Metlit Biostatistik - Konsep Dasar Dan Etika Penelitian

 

OJBJLUJ]NIL OJQJCIUIL ]JWZM@NO NLEHLJQNI   NLEHLJQNI

WZQIU WJLENENOIL QZBMJ] EI^I BILZQNI OJQJCIUIL  MIEIL WJLDJBMILDIL EIL WJBMJ]EI^IIL  QZBMJ] EI^I BILZQNI OJQJCIUIL  JENQN UICZL =794 

 

 

OJBJLUJ]NIL

OJQJCIUIL ]JWZM@NO NLEHLJQNI 

WZQIU WJLENENOIL QZBMJ] EI^I BILZQNI OJQJCIUIL  MIEIL WJLDJBMILDIL EIL WJBMJ]EI^IIL   QZBMJ] EI^I BILZQNI OJQJCIUIL  JENQN UICZL =794 

MICIL IKI] UJOLH@HDN @IMH]IUH]NZB BJENQ (U@B)

BJUHEH@HDN

WJLJ@NUNIL EIL QUIUNQUNNP 

Qhly Finsi` ]nli`en Midyi Buknilth

 

 

Cio Anpti eil Cio Wjljrmntil en`nleuldn Zleild-uleild Ajtioil pjrtibi, Hothmjr =794 Wjlu`ns

; 9. Qhly Finsi` ]nli`en, Q.We., B.Ojs =. Midyi Buknilth, Q.We., B.Ojs.

Wjldjbmild Ejsinl Nlstruosnhli` ; Er. [inlur Cneiyic, Q.Wn., B.B. Ejsinl h`jc Unb W=B= Ohvjr & N`ustrisn Uiti @jtio

; ; Luru` Fntrnili, Q.Es. ; Cjru Kulnilth, Q.Ohb.

Kub`ic Ci`ibil

; 9:7

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

EIFUI] NQN  NQN  9 MIM N. WJLDILUI] BJUHEJ@HDN WJLJ@NUNIL Uhpno 9. N`bu eil Wjldjticuil ………………………………… ………………………………………………………………… ………………………………  = 4 @itncil …………………………………………………………………………………………………………  ]nldoisil…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ]nldoisil ……………………………………………………………………………………………………..  

4

Uhpno =. @ildoic @ildoic Wjlj`ntnil (Bjthej N`bnic ) ……….……………………   @itncil ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 

3

]nldoisil………………………………………………………………….…………………………………. ]nldoisil ………………………………………………………………….………………………………….  

9= 9=

Uhpno 1. Jtnoi Wjlj`ntnil …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………… ………………  95

@itncil.............................................................................................................. ]nldoisil......................................................................................................... Ujs ................................................................................................................... ...................................................................................................................

94 94 93

Oulan Kiwimil Ujs……………………………… Ujs……………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………. …….  =1 Eiftir Wustioi ……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… ……………… 

=5

MIM NN. WJ]ZBZQIL WJ]ZBZQIL BIQI@IC WJLJ@NUNIL Uhpno 9. @itir Mj`ioild Bisi`ic ………………………………………………………………  @itir Mj`ioild Bisi`ic Wjlj`ntnil ………………………………………………………………  

=:

@itncil………………………………………………………………………………………………………… @itncil ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 

]nldoisil………………………… ]nldoisil ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………. …. 

=6 =6 => 17

Uhpno =. Bjldnejltnfnoisn, Bjldnejltnfnoisn, Bjbn`nc/ Bjbmitisn, eil Bjrubusoil Bisi`ic…………………………………………………………………………………  @itncil..............................................................................................................

1:

]nldoisil..........................................................................................................

16

19

Uhpno 1. Uukuil Wjlj`ntnil eil Ojduliil Wjlj`ntnil …………………………………  14 Uukuil Wjlj`ntnil ……………………………………………………………..………………………….   14 Bilfiit Wjlj`ntnil ………………………………………………………………………………………   13 @itncil ……………………………………………………………………………..………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………..…………………………  Ujs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 

13 1>

Oulan Kiwimil tjs…………………………… tjs…………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………. ……………….  Eiftir Wustioi ……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………… ……………… 

55 5:

nnn

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil Eil Qtitnstno 

◰

MIM NNN. BJUHEJ@HDN WJLJ@NUNIL Uhpno 9. Bjrubusoil Ojrildoi Mjrfnonr ………………………………………………………   …………………………………………………………………………………………………………  @itncil @itncil………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………. ….  ]nldoisil………………………… ]nldoisil………………………………………………………………

56 54 :9 :9

Uhpno =. Virnimj` Wjlj`ntnil ……………………………………………………………………… ………………………………………………………………………  := @itncil……………………………………………………………………………………………………  @itncil…………………………………………………………………………………………………… :5

……………………………………………………………………………………………….  ]nldoisil………………………………………………………………………………………………. ]nldoisil

:5

Uhpno 1. Ejsinl Wjlj`ntnil …………………………..……………………………………… …………………………..…………………………………………… ……  @itncil ………………………………………………………………….……………………………………. ………………………………………………………………….…………………………………….  

::

Ujs Ujs………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 

6= 61 61

Oulan Kiwimil Ujs…………………………………………..……………………………… Ujs…………………………………………..……………………………………… ……… 

6>

Eiftir Wustioi ……………………………… ……………………………………………………..………………………… ……………………..………………………………… ……… 

6>

MIM NV. QIBW@NLD Uhpno 9. Whpu`isn …………………………………………………………… …………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………… 

49

Uhpno =. Qibpj` ……………………..……………………………………… ……………………..…………………………………………………………….. …………………….. 

4:

Uhpno 1. Ujclno Qibp`nld …………………………..…………………………………………. 

44

@itncil ……………………….. ………………………..……………………………………..…………………………………….. ……………………………………..…………………………………….. 

35 35 34 33

]nldoisil………………………… ]nldoisil ……………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………. …. 

Ujs Ujs……………………………………………………………………………………………………………. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….  Oulan Kiwimil tjs……………………………………………………………………………….…...  

Eiftir Wustioi ………………………………..……………………………………………………….  

41

MIM V. WJLDH@ICIL EIUI 3> Uhpno 9. Kjlns eiti eili Qubmjr eiti ……………………………… ……………………………………………..………… ……………..…………  >9 Uhpno =. Wjldh`icil eil Ili`nsns eiti …………………………… …………………………………….……..………… ……….……..…………  >: Uhpno 1. Qiknil eil Nltjrprjtisn eiti …………………………………………….………… 

975

@itncil …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… …………………………………………………………………………………………..…………… 

997 999 991

]nldoisil ………..…………………………………………………………………………………..…….. ………..…………………………………………………………………………………..……..   Ujs ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 

nv

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil Eil Qtitnstno 

◰

Oulan Kiwimil Ujs……………………………… Ujs……………………………………………………..……………………… ……………………..……………………………… ………  99: Eiftir Wustioi ……………………………… ……………………………………………………………..………………… ……………………………..…………………………. ……….  996

MIM VN. @iphril Wjlj`ntnil …………………………………………..……………… …………………………………………..………………………….. …………..  994 Uhpno 9. Qnstjbitnoi Qns tjbitnoi Wjlu`nsil @iphril …………………………….………… …………………………….……………………… ……………  993 Uhpno =. Midnil Nltn @iphril ……………………………………… ……………………………………………………..………………. ……………..……………….  9=7 Uhpno 1. Midnil Wjlutup ……………………………..……………………………… ……………………………..……………………………….………….. .…………..  917 Uhpno 5. Wjehbil pjldjtnoil eil pjlu`nsil ………………………………..………….  915 @itncil …………………………………………………………………………………………………..……. …………………………………………………………………………………………………..…….  ]nldoisil ………..…………………………………………………………………………………………..  Ujs …………………………………………………………………………………….……………….………. …………………………………………………………………………………….……………….………. 

