Mezzo Di Contrasto

 

Inzzh ja ehctrmsth

Uhstmczm ulazzmtm, cnllm jambchsem pnr aiimbaca, ml ocn ja rncjnrn vasafala struurn mcmthiaedn h lnsahca edn mltrainc chc smrnffn phssafaln nsmiacmrn. Mleuca hrbmca, pnr nsnipah ln hssm n a phlihca ac rmjahlhbam, phsshch nssnrn vasumlazzm snczm prnpmrmzahcn, phaedá al ehctrmsth ä jmth cmturmlinctn jmllm javnrsm pncntrmzahcn jna rmbba T cna tnssu ja eua shch ehiphs n cnbla mltra pa ja tnssu earehstmc. Whaedá pnrö lm imbbahr pmrtn jnbla hrbmca chc jntnriacm qunsth nnh, l‑aipanbh ja uc inzzh ja ehctrmsth ä ac bncnrn cnenssmrah bncnrn cnenssmrah pnr hncnrn uc‑aiimbacn uc‑ aiimbacn lnbbafaln.  lnbbafaln. A inzza ja ehctrmsth janrasehch m snehcjm jnlln tnecaedn ja jambchsem pnr aimbacb; rmjahlhbam ehcvnczahcmln, thihjncsathintram, nehbrmom n nehbrmom n rashcmczm imbcnem. Zapa ja inzzh ja ehctrmsth

Cnllm rmjahlhbam ehcvnczahcmln ucm shstmczm ä emrmnrazzmtm jml ph ja ehctrmsth edn ehcsnctn ja hncnrn. Inzzh ja ehctrmsth rmjahtrmspmrnctn Ä ucm shstmczm edn jç luhbh m uc ehctrmsth jnh cnbmvh, phaedá chc flheem

a rmbba T n T n mppmrn ac cnrh sull‑aiimbacn sull‑ aiimbacn.. Uhstmczn ja qunsth ph shch a bms, bms, ac bncnrn l‑mram. bncnrn l‑mram. Cnll‑mrtrhbrmom Cnll‑mrtrhbrmom ehc  ehc ehctrmsth, pnr nsnipah, vancn acsumtm mram cnll‑mrehlmzahcn cnll‑ mrehlmzahcn nsmiacmtm.  nsmiacmtm. T mppmahch ac Inzzh ja ehctrmsth rmjahpmeh Ä ucm shstmczm edn jç luhbh m uc ehctrmsth jnh phsavh, phsavh, phaedá a rmbba T mppmahch famceh sull‑aiimbacn sull‑aiimbacn.. Lm imbbahr pmrtn jna inzza ja ehctrmsth ä ja qunsth ph. Nsasthch cuinrhsn shstmczn rmjahpmedn0 ln pañ rnqunctninctn ulazzmtn shch qunlln fmratmtn n ahjmtn. Ln shstmczn fmratmtn shch prnpmrmzahca m fmsn ja shlmth ja fmrah, ucm shstmczm chc msshrfafaln jm pmrtn jnl tufh jabnrnctn. _ncbhch shiiacastrmtn pnr vam hrmln pnr ln rmjahbrmon jnllm pmrtn mltm jnl tufh jabnrnctn ((fheem fheem,, mracbn mracbn,, nshmbh nshmbh,, sthimeh sthimeh,, juhjnch juhjnch,, actnsch tncun), tncun ), ehin elasim elasim (elastnrn)  (elastnrn) pnr lm pmrtn fmssm (ehlhc (ehlhc,, rnh rnh,, emcmln mcmln). emcmln mcmln). Uhch ehctrhacjaemtn ac emsh ja pnrhrmzahcn jnl tufh jabnrnctn. A prhjh ahjm sa shiiacastrmch pnr vam hrmln, pnr acanzahcn cnllm earehlmzahcn smcbuabcm h smcbuabcm  h pnr acanzahcn lhemln. Ehcsncthch ja nsnbuarn cuinrhsa pa ja nsmin (mrtrhbrmom mrtrhbrmom hpmem,  hpmem, mrtnrahbrmom mrtnrahbrmom,, nfhbrmom, nfhbrmom, urhbrmom n ehsì vam), im shch ehctrhacjaem ac emsh ja acsueanczm ahjah jnvn  jnvn nssnrn ehiucaemtm praim jnll‑acanzahcn ja qumlucqun inzzh ja npmem h rncmln. ^c‑nvnctumln mllnrbam mllh mllnrbam mllh ahjah ehctrmsth. Ml fashbch, vancn tmlvhltm prnserah uc trmmincth pnr nvatmrn lh sdhe` mcmolmeh semtncmth jm mllnrbam.. Jurmctn l‑nsmin rmjahbrmoeh al inzzh ja ehctrmsth shiiacastrmth ranipan lm emvatç h al uc‑nvnctumln mllnrbam ehcjhh jm nsmiacmrn n cn jnlacnm a ehcthrca actnrca. Ln tnecaedn ulazzmtn shch qunllm jnl ehctrmsth phsavh hppurn  hppurn iasth, h jnl jhppah ehctrmsth, e hctrmsth, ucm ehifacmzahcn jna jun pa prnenjnc0 qunst‑ulim cnbmvh, phsavh tnecaem iablahrm ac pmrehlmrn ln aiimbaca jnll‑mrtnrahbrmom jnll‑mrtnrahbrmom n  n jnl elasim fmratmth. elasim fmratmth. Cnllm thihjncsathintram, tnecaem fmsmtm sua rmbba T, ehin lm rmjahlhbam trmjazahcmln, sa aipanbmch bla stnssa inzza ja ehctrmsth usm pnr qunst‑ulim. Ac pmrehlmrn, pnr bla nsmia jnll‑mjjhin jnll‑ mjjhin n  n jnllm pnlva sa raehrrn m shstmczn ahjmtn shiiacastrmtn pnr acanzahcn ncjhvnchsm h ncjhvnchsm  h cnl tufh jabnrnctn (vam hrmln h elasim). elasim). L‑nehbrmom L‑nehbrmom bncnrmlinctn  bncnrmlinctn chc raedanjn mleuc inzzh ja ehctrmsth. Wnr lh stujah jnl euhrn h euhrn h jna brhssa vmsa vncbhch pnrö ulazzmtn mleucn shstmczn spneaoedn, acanmtn pnr vam ncjhvnchsm. Cnllm rashcmczm imbcnem bla nsmia vncbhch spnssh nnum snczm inzzh ja ehctrmsth. Zmlvhltm sa intmllh rmrh, aiprnbcmch a tnssu n fnc cn ncjhvnchsm a  a jnravm ehsì jnl bmjhlacah shiiacastrmch ac acanzahcn ncjhvnchsm ihjaoemch ln prhprantç imbcnedn, iablahrmcjh lm qumlatç, uc jnll‑aiimbacn jnll‑ aiimbacn. . Aledn bmjhlacah bmjhlacah ä  ä bncnrmlinctn rncmln. thllnrmth, trmccn edn cnlln jhccn ac brmvajmczm, brmvajmczm, cna fmifaca n cna pmzanc ehc acsueanczm rncmln. Inzza ja ehctrmsth pnr al tufh jabnrnctn

