México y La Unión Europea

 

HL]YHY^YB SB@HYNMLHMB

LDMHBLD@  N]M^N@D ]^SNQHBQ IN MBKNQMHB X DIKHLH]YQDMHÝL ^LHIDI ]DLYB YBKÄ]

@HM. NL MBKNQMHB HLYNQLDMHBLD@ Dsholdturd5

 Dmunribs y trdtdibs in `harn mbknrmhb Dmthvhidi5

Kèxhmb y `d ulhýl nurbpnd Orupb5

=HW=3 Srbjnsbr5

Endlnttn Douh`dr Gnrlälinz D`uklb5

Snirb Dltblhb Drrbyb Kbtd

 

Kèxhmb y `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd

Ghstbrhd in `d rn`dmhýl mbknrmhd` nltrn Kèxhmb y `bs pdësns nurbpnbs insin `d èpbmd in `d mb`blhd

@bs trdtdibs in` sho`b WHW sn mblmnltrdrbl nl nstrnmgdr `dzbs mbknrmhd`ns, lb d`hdlzds pb`ëthmds, dul mudlib pdrd n``b hlm`uynrbl drtëmu`bs rnjnrnltns d dspnmtbs pb`ëthmbs, sbmhd`ns y rn`hohbsbs. Nstd m`dsn in pdmtbs sn ku`thp`hmý mbl rdphinz, sbarn tbib nl su kbid`hidi in trdtdibs in dkhstdi, mbknrmhb y ldvnodmhýl. @d trdlsjbrkdmhýl in` mdrämtnr in `bs trdtdibs mbknrmhd`ns jun pdu`dthld y inpnlihý in` insdrrb``b in mdid pdës. D jhld`ns in` sho`b WZHHH y prhlmhphbs in` sho`b WHW kumgbs trdtdibs dõl pnrsnouëdl mbkb uld kntd mnltrd` `d mblsnmumhýl in` rnmblbmhkhnltb hltnrldmhbld` pdrd uld ldmhýl, td` mbkb sn nvhinlmhd nl `bs dmunribs susmrhtbs pbr Nurbpd y `ds nxmb`blhds nspdôb`ds nl `ds ièmdids in 4713 y 47=3. Insin `bs dôbs vnhltn, `d mblsukdmhýl in `bs prbmnsbs hlinpnlinlthstds y `d prnsnlmhd nstdiulhinlsn nl Dkèrhmd hkpu`sdrbl d Nurbpd d rnjbrzdr su hlj`unlmhd nl `d rnohýl knihdltn `bs trdtdibs in dkhstdi, mbknrmhb y ldvnodmhýl, ordmhds d `bs mud`ns rndluiý sus rn`dmhblns mbl `ds dlthouds mb`blhds d` rnmblbmnr tämhtdknltn su hlinpnlinlmhd. D su vnz, pdrd Dkèrhmd @dthld `bs trdtdibs junrbl uld gnrrdkhnltd pdrd hlsnrtdrsn nl `d nknronltn brodlhzdmhýl mbknrmhd` hltnrldmhbld`. Nl 4719 Ordl Arntdôd rnmblbmhý d Kèxhmb, Ordl Mb`bkahd y d `ds Srbvhlmhds ^lhids in Qëb in `d S`dtd y insin nlnrb in 471> hlhmhý lnobmhdmhblns mbl nsds ldmhblns pdrd mblmrntdr uld snrhn in trdtdibs in dkhstdi, mbknrmhb y ldvnodmhýl, uld nspnmhn in trdtdibs kbin`b arhtälhmbs. Yrds su hlinpnlinlmhd, Kèxhmb nltrý nl ul pnrhbib in hlnstdah`hidi pb`ëthmd nl n` qun ihvnrsbs snmtbrns hltnltdrbl hkpblnr sus prbynmtbs in pdës y pb`ëthmds nmblýkhmds. Sbr `b qun tbmd d` mbknrmhb, `d prnbmupdmhýl pbr prbtnonr `bs rnmursbs ldmhbld`ns brhohlý ul inadtn nl tbrlb d` prbghahmhblhskb y n` `harn mbknrmhb, pbsturds qun mblvhvhnrbl y sn mbkp`nknltdrbl. ]hl nkadrob, d` khskb thnkpb prnvd`nmhý n` `harn mbknrmhb nl `d hliustrhd tnxth` y, ordmhds d `ds ihjnrnlmhds tnmlb`ýohmds y `d rniummhýl in mbstbs in` trdlspbrtn kdrëthkb, `bs prbiumtbs nxtrdlenrbs sn kdltuvhnrbl nl ul lhvn` mbkpnththvb inltrb in Kèxhmb. Nl n` snlb in `d ihsmushýl nltrn bptdr pbr n` `harn mbknrmhb b n` prbghahmhblhskb ydmëd `d ihsyulthvd sbarn mýkb gdmnr in Kèxhmb ul nstdib insdrrb``dib y prýspnrb, nmblýkhmdknltn hlinpnlihnltn y junrtn. Nl `uodr in nku`dr kbin`bs nxtrdlenrbs, sn pnlsdad qun gdaëd qun dikhthr `d inshoud`idi rnd` nltrn `ds ldmhblns y qun, nl nstn kdrmb, n` hkpu`sb in` `harn mbknrmhb y `d rnmhprbmhidi sý`b dgblidadl käs `d arnmgd. Käs d``ä in `ds hinds

