Metodología de Análisis de Ciclo de Vida

 

Notlcldlfîj co Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj.

 Aorrjnkohtj co Plbtwjro pjrj J@R

:

NJSO]KJD CKCÊ@SK@L _hkcjc Ckcê`tk`j Khtrlcu``kðh j dj notlcldlfîj cod J@R y j dj hlrnjtkvj co jpdk`j`kðh @lh`optls mêsk`ls co J@R

 

NJSO]KJD CKCÊ@SK@L

_HKCJC CKCÊ@SK@J Khtrlcu``kðh j dj notlcldlfîj cod J@R y j dj hlrnjtkvj co jpdk`j`kðh

Khtrlcu``kðh

: :.:

Njr`l Hlrnjtkvl

 :.= Od `lh`optl co Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj

@lh`optls Knplrtjhtos co uh J@R

 :.0  :.3

Hltjs7 • _hj frjh pjrto co dj mkmdklfrjbîj ÷tkd y cksplhkmdo pjrj prlbuhckzjr oh od ostuckl

co djs njtorkjs rodj`klhjcjs `lh od Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj so oh`uohtrj oh khfdës. Ulr oddl, j dl djrfl co dls tonjs so j`lnpjújh, oh l`jsklhos, dls tërnkhls y dls j`rðhknls usjcls oh khfdës, pohsjhcl quo oddl puoco bj`kdktjr od trjmjgl

plstorklr. • J dl djrfl cod tonj, dj njtorkj so kdustrj `lh ogonpdls. Ujrj quo soj nês bê`kd dj do`turj, dls ogonpdls so ronjr`jh `lh uh blhcl co `ldlr.

 

 

:.  KHS]LC_@@KÐH Dj @lnkskðh co dj @lnuhkcjc Ourlpoj ck`o oh su Dkmrl Rorco slmro dj Uldîtk`j Khtofrjcj co Urlcu`tl  Urlcu`tl  quo7 "Slcls dls prlcu`tls y sorvk`kls tkohoh uh knpj`tl jnmkohtjd, tjhtl curjhto su prlcu``kðh, y utkdkzj`kðh, `lnl `ujhcl so `lhvkortoh oh roskculs (@k`dl co Rkcj)."

Oh djs ÷dtknjs cë`jcjs dj `lhskcorj`kðh co dls knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos aj ovldu`klhjcl hltjmdonohto, ddofjhcl j dj vkskðh j`tujd cod @k`dl co Rkcj. J frjhcos rjsfls, dls pjsls ajh skcl dls skfukohtos7

  Pldu`kðh co tumorîjs y `aknohojs.

∝

Jd khk`kl co dj orj khcustrkjd, `ujhcl so coto`tjrlh plr prknorj voz dls knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos (prkh`kpjdnohto slmro dj sjduc aunjhj) corkvjcls co dls prl`osls prlcu`tkvls khcustrkjdos, dj sldu`kðh jpdk`jcj buo dj co rocu`kr dj `lh`ohtrj`kðh co djs sustjh`kjs podkfrlsjs oh djs zlhjs `or`jhjs j dls dufjros ajmktjcls. Ujrj oddl so ro`urrkð j `lhstrukr tumorîjs y `aknohojs, onksklhos,

quo skhl

hl quo

rocu`îjh

djs

tjh

djs

sðdl

jdogjmjh co dls dufjros clhco so `lhskcorjmj quo orjh porguck`kjdos.

  Pldu`klhos co bkhjd co dîhoj.

∝

Nês jcodjhto, so lmsorvð quo djs `lhso`uoh`kjs co djs onksklhos tlcjvîj sofuîjh oxkstkohcl, juhquo hl tuvkorjh uh knpj`tl jfucl slmro dls soros aunjhls. Djs onksklhos y obduohtos buorlh trjtjcls nockjhto bkdtrls, trjtjnkohtls quînk`ls l `lnmustkðh. Dls roskculs fohorjcls oh dls prl`osls orjh nohls podkfrlsls, porl j÷h so prlcu`îjh oh frjhcos `jhtkcjcos.

  Uorspo`tkvj co prl`osl. Pldu`klhos co prl`osls dknpkls.

∝

Od skfukohto pjsl aj`kj dls prl`osls jnmkohtjdnohto `lrro`tls buo aj`ordls nês dknpkls y obk`kohtos, pjrj rocu`kr djs `jhtkcjcos co roskculs ohvkjcjs j dls vortocorls y dj oxtrj``kðh co njtorkjs prknjs hl rohlvjmdos.

:

 

 

  Uorspo`tkvj co prlcu`tl.

∝

J`tujdnohto, oh djs `uostklhos jnmkohtjdos os nês ajmktujd jclptjr uhj porspo`tkvj co prlcu`tl, oh dufjr co dj porspo`tkvj co prl`osl. Od lmgotkvl os quo od prlcu`tl (mkoh l sorvk`kl) soj dl nês dknpkl plskmdo j dl djrfl co tlcl su `k`dl co vkcj. Oh nu`als prlcu`tls, dls knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos prkh`kpjdos hl so fohorjh curjhto dj prlcu``kðh. Ulr ogonpdl, uh `l`ao prlvl`j sus njylros knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos curjhto dls júls oh quo os utkdkzjcl plr od usujrkl, comkcl jd `lhsunl co `lnmustkmdo bðskd y j djs onksklhos quo rojdkzj curjhto su utkdkzj`kðh. Ulr oddl, pjrj aj`or quo od voaî`udl soj nês rospotulsl `lh od nockl jnmkohto, so como khtohtjr noglrjr su `lnplrtjnkohtl jnmkohtjd curjhto su otjpj co usl y hl ÷hk`j l prkh`kpjdnohto curjhto su prlcu``kðh.

J nockcj quo junohtj dj `lh`koh`kj jnmkohtjd oh dj sl`kocjc, djs khcustrkjs y djs onprosjs onpkozjh j cjrso `uohtj co dj knplrtjh`kj co ovjdujr `ðnl jbo`tjh sus j`tkvkcjcos jd nockl jnmkohto. Oh dj sl`kocjc ajy uhj prol`upj`kðh `ro`kohto plr dls prlmdonjs corkvjcls cod jfltjnkohtl co dls ro`ursls hjturjdos y dj cofrjcj`kðh jnmkohtjd. J ostj conjhcj sl`kjd, djs onprosjs rosplhcoh lbro`kohcl prlcu`tls "nês vorcos" y onpdojhcl prl`osls co prlcu``kðh "nês dknpkls".

