Métodos de Excavación

 

Aêtflfs lh hxomvmojÿi Aêtflfs lh hxomvmojÿi0 ofapmrhafs \DA y ^hrefrmojÿi & Ufcmlurm 

^hrefrmojÿi lh cm rfom.

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Omrkm lh hxpcfsjvfs.

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Ufcmlurm.

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Uhitjcmojÿi. Lhshsofadrf y smihf.

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_fsthijajhitf ofi sbftorhth

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Jitrfluoojÿi

Cm hchoojÿi lhc aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi lh ui tðihc lhphilh lh vmrjfs emotfrhs lhitrf lh cfs quh lhstmomi hc pf lh thrrhif m hxomvmr y su cfikjtul. Bmstm mbfrm cm ofistruoojÿi lh tðihchs omrrhthrfs hi Aêxjof sh bm rhmcjzmlf ofi cfs aêtflfs lh hxomvmojÿi ofivhiojfimc ofi phrefrmojÿi y vfcmlurm ucjzmilf hxpcfsjvfs y cm hxomvmojÿi ahoíijom ahljmith aíqujims lh mtmquh puitumc ofaf rfzmlfrms, amrccfs bjlríucjofs, hto. Ftrf aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi lh tðihchs ofrrhspfilh ofi cm ucjzmojÿi lh aíqujims tuihcmlfrms \DA (\uiihc Dfrjik Amobjih), m cm ehobm hi Aêxjof if sh bm ofistrujlf ijikði tðihc omrrhthrf ofi hsth aêtflf. Hs japfrtmith ahiojfimr quh omlm aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi hih vhitm`ms y lhsvhitm`ms pfr cf quh sh lhdhrí bmohr ui miícjsjs y uim hvmcumojÿi lh omlm prfyhotf hi pmroucmr, pmrm lhthrajimr hc aís ofivhijhith. Hc aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi ofi \DA phrajth hxomvmr cm shoojÿi ofapchtm lhc tðihc mc ajsaf hapf quh sh rhmcjzm cm ofcfomojÿi lhc sfsthijajhitf f ui rhvhsajhitf.

^mrm hchkjr hsth aêtflf y pmrm quh cm fdrm rhsucth ui êxjtf, hc tðihc lhdh ofitmr ofi cm cfikjtul suojhith y cm aíqujim lhdh shr shchoojfimlm ofi dmsh hi cms ofiljojfihs khfcÿkjof ‟ khftêoijoms hsphoáoms y m lhtmcch lhc sjf lfilh sh prhthilm ofistrujr hc tðihc. Cm hxomvmojÿi ofi aêtflf ofivhiojfimc hapchmilf hqujpfs hqujpfs ahoíijofs ofi thoifcfkám lh puitm y cm myulm lh têoijoms ofistruovms ofapchahitmrjms, hs ompmz lh ofishkujr mlhaís lh rhiljajhitfs ÿpafs, ui mctf ijvhc lh shkurjlml, mpfrtmilf krmlfs lh ahomijzmojÿi y mutfamzmojÿi ofisjlhrmdchs. Cm cjajtmojÿi aís japfrtmith lh cm hxomvmojÿi ofivhiojfimc ahoíijom hstí hi cm lurhzm, thimojlml y mdrmsjvjlml lh cms rfoms, quh rhphrouth hi rhiljajhitfs auy dm`fs hchvmilf hc ofstf lh cm fdrm bmstm cchkmr mc puitf lh vfcvhrcm tftmcahith jivjmdch. Oumilf sh prhshitmi hstfs omsfs hs ihohsmrjf hc hapchf lh hxpcfsjvfs ofi cfs oumchs sh puhlhi ofishkujr mvmiohs japfrtmiths hxomvmilf m shoojÿi ofapchtm f hi emshs, ym shm hi rfom auy lurm y mctmahith mdrmsjvm f rfom pfof ermoturmlm. Lhitrf lh cfs jiofivhijhiths lh hxomvmr ofi hxpcfsjvfs hs quh cfs phrchs lh hxomvmojÿi sfihxomvmojfihs jrrhkucmrhs y sjofisjlhrmdchs if sh ljshýmiquh y ofitrfcmi mlhoumlmahith cms hc vfcmlurms, puhlhi prfluojr sfdrh rhphrouthi ljrhotmahith hi ofstf lh sh cm fdrm. Cm bhthrfkhihjlml lhc thrrhif y lh sus prfpjhlmlhs khfahoíijoms m tflf cf cmrkf lhc tðihc, msá ofaf cms ofiljojfihs japuhstms pfr hc hitfrif (prhshiojm lh mkum, pfom ofdhrturm, emccms khfcÿkjoms, k hfcÿkjoms, ofistruoojfihs f jistmcmojfihs ohromims, hto.) pcmithmi uim shrjh lh prfdchams ofistruovfs quh sj if sh ouhitm ofi cm amqujimrjm, cms têoijoms ofistruovms, cfs hqujpfs y hc phrsfimc mlhoumlfs pmrm rhsfcvhr ljehrhiths sjtumojfihs japrhvjstms, puhlhi rhphrour hi mtrmsfs y iuhvmahith hi cfs ofstfs. Cm ofistruoojÿi lh tðihchs t ðihchs omrrhthrfs hs uim ljsojpcjim mctmahith hsphojmcjzmlm quh hxjkh cm mpcjomojÿi lh aêtflfs y sjsthams lh trmdm`f t rmdm`f quh phrajtmi fdthihr rhiljajhitfs mlhoumlfs amithijhilf hi tflf afahitf cm shkurjlml7 pmrm cf oumc, sh rhqujhrh lh phrsfimc mctmahith omcjomlf, rhspfismdch y ofi mapcjm hxphrjhiojm hi cm amthrjm.

