MHD Power Generation

January 26, 2019 | Author: Rohan Sharma | Category: Magnetohydrodynamics, Electric Generator, Electricity Generation, Electric Current, Coal
Share Embed Donate


Short Description

MHD GENERATOR, Types of MHD Power Generation, magneto hydro dynamics power generation, MHD seminar, magneto hydro dynami...

Description

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

OIMC\

V^) ID) 0

]DROF Oi}~dmsf}odi R^OIFORJC DE ALM RDXC^

>

R@HC ID) > 6

6

HCIC^@]ODI ALM V_V]CA

=

=

DRCI F_FJC ALM V_V]CA

5

L_N^OM ALM V]C@A R@^] DRCI 3 5 8

< F_FJC FJDVCM F_FJC ALM V_V]CA ICCM ED^ ES^]LC^ ^CVC@^FL @MU@I]@HCV DE ALM

<

? 00 00

?

HCIC^@]ODI @RRJOF@]ODIV

0>

02

FDIFJSVODI

06

00

^CEC^CIFCV

0=

0 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

OI]^DMSF]ODI O} ov xcjj gidxi }l`} a`i l`m `jx`yv ncci }~yoih }~yoih }d eoim eoim vdac vdac}l }loi oih h icx icx }d `flo `flocu cuc c

` icx icx `oav `oav

@ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

R^OIFORJC DE ALM RDXC^ HCIC^@]ODI  ]lc r~oiforjc de ALM hcic~`}odi ov voarjc* movfduc~cm ny e`~`m`y xlci `i cjcf}~of fdimsf}d~ aducv `f~dvv ` a`hic}of eocjm* ` cae) Ov oimsfcm oimsfcm oi o}* xlofl xlofl r~dms r~dmsfcm fcm `i cjcf}~of cjcf}~of fs~~ci fs~~ci}) }) ]lov ]lov ov }lc r~oi r~oifo forj rjc c de de

}lc }lc fdi fdiuc uci} i}od odi` i`jj h hci cic~ c~`} `}d~ d~ `jvd `jvd** xlc xlc~c ~c }lc }lc

fdimsf}d~v fdivov}v de fdrrc~ v}~orv) Oi ALM hcic~`}d~ }lc vdjom fdimsf}d~v fdimsf}d~v `~c ~crj`fcm ~crj`fcm ny ` h`vcdsv h`vcdsv fdimsf}d fdimsf}d~7 ~7 o)c) o)c) `i `i

odio{cm

h`v) Oe vsfl h`v ov r`vvcm `} lohl ucjdfo}y }l~dshl ` rdxc~esj a`hic}of a`hic}of eocjm eocjm o)c) vsrrdvc vsrrdvc xc xc l`uc l`uc

` fl`~hc fl`~hcm m r`~}of r`~}ofjc jc ,l`uoih ,l`uoih

fl`~ fl`~hc hc p/ aduo aduoih ih `} ` lo lohl hl ucjd ucjdfo fo}y }y “U “U‟‟ }dx` }dx`~m ~mv v ~ohl ~ohl}} `im `im ` rc~rcimofsj rc~rcimofsj`~ `~

a`hic}of a`hic}of eocjm ov `rrjocm) `rrjocm) @ a`hic}of a`hic}of

ed~fc ed~fc “E‟

`f}v di }lc }lc fl`~hcm fl`~hcm r`~}ofjc) r`~}ofjc) Vldx oi eoh) eoh) @ Rdvo}o Rdvo}oucjy ucjy fl`~hc fl`~hcm m r`~} r`~}of ofjc jcv v `v ed~f ed~fcm cm srx`~ srx`~m m `im ich`} ich`}ou oucj cjy y fl`~ fl`~hc hcm m r`~} r`~}of ofjc jc ov ed~fcm mdxix`~m) ]lc rdvo}ouc odiv xdsjm nc `ffcjc~`}cm }dx`~mv }lc srrc~ rrc~ rj rj`} `}c c R* `im `im ich ich`}ou `}ouc c odiv div xdsj xdsjm m nc `ff `ffcjc~ cjc~`} `}cm cm }dx`~mv }lc rj`}c R>) Oe }lc R0 `im R> }l~d }l~dsh shl l ` ~cvo ~cvov} v}`i `ifc fc** ~cvov}`ifc)

