 56 per pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Typical Amounts of MAX BORE HDD Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling Clay environments Gravel/rock/cobble

lb/100 gal 20 – 25 10 – 15 25 – 30

lb/bbl 8.5 – 10 4–6 10 – 13

kg/m3 25 – 29 12 – 18 29 – 37

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• One-sack system provides ease of mixing and reduces the number of products required to prepare boring fluid

Typical physical properties

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

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MAX GEL MAX GEL* viscosifier is a premium 220-bbl yield Wyoming bentonite blended with special extenders, capable of yielding more than twice as much viscosity as regular Wyoming bentonite. MAX GEL viscosifier is an easily mixed, superior Wyoming sodium bentonite for freshwater drilling and boring applications.

Applications MAX GEL viscosifier is used in the following applications to rapidly build mud viscosity and provide superior hole cleaning, as well as to help control lost circulation, formation sloughing and promote hole stability in unconsolidated formations: • Potable-water wells • Mineral exploration (coring and rotary drilling) • Horizontal directional drilling • Blast holes • Shaft drilling • Monitor/observation wells • Gel-foam, air-drilling applications

Advantages • Yields more quickly than API-standard bentonite • Non-toxic and proven suitable for use in drilling potable water wells • Higher penetration rates than regular bentonite systems due to lower solids content

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Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.5 Approximate yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 bbl/ton

• Reduced transportation and storage costs as a result of less product required for treatment

described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Finer grind to enable rapid mixing

Packaging and storage

Limitations Loses effectiveness in water containing >7,500 mg/L sodium chloride/240 mg/L calcium. If dispersants or thinners are to be used, they should be added sparingly, using 50% or less of the normal treatment.

Toxicity and handling

MAX GEL bentonite is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks and is available in bulk. Store in a dry location (slip hazard when wet) and minimize dust (use dustless systems for handling, storage and cleanup). Material can be palletized at either 56 sacks/pallet or 70 sacks/pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as

Typical Amounts of MAX GEL Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation Lost-circulation control Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop filter cakes

lb/100 gal 15 – 25

lb/bbl 6 – 11

kg/m3 15 – 30

25 – 40 35 – 45

12 – 18 15 – 20

35 – 50 40 – 45

5 – 10

2–5

6 – 14

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ROD EASE This product is a superior lubricant for HDD, coring, and rotary drilling.

Applications ROD EASE* lubricant mixes instantly and is not affected by water quality. For this product to deliver rod protection and reduce torque after drilling has started, consideration must be given to the number of rods and the amount of fluid in the hole. Treatment can require dosing the system with several pails of lubricant. Established maintenance levels are required after initial dosage and treatment. Normal treatment levels are 1 to 2% of fluid volume or 1 to 2 pints (0.473 to 0.946 L) per 100 gal (378.5 L) of drilling fluid. The dosage amount should be increased if the penetration rate decreases, torque increases, or the run length decreases indicating poor cutting.

Advantages • Reduces torque • Prevents rust and scale • Environmentally safe • Increases penetration rates • Extends bit and mud motor life • Increases mud motor efficiency • Reduces wear on rods and equipment

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dark brown liquid Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.887 pH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 to 7.5 Boiling point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 572° F (>300° C) Freezing point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . –77° F (–25° C) Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554° F (290° C)

• Maximizes rig potential and steering control • Enhances the effectiveness of powdered drilling-fluid additives ROD EASE lubricant is based on an environmentally safe technology that has proven effective in lubricating downhole consumables. This product has produced both bit-life and penetration increases of more than 25% during drilling operations. Because ROD EASE lubricant reduces torque and drag, the operator can use the drill rig to its full potential, meaning thrusts and pulls are at a minimum, and steering control is precise. Tests performed in the M-I SWACO laboratory in Houston confirm the effects of ROD EASE lubricant.

Limitations None.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage ROD EASE lubricant is packaged in 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets and 55-gal (208.2-L) drums. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

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Lost-Circulation Materials (LCM) Cedar Fiber Cedar Fiber is a specially processed blend of fibers of controlled length, giving proper size distribution for regaining circulation. • Non-fermenting • Amounts used vary from 1 to 35% by volume

Packaging and storage Cedar Fiber is packaged in 40-lb (18-kg) bags.

directly to the pits and gunned into the mud. The most important aspect of combating lost circulation is using the correct particle size. Consequently, it is recommended that a combination of materials be added to ensure a good particle-size distribution. If left in the mud for an extended period of time, drilling paper may be susceptible to bacterial degradation. A bactericide may be necessary to prevent fermentation.

Packaging and storage Mica Mica is a selected, non-abrasive mineral available in fine and coarse grades. Mica has no adverse effect on mud properties. It is used to prevent and regain lost returns. Fine mica can pass through a 20-mesh screen.

Application • Lost circulation: 5 to 15 lb (2.25 to 6.75 kg)

Packaging and storage Mica is packaged in 50-lb (22.68-kg) sacks.

Drilling Paper Drilling paper is a blend of variable-sized particles of ground paper that is applicable for use in all water-base mud systems. Drilling paper can be used in concentrations of up to 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3) in slug treatments or as an additive to the entire system. In areas of known lost-circulation zones, it is advisable to pretreat the system before drilling into the zone of loss. Drilling paper can be mixed through the mud hopper or added

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Drilling paper is packaged in 40-lb (18-kg) plastic sacks.

Cottonseed Hulls Cottonseed hulls are fibrous and biodegradable, creating an excellent bridging agent when large-particlesize material is needed. They can be used in any water-base mud system. Cottonseed hulls are used in concentrations of up to 20 lb/bbl (57 kg/m3) as slug treatments or as an additive to the entire system. In areas of known lost-circulation zones, it is advisable to pretreat the system before drilling into the zone of loss. Cottonseed hulls can be mixed through the mud hopper or added directly to the pits and gunned into the mud. The most important aspect of combating lost circulation is using the correct particle size. Consequently, it is recommended that a combination of materials be added to ensure a good particle-size distribution. If left in the mud for an extended period of time, cottonseed hulls can be susceptible to bacterial degradation, resulting in the release of H2S and CO2 into the mud. Bactericide may be necessary to prevent fermentation.

Packaging and storage Cottonseed hulls are packaged in 50-lb (22.68-kg) and 100-lb (45.37-kg) burlap or paper sacks.

FED-SEAL FED-SEAL* lost-circulation material is an engineered product that contains an optimum blend of granular, fibrous and flake materials. FED-SEAL LCM is available in three grinds (coarse, medium and fine) covering a wide range of lostcirculation problems. FED-SEAL additive is normally recommended in concentrations of 20 to 30 lb/bbl (57 to 86 kg/m3) mixed in a slug of 100 to 200 bbl and spotted at the zone of loss, displacing the slurry at a reduced pumping rate with either large nozzles or an open-ended system. FED-SEAL LCM can be added to either the water-base mud being used at the time of loss or in any special purpose slurry prepared for squeeze applications. The FED-SEAL product has been used for preventive measures or as a “filler” because the fine grade can pass through 20-mesh shaker screens in concentrations of 2 to 10 lb/bbl (6 to 28 kg/m3).

Limitations Do not mix in oil muds.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request.

Packaging and storage FED-SEAL LCM is packaged in 40-lb (18-kg) multi-walled, paper sacks.

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MAX GEL MAX GEL* viscosifier is a premium 220-bbl yield Wyoming bentonite blended with special extenders, capable of yielding more than twice as much viscosity as regular Wyoming bentonite. MAX GEL viscosifier is an easily mixed, superior Wyoming sodium bentonite for freshwater drilling and boring applications.

Applications MAX GEL viscosifier is used in the following applications to rapidly build mud viscosity and provide superior hole cleaning, as well as to help control lost circulation, formation sloughing and promote hole stability in unconsolidated formations: • Potable-water wells • Mineral exploration (coring and rotary drilling) • Horizontal directional drilling • Blast holes • Shaft drilling • Monitor/observation wells • Gel-foam, air-drilling applications

Advantages • Yields more quickly than API-standard bentonite

• Higher penetration rates than regular bentonite systems due to lower solids content

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.5 Approximate yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 bbl/ton

• Reduced transportation and storage costs as a result of less product required for treatment

described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Finer grind to enable rapid mixing

Packaging and storage

Limitations Loses effectiveness in water containing >7,500 mg/L sodium chloride/240 mg/L calcium. If dispersants or thinners are to be used, they should be added sparingly, using 50% or less of the normal treatment.