Dls obo`tls slmro od nockl jnmkohto co dls prlcu`tls y dls prl`osls so ajh `lhvortkcl oh uhj `uostkðh `djvo, rjzðh plr dj `ujd ajy hunorlsjs khk`kjtkvjs cock`jcjs j khvostkfjr djs njhorjs co nkhknkzjrdls. @jcj voz nês onprosjs ddofjh j dj `lh`duskðh co quo noro`o dj pohj kr nês jddê cod ostrk`tl `unpdknkohtl dofjd y jclptjh ostrjtofkjs co provoh`kðh co dj `lhtjnkhj`kðh o knpdjhtjh skstonjs co fostkðh jnmkohtjd pjrj noglrjr su cosonpoúl jnmkohtjd. _hj co djs aorrjnkohtjs quo so puocoh jpdk`jr pjrj noglrjr dls prlcu`tls y dls prl`osls os od Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj (J@R. Dkbo @y`do Jssossnoht, D@J).

Od J@R os dj mjso co uhj prlcu``kðh y uh `lhsunl slstohkmdos (Pustjkhjmdo @lhsunptklh jhc Urlcu`tklh, P@U) y `lhstktuyo od slplrto të`hk`l co7

=

 

 

  od O`lcksoúl (O`lcoskfh)

∝

  djs O`lotkquotjs (O`ldjmoddkhf)

∝

  djs

Co`djrj`klhos

∝

Jnmkohtjdos

co

Urlcu`tl (CJU. Ohvkrlnohtjd Urlcu`t Co`djrjtklh, OUC)

  dj Auoddj co @jrmlhl (A@, @jrmlh

∝

Blltprkht)

  dj Auoddj co Jfuj (AJ. Vjtor Blltprkht,

∝

VB)

  dj Auoddj O`ldðfk`j

∝

Fro oh Uumdk`/Urkvjto Url`uronoht, FUU).   dj @lnprj Rorco (@R. Frooh

∝

Od J@R os uhj notlcldlfîj fohorjd quo puoco jpdk`jrso pjr`kjdnohto, `lhskcorjhcl7

 

∝

sðdl cotornkhjcjs onksklhos, `lnl7

  djs co Fjsos co Obo`tl Khvorhjcorl (FOK), `lh dl quo hls roborknls j dj

•

auoddj co @jrmlhl9

  l od jfuj `lhsunkcj y vortkcj, y ajmdjnls co auoddj co jfuj9

•

  ot`.

•

  sðdl dls `lhsunls co ro`ursls y dls obo`tls slmro od nockl jnmkohto, `lnl

∝

nu`ajs vo`os so aj`o jd jpdk`jr dj KPL :3535 y dj KPL :3533. Juhquo tjnmkëh os plskmdo `lhskcorjr oh od `k`dl co vkcj7

  dls `lstos o`lhðnk`ls7 ajmdjnls co @lsto cod @k`dl co Rkcj (Dkbo @y`do

•

@lstkhf, D@@)

  dls `lstos sl`kjdos7 ajmdjnls cod Jhêdksks cod @k`dl co Rkcj Pl`kjd (Pl`kjd

•

D@J) o kh`duknls dls obo`tls slmro dj sjduc aunjhj.

  sðdl jdfuhjs bjsos cod skstonj l prl`osl co prlcu``kðh cod mkoh l sorvk`kl7

∝

  co dj `uhj j dj puortj (`rjcdo tl fjto)9

•

  co dj puortj j dj puortj (fjto tl fjto)

•

  co dj `uhj j dj tunmj (`rjcdo tl frjvo)9

•

•

  co dj `uhj j dj `uhj (`rjcdo tl `rjcdo)9

0

 

 

Oh ostls ohblquos pjr`kjdos oxkstoh ckstkhtls ostêhcjros y hlrnjs, quo ostjmdo`oh dls dînktos cod skstonj `lh sus prlpkls `rktorkls y quo os pro`ksl `lhsudtjr oh `jcj `jsl.

=.  NJ]@L HL]NJSKRL COD J@R Djs hlrnjs khtorhj`klhjdos co jpdk`j`kðh oh od J@R slh7

  _HO-OH KPL :3535. Fostkðh Jnmkohtjd. Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj. Urkh`kpkls y

∝

njr`l co roboroh`kj. Ck`konmro =552.

  _HO-OH KPL :3533. Fostkðh Jnmkohtjd. Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj. ]oquksktls y

∝

ckro`trk`os. Ck`konmro =552. Dj KPL :3533 sustktuyð j KPL :353:, :353= y :3530.

Ltrjs roboroh`kjs j `lhskcorjr slh7

  KPL :35367 =550. Ogonpdls co jpdk`j`kðh co Khvohtjrkl co @k`dl co Rkcj.

∝

  KPL :35317 =55=. Blrnjtl co cjtls cod Khvohtjrkl co uh J@R.

∝

  KPL :353;7 =555. Ogonpdls co jpdk`j`kðh co lmgotkvls, jd`jh`o y jhêdksks co

∝

khvohtjrkl.

3

 

 

Ostjs hlrnjs pornktoh quo od lmgotkvl y jd`jh`o co uh J@R puocj vjrkjr mjstjhto, plr dl quo dls rosudtjcls co cls ostuckls co J@R sðdl slh `lnpjrjmdos sk dls jd`jh`os y djs akpðtosks slh oqukvjdohtos.

Ltrjs hlrnjs j `lhskcorjr slh7

  _HO-OH KPL :35=57 =55=. Otkquotjs o`ldðfk`js y co`djrj`klhos jnmkohtjdos.

∝

Urkh`kpkls fohorjdos. L`tumro =55=.

  _HO-OH KPL :35=:7=55=. Otkquotjs o`ldðfk`js y co`djrj`klhos nockljnmkohtjdos.

∝

Jutl-co`djrj`klhos nockljnmkohtjdos (Otkquotjcl o`ldðfk`l Skpl KK).

  _HO-OH KPL :35=37=55:. Otkquotjs o`ldðfk`js y co`djrj`klhos nockljnmkohtjdos.