Oulan Kiwimil ……………………… ………………………………………………………………… ……………………………………………..………………… …..…………………  Eiftir Wustioi ……………………………… ………………………………………………………………………..……… ………………………………………..……………… ………  

v

91> 957 957 959 951

 

 

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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MIM N  N  Wjldiltir Bjthej`hdn Wjlj`ntnil Qhlly Fjnsi` ]nli`en,Q.We, B.Ojs

Wjleicu`uil Qjtj`ic bjbpj`ikirn MIM N nln, Bicisnswi eipit bjbicibn tjltild Ohlsjp Bjthej`hdn Wjlj`ntnil Ojsjcitil. Qjcnlddi bicisnswi bibpu ultuo bjlkj`isoil tjltild N`bu eil Wjldjticuil, @ildoic-`ildoic Wjlj`ntnil eil Jtnoi Wjlj`ntnil. Ei`ib MIM N Wjldiltir Bjthej`hdn Wjlj`ntnil nln ioil bjbmicis tjltild N`bu eil Wjlj`ntnil. N`bu itiu n`bu pjldjticuil bjrupioil si`ic situ tukuil eirn pj`iosiliil pjlj`ntnil. Qjpjrtn kjlns pjlj`ntnil eisir (misna ]jsjirac) yild tukuil eisirlyi ei`ic pjldjbmildil n`bu pjldjticuil. @ildoic-`ildoic Wjlj`ntnil (Wrhsjs Ojdnitil N`bnic), eil jtnoi Wjlj`ntnil. Wjbicibil tjltild ci`-ci` tjrsjmut ioil sildit bjbmiltu bicisnswi ei`ib bjlyusul rjlaili pjlj`ntnil eil itiu bj`iphroil pjlj`ntnil ejldil mino eil sjsuin ejldil oineic-oineic pjlj`ntnil eil jtnoi yild mjlir. Zltuo eipit bjbicibn MIM nln ejldil mino, bicisnswi pjr`u bj`ncit ahlthc ahlthc pjlj`ntnil yild sjsuin ejldil ejsornpsn eirn MIM nln. Bicisnswi eipit bjldiosjs OUN yild iei en pjrpustioiil ultuo bjleipitoil dibmiril yild `jmnc kj`is.

9

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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Uhpno 9  9  N`bu eil Wjldjticu Wjldjticuil il Ei`ib Oibus Zbub Micisi Nlehljsni (9>>>, 97=3) pjlj`ntnil enirtnoil sjmidin ojdnitil pjldubpu`il, pjldh`icil, ili`nsns eil pjlyiknil eiti yild en`iouoil sjairi snstjbitns eil hmyjotnf ultuo bjbjaicoil suitu pjrshi`il itiu bjldukn suitu cnphtjsns ultuo bjldjbmildoil prnlsnp-prnlsnp ubub. Qjbjltiri ntu, Cien (9>>1, 5) bjlejfnlnsnoil pjlj`ntnil sjmidin usici ultuo bjljbuoil, bjldjbmildoil, eil bjldukn ojmjliril suitu pjldjticuil yild en`iouoil ejldil bjlddulioil prhsjeur eil bjthej-bjthej n`bnic. Ojeui pjldjrtnil tjrsjmut bjlulkuooil micwi pjlj`ntnil bjrupioil suitu prhsjs itiu rildoinil yild piei nltnlyi tjrenrn eirn ojdnitil-ojdnitil yild tjrjlaili bu`in eirn pjldubpu`il (pjljbuil) eiti, pjldh`icil eiti, eiti, ili`nsns eiti eil pjlyiknil eiti pjlj`ntnil ejldil tukuil ultuo bjbjaicoil pjrshi`il itiu bjljbuoil sjsuitu pjldjticuil miru. Wiei ubublyi pjlj`ntnil miru eipit en`iouoil ojtnoi bulau` itiu entjbuoillyi suitu pjrbisi`ic mino mjrupi ojtneio sjsuinil pjrlyitiil eirn ojlyitiiln itiupul sjmidin upiyi ultuo bj`iouoil sjsuitu ejldil `jmnc mino. Ojtnoi pjlj`ntnil bjlairn kiwimil itis suitu ojtneio sjsuinil suitu pjrlyitiil bioi cisn` pjlj`ntnil tjrsjmut bjldcisn`oil sjsuitu yild miru sjmidin milticil itiu pjbmitisil itiu euouldil itis pjrlyitiil. Wiei ohlensn nln pjlj`ntnil bjrupioil suitu prhsjs ei`ib pjldjbmildil N`bu pjldjticuil.

 I.

N@BZ WJLDJUICZIL  WJLDJUICZIL 

N`bu pjldjticuil ni`ic sjoubpu`il pjldjticuil yild tjrsusul sjairi snstjbitns eil rultut. Bjthej n`bnic itiu ensjmut kudi bjthej pjlj`ntnil iei`ic prhsjeur itiu `ildoic`ildoic snstjbitns ei`ib bjleipitoil pjldjticuil. @ildoic-`ildoic snstjbitns tjrsjmut bj`nputn . 9.  Bjldnejltnfnoisn eil Bjrubus oil bisi`ic, =.  Bjlyusul ojrildoi Wjbnonril, 1.  5.  :. 

Bjrubusoi Bjrubu soil l Cnphtjsns, Cnpht jsns, Bjldukn cnphtjsns , eil Bjlirno ojsnbpu`il. Ejldil oiti `inl, bjthej n`bnic iei`ic airi bjbpjrh`jc eil bjlyusul pjldjticuil. pjl djticuil. Mjei Wjldjticuil eil N`bu Wjldjticuil tjr`jtio piei; ‐Wjldjticuil‒ iei`ic micil n`bu, eil miru mnsi bjlkiwim tjltild ipi, sjeildoil N`bu Wjldjticuil bjlkiwim tjltild bjldipi suitu ojlyitiil itiu ojkienil‒. Kien, n`bu pjldjti pjldjticuil cuil bjrupioil bjrupioil sjoubpu`il sjoubpu`il pjldjticuil ei`ib mneild tjrtjltu yild ensusul sjairi snstjbitns, eipit enpj`ikirn eil enikiroil, eil bjbn`non ln`in duli tjrtjltu. Qyirit n`bu pjldjticuil iei`ic bjbn`non hmkjo eil bjthej n`bnic, itiu bjbn`non enbjlsn/ispjo sjmidin mjrnout.

=

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

9) 

=) 

1) 

 Ispjo Hlt Hlth`h h`hdns dns,, yintu mjrojliil ejldil ipi yild enpj`ikirn n`bu itiu mjrojliil ejldil hmkjo stuen. Ispjo hlth`hdns mjrojliil ejldil ipi yild nldnl enojticun, ipi yild enpnonroil itiu yild bjlkien bisi`ic. Ahlthc ; Ispjo hlth`hdns ei`ib n`bu johlhbn iei`ic pjrn`iou bilusni yild encieipoil piei pjrshi`il submjr eiyi bilusni yild tjrmitis, ejldil ojmutucil yild tneio tjrmitis.  Ispjo Jpnst Jpn stnbh nbh`h `hdns dns,, mjrojliil ejldil midinbili n`bu bjbpj`ikirn hmkjo stuenlyi ejldil bjlddulioil bjthej tjrtjltu, yintu bjthej ojn`buil itiu bjthej n`bnic yild eneuould h`jc sirili mjrfnonr n`bnic. Bjthej n`bnic piei eisirlyi bjrupioil dimuldil iltiri ph`i iltiri ph`i mjrpnonr nleuotnf (eirn ci`-ci` yild ocusus, enili`nsns bjlkien ci`ci` yild ubub) eil ph`i eil ph`i mjrpnonr mjrpnonr ejeuotnf . (eirn ci`-ci` yild ubub ojpei ci`-ci` yild ocusus). Wh`i mjrpnonr nleuotnf eil ejeuotnf ensjmut kudi prhsjs ‐  @hdnah-cyphtjtnahvjrnfnoitnf itiu ‐ejeuath-cyphtjtnah-vjrnfnoitnf‒, yild tjrenrn eirn `ildoic-`ildoic; (9) Bjrubusoil bisi`ic, (=) Bjlyusul ojrildoi mjrfnonr (1) Bjrubusoil cnphtjsns, (5) Bjldukn cnphtjsns, eil (:) Bjlirno ojsnbpu`il.  Ispjo iosnh ios nh`hd `hdns ns,, mjrojliil ejldil ispjo duli`iosili itiu bilfiit n`bu. Ln`in duli n`bu mnsi en`ncit sjairi phsntnf eil lhrbitnf. Qjairi phsntnf Qjairi  phsntnf ln`in duli n`bu iei`ic ultuo bjlejsornpsnoil, bjlkj`isoil eil bjbprjenosn mjrmidin fjlhbjli yild sjsuin ejldil hmkjo stuen yild enpj`ikirn. Qjeildoil sjairi lhrbitnf , ln`in duli n`bu iei`ic ultuo bjldjlei`noil mjrmidin fjlhbjli ojiric yild enldnloil. Qjairi lhrbitnf ispjo iosnh`hdns n`bu jrit ointillyi ejldil pjrtnbmildil ln`in, jtnoi eil bhri`. Ei`ib pjlj`ntnil ispjo iosn`hdns endibmiroil ei`ib siril-siriil itiu rjohbjleisn cisn` pjlj`ntnil.