Toxicity and handling

MAX GEL bentonite is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks and is available in bulk. Store in a dry location (slip hazard when wet) and minimize dust (use dustless systems for handling, storage and cleanup). Material can be palletized at either 56 sacks/pallet or 70 sacks/pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as

Typical Amounts of MAX GEL Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation Lost-circulation control Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop filter cakes

lb/100 gal 15 – 25

lb/bbl 6 – 11

kg/m3 15 – 30

25 – 40 35 – 45

12 – 18 15 – 20

35 – 50 40 – 45

5 – 10

2–5

6 – 14

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

• Non-toxic and proven suitable for use in drilling potable water wells

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

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PLATINUM PAC PLATINUM PAC* polyanionic cellulose is a readily dispersible, watersoluble polymer designed to control fluid loss in water-base muds.

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White or off-white powder Ionic character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anionic

Applications

Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64 to 9.0 g/cm3

PLATINUM PAC polyanionic cellulose is effective in low concentrations, with the normal fluid-loss treatment ranging from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3). This product is applicable in all water-base muds, ranging from low-solids, non-dispersed polymer systems to high-density, dispersed systems. It is used as a filtrate reducer and borehole stabilizer in water-base drilling applications.

pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0

Toxicity and handling

• Functions over a wide range of salinity, hardness and pH levels

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Advantages

• Compatible with all common mud-treating additives

Packaging and storage

• Controls fluid loss and produces a thin, slick, tough filter cake

Limitations

• Inhibits the hydration of drill solids and encapsulates the drill solids for easier removal • Exhibits superior mixing in low-shear environments • Is more readily dispersible than conventional dry PAC polymers

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• Effective in low concentrations for controlling fluid loss • Encapsulates shale particles to inhibit swelling and dispersion • Resists bacterial attack, requiring no biocides or preservatives

• Circulating temperature stability to approximately 300° F (149° C) • Effective in systems with total hardness 90%

improved wellbore stability. POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer is frequently used in slim-hole, continuous-coring applications.

sweep through the well helps clear accumulated cuttings and maintain a clean hole.

Low-Solids, Non-Dispersed (LSND) muds. POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer is well suited to LSND systems. In reduced-bentonite muds, POLY-PLUS RD additive extends bentonite to increase viscosity, flocculates drill solids for more efficient removal, encapsulates cuttings and improves wellbore stability.

Addition method

POLY-PLUS RD sweeps. Viscous POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer sweeps are effective for periodic hole cleaning. Circulating a POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer can be mixed directly into the active mud system. It can also be premixed at higher concentrations in a separate pit or chemical barrel, then blended into the active system. Sweeps can be prepared by mixing POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer directly in the active system at the suction pit or by premixing a high concentration in a separate pit and allowing the polymer to fully yield before being pumped.

Typical Properties of POLY-PLUS RD in Freshwater Concentration lb/bbl (kg/m3) 0.125 (0.4) 0.25 (0.7) 0.50 (1.4) 0.75 (2.1) 1.00 (2.9) 1.50 (4.3)

PV cP 2 3 4 6 9 15

YP lb/100 ft2 1 2 4 8 11 17

Marsh Funnel sec/qt 28 31 34 46 60 110

• Readily dispersible and does not form “fish eyes” • Excellent cuttings encapsulator limits cuttings dispersion • Provides improved shale stabilization • Powdered material has significantly lower toxicity than invert-emulsion, liquid polymers • Highly concentrated product (>90% activity) reduces transportation costs and storage space requirements • Aids in preventing balling on the bit, stabilizers and bottomhole assembly by coating and lubricating solids • Enhances removal of drill solids • Can be used to viscosify clearwater and low-solids drilling fluids

Limitations • Severe flocculation can occur during the initial treatment of POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer in a non-dispersed mud system. Flocculation causes high viscosity until all of the solids are coated. POLY-PLUS RD acrylic co-polymer

mud systems use low concentrations (7,500 mg/L sodium chloride/240 mg/L calcium. If dispersants or thinners are to be used, they should be added sparingly, using 50% or less of the normal treatment.

Toxicity and handling

MAX GEL bentonite is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks and is available in bulk. Store in a dry location (slip hazard when wet) and minimize dust (use dustless systems for handling, storage and cleanup). Material can be palletized at either 56 sacks/pallet or 70 sacks/pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as

Typical Amounts of MAX GEL Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation Lost-circulation control Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop filter cakes

lb/100 gal 15 – 25

lb/bbl 6 – 11

kg/m3 15 – 30

25 – 40 35 – 45

12 – 18 15 – 20

35 – 50 40 – 45

5 – 10

2–5

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• Non-toxic and proven suitable for use in drilling potable water wells

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

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PLATINUM PAC PLATINUM PAC* polyanionic cellulose is a readily dispersible, watersoluble polymer designed to control fluid loss in water-base muds.

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White or off-white powder Ionic character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anionic

Applications

Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64 to 9.0 g/cm3

PLATINUM PAC polyanionic cellulose is effective in low concentrations, with the normal fluid-loss treatment ranging from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3). This product is applicable in all water-base muds, ranging from low-solids, non-dispersed polymer systems to high-density, dispersed systems. It is used as a filtrate reducer and borehole stabilizer in water-base drilling applications.

pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0

Toxicity and handling

• Functions over a wide range of salinity, hardness and pH levels

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Advantages

• Compatible with all common mud-treating additives

Packaging and storage

• Controls fluid loss and produces a thin, slick, tough filter cake

Limitations

• Inhibits the hydration of drill solids and encapsulates the drill solids for easier removal • Exhibits superior mixing in low-shear environments • Is more readily dispersible than conventional dry PAC polymers

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• Effective in low concentrations for controlling fluid loss • Encapsulates shale particles to inhibit swelling and dispersion • Resists bacterial attack, requiring no biocides or preservatives

• Circulating temperature stability to approximately 300° F (149° C) • Effective in systems with total hardness 240 mg/L Ca++) waters due to decreased hydration.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage GEL SUPREME bentonite is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks and is available in bulk. Minimize dust (use dustless systems for handling, storage and cleanup). Store in a dry location (slip hazard when wet).

• Hydrates more than other types of clays and is best for generating viscosity, developing gels for suspension and controlling filtration • A premium-grade, API, nontreated bentonite. Therefore, it does not contain chemical treatments and is considered

Typical Amounts of GEL SUPREME Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation Lost-circulation control Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop thin filter cakes

lb/100 gal 50 – 70

lb/bbl 20 – 30

kg/m3 60 – 85

70 – 95 105 – 130

30 – 40 45 – 55

85 – 115 125 – 155

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20

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Advantages

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GOPHER GROUT GOPHER GROUT* granular bentonite grouting composition contains highswelling sodium montmorillonite clay. It is designed for use in water wells and monitoring wells, for sealing the annular space around well casing, and for plugging drilled holes and abandoned wells. GOPHER GROUT composition contains no organic additives or polymers. A one-sack formulation of GOPHER GROUT granular bentonite grouting composition mixes with freshwater to yield 20%-pumpable grouting slurry with an extended working time. When set up, the GOPHER GROUT grouting composition develops a satisfactory seal with adequate structural strength and low hydraulic conductivity. When properly placed, GOPHER GROUT grouting composition remains flexible, rehydratable and unstratified through heating and cooling cycles.

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beige to tan granular Screen analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90% max passing through 20-mesh Moisture content . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8% Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.0 Slurry density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 lb/gal (1.1 kg/L) for 20% solids Dry bulk density. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 lb/ft3 (1,281 kg/m3)

• Sealing and grouting casing

1. Using a mixing device, blend one 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack of GOPHER GROUT grouting composition into 24 gal (91 L) of freshwater.

• Plugging and abandoning exploration boreholes

Advantages • Inorganic, non-fermenting and non-toxic • Develops lower-solids slurries up to 20% total active solids • Easily mixed and handled with most conventional mixing equipment • Permanent, flexible seal prevents entry of contaminants from the surface • Extended working time controlled by grout solids content • Firm texture providing structural stability after grout set

3. Add silica sand at a steady, continuous rate (approximately 2 min). Continue mixing until a consistent mixture is reached.

GOPHER GROUT grouting composition should be mixed with freshwater to obtain maximum results. The recommended mixing rate is a 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack of GOPHER GROUT grouting composition with 24 gal (91 L) of water to make a 20%-active-solids slurry. Adjust the amount of water to alter viscosity and consistency.

Waterwell mixing procedures

• Sealing monitor wells

2. Mix for approximately 1 min.

Addition methods

Applications • Sanitary sealing in water well construction

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Limitations When used as recommended, there are no limitations imposed on this product.

Toxicity and handling

2. Blend, do not over-mix. The resulting slurry should be like lumpy cake batter. Pump through tremie line without delay.