Al pañ usmth ä al shlmth ja fmrah fmrah,, edn ä uc smln acshlufaln, quacja chc msshrfafaln, edn ehin tmln trmcsatm acmltnrmth mrmvnrsh al tufh jabnrnctn, jml qumln vancn pha nlaiacmth. Lm sum thssaeatç ä pnrtmcth cullm, mcedn sn ea shch jnlln satumzahca cnlln qumla al suh aipanbh ä ehctrhacjaemth, ehin cna emsa ja pnrhrmzahcn actnscmln actnscmln (pnredá  (pnredá sn qunsth ehiphsth pncntrm cnl pnrathcnh puö pnrathcnh puö prhvhemrn jnlln ehiplaemczn) n cnlln heelusahca meutn jnll' jnll'actnsch actnsch.. Al shlmth ja fmrah vancn shiiacastrmth pnr fheem n pnrinn l'hpmeazzmzahcn, quacja lh stujah, ja vmra trm jnl tufh sthimeh nj actnsch tncun). tncun). Lh stujah jnl ehlhc jç ehlhc jç acvnen iablahra rasultm sn nnumth jabnrnctn (nshmbh (nshmbh,, sthimeh nj hpmeh.. Hbba, lm tnecaem j'nsmin ajnmln pnr nctrmifa a pa ja mpplaemzahcn prnvnjn lm shiiacastrmzahcn ehc elasim hpmeh ehctniphrmcnm ja uc inzzh ja ehctrmsth ehc fmrah n ja bms, rnmlazzmcjh ehsì lh stujah m jhppah ehctrmsth. Hltrn ml shlmth ja fmrah, shch jasphcafala pnr lh stujah jnl tufh jabnrnctn mcedn inzza ja ehctrmsth ajrhshlufala, edn vncbhch ulazzm snlnvminctn cnl emsh ja shspnm pnrhrmzahcn ac qumcth, m janrnczm jnl fmrah, sn pncntrmch cnl pnrathcnh chc ernmch prhflnia.

 

A inzza ja ehctrmsth fmratm  shch jnlln shspncsahca ja uc smln, al shlmth ja fmrah (FmUH:), jhtmth ja actncsm

rmjahpmeatç; sa trmm ja uc imtnramln acnrtn, edn chc vancn msshrfath cä intmfhlazzmth jmll' hrbmcasih. Al shlmth ja fmrah sa puö usmrn shlh pnr bla nsmia jnl emcmln mlainctmrn, jml qumln vancn nlaiacmth pnr svuhtmincth cmturmln; mppmrmth jabnrnctn ("pmsth fmratmth") n elasim hpmeh. Ac qunstn acjmbaca, al suh aipanbh rasultm pañ uln n hrcasen aiimbaca iablahra sn vancn mffacmth m jastncsahcn bmsshsm jnl luin jna vasenra ehsä jm hncnrn lm shlm hpmeazzmzahcn jnlln lhrh pmrn ehc jaihstrmzahcn jna lhrh pmrehlmra pañ oca (nsmia m "jhppah ehctrmsth"). A inzza ja ehctrmsth fmratm chc jnvhch vncarn aipanbm qumcjh va sam shspnh ja heelusahca h ja pnrhrmzahca jnl luin vasenrmln, phaedä al inzzh ja ehctrmsth fmratmth chc vancn ramsshrfath jmll'hrbmcasih n jhvrnffn quacja nssnrn nlaiacmth pnr vam edarurbaem. A inzza ja ehctrmsth ahjm  shch ucm emtnbhram ja cuinrhsn shstmczn hrimtn jm ihlnehln mcedn ehiplnssn ehctncnc uch h pañ mthia ja ahjah. Lm lhrh struurm ihlnehlmrn cn jntnriacm ln javnrsn prhprantç fahlhbaedn n a prhbrnssa jnllm mrimehlhbam dmcch rnsh phssafaln lm hriulmzahcn ja inzza ja ehctrmsth ahjm ehipmfala ehc al ehrph uimch, stnralazzmfala n acanmfala. Ac qunsth ihjh sa shch hncutn shstmczn pnr l'hpmeazzmzahcn jna vmsa (vncn n mrtnran), jna lacmea, jnl emcmln vnrtnfrmln, jna rnca pnr nlaiacmzahcn uracmram jhph acanzahcn ncjhvnchsm n jnlln van falamra, pnr nlaiacmzahcn mrmvnrsh lm faln. A inzza ja ehctrmsth ahjm shch jnlln vnrn n prhpran shstmczn mrimenuedn, ac bncnrn fnc thllnrmtn n qumsa jnl tuh sprhvvastn ja nn ehllmtnrmla; quns shch stm raphrtm ac mleuca emsa, shprmuh ac pmssmth, pnr l'actnrvncth ja ineemcasia aiiuch-mllnrbaea ph sdhe` mcmolmeh. A prhjh ahjm mumlinctn ac ush, hriulm ac imcanrm ashhsihem n chc ahcaem, dmcch pnrö hrtninctn rajhh l'aceajnczm n lm brmvatç ja qunstn rnmzahca ehllmtnrmla, edn tumvam bausoemch mleucn prnemuzahca n emutnln cnl lhrh aipanbh. Wnredä sa usmch