 

Ofisjlhrmojfihs pmrm cm shchoojÿi lhc aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi  ^mrm hchkjr hc aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi m hapchmr lurmith cm ofistruoojÿi lh ui tðihc, sh lhdhi tfamr hi ouhitm vmrjfs emotfrhs7 mckuifs lh áilfch têoijof, hofiÿajofs y lh hapf lh h`houojÿi. M ofiiumojÿi sh lhsorjdhi mckuifs msphotfs m ofisjlhrmr0 Oumilf cm rfom hih uim rhsjsthiojm mctm, hs ihohsmrjf hapchmr hxomvmojÿi ahljmith hxpcfsjvfs, ajhitrms quh sj cm rhsjsthiojm hs ahljm f dm`m puhlh hapchmrsh jiljsitmahith cm vfcmlurm f cm hxomvmojÿi pfr ahljfs ahoíijofs. Cm amihrm lh hxomvmojÿi hi rfom hih uim ofisjlhrmdch jiuhiojm sfdrh hc lhskmsth prfluojlf hi cms bhrrmajhitms lh ofrth f hxomvmojÿi7 muiquh hxjsth uim jithrrhcmojÿi hitrh cm omcjlml, cm lurhzm y cm mdrmsjvjlml lh cms rfoms, hi lhthrajimlms eframojfihs dcmilms, sj cm hxomvmojÿi sh rhmcjzm ofi hqujpfs ofiiufs pfr hc sjstham lh ofrth y rfzmlf, cfs lhskmsths puhlhi cchkmr m hchvmr hc ofstf lh cm hxomvmojÿi. Cm shoojÿi lhc tðihc puhlh shr uim ofiljojfimith japfrtmith. Cms tuihcmlfrms phrajthi hxomvmr ðijomahith cfs tðihchs lh efram ojroucmr, pfr cf quh hi tðihchs omrrhthrfs quh rhqujhrhi uim dmsh pcmim, sh lhsmprfvhobm dmstmith hspmojf, muiquh hi mckuifs omsfs sh hapchm pmrm mcf`mr mckuims lh cms jistmcmojfihs.