Geothermal mixing procedures 1. Start the mixing device in 27 gal (102 L) of freshwater and add one 50-lb (22.7-kg) sack of GOPHER GROUT grouting composition.

Bioassay information available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage GOPHER GROUT grouting composition is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty, multiwalled, waterproof sacks. Store in a cool, dry place.

GOPHER GROUT Slurry at Various Solids Content GOPHER GROUT* lb (kg) 50 (22.7) 50 (22.7) 50 (22.7)

Water gal (L) 30 (114) 28 (106) 24 (91)

Solids content % 16.7 17.5 20.0

Usable slurry gal (L) 33 (125) 31 (117) 27 (102)

Estimate working time (min) 30 – 60 15 – 30 5 – 15

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KWIK-PLUG Fine & Micro KWIK-PLUG* Fine and KWIK-PLUG Micro granular bentonite products are composed of dried sodiummontmorillonite clay. KWIK-PLUG products can be used as a sealant for earthen structures and dry, shallow-hole abandonment. KWIK-PLUG products can also be used to control lost circulation in mud used in rotary or coring operations.

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gray-white granular Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 Solubility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Insoluble in water KWIK-PLUG Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97% min. passing 4-mesh KWIK-PLUG Fine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% max. passing 20-mesh KWIK-PLUG Micro. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97% min. passing 8-mesh KWIK-PLUG Micro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5% max. passing 20-mesh

Applications • Seal or grout casing in well construction • Plug abandoned earthen boreholes • Seal ponds and other water structures

Advantages • High-swelling Wyoming bentonite that forms tight seals • Granular product with reduced dust • Forms a low, permeable and flexible seal

Addition methods

Limitations When used as recommended, there are no limitations imposed on this product.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage KWIK-PLUG granular bentonite product is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty, multiwalled, waterproof sacks and various sized super sacks. Store in a cool, dry place.

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For an earthen structure seal, the normal treatment is 1 to 2 lb/ft2 (4.88 to 9.76 kg/m2), depending on the soil type. Treatment concentration should be tested using a 5-gal (18.9-L) bucket with holes

punched in the bottom. Put the soil to be treated in the bucket and add 1 to 2 lb (0.5 to 0.9 kg) of KWIK-PLUG granular bentonite. Pour water into the bucket and observe the seal. By using this method, the exact concentration of KWIK-PLUG product can be determined. For lost-circulation control in mud rotary applications, add KWIK-PLUG granular bentonite directly to the suction pit. For coring-rig applications, mix KWIK-PLUG product in vegetable oil and pour the solution down the rods. Pump slurry to the point of the lost circulation, then pick up the rods and wait while the slurry hydrates. For dry, shallow-hole abandonment, pour the required amount of KWIK-PLUG product directly down the borehole and hydrate with freshwater.

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KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse The KWIK-PLUG Medium & Coarse products are screen-sized bentonite composed of a naturally occurring clay which is used to seal and plug earthen boreholes. KWIK-PLUG material will travel through water standing in the hole and reach the bottom of the hole with minimum hydration or swelling. The annular space can be completely filled, and bridging of the particles in the upper portion of the hole minimized. The annular space being completely filled is necessary to form an effective, long-term plug. KWIK-PLUG material is available in two sizes: KWIK-PLUG Coarse (¾-in. [19.1-mm]) size and KWIK-PLUG Medium (3⁄8-in. [9.5-mm]) size. The size of the open annular space will determine which size should be used. When the annular space is ¾-in. (19.1-mm) or more, KWIK-PLUG Medium material is recommended. When the annular space is 1½ in. (38.1 mm) or more, KWIK-PLUG Coarse material is recommended.

Applications • Environmental monitoring wells • Sealing outside casing annulus • Plugging decommissioned boreholes

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Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Beige to tan powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.5 to 2.6 Permeability of resulting plug. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 x 10–9 cm/sec. Moisture. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15% Bulk density KWIK-PLUG Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 lb/ft3 (1,089.2 kg3) Bulk density KWIK-PLUG Coarse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 lb/ft3 (1,025.2 kg3)

• Sealing lost-circulation zones • Sealing above gravel packs

Advantages • Prevents entry of surface water into boreholes • Forms a permanent, flexible, downhole seal • Allows hole re-entry • Easy to apply, no mixing expense • More cost effective compared to pelletized bentonite

Limitations When used as recommended, there are no limitations imposed on this product.

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described on the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage KWIK-PLUG material is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), heavy-duty, multi-walled, waterproof sacks and various sized super sacks. Store in a cool, dry place.

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PLATINUM PAC PLATINUM PAC* polyanionic cellulose is a readily dispersible, watersoluble polymer designed to control fluid loss in water-base muds.

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . White or off-white powder Ionic character. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Anionic

Applications

Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.64 to 9.0 g/cm3

PLATINUM PAC polyanionic cellulose is effective in low concentrations, with the normal fluid-loss treatment ranging from 0.25 to 1 lb/bbl (0.71 to 2.85 kg/m3). This product is applicable in all water-base muds, ranging from low-solids, non-dispersed polymer systems to high-density, dispersed systems. It is used as a filtrate reducer and borehole stabilizer in water-base drilling applications.

pH (1% solution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 to 9.0

• Effective in low concentrations for controlling fluid loss

Toxicity and handling

• Functions over a wide range of salinity, hardness and pH levels

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Advantages

• Compatible with all common mud-treating additives

Packaging and storage

• Controls fluid loss and produces a thin, slick, tough filter cake

Limitations

• Inhibits the hydration of drill solids and encapsulates the drill solids for easier removal • Exhibits superior mixing in low-shear environments • Is more readily dispersible than conventional dry PAC polymers

• Encapsulates shale particles to inhibit swelling and dispersion • Resists bacterial attack, requiring no biocides or preservatives

• Circulating temperature stability to approximately 300° F (149° C) • Effective in systems with total hardness 400° F (>204° C)

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amber to brown liquid Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 to 1.3 Flash point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . >212° F (>99° C) (PMCC)

• Effective in weighted or unweighted fluids and compatible with both non-dispersed and dispersed systems • Works well as a deflocculant in POLY-PLUS polymer mud systems • Compatible with most common mud additives • A concentrated liquid thinner, easily added to the mud system through the mud hopper or directly into the surface system

Limitations Highly anionic additive precipitated by high concentrations of divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium. Total hardness must be maintained below 200 mg/L with soda ash. • Should not be used in calcium systems such as lime, gyp or untreated seawater muds that have high soluble calcium • Effectiveness is limited in high-solids mud

• Initial treatments with TACKLE additive can actually increase viscosity when the concentration is very low, ~0.1 lb/bbl (~0.3 kg/m3). Dilution to reduce the solids, in conjunction with continued treatments with TACKLE additive, reduces viscosity • Pilot tests are recommended prior to treating with this product

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

Packaging and storage TACKLE liquid polymer is packaged in 5-gal (18.9-L) cans. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

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• Not subject to bacterial degradation

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

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MAX GEL MAX GEL* viscosifier is a premium 220-bbl yield Wyoming bentonite blended with special extenders, capable of yielding more than twice as much viscosity as regular Wyoming bentonite. MAX GEL viscosifier is an easily mixed, superior Wyoming sodium bentonite for freshwater drilling and boring applications.

Applications MAX GEL viscosifier is used in the following applications to rapidly build mud viscosity and provide superior hole cleaning, as well as to help control lost circulation, formation sloughing and promote hole stability in unconsolidated formations: • Potable-water wells • Mineral exploration (coring and rotary drilling) • Horizontal directional drilling • Blast holes • Shaft drilling • Monitor/observation wells • Gel-foam, air-drilling applications

Advantages • Yields more quickly than API-standard bentonite • Non-toxic and proven suitable for use in drilling potable water wells • Higher penetration rates than regular bentonite systems due to lower solids content

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Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.5 Approximate yield . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 bbl/ton

• Reduced transportation and storage costs as a result of less product required for treatment

described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Finer grind to enable rapid mixing

Packaging and storage

Limitations Loses effectiveness in water containing >7,500 mg/L sodium chloride/240 mg/L calcium. If dispersants or thinners are to be used, they should be added sparingly, using 50% or less of the normal treatment.