]lsv

` fs~~ fs~~ci ci}}

h`v

cic~hy

`~c c|}c~i`jjy fdiicf}cm

xdsj xdsjm m

ejdx ejdx }l~d }l~dsh shl l

mo~cf}jy

fdiuc~}cm

}lc }lc oi}d

cjcf}~of`j cjcf}~of`j cic~hy cic~hy) ]lov ov }lc r~oiforjc r~oiforjc de ALM hcic~`}d~) hcic~`}d~) @ ALM fdiuc~vodi fdiuc~vodi ov gidxi `v mo~cf} mo~cf} r~dmsfcm r~dmsfcm

cjcf}~ofo} cjcf}~ofo}y y

icfcvv icfcvvo}y o}y de

mo~cf}jy mo~cf}jy

cic~hy cic~hy

fdiuc~vodi fdiuc~vodi

ncf`svc ncf`svc

e~da lc`} vds~fc vds~fc xo}lds} xo}lds}

o} }lc

}lc `mmo}o `mmo}odi`j di`j v}`hc v}`hc de de v}c`a v}c`a hcic~ hcic~`}o `}odi di `v oi `

v}c`a rdxc~ rj`i})

6 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

ALM V_V]CA  ]lc~c `~c }xd }yrcv de ALM Vyv}ca 0)/ Drci fyfjc Vyv}ca >)/ Fjdvcm fyfjc Vyv}ca

Oi drci fyfjc vyv}ca vyv}ca }lc xd~goih ejsom `e}c~ `e}c~ hcic~`}oih hcic~`}oih cjcf}~of`j cjcf}~of`j cic~hy ov movfl`~hcm }d }lc `}advrlc~c }l~dshl ` v}`fg) Oi ` fjdv fjdvcm cm fyfj fyfjc c vy vyv} v}ca ca }lc }lc xd~g xd~goi oih h ejso ejsom m ov ~cfy ~cfyfj fjcm cm }d }lc }lc lc`} lc`} vds~fcv `im }lsv svcm `h`oi `im `h`oi) ]lc drc~`}odi de ALM hcic hcic~` ~`}d }d~~ mo mo~c ~cf} f}jy jy di fdan fdansv sv}o }odi di r~dm r~dmsf sf}v }v oi `i drci drci fyfj fyfjc c vyv}ca) Oi drci fyfjc vyv}ca xd~goih ejsom ov `o~) Oi fjdvcm fyfjc vyv}ca lcjosa d~ `~hdi ov svcm `v }lc xd~goih ejsom) e jsom)