Hxomvmojÿi ahljmith hc usf lh hxpcfsjvfs ;.> a, muiquh sfi lhshmdch mc ahifs 8>> a • Cm philjhith aíxjam lhdh shr tmc quh phrajtm uim ojroucmojÿi ujlm lh omrrfs pmrm rhrf lhc amthrjmc prfluotf lh cm hxomvmojÿi hstí hi ui hitfrif aíxjaf lhc ?.8 mc cm cfikjtul tðihchs omrrhthrfs hi Aêxjof cms shoojfihs hxomvmojÿi vmi lhycfs m cfs 4?>lhc a´trmispfrth. Hi mprfxjamlmahith, pfr cf quh hc vfcuahi lh rhzmkm hs japfrtmith. Hc hqujpf lh rhrf lh amthrjmc hs prjiojpmcahith ofi amqujimrjm sfdrh ihuaíofs y omajfihs7 sji lhsomrtmr cm ucjzmojÿi lh vmkfihs, rjhchs y dmilms lh trmispfrtmojÿi, cf oumc lhphilh lh cm cfikjtul lhc tðihc. Cfs hqujpfs lh rhzmkm quh hxjsthi hi hc ahromlf sfi auy vmrjmlfs, sji hadmrkf cfs aís hapchmlfs sfi cfs quh vmi afitmlfs sfdrh vám f sfdrh ihuaíofs. Hc trmispfrth quh ofrrh sfdrh rjhchs hih cm vhitm`m lh lmr ui rhiljajhitf suphrjfr hi rhcmojÿi ofi cm shoojÿi lhc tðihc, ym quh cfs vmkfihs kujmlfs sfdrh rjhchs, puhlhi foupmr uim amyfr pmrth lh cm shoojÿi. _h puhlhi frkmijzmr mlhaís krmilhs trhihs pmrm hvmoumr lh ui sfcf vjm`h, cm rhzmkm lh cm vfcmlurm y m vhcfojlmlhs mprhojmdchs. ^fr ftrf cmlf, hc trmispfrth sfdrh ihuaíofs sh mlmptm ah`fr m cms philjhiths, hs aís hxjdch y sh ucjzm, sfdrh tflf hi tðihchs lh krmi shoojÿi, ofaf cfs tðihchs omrrhthrfs. ^mrm rhmcjzmr ui trmispfrth rhitmdch y homz hs jiljsphismdch ofistrujr omajifs bmojm hc erhith lh hxomvmojÿi y amithihrcfs cjdrhs lh fdstíoucfs pmrm quh cfs vhbáoucfs fphrhi ofi cms vhcfojlmlhs bmdjtumchs h japhljr hc lhthrjfrf lh cfs ihuaíofs. Hc ofistruotfr lhdhrí hvmcumr hc sjstham lh rhrf lhc amthrjmc prfluotf lh cm hxomvmojÿi quh aís ofivhikm o fivhikm pmrm omlm prfyhotf hi pmroucmr, tfamilf hi ouhitm tmamýf lh cm shoojÿi lhc tðihc, cfikjtul, pf lh amthrjmc, aêtflf lh hxomvmojÿi, philjhiths, dmiofs lh rf, hto.

 

Hxomvmojÿi ahoíijom  Cm jitrfluoojÿi hi mýfs rhojhiths m iuhstrf pmás lh hqujpfs lh phrefrmojÿi aflhrifs, hqujpmlfs, aís krmilhs y hojhiths7 lh drfoms, moohsfrjfs y mohrf lh dmrrhimojÿi mctmahith ah`frmlfs y, lh hqujpfs lh rhzmkm lh krmi ompmojlml, bm ofitrjdujlf lh efram japfrtmith m uim mpcjomojÿi aís mapcjm, hojhith y shkurm lh cm têoijom lh hxomvmojÿi ahoíijom lh ui tðihc, hehotumlm oumilf if sh rhqujhrhi f sh hih cm cjajtmith lh hapchmr hxpcfsjvfs. M ofiiumojÿi sh hiuiojmi mckuifs lh cfs hqujpfs ucjzmlfs pmrm hxomvmr ahoíijomahith ui tðihc0 ;.8.=. Amrccfs bjlríucjofs phsmlfs _h afitmi sfdrh rhtrfhxomvmlfrms ofivhiojfimchs, mckuifs jiocuyhi uthisjcjfs hsphojmchs, hsphojmchs, ofaf drmzfs thchsoÿpjofs quh emojcjtmi hc moohsf m tflf hc erhith lh hxomvmojÿi. Mljojfimcahith sh rhqujhrh cm ucjzmojÿi lh pmcms omrkmlfrms pmrm rhrmr hc amthrjmc hxomvmlf.

Cfs amrccfs bjlríucjofs rhmcjzmi ui mtmquh puitumc, cm hihrkám sh khihrm ahljmith aftfrhs hcêotrjofs f ljêshc y sh trmisajth m trmvês lh ui ojroujtf bjlríucjof m cm puitm sjtumlm hi hc hxtrhaf mroucmlf lh cm aíqujim. Cm rfom sh qujhdrm ahljmith cm hihrkám lh japmotf khihrmlm y hc amthrjmc rfofsf hxomvmlf sh lhsprhilh hi dcfquhs. Hstfs amrccfs suhchi hapchmrsh hi amojzfs rfofsfs ofi uim amtrjz lurm, euhrthahith pchkmlfs f ermoturmlfs. Cm hxomvmojÿi ofi amrccf hs pfsjdch hi thrrhifs lh duhim omcjlml, sji hadmrkf cfs rhiljajhitfs sfi auy dm`fs y cfs ofstfs

 

auy mctfs7 if fdstmith, ofaf ym sh bm ofahitmlf, hi ojrouistmiojms hsphojmchs sh rhqujhrh su ucjzmojÿi hi amojzfs rfofsfs lh omcjlml ahljm m mctm.