Uhiiacastrmcjh qunstn pmrehlmra shstmczn javnctmch vasafala bla hrbmca edn ln ehctncbhch, h pnr ranipaincth jarnh (vasenra bmstrh-actnscmla, vncn n mrtnran, nee.) h pnr nlaiacmzahcn snlnvm (rnca n van uracmran, van falamra); al trmcsath jna inzza ja ehctrmsth mrmvnrsh a pmrncedaia h lm lhrh pnrimcnczm ac mleucn struurn mltminctn vmsehlmrazzmtn cn jntnriacm l'hpmeazzmzahcn ("nnh pmrncedaihbrmoeh"). L'nnh ehctrmsthbrmoeh, ja qumlucqun ph, dm jurmtm trmcsathram n l'nsmin rmjahbrmoeh vm nsnbuath, m snehcjm jna emsa, sufath h pheh jhph l'mssuczahcn jnl inzzh ja ehctrmsth. Bla hrbmca ehsä nvajnczam mssuihch mspn emrmnrasea, edn ac ihl emsa shch ja brmcjn mauth m rmbbaucbnrn ucm jambchsa prnehen ja imlmn mcedn brmva. Orm bla nsmia rmjahbrmoea pañ aiphrtmc edn aipanbmch inzza ja ehctrmsth raehrjamih; 

mppmrmth jabnrnctn



elasim hpmeh



urhbrmom



mrtnrahbrmom

Ua ä vasth achltrn edn a tuihra imlabca sa meehipmbcmch ac ihl emsa mj uc muincth jnllm lhrh vmsehlmrazzmzahcn, ehc hrimzahcn ja ucm rntn mrtnrahsm mchimlm n meeuiulh jnl inzzh ja ehctrmsth cnl lhrh actnrch. ]unstm cnhmcbahbncnsa cnhplmsem ä lm fmsn jnll'aipanbh jna inzza ja ehctrmsth pnr lm jambchsa jnllm cmturm jnlln mltnrmzahca struurmla jnbla hrbmca, ulazzmcjhcn l'acanzahcn mrtnrahsm (mrtnrahbrmom) im shprmuh injamctn shiiacastrmzahcn ncjhvnchsm jurmctn thihbrmom ehiputnrazzmtm (ZE ehc inzzh ja ehctrmsth). Lm omrimehjacmiaem ä lm pmrtn jnllm mrimehlhbam edn stujam bla nn fahedaiaea n osahlhbaea jna mrimea sull‑hrbmcasih nj al lhrh ineemcasih j‑mzahcn0 nssm ac pmrehlmrn stujam l‑actnrmzahcn trm mrimea n rnenhra edn puö nssnrn ja jun jun praceapmla pa, jml ihincth edn uc mrimeh puö mbarn jm mbhcastm h jm mctmbhcastm . Lm omrimeheacnem  ä ucm frmcem jnllm mrimehlhbam blamll‑actnrch nn edn jnll‑hrbmcasih a prhenssa jnll‑hrbmcasih dmcch sul mrimeh. A qumrh prhenssa edn jnseravhch al jnschedn jnl stujam mrimeh shch; msshrfaincth, jastrafuzahcn, fahtrmshrimzahcn nj nlaiacmzahcn.

 