= @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

3 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

DRCI F_FJC ALM V_V]CA @i cjcaci}`~y drci fyfjc ALM vyv}ca ov vldxi oi eoh) ]lc ALM ALM hcic hcic~` ~`}d }d~~ ~cvca cvcanj njcv cv ` ~dfg dfgc} ciho cihoic ic vs vs~~ ~~ds dsim imcm cm ny ` a`hic} }lc fd`j ov ns~i} }d r~dmsfc ld} h`v) ]lc ld} h`v ov }lci vccmcm xo}l ` va`jj `adsi} de `i odio{cm `jg`jo ac}`j ,fcvosa d~ rd}`vvosa/ }d oif~c`vc }lc cjcf}~of`j fdimsf}ouo}ocv de h`v) ]lc h`v h`v c|r`i |r`im m }l~d }l~dsh shl l }lc }lc hcic hcic~` ~`}d }d~~ vs vs~~ ~~ds dsim imcm cm ny rdxc rdxc~e ~esj sj a`hic}) Ms~oih }lc ad}odi de h`v }lc rdvo}ouc `im ich`}ouc odiv aduc }d }lc cjcf}~dmcv `im fdiv}o}s}c `i cjcf}~of fs~~ci}) ]lc ~ckcf}cm h`v r`vvcv }l~dshl `i `o~ lc`}c~ ed~ r~clc`}oih }lc oijc} `o~ `o~) ]lc ]lc vccm vccm a`}c a`}c~o ~o`j `j ov ~cfdu cfduc~ c~cm cm ed~ ed~ vs vsff ffcv cvvo vouc uc sv svc) c) ]lc ]lc io}~dh io}~dhci ci `im vsj vsjrld rld~~ `~c `~c ~caduo ~caduoih ih ed~ rdjjs} rdjjs}odi odi fdi}~ fdi}~djj djjcm cm `im }lci h`vvcv `~c movfl`~hcm }d }lc `}advrlc~c) ]lc `nduc fyfjc ov id} vso}`njc ed~ fdaac~fo`j svc) ]lc c|l`sv} h`vcv de ALM sio} `~c v}ojj `} ` vseeofoci}jy ld} }carc~`}s~c o} ov rdvvonjc }d svc ed~ `mmo}odi`j rdxc~ hcic~`}odi oi ` v}c`a }s~noic `j}c~i`}d~ sio})  ]lov ov oif~c`vc }lc ceeofocify de r~dfcvv) Vsfl fyfjc ov gidxi `v lyn~om ALM!v}c`a rj`i} fyfjc) Eohs~c vldxv lyn~om ALM v}c`a fyfj fyfjc* c* fd`j fd`j ov r~df r~dfcv cvvc vcm m `im `im ns~i ns~i}} oi }lc }lc fdan fdansv sv}d }d~~ `} lo lohl hl }car carc~`}s `}s~c ,>832 }d 6222 ²G/ `im r~cvvs~c ,8 }d 03 `} `}advrlc~c/ xo}l r~clc`}cm `o~ }d ed~a }lc rj`va`) ]lc rj`va` ov }lci

vccmcm

xo}l

va`jj

e~`f}odi

,0#/

de

`i

`jg`jo

ac}`j

,rd}`vvosa/ oi}~dmsfcm svs`jjy `v ` f`~ndi`}c rdxmc~ d~ vdjs}odi)

5 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

8 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

L_N^OM ALM AL M V]C@A R@^] @^] DRCI F_FJC  ]lc ~cvsj}oih ao|}s~c ao|}s~c l`uoih `i cjcf}~of`jj cjcf}~of`jjy y fdimsf}ouo fdimsf}ouo}y }y de `nds} 02 dla$a ov c|r`imcm }l~dshl ` id{{jc }d oif~c`vc o}v ucjdfo}y `im }lci r`vvcm }l~dshl }lc lohl a`hic}of eocjm ,3 }d 8 }cvj`v/ de  }lc ALM hcic~`}d~) Cjcf}~dmcv fl`iicj r~duomcm cjcf}~of fdi}`f} nc}xcci ejdx `im c|}c~i`j jd`m) ]lc rdxc~ d$r ov mf `im o} ov icfcvv`~y }d svc }d fl`ihc o} }d `f nced~c }lc rdxc~ f`i nc ecm }d `i cjcf}~of h~om) ]lc h`v fdaoih ds} de ALM hcic~`}d~ ov v}ojj vsee vs eeof ofoc oci} i}jy jy ld} ld} `im `im ov sv svcm cm }d ~`ov ~`ovc c v} v}c` c`a* a* xlof xlofl l hcic hcic~` ~`}c }cv v `mmo}odi`j cic~hy oi ` v}c`a oi ` v}c`a }s~noic `j}c~i`}d~ sio}) @ r`~} de }lov v}c`a ov `jvd svcm oi ` v}c`a }s~noic xlofl m~ouc~ ` fdar fdar~c ~cvv vvd~ d~ ed~ ed~ fdar fdar~c ~cvv vvoi oih h `o~ `o~ ed~ ed~ }lc }lc ALM ALM fyfj fyfjc) c) ]lc ]lc vccm vccm a`}c~ `}c~oo`j ov ~cfdu cfduc~ c~cm cm e~da e~da }lc }lc h`v }lc l`~a l`~aes esjj cao caovv vvoodiv div ,vsjrls~/ `~c `jvd ~caducm e~da h`v nced~c o} ov movfl`~hcm }d `}advrlc~c }l~dshl ` v}`fg) Ed~ ceeofoci} r~`f}of`j ~c`jo{`}odi ` ALM vyv}ca asv} l`uc edjjdxoih ec`}s~cv; 0/ @o~ vsrc~lc`}oih `~~`ihcaci} }d lc`} }lc h`v }d `~dsim >322 ²F vd }l`} }lc cjcf}~of`j fdimsf}ouo}y h`v ov oif~c`vcm) >/ ]lc fdansv}odi fl`anc~ asv} l`uc jdx lc`} lc `} jdvvcv 6/ @ a`i`hcaci} }d `mm ` jdx odio{`}odi rd}ci}o`j vccm a`}c~o`j }d }lc h`v }d oif~c`vc* o}v fdimsf}ouo}y) =/ @ x`}c~ fddjcm ns} cjcf}~of`jjy oivsj`}oih c|r`imoih msv} xo}l jdih joec cjcf}~dmcv) 3/ @ a`hic} f`r`njc de r~dmsfoih lohl a`hic}of ejs| mcivo}y) mcivo}y) < @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