∝

Otkquotjcl o`ldðfk`l Skpl K. Urkh`kpkls fohorjdos y prl`ocknkohtls.

  _HO‐OH KPL :35=?7=5:5. Otkquotjs y co`djrj`klhos jnmkohtjdos. Co`djrj`klhos

∝

jnmkohtjdos Skpl KKK. Urkh`kpkls y prl`ocknkohtls. L`tumro =5:5.

Oh dls osquonjs jcguhtls puoco vorso uh rosunoh cod njr`l fohorjd co hlrnjs slmro J@R y su rodj`kðh `lh ltrjs hlrnjs

?

 

 

NLCODL KPL :3555

KPL :355. HL]NJP CO ORJD_J@KÐH COD U]LC_@SL KHSOF]J@KÐH CO JPUO@SLP JNMKOHSJDOP OH OD CKPOÚL [ COPJ]]LDDL KPL :35527=5::. Pkstonjs co fostkðh jnmkohtjd. Ckro`trk`os pjrj dj kh`lrplrj`kðh cod O`lcksoúl. KPL/S] :352=7=556 KH. Fostkðh jnmkohtjd. Khtofrj`kðh co dls jspo`tls jnmkohtjdos oh od cksoúl y cosjrrlddl co prlcu`tls.

OSKZ_OSJCL JNMKOHSJD KPL :35=5. Otkquotjs o`ldðfk`js y Co`djrj`klhos jnmkohtjdos. Urkh`kpkls fohorjdos KPL :35=:. Otkquotjs o`ldðfk`js y co`djrj`klhos nockljnmkohtjdos. Jutlco`djrj`klhos nockljnmkohtjdos (Otkquotjcl o`ldðfk`l Skpl KK).

JHÊDKPKP COD @K@DL CO RKCJ KPL :3535. J@R. Urkh`kpkls y njr`l co roboroh`kj. KPL :3533. J@R. ]oquksktls y ckro`trk`os. Dj KPL :3533 sustktuyð j KPL :353:, :353= y :3530.

_HO-OH KPL :35=37=55:.

KPL :35367 =550. Ogonpdls co jpdk`j`kðh co Khvohtjrkl co @k`dl co Rkcj.

Otkquotjs o`ldðfk`js y co`djrj`klhos nockljnmkohtjdos. Otkquotjcl o`ldðfk`l Skpl K. Urkh`kpkls 

KPL :35317 =55=. Blrnjtl co cjtls cod Khvohtjrkl co uh J@R.

fohorjdos y prl`ocknkohtls.

KPL :353;7 =555. Ogonpdls

_HO‐OH KPL :35=?7=5:5. Otkquotjs y co`djrj`klhos

2

 

 

0.  OD @LH@OUSL CO JHÊDKPKP CO @K@DL CO RKCJ Co j`uorcl j dj hlrnj _HO\OH KPL :3535, so cobkho @k`dl co Rkcj `lnl djs otjpjs

`lhso`utkvjs o khtorrodj`klhjcjs co uh skstonj co prlcu`tl, cosco dj jcquksk`kðh co njtorkj prknj l co su fohorj`kðh j pjrtkr co ro`ursls hjturjdos, ajstj dj cksplsk`kðh bkhjd oh vortocorl.  Od @k`dl co Rkcj (@R) os od `lhguhtl co otjpjs co uh prlcu`tl, cosco dj oxtrj``kðh y prl`osjnkohtl co djs njtorkjs prknjs, dj prlcu``kðh, `lnor`kjdkzj`kðh, trjhsplrto, usl y njhtohknkohtl, ajstj dj fostkðh bkhjd `ujhcl ddofj jd bkh co su vkcj ÷tkd. Dj sunj co tlcjs djs ohtrjcjs co njtorkj y ohorfîj (khputs) y sjdkcjs co roskculs y onksklhos (lutputs) `lhstktuyo od knpj`tl jnmkohtjd cod prlcu`tl.

6

 

 

Od @k`dl co Rkcj cod prlcu`tl `lnprohco, plr tjhtl, ckborohtos bjsos quo skfuoh od lrcoh dðfk`l co dj bkfurj7

Bkfurj :. Otjpjs cod @k`dl co Rkcj co uh prlcu`tl

Srjck`klhjdnohto, uhj onprosj quo trjmjgj oh dj noglrj jnmkohtjd co uh prl`osl so `ohtrj oh od jhêdksks co su prlpkl prl`osl prlcu`tkvl y jdfuhjs vo`os kh`dusl oh jdfuhjs j`tkvkcjcos rodj`klhjcjs, `lnl od trjhsplrto y od onmjdjgo (sk ëstls slh knplrtjhtos). Pkh onmjrfl, osto ohblquo hl tkoho oh `uohtj quo dj rjzðh co sor co dj j`tkvkcjc khcustrkjd os plhor prlcu`tls (mkohos y sorvk`kls) oh od nor`jcl, quo tkohoh uhj jbo``kðh jd ohtlrhl nês jddê co djs prlpkjs khstjdj`klhos co dj onprosj, j dl djrfl co tlcj su vkcj ÷tkd o kh`dusl cospuës co ajmorso `lhvortkcl oh roskcul.

Ulr oddl, jd trjmjgjr oh dj noglrj jnmkohtjd co prlcu`tls, hl ajy quo `lhskcorjr sðdl od prl`osl prlcu`tkvl skhl tlcl od `k`dl co vkcj, cosco dj oxtrj``kðh co njtorkjs prknjs, dj bjmrk`j`kðh co `lnplhohtos cod prlcu`tl, dj prlcu``kðh oh

1

 

 

huostrj prlpkj bêmrk`j, od trjhsplrto y dj dlfîstk`j, ajstj od usl y bkh co vkcj cod prlcu`tl, uhj voz quo osto aj skcl coso`ajcl.

Od prlcu`tl fohorj knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos oh tlcjs y `jcj uhj co djs otjpjs co su `k`dl co vkcj, `lhsunkohcl uhj sorko co ohtrjcjs (njtorkjs prknjs y ohorfîj) y fohorjhcl uhjs sjdkcjs oh blrnj co roskculs y onksklhos. Ulr oddl, sk hls `ohtrjnls sðdl oh od prl`osl prlcu`tkvl, sðdl plcronls noglrjr jdfuhls co ostls knpj`tls, quo qukzê hl sojh skqukorj dls nês knplrtjhtos.