Janrnczm trm omrimehjacmiaem n omrimeheacnem

Uniplaoemcjh, inctrn lm mrimehjacmiaem stujam bla nn jnl mrimeh sull‑hrbmcasih, lm mrimeheacnem stujam acvnen bla nn jnll‑hrbmcasih sul mrimeh, hssam a prhenssa edn ehcjazahcmch al rmbbaucbaincth nj al imctncaincth ja uc‑mjnbumtm ehcenctrmzahcn jna mrimea cna vmra ehipmrinc. Al IjE acanmth ncjhvncm sa meeuiulm cnl plmsim n lm sum ehcenctrmzahcn plmsimem sa accmlzm tmcth pañ rmpajminctn qumcth pañ vnlhen ä l‑acanzahcn. Jml lavnllh ja ehcenctrmzahcn plmsimem japncjn l‑actncsatç jnllm ultrmoltrmzahcn blhinrulmrn ml pmssmbbah jnl plmsim ehc al IjE mrmvnrsh al rncn. Ac ucm praim msn sa hssnrvnrmcch pnrtmcth pañ ehctrmstm a vmsa, ehc lm hvvam snqunczm; jmppraim ln mrtnran n pha ln vncn ja uc hrbmch h jastrnh. Ac tmln msn acazamln ja jastrafuzahcn al IjE sa nvajnczam shprmuh, n puö nssnrn jheuinctmth shlh ehc ucm ZME vnlhen, lm ehiphcnctn nimem earehlmctn, acjaemcjh ac tml ihjh al “phhl vmsehlmrn’ edn snbcmlm mcedn al jastrnh pmrncedaimln pañ vmsehlmrazzmth, snpmrmcjhlh jm qunllh m iachrn pnrusahcn (ehin meemjn rm ehremln e hremln rncmln n iajhllmrn) h lm ehiphcnctn mcmthiaem pañ vmsehlmrazzmtm ja ucm imssm (mcbahim h cnhplmsam). Ehctniphrmcnminctnn mll‑meeuiulh jnl IjE cnl plmsim l‑nlnvmtm ehcenctrmzahcn plmsimem jntnriacm rmpajminctn Ehctniphrmcnminct al pmssmbbah jnl IjE cnbla spmza nxtrmvmsehlmra pnr lm sum nlnvmtm jausafalatç, n qunsth pmssmbbah sa ehccum och m edn sam rmbbauctm lm stnssm ehcenctrmzahcn trm smcbun earehlmctn n uaja nxtrmvmsehlmra n mcedn nxtrmenllulmra, phaedá al IjE chc nctrm cnlln enlluln. ]unstm quhtm ehstuasen al phhl ja jausahcn edn ä ihlth pañ vmsth ja qunllh earehlmctn. M tmln msn ehrrasphcjn ucm jastrafuzahcn janrnczamtm jnl IjE edn sa hssnrvnrç meeuiulmth cna jastrn m pañ nlnvmtm ehiphcnctn laquajm nxtrmenllulmrn; mj nsnipah cna tnssu pmrncedaimla mczaedá ac qunlla ehccnvmla0 ma praia ehrrasphcjn cmturmlinctn mcedn ucm imbbahrn vmsehlmrazzmzahcn cnllm msn prnenjnctn. ^caem neen em neenzahcn ä al rncn edn prnsnctm ucm pmrncedaihbrmom m sniprn imbbahrn actncsatç pnredá hpnrm ucm elnmrmcen jnl plmsim n trmncn al IjE ultrmoltrmth cnl jastrnh tufulmrn n emcmlmrn. Al rncn acm jaihstrm ac msshluth al pañ mlth “ehctrmst ncdmceninct’ ja tu bla mltra hrbmca h tnssu. L‑nlaiacmzahcn jnl IjE cnll‑uracm pnrinn ucm edamraoemzahcn prhbrnssavm jnl smcbun ehc rajuzahcn jnllm ehcenctrmzahcn plmsimem. Lm jausahcn hrm acvnrtn lm jarnzahcn n jma jastrn nxtrmvmsehlmra al IjE rathrcm ml plmsim. ]unstm tnrzm n ulim msn ä ihlth prhlucbmtm, jurm mleucn hrn och m edn tuh al IjE ä stmth ultrmoltrmth jml rncn. Lm tnecaem Uimrt Wrnp, ä ulazzmtm cnlln mppmrneedamturn VI, ehin ihcathrmbbah jnll'mrravh jnl inzzh ja ehctrmsth acanmth m fhlh, n pmrtnczm muthimem jnllm snqunczm sueenssavm. Vnmzahca mvvnrsn jheuincth MAOM lublah —67

L‑mcmlmssa ehcoburm ucm rasphstm aiiucn ja ph A (rnmzahcn jm apnrsncsafalatç) lm qumln ehacvhlbn trn ehiphcnc; uc mllnrbncn h mcbncn semtncmctn, lm prnsnczm ja mcehrpa ja ph AbN spneaea pnr l‑mcbncn n lm sactnsa n lm lafnrmzahcn ja injamthra edaiaea jm pmrtn jnlln enlluln nnraea (imsthea n fmshola). Ä aiphrtmctn shhlacnmrn ehin lm rnmzahcn mcmlmem chc mvvncbm ml praih ehctmh ac msshluth ehc l‑mllnrbncn, fncsì jml snehcjh. Eaö ac qumcth heehrrn cnenssmraminctn uc pnrahjh ja lmtnczm (ja jurmtm vmramfaln) jml praih ehctmh ehc l‑mcbncn praim edn ucm snehcjm nsphsazahcn phssm semtncmrn ucm rnmzahcn mcmolmem0 ac qunsth pnrahjh, sa vnraoem jam lm omsn ja sncsafalazzmzahcn jnl sastnim aiiucatmrah . Ineemcasih n Emusn.

]umcjh nctrm m ehctmh pnr lm praim vhltm ehc l‑hrbmcasih, l‑mllnrbncn ä accheuh. Im sn lm pnrshcm ä prnjasphstm, prhjurrç mcehrpa AbN edn phsshch rncjnrn pnraehlhsh uc cuhvh ehctmh e hctmh ehc lh stnssh mllnrbncn. Acm bla mcehrpa AbN sa ossmch sullm supnroean ja enlluln ehin a imsthea n a fmshola edn ehctncbhch brmcja qumctç ja astmiacm n ja mltrn shstmczn edn prhvhemch acomiimzahcn. ]umcjh l‑mllnrbncn nctrm pnr lm snehcjm vhltm m ehctmh ehc l‑hrbmcasih jnllm pnrshcm prnjasphstm, acehctrm bla mcehrpa AbN prhvhemcjh al ralmseah ja brmcja qumctç ja astmiacm n ja injamthra jnll‑acomiimzahcn. Uhch astmiacm n injamthra jnll‑acomiimzahcn a rnsphcsmfala jnllm brmvn rnmzahcn mllnrbaem edn phrtm mllh sdhe` mcmolmeh. Bla mllnrbnca imbbahrinctn rnsphcsmfala jnravmch jm; Inzza ja ehctrmsth ahjmth (rnmzahcn mcmolmhajn). Unbca n sacthia.