5/ Vccm ~cfduc~y `rr`~`}sv icfcvv`~y ed~ nd}l ciuo~diaci}`j `im cfdidaofv ~c`vdiv)

? @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

FJDVCM F_FJC ALM V_V]CA  ]lc fjdvcm fyfjc oic~} h`v ALM vyv}ca x`v fdifcoucm 0?53) ]lc a`oi mov`mu`i}`hcv de }lc drci fyfjc vyv}ca ov uc~y lohl ALM Rdxc~ Hcic~`}odi }carc~`}s~c ~cpso~caci} `im ` uc~y flcaof`jjy `f}ouc ejdx fdsjm nc ~caducm* ny fjdvcm fyfjc ALM vyv}ca) @v }lc i`ac vshhcv}v }lc xd~goih ejsom oi fjdvcm fyfjc* ov fo~fsj`}cm oi ` fjdvcm fjdvcm jddr) ]lc xd~goih xd~goih ejsom ov lcjosa d~ `~hdi `~hdi xo}l fcvosa fcvosa vccmoih) Eohs~c Eohs~c vldx ` fjdvcm fyfjc ALM vyv}ca)

02 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

 ]lc fdarjc}c vyv}ca l`v }l~cc mov}oif} ns} oi}c~jdfgoih jddrv) Di }lc jce} ov }lc c|}c~i`j lc`}oih jddr* fd`j ov h`voeocm `im }lc h`v l`uoih ` lohl lc`} u`jsc de `nds} 3)63 AK$gh `im }carc~`}s~c de  `nds} 362²F ov ns~i} oi ` fdansv}d~ }d r~dmsfc lc`}) Oi }lc lc`} c|fl`ihc~ L\* }lov lc`} ov }~`ivec~~cm }d `~hdi }lc xd~goih ejsom de ALM fyfjc) ]lc fdansv}odi r~dmsf}v `e}c~ r`vvoih }l~dshl }lc `o~ `o~ r~clc`} lc`}c~ c~ ,}d ,}d ~cfdu cfduc~ c~ ` r`~} `~} de }lc }lc lc`} lc`} de fdan fdansv sv}}odi odi r~dm r~dmsf sf}/ }/ `im `im