;.8.4. ^jstfcm Ihuaíom Hs ui hqujpf lh phrefrmojÿi cjkhrf quh trmdm`m ofi uim prhsjÿi lh mjrh lh =>> cd/ji, amijfdrm hi efram msohilhith, lhsohilhith lhsohilhith f lh erhith prjiojpmcahith. Hstí ofistujlm pfr uim pjstfcm ofaði ofi ui sjstham lh afitm`h sfdrh uim pjhrim ihuaíom. Muiquh hi tðihchs omrrhthrfs su ucjzmojÿi hs aáijam, hi fomsjfihs sh hapchm pmrm cchvmr m omdf kmchráms lh ofihxjÿi, ijobfs pmrm jistmcmojfihs hsphojmchs, ijobfs _F_, tðihchs pjcftf, hto.

;.8.?. Tfzmlfrms _fi aíqujims quh hxomvmi ahljmith uim omdhzm kjrmtfrjm, prfvjstm lh bhrrmajhitms lh ofrth (ljhiths) quh jiojlhi sfdrh cm rfom, vmi afitmlms hi ui drmzf afifdcfquh f mroucmlf y tflf hc ofi`uitf sfdrh ui obmsjs aÿvjc lh frukms. Hxjsthi lfs sjsthams ljsitfs lh ofrth hi cms rfzmlfrms motumchs0 hc ajccjik lh omdhzmc rmljmc y hc rjppjik lh omdhzmc erfitmc. Hi hc ajccjik cm omdhzm kjrm hi tfrif m ui h`h cfikjtuljimc, pmrmchcf mc h`h lhc tðihc. Cms pjoms vmi ljspuhstms hi efram bhcjofjlmc y kfcphmi m cm rfom lh efram cmthrmc. Hi hc rjppjik cm omdhzm kjrm hi tfrif m ui h`h quh hs phrphiljoucmr mc h`h lhc tðihc, trmtíilfsh hi rhmcjlml lh lfs omdhzms sjaêtrjoms. Cms pjoms kfcphmi erfitmcahith m cm rfom.

 

Aêtflfs lh hxomvmojÿi0 ofapmrhafs \DA

cm hxomvmojÿi pfr \DA hs ahomijzmlm, ym quh sh hapchm uim hifrah tuihcmlfrm, quh ahljmith uim omdhzm kjrmtfrjm hqujpmlm ofi hchahitfs lh ofrth, phrefrm cms rfoms, y cuhkf rhtjrm cfs hsofadrfs. Lhphiljhilf lhc tjpf lh thrrhif, tmadjêi puhlh quh rheuhroh hc tðihc hxomvmlf ofi sbftorhth.  Muiquh cms \DA sh utjcjzmi sfdrh sfdrh tflf hi cm ofistruoojÿi lh tðihchs, tðihchs, bmy qujhihs pjhismi quh su usf sh pflrám prfpmkmr m cm ajihrám ajihrám.. \mitf cfs tðihchs lh moohsf prjiojpmc, ofaf cfs pfzfs y cfs tðihchs lh vhitjcmojÿi (u ftrfs tðihchs cmrkfs), sh vhrámi dhihejojmlfs m ijvhc lh prfluotjvjlml y prhojsjÿi mc usmr \DA.

Hi oumitf m cms \DA hi sá, pflhafs mprhojmr uim thilhiojm lh cf aís prfahthlfrm0 omlm vhz, sh hstíi emdrjomilf tuihcmlfrms aís vhrsítjchs. vhrsítjchs. Hstf sjkijejom quh hi vhz lh tuihcmlfrms lh ui sfcf usf ofaf cms quh bhafs vjstf bmstm mbfrm, pflrhafs shr thstjkfs lh \DA utjcjzmdchs hi ljehrhiths prfyhotfs ofi phquhýms afljejomojfihs. Muiquh cfs ofsths lh

 

afitm`h y lhsafitm`h shkujríi hxjstjhilf, cm jivhrsjÿi jijojmc mdrjrí hc pmsf mc auctjusf ‟ ¡cf quh if hs pfof!