Qjairi dirns mjsir, n`bu pjldjticuil tjrmjltuo bj`i`un prhsjs eil e il ticipil sjmidin mjrnout. i)  N`bu bjbpj`ikirn fjlhbjli. m)  Fjlhbjli-fjlhbjli ntu enimstriosnoil bjlkien ohlsjp eil virnimj`. a)  Ohlsjp eil virnimj` ntu enpj`ikirn cumuldillyi mjrmjrltuo prhphrsn yild snfitlyi mjrmjltuo cnphtjsns-cnphtjsns. e)  Cnphtjsns enukn sjairi jbpnrno bjlkien fioti. j) 

Ki`nlil fioti-fioti ei`ib ojrildoi pjluc irtn bjbmjltuo tjhrn. Ujhrn-tjhrn nln`ic yild bjrupioil n`bu. Ojdnitil n`bnic eniwi`n ejldil pjrubusil bisi`ic eil pjlyusulil ojrildoi mjrfnonr ojbuenil bjldcisn`oil ocisilic pjldjticuil n`bnic (en ei`iblyi tjrbisuo tjhrn eil cisn` pjlj`ntnil jbpnrns). Eirn ojrildoi mjrpnonr tjrsjmut, tnbmu`ic cnphtjsns ultuo enukn ejldil bjlddulioil eiti, ili`nsns, tjolno pjlduknil (stitnstno) eil enmuit ojsnbpu`il stitnstns. Knoi cnphtjsns tjrsjmut entjrnbi, bioi ioil bjlkien ocisilic pjldjticuil n`bnic eil ipimn`i enth`io ioil ojbmi`n `idn ojpiei pjlyusulil ojrildoi mjrfnonr ultuo enu`ild `idn cnphtjsnslyi sibpin ojsnbpu`il iocnrlyi entjrnbi. Zltuo `jmnc kj`islyi, pjrcitnoil`ic Midil Ojdnitil N`bnic Qjmidin Quitu Wrhsjs eil Bjthej Ojn`buil piei midil en miwic nln (9) 

1

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

Dibmir 9.9 Ojdnitil N`bnic sjmidin suitu Wrhsjs Wiei dibmir mjrnout, Libpio midinbili cumuldil Bjthej Mjrfnonr, Qnstjbitnoi N`bnic eil Bjthej N`bnic ;

5

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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Dibmir 9.=.Cumuldil Bjthej Mjrpnonr, Qnstjbitnoi N`bnic eil Bjthej N`bnic

M.

OHBWHLJL OHBWH O HBWHLJL LJL N@BZ N`bu pjldjticuil piei ciojoitlyi bjbn`non mjmjripi ohbphljl sjmidin mjrnout; mj rnout; 9)  Ujhrn,, yintu djljri`nsisn yild tj`ic tjrukn ojmjlirillyi sjairi n`bnic. Ujhrn =)  Fioti, ojieiil sjmjlirlyi (jbpnrno) yild enwukueoil ei`ib ki`nlil eui ohlsjp itiu `jmnc. 1)  Fjlhbjli, yintu djki`i eil ojkienil yild entildoip ejldil pilai nlejri (pjld`ncitil, pjlejldiril, pjlanubil ,pjrisiil, pjrimiil), ojbuenil enkienoil ohlsjp (nstn`ic itiu snbmu`) yild bjldileuld pjldjrtnil snldoit eirn fjlhbjli, 5)  Ohlsjp, yintu nstn`ic itiu snbmu` yild bjldileuld pjldjrtnil snldoit eirn fjlhbjli.

:

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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Mn`i fioti yild situ bjbpjldirucn yild `inl en sjmut fiothr. Cumuldil iltir fiothr ensjmut prhphrsn. Wrhphrsn nln`ic `iznb ensjmut jbmrnh tjhrn. Mn`i snfit cumuldil yild enbn`non prhphrsn tj`ic enojticun, bioi prhphrsn tjrsjmut bjlkien ohlsjp `ilkut (yild `jmnc tnlddn eirn ohlsjp iwi`), yintu bjlkien tjhrn cumuldil. Mn`i tjhrn ntu sjbpit enukn mjru`ild oi`n eil tjtip mjrticil, bioi bjlnldoit bjlkien cuoub itiu ei`n`-ei`n`. (9)  Ei`ib midil tibpio sjmidin mjrnout(9) 

FIOUH]

W]HWH]QN

OHLQJW

UJH]N

 EI@N@/  CZOZB

Dibmir 9.1 Ki`nlil Iltiri Ohbphljl-Ohbphljl N`bu

9. 

=. 

1. 

N`bu pjldjticuil, bjbn`non kudi oj`jldoipil-oj`jldoipil sjpjrtn. Ixnh bi iei`ic pildoi` eisir mjrfnonr itiu itiu ohlsjp eisir suitu n`bu, Bnsi` ; ohlsjp eisir n`bu Ilithbn fnsnh`hdn, tumuc bjrupioil suitu systjb, sjcnlddi iei ojtjrointil hrdil tumuc situ ejldil yild `inllyi, ohlsjp eisir Ujolnh`hdn @im Bjeno, ili`nt yild iei piei ainril tumuc eipit enkienoil mnhbirojr eirn ohlensn tumuc sjsjhrild. Eiti iei`ic fioti-fioti sjmidin muotn jbpnrno. Iei tndi biaib eiti, yintu; i.  Fiothr jlehwbj jleh wbjlt, lt, yintu fiothr yild eni enilddip lddip ``jstirn jstirn (tneio m.  mnsi enumic h`jc suitu ensnp`nl n`bu tjrtjltu). a.  Virnimj` yintu sjtnip djki`i yild mnsi enuour ( iei djki`i yild tneio mnsi enuour bnsi`lyi sj`jri). Qjbui virnimj` tjruour bjlurkut hmkjotnvntis, rji`nimn`ntis n`bnic eil vi`nentis n`bnic. e.  Fiothr Dnvjl Dnvjl,, yintu fiothr yild enilddip rj`itnf tjtip(mnisiilyi enkienoil suitu isubsn eisir ultuo ojmjr`iouil cuoub ei`ib n`bu pjldjticuil). Bjthej Mjrfnonr ( bjtche hf tcnlonld) tcnlonld) tjrenrneirn; i.  Ejeuosn, yintu bjbmicis eirn ci`-ci` yild ubub enili`nsns sibpin ejldil ci`ci` yild ocusus. m.  a. 

Nleuosn, yintu eiti-eiti enili`nsns ultuo bjmuit djljri`nsisn Qnstjlsns, yintu pieuil ojeuilyi mino ultuo vjrnvnoisn tjhrn biupul ultuo vjrnfnoisn eil djljri`nsisn. Oj`jldoipil n`bnic `inllyi,bj`nputn . 9)  Bhej`-bhej`, bnsi` bhej` fuldsn, bhej` pjrsibiil, bhej` timj`, bhej` drifno, bhej` enidrib, e nidrib, e``. =)  I`it mjrfnonr, bnsi` drifns, enidribitns, stitnstns eil bitjbitns. 1)  Whstu`it n`bu tjrenrn eirn cuoub eisir yild kj`is mino mjrsnfit oiusi`ntis biupul fuldsnhli`ntis. 5)  Ujolno pjli`iril (bjtche hr rjisnhlnld), bnsi` ei`ib n`bu johlhbn j ohlhbn eipit ensiknoil ei`ib mjltuo vjrmi`, enidribitns, bitjbitns, stitnstns eil drifns.

6

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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5. 

:. 

6. 

Hmkj o n`bu, Hmkjo n`bu , sjtnip n`bu bjbn`non h hmkjo mkjo yintu suitu hmkjo yild enpj`ikirn n`bu. Bnsi` Bnsi` airi bjldili`nsi fuldsn dnlki`, Airi bjldjvi`uisn pjrojbmildil suitu pjlyiont, airi bj`iouoil vi`neisn cisn` pjbjrnosiil `imhrithrnub. Fuldsn n`bu, iei`ic bjlkj`isoil, bjbprjenosnoil, bjlejsornpsnoil, eil bjldjlei`noil. Bnsi`, fuldsn n`bu johlhbn. i.  Bjlkj`isoil , bjbprjenosn eil bjlejsornpsnoil tjltild airi ohlensn ojsjcitil pisnjl? m.  Bjlkj`isoil eil bjlejsornpsnoil airi bjlenidlhsi suitu pjlyiont. Wrhm`jb, sjbui n`bu pjldjticuil eniwi`n ejldil ieilyi prhm`jb. Bnsi`, prhm`jb ei`ib n`bu U@B iei`ic Cisn` `imhrithrnub cirus mjroui`ntis sjeildoil pjbicibil tjltild Wjldjlei`nil Butu @imhrithrnub mj`ub bjriti piei sjbui tjlidi U@B.