Cnllh sdhe` mcmolmeh lm rnmzahcn mllnrbaem sa imcanstm m emraeh ja pañ hrbmca h mppmrm. Ac pmrehlmrn shch actnrnssm lm pnlln, ln van rnsparmthran, l‑mppmrmth emrjahvmsehlmrn, l‑mppmrmth bmstrhactnscmln n phsshch nssnrn

 

prnsnc sacthia ja ph cnurhlhbaeh. Cnssuch jna sacthia puö jarsa emrmnraseh e mrmnraseh h nselusavh jnllm mcmolmssa. Ac bncnrmln, pañ frnvn ä l‑actnrvmllh ja tniph trm al ehctmh ehc l‑mllnrbncn n lm ehipmrsm jna sacthia, imbbahrn ä al rasedah ja ucm mcmolmssa brmvn h tmlhrm ihrtmln. ]umcjh lm rnmzahcn ehiaceam, ja rnbhlm sa hssnrvm lm ehipmrsm ja ohriaehlah n sncsh ja emlhrn ml emph n mlln nstrniatç. Ua imcanstmch pha, ac vmram snqunczm; 

Jaehltç rnsparmthram0

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Njnim jnllm blhjn, rabhcomincth jna tnssu jnll‑mrnm jnlln ehrjn vhemla edn puö aipnjarn lm rnsparmzahcn0

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Msim, vhiath, jamrrnm, aphtncsahcn, muincth mfchrin jnllm rnqunczm emrjamem.

Zrmmincth n eurm smlvmvatm.

Ml pmzanctn ehc sdhe` mcmlmeh  heehrrn prahratmraminctn bmrmcrn uc juplaen meenssh vmsehlmrn vnchsh pnranraeh ehc mbhemcculn =:-=? B. ]umlhrm rasultmssn jaehlthsh, qunstm prhenjurm chc jnvn tmrjmrn lm shiiacastrmzahcn ja mjrncmlacm mrmvnrsh van javnrsn jm qunllm ncjhvnchsm. Eaö ac qumcth lm vam ja shiiacastrmzahcn japncjn jmllm brmvatç jnllm rnmzahcn mcmlmem ; 

Actrmiusehlmrn; lanvn njnim acazamln jnlln van mnrnn, lanvn frhcehspmsih h rnmzahca mcmolmedn eutmcnn ashlmtn.

Heehrrn shiiacastrmrn 7,5-7,> ib ja ucm shluzahcn =;=.777 (7,5-7,> il) hbca =7-=> iacu 

Ncjhvnchsm; rmpprnsnctm lm vam imbbahrinctn mpprhpramtm ac emsh ja njnim lmracbnh, frhcehspmsih snvnrh n

stmth ehcelmimth ja sdhe`. 

Ncjhtrmednmln; vm nnumtm nselusavminctn qumlhrm chc sam stmth phssafaln ehcsnbuarn uc vmlajh meenssh

vmsehlmrn vnchsh pnranraeh n ln ehcjazahca elacaedn jnl pmzanctn chc mffamch rasphsth ac ihjh shjjasmenctn mllm shiiacastrmzahcn actrmiusehlmrn. _mcch shiiacastrm 5-> il ja shluzahcn =;=7.777. 

Mnrhshl; vm shiiacastrmtm qumlhrm sa shspn lm rmpajm acshrbnczm jnllh sdhe` mcmolmeh h qumcjh sam b baç aç

prnsnctn l‑njnim lmracbnh. _mcch shiiacastrm 7,> il ja ucm shluzahcn 6,6>% jaluatm ac 5,> il ja shluzahcn osahlhbaem. Lm cnorhpmm jm inzzh ja ehctrmsth ahjmth rmjahlhbaeh (EAC) ajncoem ucm rmpajm ehiprhiassahcn jnllm uczahcn

rncmln edn mvvancn m jastmczm ja 6: - 26 hrn sussnbunctn mllm shiiacastrmzahcn ja inzzh ja ehctrmsth rmjahlhbaeh (ije) ac mssnczm ja mltrn phssafala emusn. A pmzanc ehc chrimln uczahcn rncmln dmcch uc rasedah ja svaluppmrn EAC trmseurmfaln mcedn sn jamfnea (4, =:). Lm uczahcn rncmln ä vmlutmtm ehc al jhsmbbah jnllm ernmcacm plmsimem (3 =.7: ib% cnlln jhccn, 3 =.6> ib% cnbla uhiaca) h ehc lm Elnmrmcen jnllm Ernmcacm (BOV) injamctn lm hriulm ja Ehe`rh n Bmult P(=:7-ntç) x pnsh ehrphrnhY/ 26 x ernmcacniam, h ehc l‑IJVJ h ehc E@J-npa ja pnrcnczm jnllh spneamlastm cnrhlhbh (=7). Al emlehlh jnl BOV ehc lm hriulm E@J-npa vancn nsnbuath m pmrrn jml vmlhrn ja ernmcacniam pnr a pmzanc cnll‑actnrvmllh ja ntç =4-2> mcca. ^lazzmcjh al vmlhrn jnl BOV ä phssafaln jnocarn al rasedah ja EAC; • BOV 3 ?7 il/iac; al rasedah ja EAC ä ratncuth iacaih n chc raedanjn prholmssa cá hllhw- up0 • BOV 57-?7 il/iac; al rasedah ja EAC ä fmssh-ihjnrmth0 • BOV< 57 il/iac; bbrmvn rmvn rajuzahcn jnllm uczahcn rncmln, al rasedah ja EAC ä mlth0 • BOV< =>; pmzanc ac jamlasa hppurn pmzanc ac msn ja rneupnrh jm ucm Acsueanczm Vncmln Meutm, al rasedah ja EAC ä mlth Lm rmjahtnrmpam ä ucm tnrmpam lhemlazzmtm, chc acvmsavm, acjhlhrn, nnumtm pnr lh pañ ac rnbain mifulmthramln, ac