Od J@R jclptj uh ohblquo khtofrjd, j sor plskmdo co "dj "dj `uhj j dj tunmj" (—`rjcdotl-frjvo„), ckrkfkcl j ovjdujr dls `lhsunls co ro`ursls y dls obo`tls slmro od nockl jnmkohto y dj sjduc, co dls skstonjs y prl`osls ho`osjrkls pjrj lmtohor dls prlcu`tls (mkohos y sorvk`kls). Osto ohblquo khtofrjd cod J@R jyucj j ovktjr quo jd rosldvor uh prlmdonj jnmkohtjd oh uhj bjso co uh prl`osl so fohoro uh obo`tl khcosojcl hofjtkvl oh ltrj pjrto, quo kh`dusl puoco sor njylr quo od ovktjcl.

_h J@R `lnpdotl ovjd÷j tlcjs djs otjpjs co dj vkcj v kcj co uh prlcu`tl, `lhskcorjhcl quo slh khtorcopohckohtos, dl quo skfhkbk`j quo uhj lporj`kðh ddovj j dj skfukohto. Od J@R pornkto dj ostknj`kðh cod `lhsunl co ro`ursls y dls knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos j`unudjtkvls rosudtjhtos co tlcjs djs otjpjs cod `k`dl co vkcj cod prlcu`tl, j nohucl kh`duyohcl knpj`tls hl `lhskcorjcls oh ltrls jhêdksks nês trjck`klhjdos (plr ogonpdl, oxtrj``kðh co njtorkjs prknjs, od trjhsplrto co njtorkjd, dj cksplsk`kðh bkhjd cod prlcu`tl, ot`.). Co ostj blrnj od J@R prlplr`klhj uhj vkskðh fohorjd co dls jspo`tls nockljnmkohtjdos cod prlcu`tl, prl`osl l sorvk`kl y `lh oddl cj uhj knjfoh nês pro`ksj co djs vorcjcorjs `lhso`uoh`kjs jnmkohtjdos, dl quo rosudtj nuy ÷tkd oh uh prl`osl co co`kskðh.

Dj bkfurj = kdustrj djs otjpjs cod `k`dl co vkcj plskmdo quo puocoh `lhskcorjrso oh uh J@R y ro`lfo djs tîpk`js ohtrjcjs/sjdkcjs quo codknktjh dls dînktos cod skstonj.

Ohtrjcjs

Pjdkcjs Lmtoh`kðh co Njtorkjs Urknjs

Onksklhos jtnlsbërk`js

;

 

 

Bjmrk`j`kðh/Urlcu``kðh

Jfujs roskcujdos ]oskculs sðdkcls

Njtorkjs prknjs Ohorfîj

Ckstrkmu`kðh / Rohtj

@lprlcu`tls / Pumprlcu`tls

_sl / ]outkdkzj`kðh / Njhtohknkohtl

Ltrjs onksklhos, …

]o`k`djcl / Fostkðh co roskculs

Dînktos cod skstonj

Od J@R os uhj notlcldlfîj pjrj ovjdujr dls jspo`tls jnmkohtjdos y dls knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos pltoh`kjdos jsl`kjcls j uh prlcu`tl, prl`osl l sorvk`kl, nockjhto7

:.  Dj rojdkzj`kðh co uh khvohtjrkl co dj ohorfîj y njtorkjdos rodovjhtos onpdojcls, y djs onksklhos prlcu`kcjs. =.  Dj ovjduj`kðh co dls plskmdos knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos jsl`kjcls `lh djs ohtrjcjs y sjdkcjs cod skstonj. 0.  _hj khtorprotj`kðh co dls rosudtjcls, pjrj jyucjr j qukohos tlnjh djs co`ksklhos j odofkr uhj lp`kðh `lh nês `rktorkl.

Oh od J@R dls knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos so puocoh cobkhkr j ckstkhtls hkvodos7

  Hkvod

∝

co

obo`tl

khtornockl

(nkcplkht)7

j`kckbk`j`kðh, outrlbkzj`kðh, `jdohtjnkohtl fdlmjd, cksnkhu`kðh co dj `jpj co lzlhl, ot`.

  Hkvod co obo`tl bkhjd (ohcplkht)7 cksnkhu`kðh co dj mklckvorskcjc, cksnkhu`kðh co

∝

dj vkcj nockj co uhj porslhj, ot`.

0.:.  Skpls co ostuckl co J@R Copohckohcl co dj jpdk`j`kðh quo so do vjyj j cjr j uh J@R, dls roquksktls pjrj od ostuckl slh ckborohtos. Dls ostuckls J@R puocoh ckvkckrso oh tros tkpls7

:5

 

 

  Cos`rkptkvl7 `lh `jrê`tor sðdl khblrnjtkvl9 pjrj njriotkhf9 pjrj od cksoúl co uh

∝

huovl prlcu`tl9 ot`.

  @lnpjrjtkvl u lrkohtjcl jd `jnmkl7 `lnpjrj`kðh ohtro prlcu`tls l `lh uh

∝

ostêhcjr, pjrj `lhsofukr uhj o`l-otkquotj9 ohtro djs vorsklhos jhtkfuj y huovj, pjrj dj noglrj co uh prlcu`tl9 ot`.

  Co prock``kðh7 pjrj jyucjr oh dj co`kskðh co uh `jnmkl co njtorkjs prknjs l

∝

co buohtos co sunkhkstrl9 pjrj jplyjr dj cobkhk`kðh co huovjs ostrjtofkjs co prlcu`tl9 pjrj dj odjmlrj`kðh co pldîtk`js p÷mdk`js9 ot`.

Copohckohcl co dj jpdk`j`kðh quo so do vjyj j cjr j dls rosudtjcls so aj`o uhl u ltrl tkpl co J@R. Od tkpl co J@R cotornkhj tjnmkëh dls cjtls ho`osjrkls pjrj aj`ordl.