@itncil Ensousnoil ; 9)  Midinbili N`bu Wjldjticuil mjrojbmild 8 =)  Ahlthc oisus bjthei mjrfnonr ejeuotnf ! 1) 

Nejltnfnoisn eil ejsornpsnoil pjldjlei`nil butu yild enpjr`uoil ultuo bjlkibnl butu cisn` pjbjrnosiil `imhrithrnub !

Wjtulkuo Kiwimil @itncil Zltuo bjbmiltu Ilei ei`ib bjldjrkioil shi` `itncil tjrsjmut sn`ioil pj`ikirn ojbmi`n bitjrn tjltild 9)  N`bu Wjldjticuil =)  Ahlthc-ahlthc Oiryi Uu`ns N`bnic en pjrpustioiil 1)  Bitjrn pjldjlei`nil Butu @imhrithrnub

]nldoisil 9.  =. 

N`bu pjldjticuil mjrojbmild ejldil airi yild snstjbitns, pjltnld ultuo bjldnoutn ticipil pjldjbmildil n`bu pjldjticuil ei`ib bjlyj`jsinoil bisi`ic sjairi n`bnic. Ohbphljl-ohbphljl n`bu pjldjticuil pjltnld enpicibn ultuo ojbueicil ei`ib pjldibmildil n`bu pjldjticuil

4

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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Uhpno =  =  @ildoic @ildoic @ ildoic Wjlj`ntnil Wjlj`ntnil (Bjthej (B jthej N`bn ic ))    I.

WJLDJ]UNIL BJUHEJ N@BNIC

Bjthej n`bnic itiu ei`ib micisi nlddrns enojli` sjmidin sanjltnfna bjtche iei`ic prhsjs mjrpnonr ultuo bjbjaicoil bisi`ic sjairi snstjbitns,jbpnrns, eil tjrohltrh`. Wrhsjs mjrpnonr n`bnic ei`ib bjthej n`bnic tneio mjrildoit eirn sjmuic isubsn, itiu snbpu`il, muoil pu`i mjreisiroil eiti itiu fioti ocusus. Wrhsjs mjrpnonr ultuo bjbjaicoil bisi`ic `jmnc mjreisir ojpiei bisi`ic lyiti. Uicipil pjrtibi suitu bjthej n`bnic iei`ic bjrubusoil bisi`ic ipi yild sjeild encieipn eil sjeild enairn pjbjaicillyi. ]ubusil bisi`ic nln ioil bjlultul prhsjs sj`ilkutlyi ei`ib pjlj`ntnil sjpjrtn bjbmuit ojrildoi mjrpnonr eil pjljltuil ejsinl pjlj`ntnil.

Wiei Bjthej N`bnic, prhsjs mjrpnonr en`iouoil sjairi snstjbitns Ei`ib bjthej n`bnic, prhsjs mjrpnonr en`iouoil sjairi snstjbitns ejldil mjrticip, tneio znd-zid. Wrhsjs mjrpnonr yild snstjbitns nln enbu`in ejldil ojsieiril ioil ieilyi bisi`ic cnlddi tjrmjltuo sjmuic ojsnbpu`il. Ei`ib bjthej n`bnic, prhsjs mjrpnonr en`iouoil sjsuin `ildoic-`ildoic bjthej n`bnic sjairi snstjbitns eil mjrurutil.

Bjthej n`bnic eneisiroil piei eiti jbpnrns Qjtnip bjthej n`bnic sj`i`u ensileiroil piei eiti jbpnrns. biosuelyi iei`ic, micwi bisi`ic yild cjleio entjbuoil pjbjaicillyi itiu kiwimillyi ntu cirus tjrsjeni eitilyi, yild enpjrh`jc eirn cisn` pjlduouril sjairi hmkjotnf. Iei itiu tneio tjrsjeni eiti jbpnrns bjrupioil si`ic situ orntjrni pjltnld ei`ib bjthej n`bnic. Ipimn`i sjmuic bisi`ic enrubusoil `i`u enoikn tilpi eiti jbpnrns, bioi ntu muoil`ic sjmuic mjltuo bjthej n`bnic. Wiei bjthej n`bnic, prhsjs mjrpnonr en`iouoil sjairi tjrohltrh` En siit bj`iosilioil bjthej n`bnic, prhsjs mjrpnonr en`iosilioil sjairi tjrohltrh`. Biosuelyi tjrohltrh` ensnln iei`ic, ei`ib mjrpnonr sjairi n`bnic ntu en`iouoil sjairi sieir eil tjrkidi, kien ipimn`i iei hrild `inl yild kudi nldnl bjbmuotnoil ojmjlirillyi eipit en`iouoil sjpjrtn ipi ieilyi. Qjsjhrild yild mjrpnonr n`bnic tneio bj`iouoillyi ei`ib ojieiil mjrociyi` itiu mjrbnbpn, ioil tjtipn en`iouoil sjairi sieir eil tjrohltrh`.

M.

@ILDOIC @ILDOI C BJUH BJUHEJ EJ NN@BNIC @BNIC

Zltuo bjleipitoil dibmiril tjltild `ildoic `ildoic bjthej n`bnic eipit enibitn midil en miwic nln ;

3

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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Dibmir 9.5 @ildoic @ildoic Bjthej N`bnic (Wjlj`ntnil Ouiltntitnf)(9) 

@ildoic `ildoic bjthej n`bnic eipit enmidn bjlkien 6 ticipil, yintu ; 9.  Bjldnejltnoisn, Bjbn`nc Bjbn`nc eil bjrubusoil bjrubusoil Bisi`ic i.  Bjldnejltnfnoisn Bisi`ic 9)  Bjldnejltnfnoisn bisi`ic iei`ic bjlairn bisi`ic yild pi`nld rj`jvil eil bjlirno ultuo entj`ntn. =)  Bisi`ic eipit enairn bj`i`un ‐ Wilainlejri‒, yintu pjldibitil, pjlejldiril, pjld`ncitil, pjrisiil, eil pjlanubil. 1)  Wjrbisi`icil iei oi`iu iei ojsjlkildil (dip) iltiri eis sh``jl eil eis sjnl , yintu iei pjrmjeiil iltiri ipi yild sjciruslyi ejldil ipi yild iei ei`ib ojlyitiil, iltiri ipi yild enpjr`uoil ejldil ipi yild tjrsjeni, iltiri ciripil eil ojlyitiil. Bisi`ic mjrointil ejldil suitu ohlensn yild bjldilaib, bjlddilddu, bjldcibmit, bjlyu`ntoil, yild bjlulkuooil ieilyi

m. 

ojsjlkildil iltiri ciripil eil ojlyitiil. ‐I prhm`jb is ily sntuitnhl wcjrj i dip jxnst mjtwjjl tcj iatui` ile tcj ejsnrj e neji` stitj (Qjoiril, 9>>=). Qubmjr Bisi`ic Bisi`ic eipit enpjrh`jc eirn submjr-submjr sjmidin mjrnout;

9)  =)  1)  5)  :)  6) 

Miaiil, tjrutibi miaiil yild mjrnsn `iphril pjlj`ntnil Qjbnlir, ensousn eil `inl-`inl pjrtjbuil n`bnic Wjrlyitiil pjbjdild hthrntis Wjldibitil sjpnltis Wjldi`ibil prnmien Wjrisiil nltuntnf.

>

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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a. 

Bjbn`nc Bisi`ic/Wjbmitisil Ei`ib bjldnejltnfnoisn bisi`ic mnisilyi enkubpin `jmnc eirn situ bisi`ic, eil tneio sjbui bisi`ic eipit/`iyio entj`ntn. H`jc sjmim ntu pjr`u enieioil pjbn`ncil/pjbmitisil bisi`ic. Iei mjmjripi ci` yild pjr`u enpjrcitnoil ei`ib bjbn`nc bisi`ic; i)  Bisi`ic tjrsjmut `iyio itiu tneiolyi ultuo entj`ntn, tjrdiltuld piei •

Iei/tneiolyi submildil tjrcieip tjhrn eil iei/tneiolyi tjhrn yild rj`jvil ejldil ntu ,

Iei/tneiolyi ojduliil ultuo pjbjaicil bisi`ic-bisi`ic priotns. m)  Bilidjmn`nty,yintu auoup eili, auoup wiotu, auoup i`it, auoup mjoi` ojbibpuil tjhrntns, eil auoup pjlduisiil bjthej yild enpjr`uoil. Bjrubusoil Bisi`ic Qjtj`ic bisi`ic ennejltnfoisn eil enpn`nc/enmitisn, sj`ilkutlyi bisi`ic tjrsjmut cjleiolyi; 9)  Enrubusoil ei`ib oi`nbit tilyi (8) yild pieit eil kj`is. =)  Bjbmjrnoil pjtulkuo tjltild ojbuldonlil pjldubpu`il eiti duli bjlkiwim pjrtilyiil ei`ib rubusil tjrsjmut. •

e. 