 

nsorhkhids nl tbrlb d` `harn mbknrmhb y `d rnmhprbmhidi, `d lnmnshidi in batnlnr n` rnmblbmhkhnltb hltnrldmhbld`, n` nurbpnb nl pdrthmu`dr, y in rndmthvdr `d nmblbkëd rnsnlthid pbr `d Ounrrd in Hlinpnlinlmhd hkpu`sdrbl n` tnkprdlb hlhmhb in lnobmhdmhblns mbknrmhd`ns nltrn Kèxhmb y Nurbpd. Srhknrb Kèxhmb rnstda`nmhý sus `dzbs mbl n` Qnhlb ^lhib in Ordl Arntdôd n Hr`dlid. Idib qun n` trdtdib in dkhstdi, mbknrmhb y ldvnodmhýl susmrhtb nl 471: mbl Ordl Arntdôd shrvhý in adsn pdrd `bs dmunribs suasnmunltns in` pnrhbib mbl Nurbpd. Nl n` drtëmu`b 49 Ordl Arntdôd dpn`ý d uld mblvnlmhýl pdmtdid mbl Nspdôd nl 4?7: pdrd rnsoudridr `bs inrnmgbs, prhvh`nohbs y snourhidins odrdlthzdibs nl n``d d sus sõaihtbs, lnoälibsn d rnmblbmnr pbr mbkp`ntb `d rupturd in Kèxhmb mbl Nspdôd y inedlib dahnrtb n` rnmursb in dpn`dr d ihspbshmhblns denlds d` trdtdib y su mbltnxtb, dul mudlib sn dsnltý qun `ds ibs pdrtns mbltrdtdltns sn rnsnrvdadl pdrd uld bmdshýl käs bpbrtuld, gdmnr pbstnrhbrns drrno`bs sbarn nstn pultb. Nl vhrtui in `d prnmdrhd shtudmhýl in `d kdrhld knxhmdld nl rn`dmhýl mbl `d arhtälhmd, sn dmbriý lb nxhohr d `d prhknrd qun sus auquns junsnl mblstruhibs nl Kèxhmb pdrd snr mblshinrdibs knxhmdlbs, mbkb `b nstda`nmëd n` drtëmu`b ?b. D` tèrkhlb in` p`dzb snôd`dib, Ordl Arntdôd nvd`udrëd sh sus hltnrnsns lb gdaëdl shib pnreuihmdibs pbr `d nxmnpmhýl in `d rnmhprbmhidi nl jdvbr in Kèxhmb. In nstd sunrtn, Ordl Arntdôd mblmnihý mhnrtds jdmh`hidins d Kèxhmb, nl n` nltnlihib in qun, d` onlnrdrsn `ds mblihmhblns prbphmhds pdrd `d rnmhprbmhidi tbtd`, snrëdl n`hkhldids. Nl mdkahb, `d m`äusu`d in `d ldmhýl käs jdvbrnmhid snrëd dp`hmdid insin ul prhlmhphb. N` drtëmu`b 1 dihmhbld` dsnltý qun iurdltn 43 dôbs lb nltrdrëdl nl vhobr `ds ihspbshmhblns in `bs drtëmu`bs > y : rnjnrnltns d `d houd`idi pdrd `bs auquns knxhmdlbs n hlo`nsns, y qun nl ldujrdohbs y inrnmgbs in hkpbrtdmhýl sn `ns rnsnrvdrëd n` khskb trdtb qun n` idib d `d ldmhýl käs jdvbrnmhid. Nl n` drtëmu`b 1 sn dm`drdad qun n` obmn kutub in `ds `hanrtdins y prhvh`nohbs sn gdrëd in` khskb kbib qun sn pnrkhtn b käs din`dltn sn pnrkhthnrn d mud`quhnr btrd ldmhýl. Nl `bs shouhnltns 43 dôbs Kèxhmb jhrký uld snrhn in trdtdibs in dkhstdi, mbknrmhb y ldvnodmhýl mbl btrds ldmhblns nurbpnds qun, dul mudlib hltrbiuenrbl d`oulds kbihjhmdmhblns dmbrins d `ds mhrmulstdlmhds in `ds pdrtns mbltrdtdltns, mblthludrbl `d pdutd kdrmdid pbr Ordl Arntdôd. Lhloulb in n``bs, sd`vb pbr n` in Gdllbvnr, dornoý `bs drtëmu`bs dihmhbld`ns qun idadl vnltdeds tnkpbrd`ns d `d kdrhld in Kèxhmb. Snsn d n``b, së sn hlm`uyý `d m`äusu`d in `d ldmhýl käs jdvbrnmhid nl `b rn`dthvb d inrnmgbs in hkpbrtdmhýl in knrmdlmëds trdls- pbrtdids nl adrmb. Nl 471? y 47=4 Jrdlmhd hltnltý lnobmhdr uld mblvnlmhýl pdrd ins`hlidr `bs prhlmhphbs in rnmhprbmhidi y ldmhýl käs jdvbrnmhid, batnlnr käs jdmh`hidins pdrd prdmthmdr n` mbknrmhb knluinb y in mdabtden y knebrns odrdltëds mbltrd `bssn prèstdkbs jbrzbsbs, d` pnrb `ds dutbrhidins knxhmdlds sn lnodrbl d n``b. Nstb nxp`hmd pbr n`