HROMUMOJFIH_ AHOMIJOM_ \DA (\XIIHC DFTJIK AMOBJIH) Ccmamlms tfpfs, sfi aíqujims rfdustms y rhcmvmahith sjapchs, quh euiojfimi hapu`milf ofitrm hc thrrhif uifs ljsofs lh ahtmc lurf quh prfluohi cm rfturm lhc thrrhif lh tmc efram quh cm rfom sh cm`m, y hs hxtrmálm ahljmith omikjcfihs hi cm omdhzm lh ofrth quh vjhrthi hc hsofadrf hi uim ojitm quh m su vhz cf vhrthrí sfdrh ftrm cmthrmc bmojm hc hxthrjfr f sfdrh vmkfihs. Hc sfsthijajhitf suhch bmohrsh ofi sjsthams ofivhiojfimchs, hs lhojr, ducfihs, ohrobms y bfrajkÿi prfyhotmlf. ^mrm mdsfrdhr cm rhmoojÿi lh cm omdhzm lh ofrth y bmohr mvmizmr cm tuihcmlfrm, cms \DA sh mpfymi hi hc thrrhif ahljmith uifs oflmchs trmisvhrsmchs (krjpphrs). Cms omrmothrásoms lh cm rfom quh cjajtmi hc euiojfimajhitf lh hstms aíqujims, sfi, ofaf cáajth suphrjfr, cm rhsjsthiojm m ofaprhsjÿi sjapch y hc ofithijlf lh oumrzf, y ofaf cáajth jiehrjfr, cm sfsthijdjcjlml lhc thrrhif lurmith cm hxomvmojÿi y su rhsjsthiojm pmrm quh cfs krjpphrs sh puhlmi mpfymr.

HROMUMOJFIH_ AHOÄIJOM_ \DA - BJLTFH_OXLF_ Cfs BJLTFH_OXLF_, sfi mlhoumlfs pmrm thrrhifs ofistujlfs pfr mrhims suhctms f krmvms mrhifsms, quh ljouctmi hc mamsmlf. _fi sjajcmrhs m cfs hsoulfs lh prhsjÿi lh hrrms, phrf prhshitmi lfs krmilhs ljehrhiojms0 Cm prhsjÿi lh hrrms hi cm oíamrm sh cfkrm ahzocmilf hc thrrhif hxomvmlf ofi ui cflf lh mkum y mrojccm (scurry). Ofisjkuhi ui hxohchith ofitrfc lh cm prhsjÿi, y hc ofstf hihrkêof hs auobf ahifr. Cm hxtrmoojÿi lhc amthrjmc sh bmoh ahljmith uim tudhrám, dfadhmilf cm ahzocm bmojm hc hxthrjfr. Cm lhsvhitm`m lh hsth pf lh aíqujims hs hc trmtmajhitf lhc thrrhif hxtrmálf, ahzocmlf ofi cfs cflfs, quh hxjkh pcmitms lh krmi suphrojh pmrm cm shpmrmojÿi lh cms pmroucms aís ims.

 

Omvhrim Cm hxomvmojÿi lh cm omvhrim bm sjlf ofapcjomlm lhdjlf m cm krmi muhiojm lh mkum, cf oumc bm rhquhrjlf auobms jiyhoojfihs lh ohahitf pmrm pflhr ofitrfcmrcm Cm hxomvmojÿi mrrmiom ofi o fi uim rmapm msohilhith m cm ocmvh pmrm khihrmr uim kmchrám pjcftf. Cm amyfr pmrth lh cms jiyhoojfihs sh rhmcjzmrfi hi hstm emsh. _hkujlm lh cm kmchrám pjcftf, sh mdrhi cms frh`ms lhrhobm prjahrf, h jzqujhrlm lhspuês. Xim vhz momdmlms hstms, ofajhizm cm hxomvmojÿi lh cfs dmiofs, hi cms trhs emshs rhprhshitmlms, lh aflf quh hc dmiof lhrhobf if sh ofajhizm o fajhizm bmstm quh hc tðihc lh cáihm sur f jzqujhrlf bmym ofahizmlf su hxomvmojÿi. Thrmilf cm ajtml jiehrjfr lhc dmiof jzqujhrlf, uim vhz madfs tðihchs lh cáihm sh hstíi hxomvmilf. Cm amqujimrjm ucjzmlm pmrm cms jiyhoojfihs hs cm ajsam quh ym lhsorjdjafs mithrjfrahith. Cm kmchrám msá ofaf cfs mvmioh cmthrmchs sh lhshsofadrmi ofi pmcms lh phrc dm`f MO. _h bmi hapchmlf pmcms Gfamtsu ?2> pmrm omrkmr cfs sgjps hi hc efilf lhc pfzf. Cm phrefrmojÿi lh cfs ducfihs sh bm rhmcjzmlf ofi Tfdflrjcc ^mitfefrh y cm lh cms vfcmlurms ofi @uadfs MO RH?O. Hc hxpcfsjvf y sjstham lh omrkm Bm sjlf hs hc ajsaf lhsorjtf mithrjfrahith. Hc bfrajkÿi prfyhotmlf sh hitrhkm ahljmith tudhrám m cf cmrkf lhc pfzf m omajfihs bfrajkfihrm, cfs oumchs cf trmispfrtmi mc erhith lfilh sh prfyhotm ahljmith rfdfts ^utzahjsthr y Ahyof.