Cos`rkptkvl 

@lnpjrjtkvl u lrkohtjcl Urock``kðh jd `jnmkl 

Skpls co jpdk`j`kðh7 

 Khblrnjtkvl  Cosjrrlddl co prlcu`tl  Njriotkhf

 Noglrj co prlcu`tl  Udjhkbk`j`kðh ostrjtëfk`j  Uropjrj`kðh co pldîtk`js p÷mdk`js

•

•

•

•

•

•

Cjtls ho`osjrkls7 

 Khblrnj`kðh co dj `jcohj co sunkhkstrl  Cjtls fohërk`ls co dj `uhj j dj puortj (`rjcdo-tl-fjto)

•

•

Ajy quo plhor od ëhbjsks oh dls odonohtls quo slh ckborohtos oh djs jdtorhjtkvjs `lhskcorjcjs

 Udjhkbk`j`kðh ostrjtëfk`j  Uropjrj`kðh co pldîtk`js p÷mdk`js

•

•

Dj jtoh`kðh so `ohtrj oh dj cos`rkp`kðh co dls ckstkhtls os`ohjrkls cod skstonj co prlcu`tl quo so `lhskcorj.

@ujhcl dls rosudtjcls co uh ostuckl J@R so utkdkzjh oh ltrl `lhtoxtl ckstkhtl cod lrkfkhjd os knplrtjhto kcohtkbk`jr od lmgotkvl y od jd`jh`o cod prknorl, y jhjdkzjr quë `lhso`uoh`kjs puoco tohor tlcl oddl slmro dls rosudtjcls cod huovl ostuckl quo so jmlrcj.

_h ogonpdl co onpdol cod J@R `lh bkhos khblrnjtkvls os od `êd`udl co dj auoddj co @jrmlhl pjrj `lnuhk`jrdj j dls `lhsunkclros oh dls prlcu`tls quo so plhoh j dj vohtj

::

 

 

Buohto7 Sos`l Froohor dkvkhf. Vajt ks j `jrmðh blltprkht<

0.=.  Ogonpdls mêsk`ls co `k`dl co vkcj co ckborohtos prlcu`tls Po nuostrj j `lhtkhuj`kðh, co nlcl osquonêtk`l, `lh `jrê`tor lrkohtjtkvl y j tîtudl co ogonpdl, od knpj`tl jnmkohtjd co djs ckborohtos otjpjs cod `k`dl co vkcj co ckborohtos prlcu`tls. @lnl so puoco lmsorvjr, od njylr knpj`tl jnmkohtjd hl skonpro so prlcu`o oh dj bjso co prlcu``kðh cod nksnl. Ulr oddl, jhjdkzjhcl od @k`dl co vkcj `lnpdotl co uh prlcu`tl, plcronls `ohtrjrhls oh jquoddj bjso quo l`jsklhj uh knpj`tl jnmkohtjd njylr, lptknkzjhcl dls osbuorzls y dj noglrj jnmkohtjd lmtohkcj.

Urlcu`tl 

Knpj`tl Jnmkohtjd oh od @k`dl co vkcj Mjgl

Nockl

Jdtl

Urlcu``kðh _sl Bkh co vkcj Urlcu``kðh _sl Bkh co vkcj Urlcu``kðh _sl Bkh co vkcj Urlcu``kðh _sl Bkh co vkcj Ulr ogonpdl7

:=

 

 

  Od `lhsunl co jfuj y ohorfîj curjhto dj bjso co usl co uhj djvjclrj os dl quo

•

prlcu`o od njylr knpj`tl jnmkohtjd oh od @R.

  Dj bjmrk`j`kðh co nuomdos co njcorj y co `jgjs co `jrtðh tkoho oh od `lhsunl

•

co njtorkjs prknjs y ohorfîj co dj bjso co prlcu``kðh, od njylr knpj`tl jnmkohtjd cod @R.

  Od `lhsunl co ohorfîj co djs bjsos co prlcu``kðh y usl os od `jusjhto cod

•

njylr knpj`tl jnmkohtjd cod @R co uh todëblhl nðvkd.

Sjnmkëh os khtorosjhto jhjdkzjr oh quë bjso cod `k`dl co vkcj co uh prlcu`tl so prlcu`oh dls njylros obo`tls jnmkohtjdos. J `lhtkhuj`kðh so oxplhoh, j frjhcos rjsfls, djs `lh`dusklhos cod J@R co uhls pjhtjdlhos vjquorls9 dls obo`tls co djs ckstkhtjs bjsos cod `k`dl co vkcj, slmro dls jspo`tls jnmkohtjdos nês knplrtjhtos rodj`klhjcls `lh osto prlcu`tl, copjrjh jdfuhjs slrprosjs. Uuoco vorso `ðnl7

  Od usl co dls pjhtjdlhos tkoho dls obo`tls jnmkohtjdos nês knplrtjhtos oh

•

njtorkj co FOK, plr od `lhsunl co jfuj y ohorfîj quo so prlcu`o jd djvjrdls. Dj bro`uoh`kj co djvjcl y aj`ordl oh `jdkohto l oh brîl tkoho dj nêxknj trjs`ohcoh`kj. Od bjmrk`jhto so osbuorzj oh noglrjr od prlcu`tl pjrj quo dls usujrkls puocjh djvjr oh brîl y jconês ospj`kjr dls djvjcls.

  Od `lhsunl co jfuj so prlcu`o prkh`kpjdnohto oh od `udtkvl cod jdflcðh y oh od

•

usl cod pjhtjdðh.

:0

 

 

  Dj bjmrk`j`kðh y od trjhsplrto comoh `lh`ohtrjr sus osbuorzls oh nkhknkzjr od

•

`lhsunl co ohorfîj. @lh oddl `lhsofukrêh ` lhsofukrêh tjnmkëh uhj rocu``kðh oh dj onkskðh co FOK.

UJHSJDLHOP RJZ_O]LP Fjsos Obo`tl Khvorhjcorl

Knpj`tl Jnmkohtjd oh od @k`dl co vkcj, plr jspo`tl jnmkohtjd Mjgl Nockl Jdtl @udtkvl  Bjmrk`j`kðh y trjhsplrto  _sl 

@lhsunl co jfuj

@udtkvl Bjmrk`j`kðh y trjhsplrto _sl

@lhsunl co Ohorfîj

@udtkvl Bjmrk`j`kðh y trjhsplrto _sl

3.  @LH@OUSLP KNUL]SJHSOP CO _H J@R 3.:.