 

gnmgb in qun `d mblihmhýl in nstds mhuidins, lb prbiumtbrds, `n vd`hý ul trdtb nspnmhd` lb nxtnlihib d `d ldmhýl käs jdvbrnmhid. Dinkäs, n` insdmunrib rnspnmtb in `d mblvnlhnlmhd in pdmtdr dmunribs nl `bs tèrkhlbs p`dltndibs nl `bs trdtdibs in dkhstdi, mbknrmhb y ldvnodmhýl shouhý nl phn. @d prhknrd rnknsd in trdtdibs mbknrmhd`ns nltrn Kèxhmb y Nurbpd mu`khlý nl 47=: mbl `d susmrhpmhýl in ulin` trdtdib in pdz y dkhstdi mbl Nspdôd y n` rnjunrzb in` prbtnmmhblhskb pbr pdrtn rèohknl mnltrd`hstd mblsnrvdibr.

Kbthvbs prhlmhpd`ns pdrd `d lnobmhdmhýl y jhrkd in `d Inmhshýl 1/1333

@d Inmhshýl 1/1333 (Y@M^NK) jbrkd pdrtn in` Dmunrib in Dsbmhdmhýl Nmblýkhmd, Mblmnrtdmhýl Sb`ëthmd y Mbbpnrdmhýl nltrn `bs Nstdibs ^lhibs Knxhmdlbs y `d Mbkulhidi Nurbpnd y sus Nstdibs Khnkarbs (dmunrib), jhrkdib nl `d mhuidi in Arusn`ds n` 7 in ihmhnkarn in 488?, muyb inmrntb prbku`odtbrhb sn pua`hmý nl n` IBJ in` 1: in eulhb in` 1333. Ihmgb dmunrib mbltnkp`d n` jbrtd`nmhkhnltb in `ds rn`dmhblns nltrn `ds pdrtns jhrkdltns nl `bs äkahtbs pb`ëthmb, mbknrmhd` y nmblýkhmb, dsë mbkb uld kdybr mbbpnrdmhýl nl snmtbrns mbkb n` hliustrhd`, in pnqunôds y knihdlds nkprnsds, diudlnrb, dorbpnmudrhb, khlnrb, nlnroèthmb, in trdlspbrtn, turhskb, mhnltëjhmb y tnmlb`ýohmb, in jbrkdmhýl y niumdmhýl, mu`turd`, in hljbrkdmhýl y mbkulhmdmhýl, prbtnmmhýl in idtbs, nltrn btrbs. Srnvhb d nstn dmunrib, nxhsthnrbl hlhmhdthvds shkh`drns nltrn Kèxhmb y `d Mbkulhidi Nmblýkhmd Nurbpnd nl 48?> y nl 4884 mbl n` ``dkdib Dmunrib Kdrmb in Mbbpnrdmhýl. Nstds onlnrdrbl `ds adsns pdrd n` hlhmhb in `ds lnobmhdmhblns in`  Dmunrib in 488? qun jhld`knltn pnrkhthrëd `d mrndmhýl in ul Yrdtdib in @harn @harn Mbknrmhb. @ds lnobmhdmhblns in` Y@M^NK sn ``nvdrbl d mdab nltrn n` 8 in lbvhnkarn in 4887 y n` 19 in lbvhnkarn in 4888 nl uld snrhn in lunvn rnulhblns tèmlhmds qun ihnrbl mbkb rnsu`tdib `ds Inmhshblns in` Mblsneb Mbleultb 1/1333 y 1/1334, khskds qun sn mblshinrdl `bs tnxtbs `nod`ns in` trdtdib. @d inmhshýl in 1333 sn rnjhnrn d `d `hanrd`hzdmhýl in `bs ahnlns, khnltrds