 

5.?.=.=. Ofisjlhrmojfihs dísjoms pmrm hc miícjsjs dm`f prhsjfihs lh afitmým m) Hi cfs cfs omsfs omsfs lh hxomvmo hxomvmojÿi jÿi m pfom pfom prfeuil prfeuiljlml jlml d) _h ofisjlhrm ofisjlhrm quh quh oumilf oumilf hc amojzf amojzf rfofsf hstí hstí eframlf eframlf pfr rfom lurm lurm y ermoturmlm ermoturmlm y cm prfeuiljlml lh cm shoojÿi mimcjzmlm hs hsomsm, hc prfohsf lh rhljstrjduojÿi lh hseuhrzfs ofi sus ofrrhspfiljhiths lheframojfihs bmojm hc jithrjfr lh cm hxomvmojÿi, sh khihrmrí pfr ofapchtf miths lh quh shmi hapcmzmlfs cfs sjsthams lh sfsthijajhitf. ^fr cf mithrjfr sh hstmdchoh cm bjpÿthsjs lh quh hc ofiorhtf cmizmlf mcomizmrí su rhsjsthiojm lh trmdm`f lhspuês lh quh cm hxomvmojÿi sh hiouhitrh hi ui hstmlf lh ofapchtm hstmdjcjlml. Hc ofiorhtf cmizmlf, pfr cf khihrmc, shrvjrí aís quh ofaf uim hstruoturm lh sfpfrth, ofaf hchahitf hstmdjcjzmlfr quh prfpfrojfimrí rhsjsthiojm mc ofrth m cms zfims aís prÿxjams mc ofitfrif lhc tðihc y mlhaís shrí uim krmi prfthoojÿi ofitrm hc jithaphrjsaf lh cm rfom. ^fr su pmrth cfs amrofs, hi omsf lh ofcfomrsh, shrvjríi lh sfpfrth mith cm pfsjdch krmvjtmojÿi lh ouýms f dcfquhs jihstmdchs y/f fzfims mf`mlf. Oumilf sh oruohi zfims lh emccm, zfims lh lhpÿsjtfs lh suhcf zfimslhlhamthrjmc rfom hxtrhamlmahith amcm, lhdjlf m cm pfom prfeuiljlml, cfs iuhvfs hstmlfs thisf-lheframojfimchs jiluojlfs pfr cm hxomvmojÿi thilhríi m khihrmrsh rípjlmahith. _ji hadmrkf, cm lhdjcjlml lhc amojzf japcjom ui mctf rjhskf lh quh sh prfluzomi ahomijsafs amyfrhs lh jihstmdjcjlml. ^fr cf mithrjfr, hs auy japfrtmith quh cfs sjsthams lh hstmdjcjzmojÿi (ofiorhtf cmizmlf), sfpfrth (amrofs y/f hicm`h erfitmc) y rhefrzmajhitf (miocms) sh japchahithi fpfrtuimahith y quh cm hxomvmojÿi sh rhmcjoh ofi hxtrhaf oujlmlf, ahljmith mvmiohs ofrtfs y/f aðcpchs shoojfihs lh mvmioh (emshs).

 

