Metodología Y Construcción De Pavimentos Pigmentados
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Metodología Y Construcción De Pavimentos Pigmentados
Asignatura: Topografía de Obras Viales Sección: 400 Nombre del docente: Bahamondes Alejandro Nombre de los integrantes i ntegrantes del grupo: Sandoval Cristian
Rojas Andy
10 de Julio del 2018 Valparaíso, Chile
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Contenido 1
Introducción ............................................... ...................................................... ......................... 4
2
Objetivos ................................................................................................................................... 5
3
Desarrollo ................................................... ...................................................... ......................... 6 3.1
Metodología de diseño en los Tipos de pavimentos con pigmentos ................................ 6
3.1.1 Método de la American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO).................................................... ...................................................... ......................... 6 3.1.1.1 Tránsito O Solicitaciones ...................................................... .................................. 7 3.1.1.2 Suelos................................................ ..................................................... ................. 7 3.1.1.3 Clima ................................................. ..................................................... ................. 7 3.1.1.4 Serviciabilidad ...................................................... ................................................... 8 3.1.1.5 Confiabilidad (R) ................................................. .................................................... 9 3.1.1.6 Variabilidad (SO) ................................................. .................................................... 9 3.1.1.7 Coeficientes estructurales (ai) .............................................. ................................ 10 3.1.1.8 Número Estructural ..................................................... ......................................... 10 3.1.1.9 Verificación por capas ................................................. ......................................... 10 3.1.1.10 3.2
Consideraciones relativas al método de diseño AASHTO................................. 11
Construcción De Pavimentos Pigmentados........................................................ ............. 12
3.2.1
Pavimentos Asfálticos o Flexibles............................................. ................................ 12
3.2.2
Etapas o materiales ................................................ .................................................. 12
3.2.2.1 Excavación para conformación de la subrasante ................................................. 12 3.2.2.2 Mejoramiento de la subrasante .................................................... ....................... 13 3.2.2.3 Subbases y Bases granulares ................................................ ................................ 13 3.2.2.3.1 Característica del material .............................................. ................................ 13 3.2.2.4 Riego de imprimación y riego de liga ...................................................... ............. 15 3.2.2.5 Carpeta Asfáltica ................................................. .................................................. 17 3.2.2.5.1 Características del material material ...................................................................... ...... 17
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3.2.4.2 Agregado fino ...................................................... ................................................. 19 3.2.4.3 Agregado grueso................................................. .................................................. 19 3.2.4.4 Agua .................................................. ..................................................... ............... 19 3.2.4.5 Materiales para para junta del hormigón hormigón ........................................................ ............. 20 3.2.4.6 Barras para transferencia de carga ............................................... ....................... 20 3.2.4.7 Materiales para para el curado del hormigón. ................................................ ............. 20 3.3
Tipos de pigmentos ........................................................ ................................................. 21
3.3.1
Pigmentos inorgánicos .................................................... ......................................... 21
3.3.2
Pigmentos Minerales.............................................. .................................................. 21
3.3.3
Pigmentos Orgánicos.............................................. Orgánicos.............................................. .................................................. 22
3.4
Formas de aplicar pigmentos ................................................. ......................................... 23
3.4.1
Aplicación en asfaltos ...................................................... ......................................... 23
3.4.2
Aplicación en Hormigones............................................... ......................................... 23
3.5
Beneficios de Pavimentos pigmentados .................................................. ....................... 23
3.6
Investigaciones asociadas a los pigmentos ........................................................ ............. 24
3.6.1
Reducción de temperatura en ciudades ..................................................... ............. 24
3.6.2
Los pavimentos pimentados mejoran conducción .................................................. 26
4
Conclusiones ........................................................................................................................... 27
5
Bibliografía .............................................................................................................................. 29
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1
Introducción
Desde los inicios de la humanidad ha existido la necesidad de transporte, por lo que a partir de ese entonces se han destinado una serie de recursos que han sido dispuestos con el fin de crear una red de caminos, que permita el intercambio de diferentes elementos. Los primeros que la implementaron fueron los pueblos mesopotámicos; sin embargo, los romanos se consideran los pioneros, y se definen como la civilización impulsora en formar pavimentos con diferentes capas que perduran en el tiempo. Es por esto que, a lo largo de los años se ha intentado por diversos métodos conseguir un pavimento bien terminado, limpio y duradero; incluso una de las técnicas de vanguardia es la aplicación de color en éste según se requiera, dentro de los cuales se contempla una gran gama de tonalidades que varían desde brillantes a mate. En el presente trabajo se dará a conocer todo lo relacionado con los pavimentos y las diferentes formas de ser pigmentados, así también la metodología para su construcción e implementación, tanto de pavimentos rígidos como flexibles. Abarcando incluso los materiales utilizados para colocación y preparación del soporte sobre el cual se colocará la carpeta protectora. Considerando que, en la actualidad, los entes gubernamentales buscan implementar políticas para crear consciencia ecológica y de seguridad vial, es que se revisarán dos investigaciones que tienen como fin único demostrar algunos de los múltiples beneficios que otorgará a la sociedad la pigmentación de pavimentos.