qun `d in 1334 mblmhnrln d `d `hanrd`hzdmhýl in snrvhmhbs. ]h ahnl `bs lnxbs nltrn Kèxhmb y `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd sn nstda`nmhnrbl nl thnkpbs rnkbtbs, ns nl `d ièmdid in `bs sntnltd qun `ds rn`dmhblns mbknrmhd`ns n hlsthtumhbld`ns nltrn dkabs sn prbjulihzdl. N` dltnmninltn ns n` Dmunrib Kdrmb in Mbbpnrdmhýl in 48?>, muyb baenthvb nrd prbkbvnr n` mbknrmhb rnmëprbmb n hltnlshjhmdr `bs vëlmu`bs nmblýkhmbs. Yrds `d mrhshs in 4871, `d nstrdtnohd in insdrrb``b y `d pb`ëthmd nxtnrhbr in Kèxhmb, dsë mbkb `d mbljbrkdmhýl in `d Nurbpd in `bs Ibmn,= sn rnstda`nmnl `ds rn`dmhblns qun pnrkhtnl drrhadr d uld ntdpd in kdybr lb sý`b d lhvn` shlb nl kdtnrhd inmrnmhnltn mbbpnrdmhýl pdrd n`nltnlihkhnltb insdrrb``b, pdrthmu`drknltn nlmbknrmhd`, mhnlmhd y tnmlb`boëd. Dsë, n` hltnrès

 

rnmëprbmb y `d vb`ultdi in dkads pdrtns in prbjulihzdr `d mb`dabrdmhýl y ``nodr d lunvds bpbrtulhidins in jbrtd`nmhkhnltb in sus rn`dmhblns, id hlhmhb d ul dmn`nrdib prbmnsb in mblsu`tds y lnobmhdmhblns qun mbliuenrbl d `d susmrhpmhýl in` Dmunrib Kdrmb in Mbbpnrdmhýl in 4884. Nstn Yrdtdib, dulqun lb ihjhnrn kumgb in` dltnrhbr, mblsthtuyý ul dvdlmn nl kdtnrhd hlsthtumhbld` y dsbmhdmhýl nl mbbpnrdmhýl pdrd n` insdrrb``b qun sn deustý d `bs prhlmhphbs in pb`ëthmd nxtnrhbr in `bs lbvnltd, `b qun dmthvý `bs j`uebs in hltnrmdkahb, in hlvnrshblns y in mbbpnrdmhýl. Nl 488? sn mblmrntd n` Dmunrib in  Dsbmhdmhýl Nmblýkhmd, Mblmnrtdmhýl Sb`ëthmd y Mbbpnrdmhýl, mbl n` baenthvb baenthvb in hkpu`sdr ul lunvb kbin`b in rn`dmhblns adsdib nl `d `hanrd`hzdmhýl y `d dpnrturd in `bs knrmdibs, y nl ul ihä`bob pb`ëthmb julidknltdib nl `d inkbmrdmhd y `bs inrnmgbs gukdlbs. Dulqun `ds rn`dmhblns mbknrmhd`ns nltrn dkads pdrtns gdl nvb`umhbldib, y idib qun gd trdlsmurrhib pbmb thnkpb in `d punstd nl vhobr in` Y@M^NK y qun, nl prhlmhphb, `bs anlnjhmhbs sn kdtnrhd`hzdräl nl n` knihdlb y `drob p`dzbs, ns prnkdturb hltnltdr rnd`hzdr uld nvd`udmhýl mbkprnlshvd in sus njnmtbs sbarn `d nmblbkëd. Nstdiësthmds in` mbknrmhb mbl Nurbpd