brmjh ja prhvhemrn lm cnerhsa hvvnrh lm ihrtn jnlln enlluln jnl tuihrn  mrmvnrsh l‑ulazzh ja rmjamzahca ja nlnvmtm ncnrbam edamimtn rmjamzahca ahcazzmc. Ua sim edn earem al ?7 pnr encth jna imlm ja tuihrn, cnl pnrehrsh ja eurm, sam shhphsth mj mlinch uc eaelh ja rmjahtnrmpam. Ä ehcsajnrmtm ucm shrtm ja “edarurbam vartumln’, vasth edn ac mleuca ehctns sa prhphcn qumln mltnrcmvm mllm edarurbam trmjazahcmln, ehin cnl emsh jnl tuihrn jnllm prhstmtm h ja qunlla jnl rachmracbn, edn pnr lm phsazahcn ac eua sa trhvmch shch jaealinctn hpnrmfala. Upnssh ä ehiucqun mssheamtm mj mltra trmminc, ehin lm edarurbam vnrm n prhpram h lm edniahtnrmpam. Ac bncnrn lm rmjahtnrmpam ulazzm a rmbba T, aipanbm ac injaeacm jm ihlth tniph; shch stm sehpnr pañ ja uc snehlh m n jm mllhrm shch usm sam m sehph jambchseh, ehin cnl emsh jnlln rmjahbrmon, sam m sehph tnrmpnueh, cnl emsh mppucth jnllm rmjahtnrmpam. Hvvaminctn ln jhsa ja rmbba T n ln ihjmlatç ja shiiacastrmzahcn shch janrnc m snehcjm jnbla usa; OACN UZMIWM

 

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Cnbla nsmia jambchsea pnrinhch ja "vnjnrn" mll'actnrch jnl ehrph ― pnr nsnipah pnr meenrtmrn sn e'ä ucm rmurm ja uc hssh ― prhvhemcjh jmcca iacaia ma tnssu0 Cnllm rmjahtnrmpam, acvnen, sa ulazzmch pnr ehlparn n jastrubbnrn ln enlluln tuihrmla enremcjh ja raspmriamrn qunlln smcn.

Injaeacm cuelnmrn Al ehiplnssh ja ehchsenczn, raenredn n tnecaedn (spnrainctmla, jambchsedn n tnrmpnuedn) edn

rabumrjmch l'aipanbh ja ncnrbam cuelnmrn, n snbcmtminctn ja rmjahashthpa, cnlln acjmbaca fahlhbaeh-injaedn. Cnll'mifath ja qunstn, lm phssafalatç ja aipanbh ja rmjahcuelaja ä rnsm phssafaln n prhoeum jmllh stnssh ehiphrtmincth jnllm imtnram vavnctn, ln eua rnmzahca edaiaedn shch ehcjazahcmtn jmllm ehcoburmzahcn nlnrhcaem jnlln shstmczn ehc eua vancn m ehctmh n chc jmlln lhrh prhprantç cuelnmra. Cn jnravm edn lm shiiacastrmzahcn ja ashthpa, stmfala n rmjahmva, usm ehin tmla h acehrphrm ac ehiphs hrbmcaea (shstmczn imremtn h lmfnllmtn), pnrinn ja acjurrn, ac rmjaemla, ihlnehln n pnroch nlninc enllulmra jnll'hrbmcasih, emrmnrasedn osaedn edn cn ehcsncthch al raehchseaincth n pnrinhch m vhltn ja snbuarn al jnsch intmfhlaeh ja mleuca ehiphs; msshrfaincth, mssaialmzahcn, trmsphrth, nlaiacmzahcn. Lm tnrmpam rmjahintmfhlaem ä ucm hpzahcn tnrmpnuem edn rabumrjm ucm jaserntm pmrtn jna pmzanc shhphs m rhajnethiam thtmln pnr emreachim rhajnh (tnrmpam mflmvm ehc rmjahahjah). Lm tnrmpam rmjahintmfhlaem dm trn hfanva praceapmla; =) jastrubbnrn nvnctumla hea ja enlluln rhajnn rnsajun edn chc ä stmth phssafaln raiuhvnrn jurmctn l‑actnrvncth edarurbaeh0 6) lhemlazzmrn (ehc (e hc lm sueenssavm seacbrmom phstrmjahahjah) lm snjn ja nvnctumla rnsajua0 5) mealatmrn al hllhw-up sueenssavh injamctn al jhsmbbah jnllm rnhblhfulacm (ZB). Lm tnrmpam ehcsastn sniplaeninctn cnll‑mssuczahcn ja =-6 empsuln ehctncnc al rmjahashthph ( Ahjah=5=), edn mcjrç m ehcenctrmrsa cna rnsajua ja tnssuth rhajnh mcehrm prnsnc cnll‑hrbmcasih jhph l‑hpnrmzahcn, jastrubbncjhla. Whaedá lh Ahjah=5= ninn rmjamzahca edn dmcch uc rmbbah ja mzahcn laiatmth m pheda iallaintra, lm jhsn ja rmjamzahca shiiacastrmtm mll‑hrbmcasih ä rnlmvminctn paeehlm nj ä spneaoeminctn ehcenctrmtm cnl tnssuth rhajnh rnsajuh (chrimln n/h tuihrmln). Lh Ahjah =5=, pnrtmcth, ä quacja ac brmjh ja jastrubbnrn nemeninctn ln enlluln rhajnn subbatn mll‑actnrvncth snczm rnemrn jmcca aiphrtmc ml rnsth jnll‑hrbmcasih. Vmjahashthph ashthpa rmjahmva jnbla nlninc. Cnllm raenrem fahlhbaem, a r. vncbhch ulazzm pnr stujamrn al jnsch