 

 

Ahlthc; •

 

•

 

Midinbili dibmiril prhfn` `npne oj`hbpho rjbiki ejldil ph`i cneup yild tneio mino 8 Midinbili cumuldil oieir Cjbhd`hmnl ejldil Zrjub piei pisnjl didi` dnlki` orhlno 8

=. 

Wjlyususlil Wjlyususl il Ojrildoi Wjbnonril Ojrildoi pjbnonril iei`ic ohlstruosn mjrfnonr yild mjrsnfit `hdns ejldil irdubjltisn yild ohlsnstjl ejldil pjldjticuil sjmj`ublyi yild tj`ic mjrcisn` ensusul. Bjlurut ]usnen (9>>1), ojrildoi mjrfnonr mjrirtn bjleueuo-pjroirioil bisi`ic ei`ib ojrildoi tjhrntns (tcjhrntnai` fribjwhro) itiu ensjmut kudi prhsjs ejeuotnf. Zltuo bjlyusul ojrildoi pjbnonril, pjrcitnoil`ic ci`-ci` mjrout nln; i. 

m. 

Airn tjhrn-tjhrn, ohlsjp-ohlsjp eil djljri`nsisn-djljri`nsisn yild rj`jvil ultuo enkienoil `ileisil tjhrntns ei`ib pjlj`ntnil. Ujhrn- tjhrn eil ohlsjp-ohlsjp tjrsjmut mjrisi` eirn iauil ubub yintu eirn ojpustioiil sjpjrtn muou tjos, jlsno`hpjeni, bhlhdrifc eil sjkjljnslyi. Qjeildoil djljri`nsisn eipit entirno eirn `iphril cisn` pjlj`ntnil tjreicu`u yild rj`jvil ejldil bisi`ic yild entj`ntn. Orntjrni submjr miaiil iei`ic prnlsnp ojbutiocnril (rjajlay  ( rjajlay ) eil rj`jvilsn . Bjlurut ]usnen (9>>1), ticip pjldurinil tjhrn yild bjlkien tntno th`io mjrfnonr ultuo bjlkiwim bisi`ic ojpiei ohlsjp-ohlsjp yild bjldimstriosnoil fjlhbjli, ensjmut ticip ahlajptnhlnld. Eirn tjhrn-tjhrn, ohlsjp-ohlsjp eil djljri`nsisn tjrsjmut, `iouoil pjrnlanil ili`nsns bj`i`un pjli`iril ejeuotnf . Qjeildoil eirn cisn`-cisn` pjlj`ntnil yild tjreicu`u en`iouoil pjbieuil (snstjsns) eil djljri`nsisn bj`i`un pjli`iril nleuotnf . Wrhsjs ejeuosn eil nleuosn ntu en`iouoil sjairi ntjritnf, sjcnlddi 97

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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1. 

encisn`oil kiwimil yild pi`nld buldonl tjrcieip bisi`ic. Kiwimil nln`ic yild enkienoil cnphtjsns pjlj`ntnil. pjlj`ntnil. Wjrubusil Wjrub usil Cnphtjsns Cnpht jsns   Cnphtjsns iei`ic kiwimil sjbjltiri tjrcieip bisi`ic pjlj`ntnil, yild  kiwimillyi cirus enukn.   Cnphtjsns enrildoub itiu enturuloil eirn ojrildoi pjbnonril/ojsnbpu`i pjbnonril/ojsnbpu`il l tjhrntns.

•

•

•

 

Iei eui kjlns cnphtjsns; 9)  Cnphtj Cnphtjsns sns Ejsornptnf, Ejsornpt nf, yintu cnphtjsns cnphtj sns yild bjlulkuoil bjlulkuoil pjbioliil suitu ohlsjp eirn suitu tjhrn. =)  Cnphtjsns vjrnvnoitnf, yintu cnphtjsns yild bjldumuldoil itiu bjbpjrtiutil eui vjrnimj` itiu `jmnc ultuo enukn.   Cnphtjsns Cnphtjs ns vjrnfnoitnf vjrnfn oitnf cjleiolyi cjleiol yi bjlyitioil pjrtiuitileui virnimj` itiu `jmnc.   Cnphtjns enlyitioil ei`ib oi`nbit ejo`iritnf/pjrlyitiil yild kj`is, pieit eil spjsnfno. •

•

•

5. 

 

Cirus tjrukn/eipit enukn.

Bjldukn Cnphtjsns Bjldukn Cnphtj sns Qjair Qjairi i Jbpnrno i.  Bjldukn ejldil i`it stitnstno nlvjrjlsni` eil stitnstno ejsornftnf, ultuo bjbmuotnoil ipioic tjhrn-tjhrn tjrsjmut tjrukn sjairi bjyionloil (sndlnfnailt  ( sndlnfnailt ) itiu tneio mjreisiroil mj reisiroil cisn` ukn fioti-fioti sjairi jbpnrno (Wjlj`ntnil Ouiltntitnf). m.  Bjldukn ejldil tilpi stitnstns ultuo bjlairn pjbioliil (Wjlj`ntnil Oui`ntitnf).

:. 

Bj`iouoil Wjbmicisil Ei`ib bjbmicis cisn` pjlj`ntnil bioi cirus sj`i`u ennldit micwi tukuil onti iei`ic bjbmilenldoil ojsnbpu`il yild entirno eirn eiti yild tj`ic enoubpu`oil ejldil cnphtjsns yild enikuoil. Qjairi snstjbitno eil tjriric, bioi eiti yild tj`ic enoubpu`oil tjrsjmut enejsornpsnoil, enmilenldoil eil enjvi`uisn yild ojsj`urucillyi eniricoil ojpiei sjmuic pjlirnoil ojsnbpu`il, ipioic eiti tjrsjmut bjleuould itiu bjlh`io cnphtjsns yild enikuoil. Wiei cionoitlyi sjmuic cisn` pjlj`ntnil yild mino tneio mjrcjltn piei ojsnbpu`il, ipioic sjmuic cnphtjsns entjrnbi itiu enth`io, bj`inloil en`jldoipn ejldil jvi`uisn bjldjlin ojsnbpu`il tjrsjmut. Qjmuic pjrlyitiil n`bnic yild mino sj`i`u bjldileuld tnldoit ojpjraiyiil yild enbn`non pjrlyitiil tjrsjmut. Zltuo bj`iphroil cisn` pjlj`ntnil, bioi sjairi snldoit eil orhlh`hdns eil pjrtibi enmjrnoil ejsornpsn tjltild virnim`j yild entj`ntn yild ennoutn ejldil tjclno ilil`ns yild enpjrdulioil. Qjtj`ic ntu cisn` pjlduouril en`iphroil yild ojbuenil en`jldoipn ejldil ojsnbpu`il ili`nsns eirn eiti yild tj`ic enoubpu`oil. @iphril nln entu`ns ei`ib mjltuuo jsjn ejldil oi`nbit-oi`nbit vjrmi` yild bjlaioup sjbui pjrlyitiil yild mjrsnfit oui`ntitnf eil ouiltntitnf.

99

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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6. 

Bjlirno Ojsnbpu`il @ildoic pi`nld iocnr ei`ib mjrpnonr n`bnic piei sjmuic bjthej n`bnic iei`ic ojdnitil bjlirno ojsnbpu`il. Ojsnbpu`il cirus mjrsjsuinil ejldil bisi`ic yild tj`ic enikuoil sjmj`ublyi. Ojsnbpu`il itiu snbpu`il entu`ns ei`ib mjltuo oi`nbit ejo`iritnf sjairi snldoit tjtipn kj`is. Ojsnbpu`il pjlj`ntnil nln bjrupioil snltjsns eirn ojsj`urucil ispjo pjlj`ntnil. Qnltjsns nln bjbmuicoil ojsnbpu`il yild enthpild h`jc suitu oiknil yild mjrsnfit tjrpieu ejldil bj`jtiooil mjrmidin ispjo pjlj`ntnil ei`ib pjrspjotnf yild bjlyj`uruc. H`jc oirjli ntu, enurinoil ojbmi`n sjairi rnldois pjrlyitiil-pjrlyitiil phoho eirn ispjo-ispjo tjrsjmut ei`ib ojrildoi yild bjldiric ojpiei ojsnbpu`il. Ei`ib bjldoikn ojsnbpu`il pjlj`ntnil nln, ensjmimoil snfitlyi yild tjrpieu eil bjlyj`uruc bioi sjhrild pjlj`ntn bjlnlddi`oil pjrillyi sjmidin n`buil eil mjri`nc bjlkien sjhrild fn`suf. Ci` nln mjrirtn ni cirus bibpu bjlirno ojsnbpu`il yild utuc eirn eiti yild mjrsnfit tjrpnsic ejldil tneio bjlnlddi`oil snfit ojn`buil. Ojsnbpu`il pjlj`ntnil nln cirus tjtip enpjrtildduldkiwimoil i`ib ojrildoi tjhrn ojn`buil yild eneuould h`jc pjljbuil pjlj`ntnil. Ojsnbpu`il nln ojbuenil eipit enmicis ejldil ki`il bjbmilenldoillyi tjrcieip pjlj`ntnil `inl sjrti pjldjticuil n`bnic yild rj`jvil.