Toxicity and handling

MAX GEL bentonite is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks and is available in bulk. Store in a dry location (slip hazard when wet) and minimize dust (use dustless systems for handling, storage and cleanup). Material can be palletized at either 56 sacks/pallet or 70 sacks/pallet. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as

Typical Amounts of MAX GEL Additions Added to Freshwater Drilling application/desired results Normal drilling In gravel or other poorly consolidated formation Lost-circulation control Added to freshwater mud to improve hole-cleaning properties, increase hole stability and develop filter cakes

lb/100 gal 15 – 25

lb/bbl 6 – 11

kg/m3 15 – 30

25 – 40 35 – 45

12 – 18 15 – 20

35 – 50 40 – 45

5 – 10

2–5

6 – 14

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RINGFREE RINGFREE* additive is a highly efficient, thermally stable thinner and surface-active agent that removes bentonite clays from the drillstring. It is environmentally acceptable and contains no heavy metals. Because it dissolves rapidly, RINGFREE additive immediately affects the rheology of most drilling fluids.

Applications RINGFREE additive is used primarily to prevent bit balling and mud rings. It can also be used to reduce the viscosity and gel strengths of most freshwater drilling fluids.

Advantages • RINGFREE additive is an excellent clay dispersant that quickly penetrates sticky clays that can cause tools to stick • Works quickly to alleviate hole problems and reduce costly pulling times or lost pipe

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Pale yellow liquid Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 pH as supplied. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 to 7.5

Methods of addition

Toxicity and handling

• Bit balling/mud rings: Use ½ vis cup (0.5 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid up to 0.5 to 1.5 gal (1.9 to 5.7 L) per 300 gal (1,135 L) of fluid. An alternate method is to slug rods with 1 vis cup (1 L) on connections.

Bioassay information is available upon request. Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Thinning: Slowly add RINGFREE additive to the mud as needed to reduce viscosity.

Packaging and storage

Limitations Effectiveness is reduced in fluids with more than 1,000 ppm dissolved calcium and 10,000 ppm chlorides. Since RINGFREE additive reduces mud rheology, caution should be exercised when adding it to the active mud system.

RINGFREE additive is packaged in 5-gal (18.9-L) buckets. Store in a well-ventilated area away from sources of heat or ignition.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

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C E R T I F I E D

P R O D U C T S

M-I GEL M-I GEL* viscosifier is a premiumgrade bentonite (a sodium montmorillonite clay) that will yield 91 to 100 bbl of 15-cP mud per ton (1.7 m3/100 kg). It is used as a primary filter-cake-building, filtrationcontrol and suspension agent in freshwater systems, and has application in all water-base mud systems. M-I GEL viscosifier is a high-quality product which meets the ISO 13500 Clause 9 (formerly known as API Spec 13A, Section 9) specifications for bentonite.

Certified to NSF/ANSI 60

Typical physical properties Physical appearance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Light tan/gray-green powder Specific gravity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 to 2.6 Bulk density . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 to 52 lb/ft3 (769 to 833 kg/m3) ISO 135000 Clause 9 Specifications: Suspension properties (Suspension of 22.5 g into 350 cm3 water): Viscometer dial reading at 600 fpm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30, min. Yield point/plastic viscosity ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3, max. Filtrate volume . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 cm3, max. Residue >75μ (wet screen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4% wt, max.

Applications M-I GEL viscosifier is a cost-effective means of achieving viscosity, fluidloss control and filter-cake quality in freshwater and seawater muds. Typical concentrations for M-I GEL viscosifier range from 5 to 35 lb/bbl (14.3 to 100 kg/m3). As with all bentonite products, the yield decreases as water salinity increases. In muds containing more than 10,000 mg/L chlorides, the performance of M-I GEL viscosifier is significantly reduced unless prehydrated in freshwater before adding to the mud system.

Advantages • Hydrates more than other types of clays and is best for generating viscosity, developing gels for suspension and controlling filtration

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• Small particle size, unique flat shape and high surface area of hydrated M-I GEL viscosifier provides superior filtration characteristics

Handle as an industrial chemical, wearing protective equipment and observing the precautions as described in the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS).

• Promotes the deposition of thin, compressible filter cakes in the wellbore

Packaging and storage

Limitations • Performance reduced in salty (>5,000 mg/L Cl–) or hard (>240 mg/L Ca++) waters due to decreased hydration

Toxicity and handling Bioassay information is available upon request.

M-I GEL viscosifier is packaged in 100-lb (45.4-kg), multi-walled, paper sacks, 88-lb (40-kg) sacks, big bags and is available in bulk. Store in a dry, well-ventilated area. Keep container closed. Store away from incompatibles. Follow safe warehousing practices regarding palletizing, banding, shrinkwrapping and/or stacking.

DRILLING SOLUTIONS

Wellsite and project engineering Simulation software Drilling-fluid systems and additives ALPINE SPECIALTY CHEMICALS* FEDERAL* Wholesale HDD Mining & Waterwell Technical support Cuttings transport and handling

Cuttings treatment Mud mixing Oilfield screens Pressure control Rig-equipment engineering Rig instrumentation Solids control Waste injection

Cuttings transport and handling

Production waste management

Cuttings treatment

Rig-equipment engineering

Enhanced fluids treatment Mud mixing Oilfield screens

Rig instrumentation

Pressure control

Waste injection

Solids control Vessel cleaning Water treatment

ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS

WELLBORE PRODUCTIVITY

Spacers and displacement chemicals Specialized tools

Fluid-loss-control systems Intervention fluids Packer fluids Breakers

Completion fluids Filtration

Oilfield/production chemicals

Produced water management

Chemical management

Production-tank cleaning

H2S removal

Production waste management

Drag reduction

Enhanced fluids treatment Vessel cleaning

Water treatment

PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGIES

www.miswaco.com

©2008 M-I L.L.C. All rights reserved. *Mark of M-I L.L.C.

A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

Engineering/simulation software Reservoir drill-in fluids

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE

A complete array of services available worldwide

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R I G - E Q U I P M E N T

E N G I N E E R I N G

Integrated Package Delivery ឣAPPLICATIONS

Any well or DWM project where there is room for improvement in drilling time, production rates, environmental issues and overall costs.

ឣPROBLEMS

When equipment and processcontrol systems have not been fully integrated, overlap of effort, ineffective project management, lost time and increased environmental risk result.

ឣSOLUTIONS

Integrated Package Delivery in the areas of fluids, drilling waste management equipment and processcontrol encourages the use of flexible yet defined processes working in concert. From in-depth project understanding to strategic management, the solutions afforded by IPD enable seamless operations.

ឣECONOMICS

As part of a realistic, unified plan, project-specific bulk-handling and drilling waste management packages result in reduced costs of shared materials and spares, improved operational efficiency, and reduced risk.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL Integrated equipment and processcontrol packages help ensure the right balance between production and environmental impact.

Reduce risk. Lower costs. Get measurable, improved results on your next project. Those are the exact results that the M-I SWACO Integrated Package Delivery (IPD) capabilities deliver through integrated mud mixing, fluids processing, drilling and Drilling Waste Management (DWM). We can apply this integration to our drilling and DWM product lines across the globe, helping you succeed in harsh environments, where extended life requirements of assets and facilities matter most, where QHSE issues demand continual close attention, and where it

makes good business sense to reduce spares. As the world’s largest supplier of drilling and completion fluids and drilling waste management equipment, M-I SWACO can take you from flowline to ultimate reuse or disposal as a logical extension of our vast knowledge of fluid technology and management. Our Aberdeen-based IPD organization manages the design, procurement, manufacture, installation and commissioning of custom-built, integrated equipment packages for M-I SWACO operations worldwide. The team also has offices in Houston, Stavanger, Volgograd and Singapore.

Features and Benefits • Meet goals faster and more efficiently through informed, up-tothe-minute engineering decisions • Achieve higher-quality results from improved project insight • Maximize the drilling fluids program through detailed engineering equipment design and process

• Reduce non-productive time through remote control and monitoring • Mitigate QHSE incidents through preliminary planning, removal of personnel from hazardous environments and consistent documentation

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 130

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S Y S T E M S

Solids-Control Systems ឣAPPLICATIONS

Onshore and offshore rigs where an integrated approach to fluids and cuttings processing is needed to maximize the operational efficiency of the drilling rig.

ឣPROBLEMS

The design of some solids-control systems does not reflect changes in technology, regulatory requirements and the increasing operational challenges of drilling in new frontiers.

ឣSOLUTIONS

M-I SWACO has proven experience in fluids-related technologies, advanced research and development in solids control, systems knowledge and capabilities, and QHSE excellence.

ឣECONOMICS

By optimizing the solids-control system design and integration with our fluids knowledge, we improve drilling efficiency and reduce operational costs.