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2
Objetivos
Detallar metodología constructiva en distintos ámbitos
Exponer distintos aspectos de la construcción de los pavimentos
Diferenciar las procedencias de los pigmentos
Evaluar las variadas formas de aplicar los pigmentos
Investigar condiciones de temperatura en ciudades con pavimentos pigmentado
Estudiar como los pavimentos pigmentados mejoran la conducción
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3
Desarrollo
3.1 3.1.1
Metodología de diseño en los Tipos de pavimentos con pigmentos Método de la American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)
Para la comprensión de los distintos temas a tratar en el informe, es necesario hacer mención al Método de la American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), que es la base de la normativa americana para el diseño y construcción de autopistas. Por consiguiente, las normas chilenas utilizan ésta de manera directa para establecer sus parámetros de construcción. El método de la American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) tiene su origen en la prueba de caminos AASHO Road test realizadas en la década de los 80’s en EE. UU, con el fin de establecer el deterioro de las carreteras atribuido de manera directa al tráfico en éstas, conocido también como servicialidad. Sin embargo, éste queda obsoleto debido a que no consideraba una terminación nivelada en la subrasante, para evitar daños en capas superiores. Surge así el método American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), que tiene una base empírica y se sustenta en una ecuación para pavimentos rígidos y flexibles. Esta metodología se diferencia al incorporar el grado de deterioro del pavimento, además que se utiliza en aquellos que son sometidos a niveles de tráfico bajo, medio y alto (MINVU, Código de normas MINVU, 2018) .
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3.1.1.1
TránsitoOSolicitaciones
Las solicitaciones, son un término que se utiliza con el fin de designar una acción o fenómeno que afecta una estructura. Por lo que, en el ámbito de construcción de autopistas se refiere directamente al tránsito de ejes, que actúan como ente primario en el deterioro del pavimento. El tránsito o solicitaciones son definidas mediante el concepto de número de ejes equivalentes (EE), el cual corresponde cor responde a la cantidad de ejes de 80 [KN] necesarios para llevar el pavimento desde un estado inicial (pi) hasta un estado de serviciabilidad final (pf). (MINVU, Código de normas MINVU, 2018). 2018). 3.1.1.2
Suelos
De acuerdo con la American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) los suelos de fundación se caracterizarán por tener un módulo resiliente, éste se clasificará según la deflectometría de impacto (FWD). En suelos de mala calidad según la guía de diseño de esta metodología, se les clasificará A-6 y A7, donde el módulo debe ser corregido por un factor menor a 1 (Recomendación 0,33). En casos de empréstitos o rellenos con remplazos, el módulo resiliente de una capa dependerá de la carpeta anterior o la subyacente; es decir, cuando un suelo posee una subrasante de CBR < 7, deberá incluir una capa de mejoramiento con un CBR > 20 en caso de pasajes y calles locales, mientras que en vías colectoras, troncales y expresas deberá ser el CBR > 15. 3.1.1.3
Clima
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3.1.1.4
Serviciabilidad
Los pavimentos se diseñan para cumplir una función específica que es conectar dos puntos. Estos E stos se construyen por un tiempo denomina do “vida de diseño”; es decir, el diseño cumplirá con todos los requerimientos por un periodo determinado, posterior a esto el camino solo pasa a ser servicial y no cumplirá todas las normas.
Tabla 2 Escala de Calificación de la serviciabilidad según AASHTO
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3.1.1.5
Confiabilidad(R)
Se refiere a la confiabilidad de diseño, se denomina un valor asociado a la distribución normal (Zr). Los factores de confiabilidad (FR) se expresarán con la siguiente formula:
Tabla 3 Confiabilidad de diseño 3.1.1.6
Variabilidad(SO)
Expresa la desviación normal de error combinado (SO), se aplicará en todos los parámetros que son incorporados en un pavimento.
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3.1.1.7
Coeficientesestructurales(ai)
Estas propiedades, dependerán por capa según su composición y materiales que este contenga. En condiciones normales, los valores son los l os siguientes:
Tabla 4 Coeficientes Estructurales en condiciones normales 3.1.1.8
NúmeroEstructural
Se obtiene aplicando la fórmula vista en el punto anterior, entregará las dimensiones de espesor del diseño de capas. El número estructural (NE) es la sumatoria de la multiplicación entre espesor (h), Coeficiente estructural (ai) y coeficiente de drenaje(mi).
3.1.1.9
Verificaciónporcapas
Según la guía American Association of State Highway Hi ghway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), para
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3.1.1.10 ConsideracionesrelativasalmétododediseñoAASHTO
Según el método American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO), es necesario tener en cuenta al diseñar un pavimento, lo siguiente:
Considerar que las ecuaciones AASHTO se obtienen en una prueba efectuada a fines de los años cincuenta en pistas de prueba ubicadas en Illinois Illi nois construidas muy cuidadosamente, pero con equipos y sistemas de de medición de esa época.