o) Hi cfs omsfs omsfs lh hxomvmojÿ hxomvmojÿi i prfeuilm prfeuilm Mc ofitrmrjf ofitrmrjf lhc omsf omsf mithrjfr, mithrjfr, sh ofisjl ofisjlhrm hrm quh oumilf hc amojzf rfofsf hstí eframlf pfr rfom lurm y ermoturmlm y oumilf cm prfeuiljlml lh cm shoojÿi mimcjzmlm hs japfrtmith, hc prfohsf lh rhljstrjduojÿi lh hseuhrzfs, ofi sus ofrrhspfiljhiths lheframojfihs lheframojfihs bmojm hc jithrjfr lh cm hxomvmojÿi, if sh bmdrí khihrmlf pfr ofapchtf mc afahitf lh ofcfomr cfs sjsthams lh sfsthijajhitf. ^fr cf mithrjfr sh hstmdchoh cm bjpÿthsjs lh quh hc ofiorhtf cmizmlf mcomizmrí su rhsjsthiojm lh trmdm`f miths lh quh cm hxomvmojÿi sh hiouhitrh hi ui hstmlf lh ofapchtm hstmdjcjlml y quh cms miocms y amrofs ahtícjofs ofahizmríi m trmdm`mr lhslh hc afahitf lh su japchahitmojÿi. Hi omsfs lh amojzfs lh omcjlml hxtrhamlmahith amcm (zfims lh emccm, zfims lh amthrjmc trjturmlf y/f ajcfijzmlf) cfs hstmlfs lh hseuhrzfs hxjsthiths m krmilhs prfeuiljlmlhs bmríi quh cm hstmdjcjzmojÿi lh cms lheframojfihs bmojm hc jithrjfr lh cm hxomvmojÿi tfah hapfs auy ofisjlhrmdchs (pfsjdchahith shamims f bmstm ahshs) y hstf japcjom quh cfs sjsthams sfsthijajhitf lhdhi lhdhi shr ofcfomlfs lh amihrm auy fpfrtuim y mshkurmrsh quh trmdm`hi cf aís mlhoumlmahith pfsjdch. Mc jkumc quh hi cfs omsfs lh pfom prfeuiljlml, hs auy japfrtmith quh cm hxomvmojÿi sh rhmcjoh ofi hxtrhaf oujlmlf, o ujlmlf, hi trmafs ofrtfs y/f aðcpchs shoojfihs lh mvmioh. Hi hstfs omsfs cm jistruahitmojÿi `ukmrí ui pmphc euilmahitmc hi hc ofitrfc lh cm hstmdjcjlml lh cm fdrm. o) Hi cfs omsfs hi quh bmym sjsthams hstruoturmchs lh sfpfrth (amrofs ahtícjofs y rhvhsajhitf) Oumilf sh ofcfquhi amrofs ahtícjofs, hc trmdm`f amyfr lh sfsthijajhitf pflrámi rhmcjzmrcf êstfs, lh mouhrlf ofi hc ijvhc lh rhcm`mojÿi quh bmym hxphrjahitmlf hc amojzf mc afahitf lh su ofcfomojÿi o fcfomojÿi y hitrmlm hi omrkm. Hi cm amyfrám lh cfs omsfs, ofi hc sÿcf trmdm`f lh cfs hchahitfs lhc sfsthijajhitf sh mcomizm cm tftmc hstmdjcjlml lh cm hxomvmojÿi y, hi omsf o msf lh ofcfomrsh ui rhvhsajhitf lhijvf, lhijvf, êsth ouapcjrí ofi msphotfs euiojfimchs lhc tðihc y if ihohsmrjmahith lh sfpfrth. Hc rhvhsajhitf lhijvf sÿcf lhdhrí lh shr omcoucmlf pmrm hc pf lh sfcjojtmojfihs rhcmojfimlms ofi cm prhsjÿi lh afitmým oumilf, mc afahitf lh su ofcfomojÿi, hc prfohsf lh rhcm`mojÿi lhc amojzf if bmym thrajimlf. ^mrm quh hstf suohlm, pfr cf khihrmc, lhdhi prhshitmrsh cms sjkujhiths sjtumojfihs (ofadjimlms f mjscmlms)0 cms lheframojfihs sjkuhi prhshitíilfsh7 sh prfluohi ehiÿahifs lh uhiojm chitm (orhhp fr orhhpcjgh jiwmrl ljrhothl ljspcmohahits) f lh hstmccjlfs lh rfom (rfog durst, spmccjik) y rfturm lh mckuifs hchahitfs lhc sfsthijajhitf. ^hrf pmrm quh ljobfs ehiÿahifs sh prhshithi hxjsth uim ofiljojÿi euilmahitmc0 quh hc thrrhif hi cm vhojilml lhc tðihc bmym sfdrhpmsmlf su rhsjsthiojm pfr afvf lh cm rhljstrjduojÿi lh hseuhrzfs. Cm rhcm`mojÿi lhc amojzf lhdh mimcjzmrsh m aflf lh hstuljf lh shisjdjcjlml, lh mouhrlf ofi hc ccmamlf Aêtflf lh Thcm`mojÿi lh Hseuhrzfs quh ofisjsth hi phrajr ui ojhrtf ijvhc lh rhljstrjduojÿi lh hseuhrzfs y khihrmojÿi lh lheframojfihs hi cm amccm lh hchahitfs ijtfs prhvjf m cm ofcfomojÿi lh cfs hchahitfs lhc sfsthijaj sfsthijajhitf. hitf. \madjêi hxjsth hc Aêtflf lh Thcm`mojÿi lh Tjkjlhohs quh ofisjsth hi jr rhluojhilf krmlumcahith hc aÿlucf lh hcmsojlml lh cfs hchahitfs lh cm amccm lh miícjsjs quh sfi hxomvmlfs.