Improve drilling efficiency and environmental compliance with an integrated solidscontrol system

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

The goal of all modern solidscontrol systems is to reduce overall well costs through the efficient removal of drilled solids while reducing and minimizing the loss of drill fluids. Additional goals include worker health and safety and environmental compliance. The key to designing the best systems in the market comes down to working with the rig designers,

M-I SWACO solids-control and cuttings-handling systems are customized to meet local compliance and regulatory guidelines.

contractors, operators and ship yards to provide the best in class. To operate each type of equipment so that the maximum separation efficiency is achieved requires a lot of thought, and many factors must be considered. The quantity and sizing of equipment must be specific so that the efficiency of the solidscontrol system can be maximized through data such as final volume of mud accumulated while drilling, total volume of solids removed and fluid dilution rates. The greater percentage of drill solids removed and drilling fluid preserved, the higher the operating efficiency.

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

Delivering solutions

Mud returns with drill solids

Header boxes designed with controlled flow distribution and purpose-built controls

Clean mud Latest shaker and screening technology

Drill solids Waste disposal

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

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Mud-Mixing System ឣ

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P R O B L E M S

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S O L U T I O N S

Onshore and offshore rigs where logistics demand that drilling and completion fluids be mixed onsite with the same degree of safety, accuracy and thoroughness as fluids mixed at a mud plant.

Manually introducing drilling-fluid additives to the fluid stream can pose health hazards, can result in inaccurate mixtures and can reduce the productivity of rig personnel.

The customizable mud-mixing system from M-I SWACO is designed, manufactured and installed by people with a thorough understanding of the mixing process and the attendant health, safety and environmental issues.

ឣ

E C O N O M I C S

The safety, accuracy, automation and design features of the M-I SWACO Mud-Mixing system result in increased worker safety and the savings in time and money that result from the system’s features.

ឣ

E N V I R O N M E N T A L

The enclosures and automated features on system components greatly reduce the exposure of rig personnel to potentially hazardous materials.

Regardless of rig size or project complexity, M-I SWACO will use our operational and engineering experience to design a system that meets the customers and market expectations. We will then engineer, fabricate and commission the mud-mixing system required to perform efficiently and safely. Whether it’s a single HIRIDE* eductor, or a fully automated, touchscreen-controlled, multifunction system, it will deliver the best performance available. If one quality best describes the system, it is “versatility.” Originally conceived for mixing drilling fluids, an M-I SWACO system can be designed for completion fluids as well. Rugged construction, using low-temperature carbon steel and stainless steel, ensures long life in hostile environments. All components feature a minimized footprint and the flexibility to be positioned as rig space dictates.

System components • Solids induction – Bulk-bag-additive unit – Surge tank – Automatic sack slitter and pallet lifter

• HIRIDE* eductor • HISIDE* blender (rental) • Liquids injection – Caustic soda mix tank – Chemical-additive unit • System control — The overall control system for the fluidsmixing package consists of a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) control cabinet networked via Ethernet to a server panel holding two redundant server PCs, a logger PC and viewer monitors. A maintenance and diagnostic Profibus MPI network is provided for diagnostic and maintenance tasks. The Mud-Mixing system runs on Cimplicity Plant Edition^ which is run on the Windows XP^ operating system as the main SCADA package. A Microsoft SQL server is configured as the logging PC to afford reliable historic data logging and retrieval. User interface and system control is achieved via a trackball/mouse and keyboard. All communications between the application PLCs and the workstations are controlled via the M-I SWACO dual redundant servers.

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 132

^Cimplicity Plant Edition is a mark of GE Fanuc Automation. ^Windows XP is a mark of Microsoft Corporation.

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MEERKAT PT Shale Shaker

ឣAPPLICATIONS Drilling rigs and separation operations where space is at a premium and performance requirements are high.

ឣPROBLEMS

Because drilling rates and conditions change as drilling progresses, solids-control equipment must handle varying solids characteristics. When premium drilling fluids are used, maximum fluids recovery is of critical concern.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The dual-motion MEERKAT* PT shaker not only manages the high cuttings volumes associated with surface hole sections (linear motion), it can change on the fly to balanced elliptical motion for longer cuttingsretention times. Shaker performance gets an extra boost from M-I SWACO specialists and field personnel who provide expert advice and service.

ឣECONOMICS

The generous throughput capacity of the shaker can handle cuttings loads generated by high ROP, saving rig time. The balanced elliptical motion recovers greater amounts of valuable drilling fluid, produces drier cuttings for easier disposal and prolongs screen life.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL The MEERKAT PT shaker processes cuttings more thoroughly than conventional units, producing cuttings that require less treatment for disposal. The thorough processing also reduces the need for dilution which results in smaller waste volumes.

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

The flexibility of dual motion The dual-motion shale shaker that adapts as solids change M-I SWACO has combined linear and balanced elliptical motion technology to create the revolutionary MEERKAT PT dual-motion shaker. The design incorporates a 0.6-hp vibrator motor that allows it to perform on an unparalleled level. But as drilling conditions change, the MEERKAT PT dual-motion shaker

can be adjusted “on the fly.” Simply flipping a switch on the control box reconfigures the shaker from linear to balanced elliptical motion. There is no need to suspend or shut down operations. With the MEERKAT PT shaker operating in the gentler balanced elliptical mode, solids encounter reduced G-forces and longer screen residence time. This results in drier solids, improved drilling-fluid recovery, longer screen life and reduced operating costs.

Features and Benefits • Units can be customized to meet both tight-space requirements and high-performance criteria • All configurations are compact and modular • Linear motion for fast conveyance and heavy loading; balanced elliptical motion for maximum retention time and drier cuttings • Elliptical motion at the flip of a switch without stopping the shaker • Balanced basket functions flawlessly in either linear or balanced elliptical mode, with dry, light loads or wet, heavy loads • Most reliable mechanical jacking system in the industry —

simple and easy to use; requires no pinning • Unique distribution box option can replace flowline possum belly, providing increased handling capacity and dampening the velocity of fluid from the flowline • Pre-tensioned composite screens for fast screen changes and overall ease of use • Ultra-tight seal between screen and screen bed eliminates solids buildup and costly bypass of solids • Largest net-usable screen area among shakers of similar footprint: 15.9 ft2 (1.5 m2)

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

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MONGOOSE PT Linear- and Dual-Motion Shale Shaker

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Onshore and offshore projects where shaker size is a significant issue and where cuttings with varying quantities and properties are experienced.

ឣPROBLEMS

Because drilling rates and conditions change as a well progresses, solidscontrol equipment must handle varying solids characteristics. When premium drilling fluids are used, maximum fluids recovery is of critical concern.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The dual-motion MONGOOSE* PT shaker not only manages the high cuttings volumes associated with surface hole sections (linear motion), it can change on the fly to balanced elliptical motion for longer cuttingsretention times. Shaker performance gets an extra boost from M-I SWACO engineers and field personnel who provide expert advice and service.

ឣECONOMICS

The generous throughput capacity of the shaker can handle cuttings loads generated by high ROP, saving rig time. The balanced elliptical motion recovers greater amounts of valuable drilling fluid, produces drier cuttings for easier disposal and prolongs screen life.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL

The MONGOOSE PT shaker processes cuttings more thoroughly than conventional units, producing cuttings that require less treatment for disposal. The thorough processing also reduces the need for dilution which results in smaller waste volumes. This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 134

1Patents

applicable to MONGOOSE PT include 6,485,640; 6,513,664; 6,679,385; 6,746,602; 6,838,008.

The flexibility of dual motion The dual-motion shale shaker that adapts as solids change M-I SWACO has combined linear and balanced elliptical motion technology to create the revolutionary MONGOOSE PT dual-motion shaker. The MONGOOSE PT design incorporates a 0.6-hp vibrator motor1 that allows it to perform on an unparalleled level. But as drilling conditions change, the MONGOOSE PT dual-motion shaker can be adjusted “on the fly.” Simply flipping a switch on the control box reconfigures the shaker from linear to balanced elliptical motion. There is no need to suspend

or shut down operations. With the MONGOOSE PT shaker operating in the gentler balanced elliptical mode, solids encounter reduced G-forces and longer screen residence time. This results in drier solids, improved drilling-fluid recovery, longer screen life and reduced operating costs.

The economy of linear motion The dual-motor MONGOOSE PT linear-motion shaker is especially effective while drilling top-hole sections where heavy, high-volume solids are usually encountered. In these intervals, shakers need to generate high G-forces to effectively move dense solids across the screens.