@itncil 9)  =)  1) 

Wn`nc`ic situ Oiryi Uu`ns N`bnic en Wjrpustioiil, `i`u ibitn pjrubusil bisi`iclyi, tj`iic, mn`i tjreipit ojourildil, ipi yild pjr`u entibmicoil 8 Wn`nc`ic situ Oiryi Uu`ns N`bnic en Wjrpustioiil, `i`u ibitn ojrildoi pjbnonrillyi, tj`iic, mn`i tjreipit ojourildil, ipi yild pjr`u entibmicoil 8 Wn`nc`ic situ Oiryi Uu`ns N`bnic en Wjrpustioiil, `i`u ibitn rubusil cnphtjsilyi, tj`iic, mn`i tjreipit ojourildil, ipi yild pjr`u entibmicoil 8

Wjtulkuo Kiwimil @itncil

Zltuo bjbmiltu Ilei ei`ib bjldjrkioil shi` `itncil tjrsjmut sn`ioil pj`ikirn ojbmi`n bitjrn tjltild 9)  Bjrubusoil bisi`ic =)  Bjlyusul ojrildoi pjbnonril 1)  Bjrubusoil cnphtjsns

]nldoisil Wjlyj`jsinil bisi`ic ejldil bjthej n`bnic bjrupioil `ildoic-`ildoic yild snstjbitno yild tj`ic bjbn`non ticipil tjrtjltu. Uicipil yild situ tneio mh`jc bjleicu`un ticipil `inllyi. Qi`ic situ pjln`inil tjrcieip bjthej pjlj`ntnil suitu prhphsi` pjlj`ntnil

9=

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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iei`ic en`ncit eirn ieilyi ojsnlibmuldil ticip yild situ ejldil ticip yild `inllyi, eil sjtnip ticipil bjldnoutn oineic oineic ejldil mjlir.

91

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

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Uhpno 1 Jtnoi Wjlj`ntn Wjlj`ntnil il

 I.

EJFNLNQN EJFN LNQN JUNOI WJLJ@NUNIL WJLJ@NUNIL   Jtnoi mjrisi` eirn micisil ^uliln‒Jtchs‒ ^uliln ‒Jtchs‒,, yintu ojmnisiil eil pjrituril pjrn`iou yild mjr`iou

ei`ib bisyirioit, rjf`josn fn`sifitn itis bhri`ntis bisyirioit. Ohej Jtno Wjlj`ntn iei`ic iauil bhri` midn pjlj`ntn ei`ib bj`iosilioil pjlj`ntnil ultuo pjldjbmildil n`bu pjldjticuil eil tjolh`hdn midn ojbilusniil. Nln bjlkien suitu mjltuo pjldimenil eil tildduld kiwim shsni` eil ojtiqwiil ojpiei Uucil ^ild Bici Jsi. (1)  Jtnoi pjlj`ntnil mjrointil ejldil mjmjripi lhrbi, yintu lhrbi shpil-siltul yild bjbpjrcitnoil ohlvjlsn eil ojmnisiil ei`ib titilil en bisyirioit, lhrbi cuoub bjldjlin pjldjliil silosn ojtnoi tjrkien pj`ilddiril, eil lhrbi bhri` yild bj`nputn ntnoie eil ojsieiril yild mino eil kukur ei`ib pjlj`ntnil. Ejldil ejbnonil bjsonpul nltjrvjlsn yild en`iouoil ei`ib pjlj`ntnil tneio bjbn`non rjsnoh yild eipit bjrudnoil itiu bjbmiciyioil rjsphlejl, libul pjlj`ntn pjr`u bjbpjrtnbmildoil ispjo shsnhjtnoi eil bjlkulkuld tnlddn ciroit eil birtimit ojbilusniil. Qjcnlddi sjbui pjlj`ntnil bjbn`non jtnoi pjlj`ntnil

M.

W]NLQNW W]NLQ NW JUNOI WJLJ@NUNIL WJLJ@NUNIL  

9. 

Bjldchrbitn ciroit eil birtimit bilusni (rjspjat ( rjspjat fhr cubil endlnty ). ). Wjlj`ntn pjr`u bjbpjrtnbmildoil cio-cio sumyjo ultuo bjleipitoil nlfhrbisn yild tjrmuoi mjrointil ejldil ki`illyi pjlj`ntnil sjrti bjbn`non ojmjmisil bjljltuoil pn`ncil eil mjmis eirn piosiil ultuo mjrpirtnsnpisn ei`ib ojdnitil pjlj`ntnil Bjldchrbitn prnvisn eil ojricisniil sumyjo pjlj`ntnil (rjspjat (rjspjat fhr prnviay ile ahlfnejltni`nty )).. Qjtnip bilusni bjbn`non cio-cio eisir nlenvneu tjrbisuo prnvisn eil

=. 

1. 

5. 

ojmjmisil nlenvneu. Ojien`il . Qjbui sumkjo pjlj`ntnil cirus enpjr`iouoil ejldil mino, sjcnlddi tjreipit ojsjnbmicil iltiri bilfiit eil rnsnoh yild encieipn h`jc sumkjo pjlj`ntnil. Kien cirus enpjrcitnoil rnsnoh fnsno, bjlti` eil rnsnoh shsni`. Bjbpjrcntuldoil bilfiit eil ojrudnil yild entnbmu`oil. Wjlj`ntn bj`iosilioil pjlj`ntnil sjsuin ejldil prhsjeur pjlj`ntnil duli bjleipitoil cisn` yild mj mjrbilfiit rbilfiit sjbiosnbi` buldonl midn sumyjo pjlj`ntnil eil eipit endjljri`nsisnoil en tnldoit phpu`isn (mjljfnajlaj). Wjlj`ntn bjbnlnbi`nsisn eibpio yild bjrudnoil midn sumyjo. Ipimn`i nltjrvjlsn pjlj`ntnil mjrphtjlsn bjldionmitoil ajejri itiu strjs tibmicil bioi sumyjo enoj`uiroil eirn ojdnitil pjlj`ntnil ultuo bjlajdic tjrkienlyi ajejri.

95

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

A.

OHEJ JUNO EI@ IB WJ WJLJ@NUNIL LJ@NUNIL

Ohej pjrtibi , Wjlj`ntn bjbmiotnoil enrn piei pjlairnil ojmjliril n`bnic ultuo bjbikuoil n`bu pjldjticuil, bjljbuoil tjolh`hdn, eil bjldcisn`oil nlhvisn midn pjlnldoitil pjrieimil eil ojsjkictjriil bilusni. bilusni.(1)  Ejldil ejbnonil pjlj`ntn cirus bjlkulkuld snoip n`bnic, yintu; i.  m.  a. 

orntns yintu pjlairnil ojmjliril yild tjrmuoi ultuo enukn? `hdns yintu bjbn`non `ileisil mjrpnonr yild bisuo ioi` eil mjtu`? eil jbpnrns yintu bjbn`non muotn lyiti eil imsic.

Uiltildil ei`ib pjlairnil ojmjliril n`bnic iei`ic; i.  Ojkukuril ultuo tjrmuoi enukn ojcilei`il oiryi pjlj`ntnillyi yild buldonl bjbmiwi ojbikuil n`bu pjldjticuil, bjljbuoil tjolh`hdn, eil bjldcisn`oil nlhvisn? eil m.  Ojtjrmuoiil bjbmjrn sjbui nlfhrbisn ojpiei hrild `inl ultuo bjbmjrn pjln`inil tjrcieip submildil eil/itiu pjljbuil nbnic tilpi bjbmitisn piei nlfhrbisn yild bjbmiwi oj pjln`inil ei`ib 9 (situ) iric tjrtjltu.