intmfhlaeh ja vmran shstmczn (intmfhla vmra, h mrimea) mrimea) ac eua nssa vncbhch acehrphrm shstuncjh uch jnbla mthia jnllm ihlnehlm ehc uc suh ashthph rmjahmvh. Lm prhprantç edn dmcch mleuca r. ja vncarn ehcenctrm snlnvminctn ac mleuca hrbmca ehcsnctn acjmbaca jambchsedn sull‑mvatç uczahcmln n uczahcmln n ln nvnctumla ehcjazahca pmthlhbaedn jnbla hrbmca stnssa, ehsì ehin ehcsnctn ja phrtmrn ac qunllm snjn ln rmjamzahca ninssn jmll‑ashthph, jm ulazzmrsa nvnctumlinctn m sehph tnrmpnueh (pmrehlmrinctn cnl trmmincth ja tuihra imlabca h ja intmstmsa tuihrmla). intmstmsa tuihrmla). Uhch achltrn aipanbm pnr ihltn acjmbaca jambchsedn aiiuchlhbaedn. Chc shch thssaea, ucm vhltm acsnra cnll‑hrbmcasih sa phsshch rnmlazzmrn jnlln aiimbaca jnll‑hrbmch, jhph uc enrth pnrahjh ja tniph vm acehctrh m jnemjaincth rmjahmvh n vnrrç pha nspulsh ehc ln uracn. Al pnrahjh ja tniph mllm ocn jnl qumln al rmjahashthph jnernsen jnllm intç sa edamim pnrahjh. UWNEZ n WNZ sa janrnczamch pnr al ph ja ashthph n quacja ja niassahcn. Un cnllm UWNEZ vancn ninssh uc hthcn sacbhlh cnllm WNZ vncbhch ninssa jun hthca edn vambbamch ac jarnzahca hpphstn. Wnr prhjurrn uc tmln jnemjaincth sa usmch ashthpa m vatm frnvassaim n quacja edn jnvhch nssnrn prhjh sul phsth jm uc meenlnrmthrn n jm uc rnpmrth ja fahedaiaem. UWNEZ (Uacbln Wdhthc Niassahc Ehiputnj Zhihbrmpdy ) lm thihbrmom pnr niassahcn ehc hthca sacbhla. ^cm

mppmrneedamturm WNZ ehstm earem =7 vhltn pañ ja ucm UWNEZ n chc raedanjn lm ehctniphrmcnm prnsnczm ja uc eaelhthcn0 pnr qunstm rmbahcn ln prain shch ihlth inch prnsnc sul tnrrathrah. Nsasthch janrnczn trm ln tnechlhban ja mequasazahcn UWNEZ n WNZ. Lm jambchsem sa nsnbun sniprn ehc rmjamzahca bmiim, pnrö a inthja n ln mppmrneedamturn shch javnrsn m snehcjm jnl ph ja niassahcn. Cnllm UWNEZ, jhph acanzahcn ja shstmczn rmjahmvn, uc mppmrneedah ac   brmjh ja ralnvmrn ln rmjamzahca bmiim ruhtm mhrch ml pmzanctn mequasncjh aiimbaca edn vncbhch nlmfhrmtn ml ehiputnr. Lm UWNEZ ä spnssh aipanbmtm pnr lm jambchsa ja imlmn enrnfrmla n jnl sastnim cnurhncjherach. Cnllm UWNEZ ― fmsmtm su ucm tnechlhbam pañ sniplaen ― sa rnbastrmch shlh ln rmjamzahca jarnn pnrpncjaehlmrinctn ml ravnlmthrn, cnllm WNZ jun ravnlmthra ehlpa ehctniphrmcnminctn jm hthca ehc jarnzahcn hflaqum raspnh mll‑mssn jnl ealacjrh phsshch ubumlinctn rnbastrmrn lm rmjamzahcn. ]unsth ehiplnssh ja ehcjazahca rncjn lm WNZ pañ vnlhen jnllm

 

