Mgmt1001 Essay 2

Everest report Quang Anh Pham Student number: 3488998 MGMT1001

ID : 3488998

MGMT1001

Executive Summary This report is a reflective report of the Everest Simulation experience in Group 164, which members include Anh Pham, Hillman, Ajay, Christine, Ryahn and Leigh. The Simulation was divided into 2 attempts, where in the first attempt the team was required to perform virtually and in the second attempt it had to be done with all the members to stay in the same room. After the 2 attempts, it turned out that the team performed better in the second attempt, which can be explained by the boost in communication and past experience of the simulation. However, due to the lack of leadership and direction of the team, the result was not high as expected, as one member, Ajay, the physician, was rescued during the Simulation. This report hence will try to critically analyse the team’s experience using the course concepts, including Communication, Group and Team, and Leadership and deliver the recommendation if applicable.

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ID: 3488998

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Table of contents Executive summary

2

Table of contents

3

Introduction

4

Team experience

5

Communication & disinhibition effect

6

Disinhibition effect

6

Communication medium

7

Groups & Teams

8

Conflicts

8

Team goals

8

Leadership

9

Leadership style

9

Leadership traits

10

Conclusion

10

Bibliography

11

Appendix

12

Team contract

13

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ID : 3488998

MGMT1001

Introduction Everest Simulation is a virtual simulation which assigns the members to take a specific role in order to reach to the summit of mount Everest. Group 164, which later changed the name into ‘Team Let’s not die’, is a team which members were randomly picked from the same tutorial, including myself Anh Pham, Hillman, Ajay, Christine, Ryahn and Leigh. The team was given 2 attempts to participate in the Simulation where in the first Simulation the team members were required not to sit in the same room and the second Simulation the students were told to do the opposite. The purpose of the Simulation is to have the students deal with different attitudes between members, while maintaining effective communication as well as decision-making, and most importantly, to give the students a chance to critically analyse the experience afterward. For the team, the result in the second Simulation was better than the first, increased from 44 percent of team objectives to 59 percent overall, despites the fact that one of the member, Ajay, the physician, was recused while processing from Camp 3 to Camp 4. However, because of the lack of a real leader, which will be examined later in this report, laissez faire leadership style sometimes led to serious confusion and misdirection, result in the amount of time taken to finish in both Simulations. Moreover, with the lack of task conflict between the members, the team sometimes suffered from stagnation and uncertainty, while the team contract were totally forgotten during the second attempt. With the problems raised from the Simulation, I had a valuable opportunity to face different situations and experience teamwork environment. This report hence will try to use the relevant concepts from the course, including Communication, Groups and Teams,

and

Leadership,

to

evaluate

the

Simulation

experience

and

give

recommendation where applicable.

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ID: 3488998

MGMT1001

Team experience Unlike many other teams, our team worked on the basis of shared authority. This means that everyone have the equal opportunity to contribute as well as organize the team. This had been with the team from the very beginning, since all the members discussed the available time slot for the first Simulation without a specific person stand out to do the job. The team therefore did not rely on the assigned role in the Simulation to actually perform, which I felt that was working well until the team participated in the first attempt of the Simulation, where a serious problem appeared. It turned out that the most important person in the team, the leader, which was Hillman, did not understand and well-prepare the Simulation and hence could not catch up with the speed of everyone. As a result, he made a mistake that forfeit the trust of the team member in the leader. When the team was at Camp 2 in the second day of the virtual Simulation, while the whole team was discussing the current stage, the leader accidentally pushed the proceed button, which brought the whole team to Camp 3 with the settings belonged to the previous day. From this moment on, despites no one raised the voice criticising Hillman for his mistake, everyone felt that they had the responsibility to make team decision instead of having the leader to make the decision for the team. The decisions from that on had to be discussed thoroughly between all the members. Since the assigned leader had no power in controlling the team, the team entered a period of misdirection and confusion. The decision took a lot of time to be made, with no member had the most weighted voice and everyone had to spend a lot of time considering others ideas while protecting their own point of view. Through every stage, every member had to carefully consider every possibility and the decision was made on a majority agreement. The decisions made were the most convincing decisions, not the most plausible ones. I personally experienced frustration during the Simulation, even though I did not speak out because of my respect to other members, as the decisions 5