Features and Benefits • Linear motion for fast conveyance and heavy loading; balanced elliptical motion for maximum retention time and drier cuttings • Elliptical motion at the flip of a switch without stopping the shaker • Balanced basket functions flawlessly in either linear or balanced elliptical mode, with dry, light loads or heavy loads • Most reliable mechanical jacking system in the industry — simple and easy to use; requires no pinning

• Unique distribution box option can replace flowline possum belly, providing increased handling capacity and dampening the velocity of fluid from the flowline • Pre-tensioned composite screens for fast screen changes and overall ease of use • Ultra-tight seal between screen and screen bed eliminates solids buildup and costly bypass of solids • Largest net-usable screen area among shakers of similar footprint: 21.2 ft2 (1.97 m2)

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BEM-650 Shale Shaker 650 ឣAPPLICATIONS

Offshore and onshore projects where more effective fluids/solids separation is required in addition to the reduction of costs related to shaker performance.

ឣPROBLEMS

Conventional shakers exhibit one or more — or all — of the following: inefficient solids handling and fluid recovery, screen blinding, premature screen wear and safety issues.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The BEM-650* shaker is the thirdgeneration balanced elliptical motion shale shaker from M-I SWACO. It provides better solids removal and fluid recovery with less screen wear while occupying a relatively small footprint.

ឣECONOMICS

Significantly drier cuttings, improved solids removal and fluid recovery at high feed rates, longer screen life and minimal downtime add up to significant savings.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL More efficient fluids/solids separation results in significantly smaller disposal volumes of dryer cuttings.

Features and Benefits • Patented1, balanced elliptical motion produces a drier cuttings discharge and results in improved separation efficiency • Stainless steel construction reduces maintenance costs as a result of low corrosion • State-of-the-art motion generators are oilfield proven and require minimal maintenance • Flowback pan between top and bottom decks maximizes effective screening area • Integral scalping deck improves process capacity, reduces installation costs and improves primary deck screen life • Gumbo slide design minimizes gumbo buildup • Dual-angle bottom deck improves separation of water-base-mud cuttings • Shallow header tank delivers better fluids distribution to screens with no solids settling • Sloping sump design with left and/or right discharge minimizes settling of ultra-fines • Meets certification requirements at highest level — ATEX, NORSOK, CE and UL-rated versions available • Low operational noise levels ensure safety • Extra-long drip lips • Easy-to-install optional vaporextraction hood reduces operator exposure to vapors associated with drilling fluids • M-I SWACO design and service organization provides assistance with rig installation surveys, flow-distribution design to shakers, as well as shaker house and solids-control system design

Controls

Flow-Distribution Box

Two Inspection/Cleanout Ports

• Detachable flow-distribution box with built-in lift points allows for flexible installation • Allows true, “cold” installation to 10-in. (254-mm) pipe flange • No welding, torch cutting or grinding is necessary • Two large slide gates, with reliable tab/slot locators, reduce tendency to clog with gumbo

• Removable cover allows easy access for rear-screen inspection and maintenance • Contains splashing and prevents fluid loss during surges • Improves access to rear clamp blades

• Control panel, with simple start/stop button is suitable for remote operation, reducing operator exposure to vapors associated with drilling fluids • Easy-to-use pneumohydraulic deck-angle adjustment2 reduces mud losses from screens • Bed-angle indicator aids accurate adjustment of basket angle

Screen Technology • Composite screen technology increases effective open area, improves process capacity and maximizes screen life • Special, lightweight screen design allows for easier screen handling • Pre-tensioned screens (top and bottom decks) allow for quicker screen changes • All screens front load to improve operator safety

Screen-Clamping System • Operated by single three-way, three-position SST ball valve • Pressure regulator permanently set to proper operating pressure • Pneumatic quick clamping of screens3 for quick screenchanging operations • Screen clamping and angle adjustment operated by rig air supply, lowering maintenance and utilities • All components bolt on • Clamp blade axles cast into part with larger shaft size • Clamp blade receivers have tighter tolerance and increased materials depth

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 1Vibratory 2Patent

Screen Separator U.S. Patent No. 5,265,730 pending

3U.S. Patent No. 6,513,665

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

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High-Volume Mud Cleaners The M-I SWACO line of mud cleaners consists of a two-stage separation process using a combination of hydrocyclones mounted over a shale shaker to operate as a single unit. Designed to handle the entire circulating volume, mud cleaners are effective on both weighted and unweighted drilling-fluid systems in removing and drying solids while retaining the expensive liquid. The hydrocyclones make the primary separation with underflow directed onto the shaker’s vibrating screen. Used correctly, the M-I SWACO mud cleaners lower both drilling-fluid and disposal costs. Versatile. M-I SWACO mud cleaners can be configured with an M-I SWACO D-SILTER*, a D-SANDER* or both over a high-performance shaker to process weighted or unweighted drilling-fluid systems. Environmentally efficient. Removing and drying drilled solids helps meet environmental regulations by minimizing waste generated and reducing disposal costs. Minimizes maintenance. Continuous removal of sand and abrasive cuttings from drilling fluids cuts downtime and reduces repair and replacement of worn parts on downstream equipment.

Features and Benefits • Assists with environmental compliances • Cuts downtime and reduces repair • Complete product line provides diverse configuration options • Field-proven performance • Lowers drilling-fluid and disposal costs • Minimizes maintenance on downstream equipment • Compatible with oilor water-base muds • Effective in controlling drilled solids and retaining expensive barite

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Wide range of mud cleaners for your drilling-fluid system. M-I SWACO mud cleaners are available in a variety of configurations. The Model 6T4 (12 clone), Model 8T4 (16 clone) and Model 10T4 (20 clone) D-SILTERS, when matched with an M-I SWACO shale shaker, provide processing rates from 900 to 1,500 GPM (3,406.9 to 5,678.1 L/min). The Model 2-12 D-SANDER, when matched with an M-I SWACO shaker, provides processing capabilities to 1,000 GPM (3,785.4 L/min).

The three-in-one Model 2-12 D-SANDER and Model 6T4 (12 clone) D-SILTER mounted over an M-I SWACO high-performance shaker provides the most versatile separation combination package with rates of 1,000 and 900 GPM (3,785.4 and 3,406.9 L/min) respectively.

Works with oilor water-base muds M-I SWACO mud cleaners are designed to work with either oil- or water-base weighted muds, as well as with either dispersed or non-dispersed muds. They are also effective on unweighted drilling-fluid systems, removing fine drilled solids while retaining expensive liquid phases. Fieldproven, M-I SWACO mud cleaners are especially effective in controlling drilled solids and retaining expensive barite when used in conjunction with M-I SWACO fine-screen shale shakers and centrifuges.

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

C O N T R O L :

C E N T R I F U G E S

414 CENTRIFUGE The M-I SWACO 414 CENTRIFUGE* delivers high performance and low operating costs for oilfield and industrial mud and fluidshandling applications. This highly efficient decanting centrifuge recovers up to 95% of barite and returns it to the active system, while rejecting finer, low-gravity solids. The advanced design of the stainless steel bowl and scroll maintains an even layer of conveyed solids for more uniform separation and maximum solids-control efficiency.

Features and Benefits

The M-I SWACO 414 CENTRIFUGE — precision equipment engineered to handle rugged oilfield service.

• Balanced scroll design increases recovery capacity • Efficient operation processes up to 140 GPM (530 L/min) with a 6- to 10-micron cut on weighted mud systems; processes up to 250 GPM (946.4 L/min) with a 5- to 7-micron cut point on unweighted mud • Stainless steel bowl, scroll compartment and cover to resist corrosion and abrasion • Tungsten-carbide scroll points with wide spacing of flights at the narrow end create a finer layer of conveyed solids for more uniform separation under high G-forces • Precision balanced to run at high RPMs for extended periods with greater efficiency, minimizing maintenance and downtime • Operating safety controls include self-limiting vibration and torque switches to protect against catastrophic failure

• Variable speed electro-hydraulic backdrive is available as an option for the 414 CENTRIFUGE • Recovers up to 95% of barite, minimizing costly additions while maintaining prescribed mud weights • Rejects finer, low-gravity solids from drilling fluids • Cost-efficient operation — reduces discard volume versus dilution displacement alternatives 30 to 60% depending upon mud weights • Ideal for use with weighted or unweighted mud systems • Rugged construction and corrosion-resistant materials provide long service life and low maintenance costs in the toughest oilfield environments

Liquid zone

Drying zone

Whole mud feed

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

Liquid return to active

Pool

Beach

Solids discard

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

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518 CENTRIFUGE The M-I SWACO 518 CENTRIFUGE* is the premier high-speed, decanting centrifuge for drilling-mud and fluids-handling applications. Ruggedly built for oilfield and industrial service, it is especially effective in environmentally sensitive areas. It delivers high fluidrecovery rates and efficient solids control to significantly reduce the costs of makeup fluids and disposal. The M-I SWACO 518 CENTRIFUGE is precision-balanced for smooth operation over long periods at speeds of 1,900 to 3,250 RPM, generating centrifugal forces up to 2,100 G’s.