Pkstonj co prlcu`tl

Co j`uorcl j dj hlrnj KPL :3535, so cobkho `lnl skstonj co prlcu`tl od `lhguhtl co prl`osls uhktjrkls `lho`tjcls njtorkjd y ohorfëtk`jnohto nockjhto bdugls odonohtjdos y bdugls co prlcu`tls, quo rojdkzjh uhj l nês buh`klhos cobkhkcjs . Pkrvo co nlcodl pjrj od `k`dl co vkcj co uh prlcu`tl. Od `lh`optl co skstonj co prlcu`tl tkoho frjh knplrtjh`kj jd jhjdkzjr od @k`dl co Rkcj co uh prlcu`tl, yj quo ajy quo `lhskcorjr hl sðdl od prlcu`tl tjd `ujd, skhl tlcl jquoddl quo aj`o plskmdo su ckstrkmu`kðh (plr ogonpdl, od onmjdjgo, sk osto buoso ho`osjrkl), su `lrro`tl buh`klhjnkohtl curjhto od tkonpl quo curo su vkcj ÷tkd (`lhsunkmdos, ropuostls, ohorfîj...) y su trjtjnkohtl bkhjd, uhj voz quo os `lhvortkcl oh roskculs. Hl mjstj `lh ostuckjr sðdl od prlcu`tl bîsk`l, skhl quo so roqukoro uhj vkskðh cod skstonj cod prlcu`tl oh su `lhguhtl.

:3

 

 

Od skstonj co prlcu`tl tkoho uhj frjh knplrtjh`kj oh jquoddls prlcu`tls `lh uhj bjso co usl co frjh knpj`tl jnmkohtjd, yj quo ajy quo tohor oh `uohtj tlcls jquoddls odonohtls quo khtorvkohoh oh od prlcu`tl j dl djrfl co tlcj su vkcj ÷tkd.

Dj prlpkocjc buhcjnohtjd co uh skstonj co prlcu`tl so `jrj`torkzj plr su buh`kðh y hl so puoco cobkhkr sldjnohto plr dls prlcu`tls bkhjdos.

Ulr ogonpdl, pjrj ostuckjr dj auoddj co @jrmlhl co uhjs mlnmkddjs y uhls bl`ls ajdðfohls, usjronls `lnl uhkcjc co roboroh`kj djs onksklhos FOK quo tkohoh djs mlnmkddjs y bl`ls pjrj cjr :.555 alrjs co sorvk`kl, quo os dj buh`kðh quo cosonpoújh dls prlcu`tls `lnpjrjcls.

J `lhtkhuj`kðh so nuostrj uh osquonj co uh ogonpdl co skstonj co prlcu`tl.

Ogonpdl co uh skstonj co prlcu`tl. Buohto7 _HO-OH KPL :3535

Dls skstonjs co prlcu`tl so sumckvkcoh j su voz oh prl`osls uhktjrkls, quo so rodj`klhjh7

  ohtro sî, nockjhto bdugls co prlcu`tls khtornockls y/l co roskculs pjrj

∝

trjtjnkohtl9

  `lh ltrls skstonjs co prlcu`tl, nockjhto bdugls co prlcu`tl9

∝

:?

 

 

  `lh od nockl jnmkohto, nockjhto bdugls odonohtjdos, quo kh`duyoh od usl co

∝

ro`ursls, djs onksklhos jd jkro y dls vortkcls jd jfuj y jd suodl. Ostls cjtls slh dls rosudtjcls cod Khvohtjrkl co @k`dl co Rkcj (K@R) y `lhstktuyoh dj ohtrjcj pjrj dj Ovjduj`kðh co Knpj`tl cod @k`dl co Rkcj (OK@R).

@lhguhtl co prl`osls uhktjrkls cohtrl co uh skstonj co prlcu`tl. Buohto7 _HO-OH KPL :3535

Po nuostrjh j `lhtkhuj`kðh uh ogonpdl co skstonj co prlcu`tl, djs bjsos cod `k`dl co vkcj co dj bjmrk`j`kðh co mjdclsjs `orênk`js7

Buohto7 @lhjnj =5:5. Knpj`tls jnmkohtjdos cod `k`dl co vkcj co djs mjdclsjs `orênk`js. Jhêdksks so`tlrkjd, kcohtkbk`j`kðh co ostrjtofkjs co noglrj y `lnuhk`j`kðh.

:2

 

 

3.=.

_hkcjc buh`klhjd

Dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd os dj uhkcjc co roboroh`kj quo so onpdoj pjrj nockr od cosonpoúl co djs ohtrjcjs y sjdkcjs cod skstonj co prlcu`tl. Dj buh`kðh cosjrrlddjcj plr od skstonj cod prlcu`tl so robkoro j dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd. Po utkdkzj pjrj `lnpjrjr dj buh`kðh quo `unpdo od prlcu`tl `lh dls obo`tls jnmkohtjdos cod `k`dl co vkcj cod nksnl.

Dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd  buh`klhjd  so puoco cobkhkr `lnl dj `ujhtkbk`j`kðh co dj buh`kðh kcohtkbk`jcj9 su lmgotkvl os sor roboroh`kj pjrj tlcjs djs ohtrjcjs y sjdkcjs cod skstonj oh ostuckl. Hls pornkto vjdlrjr y `lnpjrjr co njhorj lmgotkvj tlcls dls knpj`tls fohorjcls.

Dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd puoco sor co tkpl bîsk`l (uh mlto co pkhturj) y co tkpl buh`klhjd (pkhtjr uhj pjroc co :5 n=).

_h skstonj co prlcu`tl puoco tohor vjrkjs buh`klhos. Oh `jcj `jsl ajy quo odofkr dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd quo noglr cos`rkmo od skstonj, oh dîhoj `lh od lmgotkvl y od jd`jh`o cod ostuckl.

_hj uhkcjc buh`klhjd oxprosjcj `lrro`tjnohto os osoh`kjd `ujhcl so vjh j `lnpjrjr ckborohtos sldu`klhos. @ujhcl so rojdkzj uh J@R pjrj `lnpjrjr cls prlcu`tls os knplrtjhto jsofurjrso co quo djs buh`klhos quo rojdkzjh dls cls prlcu`tls slh `lnpjrjmdos.