 

Srhlmhpd`ns rnsu`tdibs in` Y@M^NK nl n` mbknrmhb y `d hlvnrshýl nltrn Kèxhmb y `d ^N  

Nvb`umhýl in` mbknrmhb ah`dtnrd`

Nl 4888, ul dôb prnvhb d `d nltrdid nl vhobr in` dmunrib, n` mbknrmhb ah`dtnrd` rnohstrý 47.9 kh` kh``blns in iý`drns6 pdrd 133?, nstbs hltnrmdkahbs, snoõl mhjrds in hkpbrtdmhýl in dkads pdrtns, rnadsdrbl `bs 97 kh` kh``blns in iý`drns, `b qun rnprnsnltd ul mrnmhkhnltb in 4:1%.

 

@ds nxpbrtdmhblns in prbiumtbs knxhmdlbs d `d ^N tdkahèl gdl mrnmhnrbl. ^l dôb dltns in` dmunrib sukdrbl >.1 kh` kh``blns in iý`drns6 khnltrds qun, pdrd 133?, gdaëdl mrnmhib mdsh 4?9%, supnrdlib `bs 49 kh` kh``blns in iý`drns. Sbr su pdrtn, `ds hkpbrtdmhblns knxhmdlds in prbiumtbs mbkulhtdrhbs sukdrbl =9 kh` kh``blns in iý`drns nl 133?, `b qun rnprnsnltd ul hlmrnknltb in 4>?% rnspnmtb d` dôb dltnrhbr d `d nltrdid nl vhobr in` Y@M^NK. Sbr btrb `dib, nl n` prhknr snknstrn in 1337, n` mbknrmhb tbtd` mbl `d ^N rnohstrý 17 kh` kh``blns in iý`drns 19% käs qun nl n` khskb pnrhbib in` dôb dltnrhbr, mbrrnspblihnlib 8.= kh` kh``blns d nxpbrtdmhblns y 47.7 kh` kh``blns d hkpbrtdmhblns.

 

Hkpbrtdmhblns knxhmdlds prbvnlhnltns in `d ^N

^ld rnvhshýl in `bs snmtbrns nl `bs qun sn mblmnltrdl `ds mbkprds knxhmdlds in prbiumtbs mbkulhtdrhbs inkunstrd, mbl nxmnpmhýl in` mdsb in vngëmu`bs y jdrkdmèuthmbs, qun `ds prhlmhpd`ns diquhshmhblns in Kèxhmb nl `d ^N sbl hlsukbs y lb ahnlns in mblsukb. In 4888 d 133?, `ds hkpbrtdmhblns knxhmdlds prbvnlhnltns in `d ^N duknltdrbl d uld tdsd dlud` in 41.:% nl prbknihb. Nl njnmtb, `ds vnltds mbkulhtdrhds d Kèxhmb rnohstrdrbl mrnmhkhnltb nl prämthmdknltn tbibs `bs snmtbrns. Kèxhmb nstä dprbvnmgdlib su pbshmhýl onboräjhmd nstrdtèohmd pdrd uth`hzdr`d mbkb p`dtdjbrkd in nxpbrtdmhýl d` knrmdib nstdibulhinlsn. @ds nkprnsds mbkulhtdrhds nstda`nmhids nl Kèxhmb hkpbrtdl hlsukbs in `d ^N, `bs trdlsjbrkdl nl ahnlns tnrkhldibs y, nl kumgbs mdsbs, `bs nxpbrtdl d` knrmdib

 

nstdibulhinlsn. Nstn prbmnsb prbiumthvb onlnrd hlvnrshýl nl Kèxhmb qun sn trdiumn nl kdybrns nkp`nbs.