La pluviométrica y temperaturas a que estuvo sometido el pavimento fueron las del lugar.
Los suelos que conformaran la subrasante fueron A-6 y A-7-6 (arcillas con pobre drenaje).
Se emplearon cuatro tipos de bases; en experimento principal las bases fueron de origen calizo, en estudio especial fueron de base silícea, las otras bases en estudios especiales fueron tratadas con cemento cemento y asfalto.
Se usó sólo un tipo de sub base granular, de grava arenosa.
Sólo empleó un tipo de mezcla asfáltica en carpeta de rodadura de tamaño ¾” y sólo un
tipo como binder o capa intermedia de tamaño 1”.
Al no incorporar propiedades fundamentales fundamentales de los materiales se limitan las posibilidades posibilidades de incorporar nuevos materiales, es decir se dificulta el desarrollo futuro.
Circularon aproximadamente 1.100.000 ejes equivalentes durante dos años (con cargas y presiones de neumáticos de la época, época, muy diferentes a las actuales). No es posible posible pensar que se pueda extrapolar a varios millones de ejes.
El criterio de falla en AASHTO es Serviciabilidad, que tiene muy baja correlación con
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El método de diseño AASHTO 93 se emplea en solo unos pocos estados americanos y en solo algunos países sudamericanos. No se emplea en Europa, Australia, Sudeste Asiático ni en la mayoría de los países sudamericanos.
3.2
Construcción De Pavimentos Pigmentados
3.2.1
Pavimentos Asfálticos o Flexibles
Un pavimento flexible se conforma por una variedad de capas compuestas por áridos de distintas dimensiones, como se solicitan en las diferentes carpetas empleadas con la finalidad que el pavimento tenga un buen comportamiento estructural. No obstante, la terminación entregada por la última de esta conocida como asfalto o revestimiento de calle, calle , permite que adquiera color negro o gris oscuro, ya que el material base proviene de derivados del petróleo. Las capas asociadas a un pavimento asfáltico o flexible son las siguientes:
Carpeta Asfáltica: Está compuesta por una mezcla asfáltica y un conjunto de materiales pétreos, ésta será la que está en contacto con los automóviles y los distintos aspectos climáticos, deberá asegurar una superficie cómoda y segura para su tránsito.
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3.2.2.2
Mejoramientodelasubrasante
El mejoramiento se deberá realizar solo si el terreno natural no cumple con un CBR óptimo, es por esto que, se realizarán empréstitos o una modificación de suelo hasta obtener un CBR mínimo solicitado. 3.2.2.3
SubbasesyBasesgranulares
Los áridos deben quedar en el terreno, es necesario procurar su esparcimiento con una motoniveladora o minicargador, quedando al nivel solicitado por el topógrafo encargado. Es necesario que el material utilizado en estas capas se encuentre con la humedad óptima para la compactación, la que debe cumplir con un CBR y densidades aparentes. 3.2.2.3.1 Característica del material
Los materiales usados, deben cumplir con la siguiente granulometría:
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Imagen 1 esquema de pavimentos rígidos
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3.2.4.5
Materialesparajuntadelhormigón
Existen muchos materiales aceptados para el sellado de juntas en los pavimentos de hormigón, siendo la clasificación una de sus más simple ya que los divide en líquidos y los pre-moldeados. Los líquidos provienen del asfalto y su característica principal es que tienen la capacidad de auto nivelarse, adquirir la forma del depósito y la aplicación en frío. Mientras que, los pre-moldeados se caracterizan por ser selladores plásticos o polímeros, que se aplican con calor y al momento de emplearse deben quedar bajo o entre losas. 3.2.4.6
Barrasparatransferenciadecarga
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3.3 3.3.1
Tipos de pigmentos Pigmentos inorgánicos
Los pigmentos de tierra serán provocados por materiales externos a ésta, los que entregan distintos tipos de tonos, ya sea por oxidaciones de hierros, roca feldespática y mineral de magnesio; otorgando así el croma al momento de descomponerse estos materiales. Estos entregan tonalidades basados es una gama de "colores tierra”.
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3.4 3.4.1
Formas de aplicar pigmentos Aplicación en asfaltos
Si bien la pigmentación viene en forma de betún o pasta, la incorporación del pigmento se deberá
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3.6 3.6.1
Investigaciones asociadas a los pigmentos Reducción de temperatura en ciudades
Uno de los temas de investigación que se ha potenciado a lo largo de los años es la generación de
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Para solucionar esta problemática vigente es que un grupo de investigadores del Lawrence Berkeley Lab, han propuesto una idea original y sencilla para combatir este fenómeno denominado asfalto “ pigmentados” diseñado para reflejar la energía del sol en un 30 o 50%, en
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3.6.2
Los pavimentos pimentados mejoran conducción
De Acuerdo con investigaciones de seguridad vial, se expone que los pavimentos de distintos colores reducirían la taza de accidentes ya que al cambiar de tonalidad el pavimento, se
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