Os knplrtjhto tohor oh `uohtj dj vkcj ÷tkd co dls prlcu`tls y sorvk`kls jd co`kckr dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd. Ujrj `jcj uhkcjc co prl`osl, so como cotornkhjr uh bdugl jco`ujcl co roboroh`kj, `lh lmgotl co bj`kdktjr dls `êd`udls9 plr ogonpdl, : if co njtorkjd l : NG co ohorfîj. Dls cjtls `ujhtktjtkvls co ohtrjcj y sjdkcj co `jcj prl`osl uhktjrkl so `jd`udjh oh rodj`kðh `lh osto bdugl co roboroh`kj.

Ulr ogonpdl, od bdugl co roboroh`kj pjrj dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd co : n =  co pjroc pkhtjcj puoco sor dj `jhtkcjc co pkhturj ho`osjrkj pjrj pkhtjr dj pjroc, mjsjcl

:6

 

 

oh djs `jrj`torîstk`js cobkhkcjs pjrj, plr ogonpdl, od osposlr co dj `jpj co pkhturj quo so cosoj, ot`.  ot`. 

Ogonpdls7

 

•

Pk so `lnpjrjh jrtî`udls co uh sldl usl `lh ltrls routkdkzjmdos, dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd hl puoco mjsjrso oh od prlcu`tl, skhl quo tkoho quo mjsjrso oh dj buh`kðh, pjrj plcor aj`or uhj `lnpjrj`kðh `lrro`tj. Ulr ogonpdl, sk `lnpjrjnls `umkortls, vjsls, rlpj, ot`., co uh sldl usl y routkdkzjmdos, dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd sorê :555 `lnkcjs, :555 vo`os co usl, ot`.

  Pk so protohco `lnpjrjr `orkddjs `lh oh`ohcoclros hl so puoco `lnpjrjr : if

•

co `orkddjs `lh : if co oh`ohcoclros. Oh osto `jsl os knplrtjhto cobkhkr dj buh`kðh quo tkohoh oh `ln÷h dls cls prlcu`tls. Ulr ogonpdl, "oh`ohcor `kfjrrkddls"9 oh osto `jsl dj uhkcjc buh`klhjd cod ostuckl plcrîj sor " od oh`ohckcl co :555 `kfjrrkddls".

  Djs buh`klhos co uh so`jclr co njhls puocoh sor so`jrso djs njhls l odknkhjr

•

mj`torkjs. Ujrj uh J@R `lh`rotl, puoco quo hl soj jco`ujcl tohor oh `uohtj tlcjs djs buh`klhos quo rojdkzj od prlcu`tl. Ulr ogonpdl, sk `lhskcorjnls quo dj buh`kðh akfkëhk`j os krrodovjhto, plconls odofkr `lnl uhkcjc buh`klhjd7 :.555 pjros co njhls so`jcjs. Pk ostjmdo`onls quo od rohcknkohtl buh`klhjd os uhj tljddj co pjpod pjrj od so`jcl co uhj njhl, od bdugl co roboroh`kj sorêh =.555 tljddjs co pjpod, brohto j :.555 pjros co njhls so`jcjs plr od so`jclr.

  Oh uh ostuckl co J@R pjrj `lnpjrjr cls tkpls co njtorkjd jksdjhto pjrj

•

pjrocos, `lh lmgotl co cotornkhjr od nês jco`ujcl jnmkohtjdnohto, so como ovjdujr dj nksnj buh`kðh7 dj `jpj`kcjc co cksnkhukr od bdugl co `jdlr. Ulr ogonpdl, soks `n=  co 3 `n co osposlr co jksdjnkohtl tkpl J hl os ho`osjrkjnohto dl nksnl quo soks `n= co tkpl M. Ulr ogonpdl, suplhonls quo od jksdjnkohtl co tkpl J tkoho uh bj`tlr co jksdjnkohtl quo os dj nktjc cod co tkpl M. Oh osto `jsl, dls tkpls J y M hl prlplr`klhjh dj nksnj `jhtkcjc co jksdjnkohtl y hl so puocoh `lnpjrjr oh kfujdcjc co `lhck`klhos. Pk od tkpl J rocu`o od bdugl co `jdlr dj nktjc quo M, so como cotornkhjr od osposlr cod tkpl M quo cksnkhuyo od bdugl co `jdlr oh dj nksnj `jhtkcjc quo od tkpl J y aj`or dj `lnpjrj`kðh `lh osjs uhkcjcos buh`klhjdos.

:1

 

 

Ulr ogonpdl, dj `lnpjrj`kðh comorîj rojdkzjrso ohtro soks `n =  co 3 `n co osposlr co jksdjnkohtl tkpl J, `lh soks `n= co = `n co osposlr cod tkpl M.

3.0.

Dînktos cod skstonj

Od skstonj co prlcu`tl os uh `lhguhtl co prl`osls uhktjrkls quo rojdkzjh uhj l nês buh`klhos. Ostls prl`osls uhktjrkls ostêh `lho`tjcls plr bdugls co prlcu`tls khtornockls. Ostls bdugls comoh `djskbk`jrso oh `jtoflrîjs co cjtls pjrj bj`kdktjr dj `lnprohskðh (plr ogonpdl, ro`ursls ohorfëtk`ls, djs onksklhos jd jkro, vortkcls co jfuj).

Dls dînktos cod skstonj cobkhoh quë prl`osls uhktjrkls so kh`duyoh oh od skstonj co prlcu`tl ostuckjcl y `uêdos puocoh ox`dukrso.

Ulr ogonpdl, sk so prlcu`oh `orkddjs y so qukoro `ujhtkbk`jr od knpj`tl jnmkohtjd co osto prlcu`tl so puoco cobkhkr od lmgotl co ostuckl `lnl "uhj `orkddj" l ": if co `orkddj s" (bdugl co roboroh`kj). Uorl sk cosoj kh`dukr dls njtorkjdos co onmjdjgo, ajy quo `lhskcorjr tjnmkëh ltrls prl`osls uhktjrkls, `lnl djs `jgjs, dj ohvldturj co pdêstk`l y dls pjddots hl rotlrhjmdos (tlcls oddls `lhblrnjh od skstonj co prlcu`tl). Oh osto `jsl so como utkdkzjr uh bdugl co roboroh`kj ckborohto9 plr ogonpdl, "uh pjddot co `orkddjs onpjquotjcjs".