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took more time than necessary to be made. The first Simulation ended up with everyone decided to play safe rather than risking the life to achieve the goals. In the second Simulation, the team with previous experience from the first attempt tried to perform better. Despites the team contract created by everyone during the Tutorial, it was totally forgotten during the Simulation. While the goal in the contract state that everyone had to reach the summit, it turned out that the goal was unrealistic and everyone had to alter the goal. From this moment, the need of a leader who can give direction to the team and cover everyone’s situation was more significant, since people tended to break into smaller groups to discuss the situation. Everyone shared all the relevant information but no one actually gathered the information and analysed it. Despites having an observer, the decision-making process still lied heavily on the players who were assigned more specific goals. The team spent too much time discussing without making a proper decision. Communication and disinhibition effect Disinhibition effect Disinhibition effect is a psychological phenomena used to describe the lack of behavioural inhibition in online environment (Lapidot-Lefler & Barak 2012, p.434) This can be the act of verbal insults, flaming or bashing over the internet interfaces, since the barrier for such action is higher in face-to-face communication. During the first Simulation, which required the members to participate online, the disinhibition effect was expected to take place. It is a great opportunity for people with reserved personality to express emotions without verbal barrier, especially non-native speaker in an English speaking country such as Asians. However, such effect did not take place in our team. The reason can be explained as follow. Firstly, all the members are highly educated and well disciplined. People with high education and good disciplines tend to act in a more appropriate way. Secondly, the team has to face each other afterward for the completion of the exercise. Hence, everyone had to act with proper manner so that 6

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when they meet face-to-face it does not create wrong perception and awkward moments. Thirdly, the characteristics of the members are considered to be open and understanding. The members tend to discuss the problems to deliver the best solution rather than being emotional and irrational. Communication medium The difficulties by having the internet network interfered the communication between the members can be analysed by the research done by Alge and his coordinators. Alge et al (2003) concludes that face-to-face communication delivers a higher level of trust as well as openness, while share more unique information than virtual communication between the team members through a computer-mediated medium. Alge et al (2003) also states that the differences above did not apply to teams with previous knowledgebuilding. This emphasizes the need of knowing each other before completing the task between each member. If our team had time to develop the relationship between members, the outcome would had been better, particularly for Hillman not to make the unnecessary mistake by delivering communication effectiveness and decision-making effectiveness. The other thing about medium is the insufficient performance of chat interface of the Simulation. As mentioned in the team experience, the chat interface was considerably small, which displays little information and normally got clashed when two or more people started typing, while the medium plays a crucial role in sharing the information and strongly affect the team’s ability to work effectively. To overcome this issue, I would have suggested the team to use different communicating software such as Skype or any other alternatives rather than the chat interface provided within the Simulation. However, since the second Simulation required all the members to sit in the same room, by using a more effective way of communication, which is face-to-face, we resolved the problems in communicating to some extent. The speed of information exchange was much more improved as I felt more comfortable speaking face-to-face with my teammates. 7

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Groups and Teams Conflicts It was thought that my team did not experience conflicts during the 2 Simulations. The truth was the conflicts were left unspoken and no one with a strong personality enough to raise the conflicts. Behar et al (2007) states that without conflicts, the team will unlikely to deliver the correct decision, while the performance will be diminished. Conflicts are essential for team discussion as it allows the members to fully understand the problems. It appeared that the lack of conflicts in our team created unsatisfactory and even frustration between the members. This can be explained that a person is uncomfortable or inconsistent about the goals and norms of the team will tend to minimise it by changing his attitude and behavior (Koh & Boh, 2004). In the first Simulation, I had a great confusion about the goals of the team, as everyone was acting on their own to be safe from getting rescued. Thus I tend to lower my expectation and act more neutral to the team decisions that I knew would bring less benefits to the team from my point of view. As a result, the highest Camp that everyone sought was Camp 3, which was far less than my expectation. If I had a chance to do the first Climb again, I would challenge everyone with the idea of bringing another person, for example Ajay, to take the leader role, instead of having Hillman doing nothing but pushing the proceed to new stage button. Team goals Since the team had no proper leader, the goals between the team could not be obtained. Everyone considered that their goals were the most important hence avoid the suggestion from other members to act on their desire (Posakoff et al, 1997). For example, my goal as the marathoner was to reach the summit to obtain a great advertisement deal. However, the environmentalist did not need to reach the summit, while the photographer had to stay behind to take photos. In the second climb, even the team had made a team contract including an agreed team goal, the goal was not feasible 8