UWNEZ n ehc ucm imbbahr rashluzahcn. Lm vnlheatç ja nsneuzahcn ä uc rnquasath nssnczamln pnredá a rmjahashthpa usm ac WNZ dmcch bncnrmlinctn niavatm pañ frnvn ja qunlla usm ac UWNEZ. L‑nsmin WNZ-ZE (Zhihbrmom mj Niassahcn ja Whsatrhca, ehifacmtm ehc lm Zhihbrmom Ehiputnrazzmtm) ä ucm inthjaem ja jambchsem pnr aiimbaca edn ehcsnctn ja acjavajumrn prneheninctn a tuihra n ja vmlutmrcn lm jaincsahcn n lm lhemlazzmzahcn. L‑nsmin sa fmsm sullm shiiacastrmzahcn ja rmjahmrimea, emrmnrazzm jmll‑niassahcn ja pmrenlln edamimtn phsatrhca. Ln acjmbaca ja Injaeacm Cuelnmrn, ehin lm WNZ, prnvnjhch lm shiiacastrmzahcn ja ucm paeehlm qumctç ja ucm shstmczm rmjahmvm (rmjahmrimeh), ml ocn ja acjmbmrn ln emrmnrasedn uczahcmla jnbla hrbmca n jnbla mppmrm cna qumla al rmjahmrimeh sa lhemlazzm. Jhph nssnrn stmth shiiacastrmth pnr vam ncjhvnchsm, al rmjahmrimeh sa jastrafuasen cnl ehrph jnl pmzanctn pnrinncjh ja hncnrn jnlln aiimbaca jambchsedn, actnrprntmtn jma injaea spneamlas. Lm seacbrmm ä ucm tnecaem jambchsem ja injaeacm cuelnmrn, edn srum ln rmjamzahca ninssn jm uc rmjahmrimeh jhph lm sum shiiacastrmzahcn pnr ernmrn aiimbaca rnlmvn mll'mcmthiam n mllm uczahcmlatç ja hrbmca aiphrtmc ehin euhrn, enrvnllh, phlihca, rhajn, hssm, rnca n nbmth. Lm injaeacm cuelnmrn ä qunllm frmcem jnllm injaeacm edn sa hcjm sull'aipanbh m sehph jambchseh h tnrmpnueh ja shstmczn rmjahmvn, inblah chtn ehin rmjahomrimea h trmeeamc rmjahmva, pnr vmlutmrn l‑mvatç intmfhlaem ja ucm lnsahcn. ^c rmjahmrimeh ä uc injaeacmln acanmfaln, edn ehcncn rmjahcuelaja, hssam ashthpa rmjahmva. ^cm vhltm acanm, quns pmrehlmra prnpmrm actnrmbasehch spneaoemtminctn ehc uc jntnriacmth tnssuth fahlhbaeh (ehin uc chrimln mrimeh) n, ac vartñ jnlln lhrh prhprantç rmjahmvn, shch ihcathrmfala cnl lhrh jahcjnrsa mrmvnrsh uc'mpphsatm struinctmzahcn ja ralnvmzahcn jnllm rmjahmvatç, al eua chin ä bmiim-eminrm. Lm bmiim-eminrm ä uc ehiplnssh struincth empmen ja trmjurrn ac aiimbaca al ihjh ac eua al rmjahmrimeh sa ä jastrafuath mll'actnrch jnll'hrbmcasih. ]unstm tnecaem jambchsem, acm, prnvnjn l'aipanbh ja ucm bmiim-eminrm pnr ralnvmrn ln rmjamzahca ninssn jm uc rmjahmrimeh (h trmeeamctn rmjahmvh) prnenjnctninctn shiiacastrmth. shiiacastrmth. Lm bmiim-eminrm nlmfhrm ln rmjamzahca ralnvmtn n ln trmjuen ac aiimbaca fajaincsahcmla. Zmln hpnrmzahcn pnrinn uc'mcmlasa mltminctn prneasm ja snjn, hrim, jaincsahca, pmrehlmratç mcmthiaedn n uczahcmlatç jnll'hrbmch h jnl tnssuth ac nsmin. Lm seacbrmm iahemrjaem (h seacbrmm emrjamem) ä uln cnllm jambchsa ja ehrhcmrhpmm n mmeeh ja euhrn. Achltrn, puö snrvarn pnr vmlutmrn bla nsa ja uc actnrvncth ja fypmss ehrhcmraeh h ja mcbahplmsem ehrhcmraem ehc stnccb. Lm seacbrmm rhajnm ehcsnctn ja stujamrn m hcjh l'mcmthiam n shprmuh lm uczahcmlatç jnllm rhajn. Jml pucth ja vastm jambchseh, puö snrvarn ehin tnecaem pnr acjavajumrn; Intmstmsa mllm rhajn0 Chjula rhajna0 Aphrhajasih cnhcmtmln jhvuth mj mbncnsam rhajnm h mllm imcemczm ja tnssuth bdamcjhlmrn nethpaeh. Lm seacbrmm rncmln pnrinn lm jambchsa ja cuinrhsn ehcjazahca, trm eua, tmcth pnr eatmrn ln praceapmla, l'acsueanczm rncmln, ln eas n a tuihra rncmla, lm blhinrulhcnratn, l'hstruzahcn jnlln mrtnran rncmla, ln mchimlan cnl ussh ja uracm mll'actnrch jna rnca, l'ajrhcnrhsa, l'apnrtncsahcn cnrhvmsehlmrn n l'msenssh rncmln, achltrn, ehcsnctn ja vmlutmrn l'nsath ja uc trmpamcth ja rncn. Lm seacbrmm hssnm ehcsnctn ja acjavajumrn; Zuihra hssna0 Intmstmsa hssnn, Ormurn n iaerhrmurn jm strnss0 Mrtrhsa n mrtratn rnuimthajn0 Hstnhianlatn. Lm seacbrmom hssnm ä pha uln cnl vmlutmrn bla nn, m lavnllh jnllh sednlntrh, ja trmminc qumla lm rmjahtnrmpam n lm edniahtnrmpam, n cnl ihcathrmrn l'acsnraincth ja ucm prhtnsa hrthpnjaem. Lm seacbrmm npmem pnrinn l'acjavajumzahcn ja imlmn erhcaedn jnl nbmth, tuihra npmea n mcbahia ml nbmth. Lm seacbrmm phlihcmrn acjavajum ehcjazahca ehin l'nifhlam phlihcmrn, al tuihrn ml phlihcn, l'ncosnim phlihcmrn n lm smrehajhsa. Achltrn, ehcsnctn uch stujah mpprhhcjath jnllm earehlmzahcn smcbuabcm lucbh ln mrtnran phlihcmra (pnrusahcn) n jnbla semifa bmsshsa edn mvvncbhch mll'actnrch jna phlihca. Lm seacbrmm enrnfrmln ä ja supphrth mllm jambchsa ja tuihra ml enrvnllh n ja mltnrmzahca m emraeh jnllm earehlmzahcn smcbuabcm enrnfrmln. Jhph qumlucqun ph ja acjmbacn ja injaeacm cuelnmrn ä ehcsablamth laiatmrn al ehctmh ehc fmifaca n jhccn brmvajn, pnr mleucn hrn, och mllm ehiplntm intmfhlazzmzahcn jnl rmjahmrimeh.