 

5.?.4. Hxomvmojfihs hi tðihchs su`htfs m prhsjfihs lh mf`majhitf  Hi hc mpmrtmlf mithrjfr sh hstuljÿ hc hehotf lh cms prhsjfihs movms lh thrrhif, tmadjêi ccmamlms prhsjfihs lh afitmým y cm efram lh omcoucmr cms sfcjojtmojfihs m quh sfi sfahlms cms hstruoturms pfr hehotf lh cm rhljstrjduojÿi lh hseuhrzfs, cm oumc, mc afahitf lh shr ofcfomlfs cfs hchahitfs lhc sfsthijajhitf mði if bm ohsmlf. Cfs miícjsjs mith omrkms pfr mf`majhitf lhc thrrhif pmrthi lh cm bjpÿthsjs lh quh, oumilf êstms sh khihrmi, cms lheframojfihs prfluotf lh cm rhljstrjduojÿi lh hseuhrzfs bmi thrajimlf pfr ofapchtf, pfr cf quh cms ofisjlhrmojfihs hstíoms pmrm hc oícoucf sfi auy ljehrhiths mc omsf movf. _h trmtm hitfiohs, lh miícjsjs hstruoturmchs aís hi cm hshiojm lh omrkms auhrtms motumilf sfdrh uim shoojÿi mpfymlm h jithrmotumilf ofi hc thrrhif hi mckuims pmrths. Hc ehiÿahif lhc mf`majhitf fourrh ofaðiahith oumilf hc amojzf rfofsf prhshitm pfom lheframdjcjlml y hc tðihc if hs auy prfeuilf, y oumilf if hs lh hsphrmrsh quh cfs hstmlfs lheframojfimchs mcomizmlfs pfr cm hxomvmojÿi `uhkuhi ui pmphc sjkijomvf hi cm hstmdjcjlml lh cm fdrm. Ljobm hstmdjcjlml, hstmrí rhkjlm pfr ahomijsafs pfthiojmchs prhhxjsthiths hi hc amojzf rfofsf y quh hstíi euilmahitmcahith lhijlfs pfr cfs sjsthams lh ermoturmajhitf, eframilf dcfquhs lh rfom pfthiojmcahith jihstmdchs. Hc ehiÿahif lh lhsofaprhsjÿi msfojmlf m omlm mvmioh lh cm hxomvmojÿi, thilhrí m mdrjr cfs sjsthams lh `uitms y m lhdjcjtmrcfs, thijhilf ofaf ofishouhiojm ljrhotm ui rípjlf mf`majhitf lh cms zfims ohromims mc tðihc quh prhshithi hstmlfs lh hseuhrzfs oráofs.

 

OXHCF MDJHT\F

HROMUMOJFIH_ ^FOF ^TFEXILM_ Xim hxomvmojÿi hs ofisjlhrmlm pfof prfeuilm sj hstm prhshitm uim prfeuiljlml ahifr m 8 ahtrfs= , khihrmcahith sh rhmcjzmi sji cm ihohsjlml lh sfsthihr hc amthrjmc vhojif sj hxjsth hspmojf ofisjlhrmdch pmrm cm ofistruoojÿi lh cfs tmculhs quh puhlmi sfpfrtmr hc amthrjmc. Cms mrojccms thÿrjomahith sfi suhcfs quh prhshitm uim duhim rhspuhstm m hxomvmojÿi pfof prfeuilm, ym quh hstms lhdjlf m su omríothr ofbhsjvf chs phrajth

 

EMCCM_ ^TH_HI\MLM_ HI HROMUMOJFIH_ Cms hxomvmojfihs puhlhi prhshitmr ljehrhiths pfs lh emccm quh jiojlhi hi prfdchams lh hstmdjcjlml. Hi hc prhshith hstuljf sh hstuljmrm cm jiojlhiojm lh 8 pfs lh emccms ofaf o faf sfi0 - Emccm lh dmsh - Emccm pfr _udprhsjÿi - Emccm movm y ^msjvm - Emccm prhshitmlm oumilf prhsjÿi movm hs amyfr ohrf ൞ ൞> - Emccm prhshitmlm prhshitmlm oumilf prhsjÿi movm hs ahifr m ohrf ൞ ൞>

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