Dl kcojd os quo djs ohtrjcjs y sjdkcjs oh dls dînktos cod skstonj sojh bdugls odonohtjdos. _h bdugl odonohtjd os7

  njtorkj l ohorfîj quo ohtrj oh od skstonj oh ostuckl, quo ddofj cosco od ohtlrhl

•

skh trjhsblrnj`kðh aunjhj jhtorklr.

  njtorkj l ohorfîj quo cogj od skstonj oh ostuckl, quo so cos`jrfj jd nockl

•

jnmkohto skh uhj plstorklr trjhsblrnj`kðh tr jhsblrnj`kðh aunjhj.

Ulr ogonpdl, od `jrtðh utkdkzjcl pjrj dj prlcu``kðh co `jgjs hl os uh bdugl odonohtjd. Uorl dj njcorj onpdojcj pjrj prlcu`kr dj pjstj co pjpod sî os uh bdugl odonohtjd.

:;

 

 

Oh dj njylrîj co dls `jsls hl ajmrê tkonpl l ro`ursls subk`kohtos pjrj uh ostuckl jnpdkl, quo pornktj jmlrcjr `lh cotjddo osls bdugls odonohtjdos. Dls ro`ursls cksplhkmdos so comoh `lh`ohtrjr oh djs ohtrjcjs y sjdkcjs quo tkohoh uhj khbduoh`kj knplrtjhto oh od ostuckl. Dls dînktos cod skstonj so puocoh oxpjhckr l rocu`kr nês jcodjhto, j dl djrfl cod ostuckl9 plr ogonpdl, sk uh jhêdksks co sohskmkdkcjc conuostrj quo os jco`ujcl.

Djs akpðtosks khk`kjdos rojdkzjcjs jd cobkhkr dls dînktos cod skstonj y djs dknktj`klhos ostjmdo`kcjs comoh cl`unohtjrso mkoh oh od ostuckl, jsî `lnl dls nëtlcls co jskfhj`kðh onpdojcls, dj odo``kðh cod nëtlcl co ovjduj`kðh co knpj`tls, ot`.

=5

 

 

Oh od ogonpdl prosohtjcl j `lhtkhuj`kðh `lhtkhuj`kðh so puocoh vor

djs bjsos y dînktos cod

skstonj co prlcu`tl, dls bdugls co ohtrjcj, khtornockls y co sjdkcj cobkhkcls pjrj od @k`dl co Rkcj co bjmrk`j`kðh co mklbuods. Hl so soújdjh dls bdugls odonohtjdos.

KHU_SP

BJPOP COD @R

P_MU]LC_@SLP

Ponkddjs, bortkdkzjhtos, postk`kcjs. Fjslkd pjrj dj njqukhjrkj.

@udtkvl

Ohorfîj odë`trk`j pjrj rkofl.

@lnmustkmdos y

  o   u   q   h   j    t    d    j   l   p   n   j   `    d    o    C

njhtohknkohtl jsl`kjcl j dls trjhsplrtos (`jnkðh,

Srjhsplrto co dj mklnjsj

troh, mjr`l)

Ohorfîj (odo`trk`kcjc, vjplr)

Pumprlcu`tls Bjmrk`j`kðh

khcustrkjdos

Urlcu`tls quînk`ls

@lnmustkmdos y njhtohknkohtl jsl`kjcl j dls trjhsplrtos (`jnkðh,

Ckstrkmu`kðh

troh, mjr`l)

     d    j   o   u   q   h   j    t    d    o    C

Onpdol cod mkl`lnmustkmdo oh dls

  l   n   u   s   h   l   `

voaî`udls

_hkcjc buh`klhjd7 : in co vkjgo

Buohto7 Dkbo @y`do Jssossnohts Jppdkoc tl Bkrst Fohorjtklh Mklbuods _soc kh Brjh`o. =5:5

=:

 

 

Mkmdklfrjbîj   _HO-OH KPL :3535. Fostkðh Jnmkohtjd. Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj. Urkh`kpkls y

•

njr`l co roboroh`kj. Ck`konmro =552. •

  _HO-OH KPL :3533. Fostkðh Jnmkohtjd. Jhêdksks co @k`dl co Rkcj. ]oquksktls y ckro`trk`os. Ck`konmro =552.   Khtorhjtklhjd ]oboroh`o Dkbo @y`do Cjtj Pyston (KD@C) Ajhcmlli - Fohorjd fukco

•

blr Dkbo @y`do Jssossnoht - Cotjkdoc fukcjh`o. Ourlpojh @lnnkssklh - Glkht ]osojr`a @ohtro - Khstktuto blr Ohvkrlhnoht jhc Pustjkhjmkdkty7 Bkrst ocktklh Njr`a =5:5. O_] =3651 OH. Duxonmlurf. Uumdk`jtklhs Lbbk`o lb tao Ourlpojh _hklh9 =5:5

  Dkbo @y`do Jssossnoht7 prkh`kpdos jhc prj`tk`o. Hjtklhjd ]ksi Njhjfonoht

•

]osojr`a Djmlrjtlry, Lbbk`o lb ]osojr`a jhc Covodlpnoht, _.P. Ohvkrlhnohtjd Urlto`tklh Jfoh`y. =552.

  D@J trjkhkhf pj`ijfo blr usors lb D@J cjtj jhc rosudts. @ajdnors _hkvorskty lb

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So`ahldlfy. =550.

  Dkbo @y`do Sakhikhf jhc Jssossnoht. Ourlpojh @lnnkssklh - Glkht ]osojr`a

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@ohtor. attp7//d`t.gr`.o`.ourlpj.ou/jssossnoht/prlgo`ts#c   attp7//d`t.gr`.o`.ourlpj.ou/jssossnoht/prlgo`ts#c

  Aorrjnkohtjs pjrj od cksoúl co prlcu`tls co nohlr knpj`tl jnmkohtjd. Knpkvj.

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=55;

  O`l PNOs. attp7//www.o`lsnos.hot

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Do`turjs7   Jpdk`j`kðh cod J@R j prlcu`tls cod so`tlr notjd-no`êhk`l. JKNNO. =551.

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  Aorrjnkohtjs pjrj od cksoúl co prlcu`tls co nohlr knpj`tl jnmkohtjd. Knpkvj.

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=55;.

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