Ohej ojeui, Wjlj`ntn bj`iouoil ojdnitillyi ei`ib aioupil eil mitisil yild enpjrojliloil h`jc cuoub yild mjr`iou, mjrtnleio ejldil bjleicu`uoil ojpjltnldil eil ojsj`ibitil sjbui pncio yild tjroint ejldil pjlj`ntnillyi, mjr`ileisoil tukuil bu`ni mjrupi pjljdioil cio-cio isisn bilusni ejldil ojmjmisil-ojmjmisil bjleisirlyi. Cirus enpistnoil micwi onti tneio mjrojmjritil knoi onti mjriei piei phsnsn sjmidin rjsphlejl.Ejldil ejbnonil pjr`u enmuit ituril sjpjrtn (1); i.  Wjlj`ntn mjrtildduld kiwim ultuo tneio bjlynbpild eirn bjtheh`hdn pjlj`ntnil yild iei? eil m.  pj`iosilil pjlj`ntnil bjldnoutn bjthej n`bnic yild ourild `jmnc miou, ejldil sjbui pjrildoit pjbmjliril bjthej eil pjbmuotnil cisn` yild enpjrh`jc.

Ohej ojtndi, Wjlj`ntn bjldj`h`i submjr eiyi ojn`buil ejldil pjluc risi tildduld kiwim, tjrutibi ei`ib pjbilfiitillyi, eil bjlsyuourn lnobit iludjric tjrsjenilyi submjr eiyi ojn`buil midnlyi.(1)  Wjlj`ntn mjrmuit ultuo bj`iosiliil pjlj`ntnil ejldil isis bilfiit mino ntu mjrirtn; i.  cjbit eil jfnsnjl ei`ib pjldduliil eili eil submjr eiyi `inl? m.  bjlkidi pjri`itil n`bnic eil i`it miltu `inl, ocususlyi pjri`itil yild bici`, tneio eipit endiltn, eil mutuc wiotu pilkild ultuo pjldieiil ojbmi`n idir tjtip mjojrki mino? eil a.  bjlkidi ki`illyi pjrahmiil eirn ojaj`ioiil micil eil dildduil `nldouldil oirjli pjlyi`icduliil micil yild mjrmiciyi yild eipit bjrudnoil ojpjltnldil ubub eil `nldouldil.

9:

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

E.

WJLJ@NUNIL ^ILD BJBMZUZCOIL NLFH]BJE AHLQJLU

Wjlj`ntn cirus bjbn`non nlfhrbje ahlsjlt (NA) itiu pjrsjtukuil sjtj`ic pjlkj`isil. NA bjrupioil ci` pjltnld midn pjlj`ntnil yild bj`nmitoil bilusni eil hrdil bilusni, (5)

tjrbisuo pjlj`ntnil mnhbjens.   Wjlj`ntnil yild bj`nmitoil sumyjo bilusni bjlaioup.   Wjlj`ntnil-pjlj`ntnil eirn prhsjs fnsnh`hdno, mnhonbni itiu pith`hdno, itiu rjsphl tjrcieip suitu nltjrvjlsn tjrtjltu, mino fnsno, onbniwn, itiu psnoh`hdns piei sumyjo-sumyjo sjcit itiu pisnjl?   Zkn tjrohltrh` eirn tnleioil-tnleioi tnleioil-tnleioil l enidlhstno, prjvjltnf itiu tjripjutno ei`ib oj`hbpho hrild yild `jmnc mjsir, yild enrilaild ultuo bjlejbhlstrisnoil rjsphl ubub tjrtjltu piei tnleioil- tnleioil tjrsjmut tjrcieip suitu virnisn mnh`hdns nlenvneu?   Wjlj`ntnil-pjlj`ntnil ultuo bjljltuoil ohlsjoujlsn ultuo nlenvneu eil bisyirioit eirn tnleioil-tnleioil prjvjltnf itiu tjripjutno tjrtjltu? eil   Wjlj`ntnil-pjlj`ntnil yild mjrojliil ejldil tnldoic `iou yild mjrointil ejldil ∝

∝

∝

∝

ojsjcitil bilusni ei`ib suitu kjlns ojieiil eil `nldouldil. Ieipul nsn Nlfhrbje Ahlsjlt yintu.   Wjlkj`isil bilfiit pjlj`ntnil?   Wjlkj`isil ojbuldonlil rnsnoh eil ojtneiolyibili ojtneiolyibilil l yild eipit entnbmu`oil?   Wjlkj`isil bilfiit yild ioil eneipitoil?   Wjrsjtukuil pjlj`ntn eipit bjlkiwim sjtnip pjrtilyiil yild enikuoil sumyjo mjrointil ejldil prhsjeur pjlj`ntnil? ∝

∝

∝

∝

J.

∝

 

∝

 

Wjrsjtukuil sumyjo eipit bjlduleuroil enrn oipil siki? Kibnlil ilhlnbntis eil ojricisniil.

QUILEI] JUNO WJLJ WJLJ@NUNIL @NUNIL OJQJCIUIL

Ejo`irisn Cj`snlon bjbuit prnlsnp jtnoi, enbili ojpjltnldil sumyjo cirus enitis ojpjltnldil `inl, mjrirtn cirus enpjrcitnoil. Qjhrild ehotjr cirus mjrtnleio ejbn ojpjltnldil pisnjllyi, eil tneio eipit bj`iouoil tnleioil yild bjrudnoil pisnjl. Ujreipit eui pjrlyitiil yild bjrupioil oulan suitu pjlj`ntnil yild bjlddulioil bilusni sjmidin sumkjo, yintu. 9.  Ojpjltnldil nlenvneu sumkjo cirus enmjrn prnhrntis enmilenldoil ejldil ohbulntis. =.  Qjtnip sumkjo ei`ib pjlj`ntnil o`nlns cirus bjleipitoil pjldhmitil tjrmino yild iei. Wiei Eja`iritnhl hf Cj`snlon entjtipoil micwi sj`inl enpjr`uoil nlfhrbje ahlsjlt eirn sumkjo pjlj`ntnil, enpjr`uoil kudi jtcnai` a`jirilaj yild enoj`uiroil h`jc Ohbnsn Jtno.

96

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

Eja`iritnhl hf Cj`snlon kudi bjlditur tjltild pjbilfiitil cjwil pjrahmiil ei`ib pjlj`ntnil ojsjcitil ejldil bjbpjrcitnoil ojsjkictjriil cjwil pjrahmiil. Qtileir jtno pjlj`ntnil ojsjcitil en Nlehljsni yild bj`nmitoil bilusni sjmidin sumyjo eneisiroil piei izis pjrnojbilusniil yild bjrupioil si`ic situ eisir fi`sific mildsi Nlehljsni, yintu Wilaisn`i. Ci` tjrsjmut enitur ei`ib ZZ Ojsjcitil lh =1/ 9>>=, WW lh 1>/ 9>>: tjltild Wjlj`ntnil eil Wjldjbmildil Ojsjcitil bjldjlin pjr`nleuldil eil cio ‑ cio bilusni sjmidin sumyjo pjlj`ntnil eil silosn mn`i pjlyj`jlddiriil pjlj`ntnil bj`ilddir ojtjltuil ei`ib WW tjrsjmut.(:) 

@itncil 9.  =.  1. 

Kj`isoil prnlsnp jtnoi pjlj`ntnil. Kj`isoil pjlj`ntnil yild bjbmutucoil Jtcnai` A`jirilaj ejldil mino Ehwl`hie Eja`iritnhl hf Cj`snlon, pj`ikirn sj`jldoiplyi

Wjtulkuo Kiwimil @itncil Zltuo bjbmiltu Ilei ei`ib bjldjrkioil shi` `itncil tjrsjmut sn`ioil pj`ikirn ojbmi`n bitjrn tjltild 9)  Wrnlsnp jtnoi pjlj`ntnil =)  Jtcnai` A`jirilaj 1)  Eja`iritnhl hf Cj`snlon

]nldoisil Jtnoi bjrupioil ituril yild enpjdild h`jc pjlj`ntn ei`ib bj`iouoil rnsjt eil h`jc oirjlilyi piri pjlj`ntn cirus bjldjticun eil picib tjltild jtnoi nln sjmj`ub bj`iouoil pjlj`ntnil. Zltuo ntu sjmj`ub pjlj`ntnil en`iouoil, pjr`u bjleipitoil jtnai` a`jirjlaj eirn `jbmidi jtno yild eipit enpjraiyi. Wiei siit pjlj`ntnil ioil en`iosilioil, bioi pjlj`ntn cirus bjbmjrnoil Nlfhrbje Ahlsjlt ojpiei rjsphlejl, ultuo bjleipitoil pjrsjtukuil sjtj`ic pjlkj`isil.