Features and Benefits • Innovative design includes longer bowl for increased retention time, resulting in drier solids and finer cut points • Tungsten carbide scroll points with wide spacing flights at tapered end create a finer layer of conveyed solids for consistent, uniform separation and maximum solids-control efficiency • Stainless steel bowl, scroll, compartment and cover resist corrosion and provide long service life • Precision balanced to run at high RPMs for extended periods with greater efficiency, minimizing maintenance and downtime

• Skid mounted, low profile minimizes space requirements • Effectively removes the finest silts and returns valuable fluids for reuse • Reduces makeup fluids, dilution, cleanup and disposal costs • Ideal for any solids-control application; especially valuable in environmentally sensitive areas • Rugged construction and corrosion-resistant materials provide long service life and low maintenance costs in the toughest oilfield environments • Works efficiently with other M-I SWACO equipment to maximize solids control

How it works The heart of an M-I SWACO centrifuge is its high-speed, precisionbalanced rotating stainless-steel bowl. Inside the bowl, a doublelead spiral-screw conveyor rotates in the same direction as the bowl but at a slightly slower RPM. Feed slurry enters through a hollow axle at the narrow end and is distributed to the bowl. Centrifugal force as high as 500 G’s at 1,900 RPM (or 2,100 G’s at 3,250 RPM) holds the slurry against the Liquid zone

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 138

bowl wall in a “pool.” Trapped silt and sand-sized particles settle and spread against the bowl wall where they are conveyed to the solids underflow discharge ports by tungsten-carbide-tipped scroll flights. Silt and sand particles exit damp, but with no free liquid. The free-liquid phase carries the fine, 2- to 3-micron-size particles through the nonplugging stainless steel and tungstencarbide hardfaced-discharge ports. Drying zone

Whole mud feed

Liquid return to active

Pool

Beach

Solids discard

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CD-500 CENTRIFUGE High-volume solids removal. The CD-500 CENTRIFUGE can process up to 200 GPM (757.1 L/min) of drilling fluid. Variable bowl speed. The bowl speed can be adjusted infinitely from 379 G’s at 1,200 RPM to 2,066 G’s at 2,800 RPM to control particle separation (cut point) for improved solids removal or cleaner effluent: • At 1,600 RPM and feed rates of 200 GPM (757.1 L/min), it provides a D90 cut point of 8 to 12 microns, depending upon the composition of the mud • At 2,800 RPM and feed rates of 100 GPM, (378.5 L/min) it provides a D90 cut point of 3 to 6 microns, depending upon the composition of the mud Variable-speed pump. Calibrating pump speed with feed rate allows an optimum relationship between the two variables that improves solids-control efficiency. Programmable Logic Controller (PLC). The PLC makes and monitors speed adjustments and may be housed within an explosion-proof enclosure. RPM readouts of the conveyor and bowl are displayed at the control panel. Tungsten-carbide scroll points. Tungsten-carbide hardfaced points at the tapered end of the scroll protect the conveyor against wear. Specially designed, widely spaced flights. Conveyor pitch in the conical section is designed

to reduce plugging and promote maximum solids removal at highdifferential speeds. Stainless steel components. The stainless steel bowl, scroll, compartment and cover resist corrosion and provide long service life. Operating safety controls. Safety features include self-limiting vibration and torque switches to protect against catastrophic failure known to occur in other “high-speed” centrifuges. Drive options. The centrifuge can be supplied with a number of drives: standard electric, PLCcontrolled; variable-frequency drive; or hydraulic drive. Mounting options. For tight-fitting offshore installations, the centrifuge can be supplied with a pedestal mount. For land applications, the low-mount design allows for a simple centrifuge stand with one set of handrails.

Features and Benefits • Provides precise control over the separation process to accommodate variations in solids loading and material sizes; can be regulated to produce cleaner effluent • High-volume processing • Adjustable speeds on bowl, scroll and pump • Automatic PLC monitoring and adjustment compensates for varied drilling conditions, while reducing operator involvement and effort • Allows drilling at high ROP • Runs efficiently at high speeds for prolonged periods • Rugged construction and corrosion-resistant materials provide long service life and low maintenance costs in the toughest oilfield environments • Protection against failure at high speeds • Reduces solids packoff • Works efficiently with other M-I SWACO equipment to maximize solids control

How it works The heart of the M-I SWACO CD-500 CENTRIFUGE is its highspeed, precision-balanced rotating stainless steel bowl. Inside the bowl, a single-lead spiral-screw conveyor rotates in the same direction as the bowl but at a lower RPM. Feed slurry enters through a hollow axle at the narrow end and is distributed to the bowl. Centrifugal force as high as 379 G’s at 1,200 RPM (or 2,066 G’s at 2,800 RPM) holds the slurry against the

bowl wall in a “pool.” Trapped silt and sand-sized particles settle and spread against the bowl wall where they are conveyed to the solids underflow discharge ports by the tungsten-carbide-tipped scroll flights on the conveyor. Silt and sand particles exit damp, but with no free liquid. The cleaned fluid is discharged through weirs that regulate the pool depth.

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

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CD-600 CENTRIFUGE The CD-600 CENTRIFUGE* from M-I SWACO is specially engineered for high-volume drilling. Controlled and monitored via a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC), the centrifuge experiences less solids packoff, produces cleaner effluents, requires fewer operating personnel and features automatic adjustment for different operating conditions. A touch screen on the operator’s console provides the interface for monitoring the RPM of the conveyor and bowl and for adjusting motor

speed. The manual control panel for the centrifuge has the option for operating the centrifuge manually or automatically. The main drive speed can be adjusted on the touch screen panel when operating the CD-600 CENTRIFUGE manually.

Features and Benefits • High processing volumes • Resists packoff • More thorough processing for cleaner effluents • Requires fewer operating personnel • Automatically adjusts to changing drilling conditions • Manual or automatic control via touch-screen or manual control panel

Specifications Physical Data • Bowl size • Length • Width • Height • Weight

Conveyor 23.5 x 76 in. (598 x 1,928 mm) 178 in. (4,500 mm) 87 in. (2,210 mm) 85 in. (2,145 mm) 19,842 lb (9,000 kg)

Rotating Assembly • Length • Lambda ratio • Weight

• Weight • Type • Pitch • Material: Body Flighting Hard-facing

115 in. (2,911 mm) 3.23 (bowl length/ bowl inside diameter) 2,116 lb (960 kg)

Gear Box

23.5 in. (598 mm) 52 in. (1,322 mm) Duplex A890 (4A)

• Gear ratio • Torque

• Type

Cylindrical Section • Diameter • Length • Material

Conical Section • Diameter, large end • Length • Diameter, small end • Cone angle • Material: Conical section Discharge ports

23.5 in. (598 mm) 23.9 in. (606 mm) 18 in. (450 mm) 7° Duplex A890 (4A) Tungsten carbide (hard facing/HRC 67)

Duplex A890 (4A) AISI 304 stainless steel Tungsten carbide (hard facing/HRC 67) Two-stage ZSPN 621-190-87 (Cyclo SUMITOMO gear box) 87:1 9,330 ft-lb (12,650 Nm) maximum 198 lb (90 kg) Variable, 1 to 50 rpm

Control System • Automatic control by PLC • Closed-loop hydraulic power package with 180-hp electric motor • Touch-screen panel

Area Equivalent • Ae = 2.114 x 106 m2

Overload Protection • Primary • Secondary

• Weight • Differential speed

1,080 lb (490 kg) One lead 5.9 in. (150 mm)

Electrical Resettable back drive of the torque limiter

Theoretical Solids-Conveying Capacity at 50-rpm Differential Speed • Qs = 38.594 m3/hr

Maximum G-force at 2,600-rpm Bowl Speed • G = 2.267 x 103 or 2,267 G

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 140

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F L U I D S

P R O C E S S I N G

S Y S T E M

( F P S )

FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM (FPS) ឣAPPLICATIONS

Land rigs that require a high degree of control over the solids-control function in order to reduce costs, improve solids-control efficiency and satisfy the most demanding environmental requirements.

ឣPROBLEMS

Despite growing performance and environmental demands on land rigs, the solids-control systems on many rigs are collections of equipment from various sources, with little or no fine-tuning and real integration to optimize performance.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM* (FPS*) from M-I SWACO is a complete solids-control solution — from shale shakers to centrifuges to D-GASSER units — strategically combined into a single, skid-mounted unit.