 

Nxpbrtdmhblns knxhmdlds d `d ^N

In 4888 d 133?,in `ds>7.?%. nxpbrtdmhblns knxhmdlds d `dd^N duknltdrbl uld tdsd dlud` prbknihb @ds vnltds knxhmdlds `d ^N rnohstrdrbld mrnmhkhnltb prämthmdknltn nl tbibs `bs snmtbrns. D ihjnrnlmhd in `ds vnltds mbkulhtdrhds d Kèxhmb, `ds nxpbrtdmhblns knxhmdlds nstäl rn`dthvdknltn mblmnltrdids. @bs snmtbrns qun kdybr pdrthmhpdmhýl gdl d`mdlzdib nl 1337 sbl5 pntrý`nb, vngëmu`bs, kdquhldrhd y kdtnrhd` n`èmtrhmb, rndmtbrns lum`ndrns, pnr`ds y phnirds prnmhbsds n hlstruknltbs y dpdrdtbs in ýpthmd. N` mdsb in `bs tuabs ‐mdshlo‛, nl n` qun `ds vnltds knxhmdlds ^N pdsdrbl >.3: d `d iý`drns d käs in :=> kh` nl 133?. ]hl nkadrob, nl n`

 

hlmrnknltb basnrvdib nl nstd `hstd gdy prbiumtbs in ihvnrsds hliustrhds5 Srbiumtbs in dmnrb hlbxhida`n, odsbh` (odsý`nb) b dmnhtn ihnsn`, ulhidins in mbltrb` b didptdibrns y mhrmuhtbs kbiu`drns. Ydkahèl sn rnohstrdl d`oulbs mdsbs in èxhtb, nl `bs qun `bs nxpbrtdibrns knxhmdlbs gdl `bordib pnlntrdr n` knrmdib nurbpnb d pdrthr in `d nltrdid nl vhobr in` Y@M^NK. ]n trdtd in ahnlns prbiumhibs nl Kèxhmb qun lb tnlëdl prnsnlmhd nl `d ^N dltns in `d nltrdid nl vhobr in` Y@M^NK. Nstbs nenkp`bs kunstrdl qun ns pbsha`n kdtnrhd`hzdr `ds bpbrtulhidins qun bjrnmnl ihvnrsbs snmtbrns in `d nmblbkëd knxhmdld pdrd `d nxpbrtdmhýl d` knrmdib nurbpnb.

Hkpdmtb in `d sd`hid in` Qnhlb ^lhib in` khskb y n` juturb in su rn`dmhýl mbknrmhd` mbl Kèxhmb

Qnprnsnltdltns in` Obahnrlb in Kèxhmb y Qnhlb ^lhib dmbridrbl kdltnlnr y jbrtd`nmnr `bs j`uebs mbknrmhd`ns nltrn dkabs pdësns d pnsdr in `d sd`hid in Qnhlb ^lhib in `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd. Nl 134:, n` Qnhlb ^lhib jun n` quhltb sbmhb mbknrmhd` in Kèxhmb nltrn `bs Nstdibs khnkarbs in `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd, d`mdlzdlib `bs >=:3 kh``blns in iý`drns nl hltnrmdkahb mbknrmhd`. N` obahnrlb arhtälhmb gd din`dltdib qun, inspuès in qun tnlod `uodr su sd`hid in `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd, nspnrd prbjulihzdr su rn`dmhýl mbl Kèxhmb pbr knihb in su pb`ëthmd in dpnrturd mbknrmhd`. In dmunrib mbl Jbx, nxhstn pbtnlmhd` pdrd mb`dabrdr mbl Kèxhmb nl `bs snmtbrns in pntrý`nb y nlnroëd, dsë mbkb nl snrvhmhbs jhldlmhnrbs, niumdmhýl, sd`ui n hliustrhd in d`hknltbs y anahids. Ydltb Kèxhmb mbkb n` Qnhlb ^lhib gdl dld`hzdib `ds ihsthltds bpmhblns qun nxhstnl pdrd jbrtd`nmnr y dkp`hdr sus rn`dmhblns nmblýkhmds y in mbbpnrdmhýl uld vnz qun n` arnxht sn mblmrntn. Sbr btrd pdrtn, nl bmtuarn in 134?, dkabs Nstdibs dlulmhdrbl ul prbordkd in hlvnrshýl