ID: 3488998

MGMT1001

and hence the contract was totally ignored during the second attempt. The goal in the contract was to have everyone reached the summit, while it is practically impossible to achieve that. Hence in the second Simulation, the team was dragged into long discussion with no proper outcome, and the performance was poor in my opinion. If the conflicts between different goals could be solved and synergised with the team context, the overall results could be better (Steven and Campion, 1994). Leadership Leadership style According to Kurt Lewin (1939) the leadership styles can be divided into 3 main styles, including autocratic style, democratic style and Laissez faire style. Since our team decided from the start to share the leadership between everyone, the team chose to operate with Laissez faire style of leadership. Laissez faire works best when the members are able to work independently and making their own decision, without a requirement for a central coordination. In our team, the type of leadership worked really well when we share the information together. However, since the Everest Simulation was not a requirement-free for a central coordination, it appeared that since everyone had the same power, no decision was made. We spent a lot of time discussing the same issue without delivering a solution. It came to the peak in the second Simulation, where even we had great experience from the first Simulation, so much time was taken to discuss the information from everyone. Instead of having a specific person to do the relevant analysis, all the team member took part in decision making, which required a lot more time and raised a lot of confusion. At this point, a democratic leadership style (Kurt Lewin, 1939) could be seen as a better alternative to the ineffective style we used during the Simulation. However, since no one raise the issue of leadership and forced themselves into the Laissez fair style, the team ended up being unproductive and the outcome was lower than expected. The team could have followed the Democratic style if Hillman was more well-prepared or the assigned leader was Ajay rather than Hillman. 9

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Leadership traits According to Judge et al (2002), a successful leadership has to be associated with 7 traits, including drive, desire to lead, self-confidence, intelligence, job-relevant knowledge, honest and integrity, and most importantly extraversion. In our team, the lack of several traits led to an unsuccessful leadership, which lower the team productivity and satisfaction. Hillman, the assigned leader in the Simulation, showed the lack of job-relevant knowledge in the first place. This resulted in the mistrust of the member to the leader, thus created a negative perception on the leader role, which is crucial in this context. Moreover, the desire to lead and drive was seriously absent, as when the team was struggling, no one stood out to address the issue. Other traits such as self-confidence and intelligence were showed, as the members of the team express a highly intellectual communication and task-performance. Even though the extraversion is very important in certain tasks, it was not the case for this Simulation. In my opinion, a boost in confidence for a person to stood up and lead the team was necessary to achieve higher results. Conclusion In general, the Everest Simulation provided a valuable opportunity to participate in teamwork environment. It is clear that the need to understand the three key aspects of communication, teamwork and leadership is crucial to the effectiveness of team performance. Although our team did not perform well in the second Simulation, showed by a small amount of improvement from the first Simulation, the ultimate goal of understanding how to make a team to work effectively has been achieved by reflecting the experience in this report. The lack of communication suffered from the first Simulation was overcome in the second Simulation, while more could be done with the leadership style to deliver better result. Moving from the experience and analysis through this whole process, my understanding of aspects in teamwork has been strengthen, which will help me to integrate with the workplace settings in the future.