ឣECONOMICS

Typical rig-owned solids-control equipment is less than 50% effective; the M-I SWACO FPS units achieve 80 to 90% efficiency in solids removal and drillingfluids recapture.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL The system is designed to reduce or entirely eliminate the need for reserve pits, minimize waste and help satisfy the most stringent environmental requirements.

The FLUIDS PROCESSING SYSTEM from M-I SWACO is a complete solids-control solution — from shale shakers to centrifuges to D-GASSER units — strategically combined into a single, skidmounted unit. Just as important, every FPS comes with a round-theclock service crew, backed by a system supervisor and on-call technical services engineers.

System integration. Instead of a collection of equipment from various sources, the FPS is a fieldproven network of solids-control components specifically designed to function as a single unit. Custom engineering. M-I SWACO analyzes well parameters and drilling objectives for each application and tailors the right combination of equipment for optimal results.

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

Features and Benefits Improved Efficiency and Processing Rates • M-I SWACO FPS units achieve 80 to 90% efficiency in solids removal and drilling-fluids recapture • Increased ROP of nearly 40% • Average 37% reduction in drill bit consumption • An average of 33% faster in drilling days to TD • Helps prevent lost circulation • Reduces circulation time to condition mud • Reduces pump maintenance and downtime • Reduces potential for stuck pipe and hole problems • Improves well logging, mud circulation and mud conditioning

Cost Savings

Equipment Features

• Reduces mud costs up to 43% • Reduces costs of transporting makeup water, diesel and chemical makeup materials • Significantly reduces site preparation and restoration costs • Reduces waste haul-off expense

• Skid shakers and MUD/GAS SEPARATOR (MGS) together for one lift • MGS pivots down for easy moving • Hydroclones fold into tanks • Tanks designed for easy cleaning, easy operating and moving faster • Tanks designed for easy operating • Optional covered tank design to eliminate roofs • Optional cantilevered skid (mechanical or hydraulic) • Tanks designed for QHSE issues • Cantilever walkways reduce pinch points (quicker rig up/down) • Reduces trip hazards by having valves on side of tank • Reduces operator fatigue

Environmental Advantages • Reduces or entirely eliminates the need for reserve pits • Minimizes waste • Helps satisfy the most stringent environmental requirements

Flexibility • Versatile enough for use with water-, oil- or synthetic-base fluids • Saves transport and assembly time

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

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CLEANCUT Cuttings Collection

ឣAPPLICATIONS

Offshore and onshore projects where large amounts of drill solids must be handled and stored prior to shipment.

ឣPROBLEMS

Under increasingly stringent regulations dictating zero or near-zero discharge of drill solids, and with increased concerns of personnel safety, operators have had to rethink the way in which cuttings contaminated with oil- and synthetic-base drilling fluids are handled.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The CLEANCUT* process provides a complete field-proven method for containing, handling, temporarily storing and transporting drill cuttings within a totally enclosed and protected environment. Our experienced engineers and technical personnel ensure that you get the exact system you need.

ឣ

E C O N O M I C S

The CLEANCUT system can handle cuttings generated at high ROP, reducing and even eliminating downtime caused by overloaded processing equipment. The flexible configuration can be engineered to fit rig layouts with small equipment footprints.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL The totally enclosed system design prevents exposure of personnel and the environment to contaminated wastes, even in extreme arctic and tropical conditions.

In addition to deeper water depths, complex logistics and hostile environments, offshore operators face another challenge — zero, or nearzero, discharge of drill solids. With increasing environmental regulations, operators have had to rethink the way in which cuttings contaminated with oil- and synthetic-base drilling fluids are handled.

New thinking solves an old problem It’s not that other companies haven’t tried to remediate the cuttings disposal situation; they have. Skip-and-ship, slurrification and re-injection are just some of the methods devised for coping with this situation. In contrast, the CLEANCUT process is the comprehensive, economical solution that is borne of three decades of proven M-I SWACO materials handling and worldwide

waste-management expertise. The result is a complete field-proven method for containing, handling and transporting drill cuttings. By looking at the problem of cuttings disposal from the operator’s perspective, we have developed a totally enclosed system for pumping cuttings from shaker to storage, storage to boat and then from boat to a receiving station onshore prior to processing. The increase in safety and reduction of environmental exposure is obvious to even the casual observer.

Features and Benefits Safety

Reliability

• Crane lifts are minimized, improving offshore safety • Conveying is fully enclosed and automated, with minimum involvement of personnel

• Dense phase conveying technology, now proven in oilfield service, has been proven in three decades of tough service in a range of industries • All equipment is built and certified to DNV standards

Ease of Use • Flexible installation to suit rig layout with small equipment footprints • The system can transfer raw cuttings at high rates • Cuttings are pumped to the supply boat through a quick-connect flexible hose • The ISO-PUMP unit is certified by DNV for shipping worldwide as a standard container

Environmental Protection • Totally enclosed system • No addition to waste stream • Can encompass the entire cuttings supply chain • The first total solution from shaker to process plant

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog. 142

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VACUUM COLLECTION SYSTEM ឣAPPLICATIONS

Rigs and/or other installations requiring an enclosed system for: cuttings collection and transportation; slurrification and re-injection; rig, pit and tank cleaning; vessel cleaning; and fluid recovery.

ឣPROBLEMS

With growing concerns for personnel safety, environmental issues and an increased emphasis on saving costly rig time, the industry has required a totally enclosed system for collecting and storing drilled cuttings.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The VACUUM COLLECTION SYSTEM* (VCS*) from M-I SWACO collects, moves and stores drilled cuttings within a totally enclosed environment that minimizes spills and contamination.

ឣECONOMICS

In addition to preventing many safety and environmental problems, the VCS is easy to configure to any rig, requires little or no welding, and sets up quickly and easily. These same features allow it to be moved from one location to another in a minimal amount of time.

ឣENVIRONMENTAL The totally enclosed system minimizes spills and containment problems, vapor escape or safety issues that can arise with open systems.

Features and Benefits Field-Proven • Operated successfully for major producers around the world since 1993

Versatile • Suitable for most applications: cuttings collection and transportation; slurrification and re-injection; rig, pit and tank cleaning; vessel cleaning; and fluid recovery

Safe • No hazardous moving parts • Fill sensors for automatic shut-off • Vacuum power skid is completely contained • Customized, non-sparking blower design with hazardousduty class electric motors • Explosion-proof (Class I, Zone I) 30- or 100-hp electric motor

Efficient • Maximizes filling of cuttingscollection modules • Cuttings collection and disposal does not interrupt drilling

• Conveys fluids and cuttings horizontally and vertically, saving valuable rig-floor space • Skid-mounted diaphragm pump for recycling and fluid transfer

Environmental Compliance • Designed to meet or exceed future discharge regulations

Total Containment • Contains all drilling waste streams • Minimizes potential contamination during drilling

Modular Design • Flexible design allows central rig location with remote on/off • Suitable for all rig configurations

Simple Installation • Minimal or no welding required • Makes hookup faster and safer • Preinstalled collection pipe serves multiple collection locations • Equipment tool box with spare parts includes connections, pipe, wands and hoses

This is a summary page. For complete information, please refer to the 2008 M-I SWACO ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS catalog.

S I M U L AT I O N S O F T WA R E DRILLING-FLUID SYSTEMS AND ADDITIVES A L P I N E S P E C I A LT Y C H E M I C A L S H D D M I N I N G A N D WAT E R W E L L RIG-EQUIPMENT ENGINEERING SOLIDS CONTROL CUTTINGS TRANSPORT AND HANDLING OILFIELD SCREENS WASTE INJECTION C U T T I N G S T R E AT M E N T PRESSURE CONTROL R I G I N S T R U M E N TAT I O N

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VERTI-G Cuttings Dryer ឣAPPLICATIONS

More stringent cuttings-discharge regulations have pressured operators and drilling contractors to reduce drilling waste volumes and recover premium products for reuse.

In the quest for improved environmental practices, operators need solids-control solutions that take liquids/solids separation to a new level. The VERTI-G cuttings dryer from M-I SWACO incorporates a high-speed vertical centrifuge that achieves maximum liquids/solids separation in large-volume processing. This gives operators a critical advantage in meeting increasingly stringent environmental regulations for offshore cuttings disposal.

ឣSOLUTIONS

The VERTI-G process

Offshore and onshore projects where the recovery of valuable drilling fluid from cuttings, as well as recovery of whole mud lost from shaker failure, rig motion and screen blinding are priorities.

ឣPROBLEMS

The VERTI-G* cuttings dryer features a state-of-the-art design that can process varying amounts of cuttings and fluids, typically up to 60 tons (61 metric tons) per hour. Dry solids discharged from the dryer are typically