 

arhtälhmd nl Kèxhmb pbr ul vd`br in ?8 kh``blns in iý`drns, khskb qun jun hkpu`sdib d jhl in darhr n` knrmdib knxhmdlb d `ds nkprnsds arhtälhmds nl kdtnrhd in mhuidins juturds, nlnroëd y snrvhmhbs jhldlmhnrbs. N` dpbyb arhlidib d Kèxhmb pdrd mblstruhr knrmdibs nstda`ns y ahnl rnou`dibs, dsë mbkb pdrd rniumhr sus adrrnrds mbknrmhd`ns, mbltrhauyn d `d mrndmhýl in kdybrns bpbrtulhidins pdrd `ds nkprnsds arhtälhmds, in jbrkd qun dkabs pdësns sn gdl anlnjhmhdib pbr `bs dmunribs ah`dtnrd`ns d`mdlzdibs. N` hltnrès kutub in jbrtd`nmnr `ds rn`dmhblns nltrn Kèxhmb y n` Qnhlb ^lhib trds n` arnxht gd ihskhluhib `d hlmnrthiukarn prnsnltn nltrn `bs nkprnsdrhbs in dkabs pdësns. Nl bmtuarn in 1347, n` nltblmns Nkadedibr in` Qnhlb ^lhib nl Kèxhmb, Iulmdl Ydy`br, djhrký qun `d sd`hid in su pdës in `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd lb djnmtdrëd `d rn`dmhýl mbl Kèxhmb y qun, pbr n` mbltrdrhb, `d rn`dmhýl ah`dtnrd` mblthludrä mrnmhnlib yd qun sn ausmdrä snouhr trdadedlib mbl n` lunvb obahnrlb knxhmdlb, mbl n` qun, in dmunrib mbl `d Nkadedid arhtälhmd nl Kèxhmb, sn prntnlin mblmrntdr prbynmtbs nl kdtnrhd in niumdmhýl, snrvhmhbs jhldlmhnrbs, mdkahb m`hkäthmb, Nstdib in inrnmgb y nlnroëd. nlnr oëd. @d lnobmhdmhýl in ul trdtdib in `harn mbknrmhb mbl n` Qnhlb ^lhib pnrkhthrä d Kèxhmb nlmbltrdr lunvds ärnds in bpbrtulhidi mbknrmhd` y in hlvnrshýl mbl ihmgb pdës qun mbltrhauydl d su mblsb`hidmhýl mbkb `ëinr rnohbld` y qun mbkp`nknltnl `b dmbridib nl `d rnlnobmhdmhýl in` Yrdtdib in @harn Mbknrmhb nltrn `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd y Kèxhmb. ]hl nkadrob, `d mblsb`hidmhýl pbr pdrtn in` Qnhlb ^lhib in uld rn`dmhýl mbknrmhd` käs prbjulid tdltb mbl Kèxhmb mbkb mbl n` rnstb in `bs pdësns `dthlbdknrhmdlbs inpnlinrä ihrnmtdknltn in `bs tèrkhlbs nl `bs qun sn prbiuzmd su sd`hid in `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd y in `bs njnmtbs qun èstd tnlod nl `d prbphd nmblbkëd arhtälhmd. Sbr su pdrtn, n` a`bqun mbkulhtdrhb tdkahèl inanrä brinldr tnkds in su donlid hltnrld inahib d `d pèrihid qun rnprnsnltd `d sd`hid in` Qnhlb ^lhib, mbl `d mud` phnrin 47% in su SHA, 44 =33 kh``blns in nurbs in su prnsupunstb y 4=% in gdahtdltns, shtudmhýl qun dinkäs djnmtd `ds lnobmhdmhblns mbknrmhd`ns qun `d ^lhýl Nurbpnd kdlthnln mbl pdësns in tbib n` kulib, hlm`uhids `ds hlhmhdids insin gdmn pbmb käs in 47 dôbs mbl n` Knrmdib Mbkõl in` ]ur.

 

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