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Bibliography Alge, B. J., Wiethoff, C., & Klein, H.J. 2003, ‘When does the medium matter? Knowledge building experiences and opportunities in decision making teams’, Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 91, pp.26-37. Behfar, H., Peterson, R. S., Mannix, E. A. & Trochim, W. M. K. 2008, The Critical Role of Conflict Resolution in Teams: A Close Look at the Links Between Conflict Type, Conflict Management Strategies, and Team Outcomes, Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol.93(1), pp. 170–188. Judge, T. A., Bono, J. E., Ilies, R. & Gerhardt, M. W., 2002, Personality and Leadership: A Qualitative and Quantitative Review, Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), pp. 765-780. Koh, H. C. & Boo, E. Y. 2004, Organisational ethics and employee satisfaction and commitment, Management Decision, vol. 42, no. 5, pp. 677-693. Lapidot-Lefler, N., & Barak, A., 2012, Effects of Anonymity, Invisibility, and lack of eyecontact on toxic online dishibition, Computers in Human Behavior, Vol.28, pp. 434-443. Lewin, K., Lippitt, R., White, R., 1939 Patterns of Aggressive Behavior in Experimentally Created “Social Climates”, The Journal of Social Psychology, Vol.10(2), pp.269-299. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B. & Ahearne, M., 1997, Moderating Effects of Goal Acceptance on the Relationship Between Group Cohesiveness and Productivity, Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(6), pp. 974-983. Stevens, M. J. & Campion, M. A. 1994, The Knowledge, Skill and Ability Requirements for Teamwork: Implications for Human Resources Management, Journal of Management, 20(2), pp. 503-530.

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Appendix Goals Reach summit

Point

Complete climb without needing to be

0

rescued

3

Avoid getting frostbite

1

Your Points for Personal Goals

4

Round 2: Medical Challenge Points

0

Round 3: Weather Challenge Points

0

Round 4: Oxygen Tank Allocation Points

0

Your Total Points

4

Your Total possible Points

9

Percent of your Goals Achieved

44%

Percent of Team Goals Achieved

44%

Goals Reach summit

Point

Complete climb without needing to be

2

rescued

3

Avoid getting frostbite

1

Your Points for Personal Goals

6

Round 2: Medical Challenge Points

1

Round 3: Weather Challenge Points

0

Round 4: Oxygen Tank Allocation Points

0

Your Total Points

7

Your Total possible Points

9

Percent of your Goals Achieved

78%

Percent of Team Goals Achieved

59%

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Team contract TEAM CONTRACT Everest 2 Team Name: Let’s not die

Name

Role

Contact

1

Hillman Pan

Leader

0433038743

2

Anh Pham

Marathoner

0450036555

3

Ajay Parmar

Physician

0424389446

4

Ryahn Rahme

Environmentalist

0401787706

5

Christine Pham

Photographer

0411221675

6

Leigh Sack

Observer

0452214424

Team Procedures 1. 1. Day, time, and location of team members for Everest 2: Wednesday, 7th May, 5pm 1. 2. Preferred method of communication before and during Everest 2 (i.e., e-mail, mobile, chat function, face-to-face in a specified location). A. A.

Before the climb Email, mobile , Watsapp

A. B. During the climb (Note: Everest 2 has to be conducted face-to-face in a specified location during the exercise) Face-to-face A. C.

After the climb Email, mobile, Watsapp

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1. 3. Team goal for Everest 2: ‘Let’s not die’ Everyone reach the summit No more than 3 hours Everyone maximise their point wherever possible 1. 4. Decision-making policy (By consensus? By majority vote? By team leader?): By consensus Team Participation 1. 1.

How will we resolve conflict? Consensus

1. 2. Strategies for encouraging/including ideas and debate from all team members : questions 1. 3.

Strategies for achieving our goal: effective communication strategies/ planning

1. 4.

Preferences for leadership (team leader only, shared leadership): Shared leadership (Laissez faire)

Personal Accountability 1. 1.

Expected individual attendance, punctuality, and participation at Everest 2: Everyone attended Equal responsibility

1. 2.

What are the consequences for lack of engagement in Everest 2? Try to get one person to encourage participation.

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