rs~oe s~oeoc oc~v ~v ,]d

~cadu caduc c

l`~a l`~aes esjj caov caovvo vodi div/ v/ `im `im

movfl`~hcm }d `}advrlc~c) ]lc jddr oi }lc fci}~c ov }lc ALM jddr)   ]lc ld} `~hdi h`v ov vccmcm xo}l fcvosa `im r`vvcm }l~dshl ALM ALM hcic~ cic~`} `}d~ d~)) ]lc mf rdxc~ dxc~ ds} ds}rs} rs} de ALM ALM hcic~ cic~`} `}d~ d~ ov fdiuc~}cm }d @)F) ny }lc oiuc~}c~ `im ov }lci eccm oi}d }lc h~om)  ]lc jddr vldxi di }lc ~ohl} l`im vomc oi eoh ov }lc v}c`a jddr ed~ es~}lc~ ~cfduc~oih }lc lc`} de }lc xd~goih ejsom `im fdiuc~}oih }lov lc`} oi}d cjcf}~of`j cic~hy) ]lc ejsom r`vvcv }l~dshl }lc lc`} c|fl c|fl`i `ihc hcv v L\ L\> > xlc~ xlc~c c o} oar` oar`~} ~}v v o}v o}v lc`} lc`} }d x`}c~ x`}c~ xlof xlofl l hc}v hc}v fdiuc~}cm }d v}c`a) ]lov v}c`a ov svcm r`~}jy ed~ ms~oih ` }s~noic xlofl ~siv }lc fdar~cvvd~ r`~}jy ed~ }s~noic m~ouc~ `i `j}c~i`}d~)  ]lc ds}rs} de }lc `j}c~i`}d~ ov `jvd }d }lc h~om) ]lc xd~goih ejsom hdcv hdcv n`fg n`fg }d }lc }lc lc`} lc`} c|fl c|fl`i `ihc hcv v L\ L\// `e}c `e}c~~ r`vv r`vvoi oih h }l~d }l~dsh shl l fdar~cvvd~ `im oi}c~fddjc~) @ fjdvcm vyv}ca f`i r~duomc ad~c svcesj rdxc~ fdiuc~vodi `} jdxc~ }carc~`}s~cv ,`~dsim 0?22d G  `v fdar`~cm }d >322d G ed~ drci fyfjc vyv}ca/)

00 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

ICCM ED^ ES^]LC^ ^CVC@^FL   ]lc ]lc fdaa fdaac~ c~fo fo`j `j sv svc c de ALM ALM fdif fdifcr cr}} l`v l`v id} id} ncci ncci rdvv rdvvon onjc jc ncf`svc isac~dsv }cflidjdhof`j `mu`ifcaci}v `~c iccmcm r~od~ }d fdaac~fo`jo{`}odi de ALM vyv}cav) Adv} de }lcvc `~c ~cj`}cm }d a`}c~o`j r~dnjca f~c`}cm ny }lc voasj}`icdsv r~cvcifc de lohl }carc~ }carc~`}s `}s~c ~c `im ` lohljy lohljy fd~~dv fd~~dvouc ouc `im `n~`vo `n~`vouc uc ciuo~d ciuo~diac iaci}) i})  ]lc ALM fl`iicj drc~`}cv c|}~cac fdimo}odiv de }carc~`}s~c* a`hic}of `im cjcf}~of eocjmv) Vc`~fl ov di ed~ nc}}c~ oivsj`}d~ `im cjcf}~dmc a`}c~o`jv xlofl f`i xo}l v}`im }lc cjcf}~of`j* }lc~a`j* acfl`iof`j `im }lc~ad!flcaof`j v}~cvvcv `im fd~~dvodi)

@MU@I]@HCV DE ALM HCIC^@]ODI ALM hcic~`}odi deec~v vcuc~`j `mu`i}`hcv `v fdar`~cm }d d}lc~ ac}ldmv de cjcf}~of hcic~`}odi) 0/ ]lc fdiuc~vodi ceeofocify de ` ALM vyv}ca f`i nc 32# `v fdar`~cm }d jcvv }l`i =2 rc~fci} ed~ }lc adv} ceeofoci} v}c`a rj`i}v) >/ J`~hc `adsi} de rdxc~ ov hcic~`}cm) 6/ O} l`v id aduoih r`~}v* vd ad~c ~cjo`njc) =/ O} l`v `nojo}y }d ~c`fl }lc esjj rdxc~ jcucj jcuc j `v vddi `v v}`~}cm) 3/ Ncf`svc de lohlc~ ceeofocify* }lc duc~`jj hcic~`}odi fdv} de `i ALM rj`i} xojj nc jcvv) 5/ ]lc ]lc ad~ ad~c ceeo ceeofo foci ci}} lc`} lc`} s}oj s}ojo{ o{`} `}od odi i xdsj xdsjm m ceeo ceeof foci} oci} lc`} lc`} s}ojo{`}odi xdsjm

0> @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

mcf~c`vcv }lc `adsi} de lc`} movfl`~hcm }d ciuo~diaci} `im }lc fddjoih x`}c~ ~cpso~caci}v xdsjm `jvd nc jdxc~) 8/ ]lc lohlc~ ceeofocify ac`iv nc}}c~ escj s}ojo{`}odi) ]lc ~cmsfc escj fdivsar}odi xdsjm deec~ `mmo}odi`j cfdidaof `im vdfo`j nciceo}v) )/ Lyrc~vdiof xoim }siicj c|rc~oaci}v) 6)/ Mcecivc `rrjof`}odi)

0= @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

FDIFJSVODI Xo}l Xo}l }lc oif~c` oif~c`vcm vcm oimsv} oimsv}~o`j ~o`j `im `h~ofs `h~ofsj}s j}s~`j ~`j `f}ouo `f}ouo}oc }ocv* v* rdxc~ rdxc~ mca`im ov `jvd lohljy oif~c`vcm) Oi }lc fdsi}~y ov vs~c }d e`jj vld~} vl d~} de }lc cic~hy mca`im ny }lc eo~v} mcf`mc de ic|} fci}s~y) ]lov ac`iv `i `mmo}odi`j f`r`fo}y de rdxc~ ov ~cpso~cm ic|} 02 yc`~)  ]lc `ivxc~ }d }lov ov oi idi fdiuci}odi`j cic~hy) ]lc ALM rdxc~ hcic~`}odi ov oi `mu`ifcm v}`hc }dm`y `im fjdvc~ }d fdaac~fo`j s}ojo{`}odi vohioeof`i} r~dh~cvv l`v ncci a`mc oi mcucjdraci} de  `jj f~o}of`j fdardici} `im vsn vyv}ca }cflidjdhocv fd`j ns~ioih ALM fdanoicm v}c`a rdxc~ rj`i} r~daovc vohioeof`i} cfdidaof `im ciuo~diaci}`j `mu`i}`hcv fdar`~cm }d d}lc~ fd`j ns~ioih rdxc rdxc~~ hcic hcic~` ~`}c }c }cfl }cflid idjd jdho hocv cv)) O} xojj xojj id} id} nc jdih jdih nced nced~~c }lc }cflidjdhof`j r~dnjca de ALM hcic~`}c `~c duc~fdac `im ALM rdxc rdxc~~

hcic hcic~` ~`}o }odi di }~`i }~`ive ved~ d~a a

o}vc o}vcje je e~da e~da idif idifdi diuc uci} i}od odi` i`jj

}d

fdiuci}odi`j cic~hy vds~fcv)

03 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

ALM ‖ A`hic}d Lym~d Myi`aof

^CEC^CIFCV 

Idi!Fdiuci}odi`j cic~hy vds~fc ; H)M) ^`o



Cjcf}~of`j Rdxc~ Vyv}ca ; M~) M~) Oi`am`~



Hcic~`}odi Mov}~ons}odi % S}ojo{`}odi de Cjcf}~of`j Cic~hy ; F)J)X`mx`



xxx)ldxv}seexd~gv)fda



xxx)xogorcmo`)d~h

05 @ Vcaoi`~ ^crd~} ny ^DL@I VL@^A@

View more...

Comments

Copyright ©2017 KUPDF Inc.
SUPPORT KUPDF