94

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

Ujs 9  9  Ahahooil`ic kiwimil Ilei ejldil Oulan Kiwimil Ujs 9 yild tjreipit en midnil iocnr Mim 9 nln. 9)  N`bu pjldjticuil mjrojbmild bj`i`un suitu prhsjs Qanjltnfna ]jsjirac, yintu ; I.  Hmsjrvisn, nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic, pjrubusil ojrildoi pjbnonril, pjrbusil cnphtjsns, pjlduknil cnphtjsns, pjldubpu`il eiti, ili`nsns eil nltjrprjstisn eiti, eil pjlirnoil ojsnbpu`il. M.  Hmsjrvisn, nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic, pjrubusil ojrildoi pjbnonril, pjldubpu`il eiti, pjrbusil cnphtjsns, pjlduknil cnphtjsns, ili`nsns eil nltjrprjstisn eiti, eil pjlirnoil ojsnbpu`il. A.  Hmsjrvisn, pjrubusil ojrildoi pjbnonril, nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic, pjrbusil cnphtjsns, pjlduknil cnphtjsns, pjldubpu`il eiti, ili`nsns eil nltjrprjstisn eiti, eil pjlirnoil ojsnbpu`il. E.  Hmsjrvisn, nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic, pjrbusil cnphtjsns, pjrubusil ojrildoi pjbnonril, pjlduknil cnphtjsns, pjldubpu`il eiti, ili`nsns eil nltjrprjstisn eiti, eil pjlirnoil ojsnbpu`il. =) 

Qi`ic situ syirit n`bu pjldjticuil iei`ic bjbn`non hmkjo eil bjthej n`bnic, itiu bjbn`non enbjlsn/ispjo yild mjrojliil ejldil ispjo duli`iosili itiu bilfiit n`bu. Ln`in duli n`bu mnsi en`ncit sjairi phsntnf eil lhrbitnf. Ci` tjrsjmut eipit enoj`hbphooil sjmidin ispjo ; I.  Ispjo Hlth`hdns M.  Ispjo Jpnstnbh`hdns A.  Ispjo iosnh`hdns E.  Mjrpnonr nleuotnf

1) 

Midinbili n`bu bjbpj`ikirn hmkjo stuenlyi ejldil bjlddulioil bjthej tjrtjltu, yintu bjthej ojn`buil itiu bjthej n`bnic yild eneuould h`jc sirili mjrfnonr n`bnic. Ci` tjrsjmut bjrupioil syirit n`bu pjldjticuil ispjo ; I.  Ispjo Hlth`hdns M.  Ispjo Jpnstnbh`hdns A.  Ispjo iosnh`hdns E.  Mjrpnonr nleuotnf

5) 

Ojieiil sjmjlirlyi (jbpnrno) yild enwukueoil ei`ib ki`nlil eui ohlsjp itiu `jmnc ei`ib ohbphljl n`bu ensjmut I.  Ujhrn M.  Fioti A.  Fjlhbjli E. Ohlsjp   93

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

:) 

Djki`i eil ojkienil yild entildoip ejldil pilai nlejri (pjld`ncitil, pjlejldiril, pjlanubil ,pjrisiil, pjrimiil), ojbuenil enkienoil ohlsjp, tjrbisuo ohbphljl n`bu I.  Ujhrn M.  Fioti A.  Fjlhbjli E.  Ohlsjp

6) 

Ohlsjp tjltild virnim`j eil ohlsjp tjltild ojtjrointil iltir virnim`j, ensiknoil ei`ib bjthei n`bnic sjmidin ; I.  Ojrildoi Wjbnonril M.  Cnphtjsns A.  Nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic E.  Wjlduknil cnphtjsns

4) 

Bjthej mjrfnonr yild bjbmicis ci`-ci` ubub enili`nsns sibpin ejldil ci`-ci` ocusus, ensjmut ; I.  M.  A.  E. 

Qnltjsns Nleuosn Ejeuosn Dimuldil Ejeuosn ejldil Nleuosn

3) 

Zrutil bilioic yild mjlir tjltild ki`nlil iltiri ohbphljl-ohbphljl n`bu I.  Fioti, Fiothr, Wrhphrsn, Ohlsjp, Ujhrn, Ei`n`/Cuoub M.  Fioti, Fiothr, Ohlsjp, Wrhphrsn,Ujhrn, Ei`n`/Cuoub A.  Fioti, Wrhphrsn, Fiothr, Ohlsjp, Ujhrn, Ei`n`/Cuoub E.  Fioti, Fiothr, Wrhphrsn, Ujhrn, Ohlsjp, Ei`n`/Cuoub Ei`n`/Cuoub

>) 

Zltuo bjbistnoil micwi fioti yild enpjrh`jc iei`ic mjlir, ei`ib bjthej n`bnic ensiknoil ejldil I.  Ojrildoi Wjbnonril M.  Wjlduknil Cnphtjsns A.  Nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic E.  Wjlduknil cnphtjsns

97) 97)  Eiti iei`ic fioti-fioti sjmidin muotn jbpnrna. Eiti yild bjrupioil djki`i yild mnsi enuour ensjmut ; I.  Fiothr Jlehwbjlt M.  Virnimj` A.  Fiothr Dnvjl E.  Ixnhbi

9>

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

Ujs =  =  Ahahooil`ic kiwimil Ilei ejldil Oulan Kiwimil Ujs = yild tjreipit en midnil iocnr Mim 9 nln. 9)  Wrhsjs mjrpnonr ultuo bjbjaicoil bisi`ic sjairi snstjbitns,jbpnrns, eil tjrohltrh` ensjmut I.  Bjthej N`bnic M.  Oiryi N`bnic A.  Wh`i Wnonr E.  Wjlj`ntnil =) 

Wrhsjs mjrpnonr ultuo bjbjaicoil bisi`ic `jmnc mjreisir ojpiei ; I.  Isubsn M.  Qnbpu`il A.  Fioti Ocusus E.  Bisi`ic lyiti

1) 

Iei ci` yild pjr`u enpjrcitnoil ei`ib bjbn`nc bisi`ic, eniltirilyi ‐  I.  Bilidjmn`nty M.  Wjldibitil sjpnltis A.  Enrubusoil ei`ib oi`nbit tilyi E.  Wjrlyitiil pjbjdild hthrntis

5) 

Ieilyi ojsjlkildil iltiri cipiril eil ojlyitiil ensiknoil ei`ib ; I.  ]ubusil Cnphtjsi M.  Ojrildoi Wjbnonril A.  Nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic E.  Wjlduknil cnphtjsns

:) 

Ohlstruosn mjrpnonr yild mjrsnfit `hdns ejldil irdubjltisn yild ohlsnstjl ejldil pjldjticuil sjmj`ublyi yild tj`ic mjrcisn` ensusul, ensjmut ; I.  Ojrildoi Wjbnonril M.  ]ubusil Cnphtjsi A.  Nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic E.  Wjlduknil cnphtjsns

6) 

Kiwimil sjbjltiri tjrcieip bisi`ic pjlj`ntnil, yild kiwimillyi cirus enukn ensjmut; I.  Cnphtjsi M.  Ojrildoi Wjbnonril A.  Nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic E.  Wjlduknil cnphtjsns =7

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

4) 

Cnphtjsns yild bjlulkuoil pjbioliil suitu ohlsjp eirn suitu tjhrn ensjmut ; I.  Cnphtjsns ejo`iritnf M.  Cnphtjsns Vjrnfnoitnf A.  Cnphtjsns Ejsornptnf E.  Cnphtjsns Qtitnstno

3) 

Eiti yild tj`ic enoubpu`oil tjrsjmut enejsornpsnoil, enmilenldoil eil enjvi`uisn yild ojsj`urucillyi eniricoil ojpiei sjmuic pjlirnoil ojsnbpu`il. Ci` tjrsjmut en`iouoil siit ticipil ; I.  Ojrildoi Wjbnonril M.  ]ubusil Cnphtjsi A.  Nejltnfnoisn bisi`ic E.  Wjbmicisil

Ujs 1 Ahahooil`ic kiwimil Ilei ejldil Oulan Kiwimil Ujs yild tjreipit en midnil iocnr Mim nln. 9) 

Bjleipitoil nlfhrbisn yild tjrmuoi mjrointil ejldil ki`illyi pjlj`ntnil bjrupioil prnlsnp jtnoi pjlj`ntnil ; I.  Bjldchrbitn ciroit eil birtimit bilusni M.  Bjldchrbitn prnvisn eil ojricisniil sumyjo pjlj`ntnil A.  Bjldchrbitn ojien`il eil nlo`usnvntis E.  Bjbpjrcntuldoil bilfiit eil ojrudnil yild entnbmu`oil

=) 

Wjlj`ntn tneio mh`jc bjlibpn`oil nlfhrbisn bjldjlin nejltntis rjsphlejl, mino libi biupul i`ibit ei`ib oujsnhljr/i`it uour, bjrupioil prnlsnp jtnoi pjlj`ntnil ; I.  Bjldchrbitn ciroit eil birtimit bilusni M.  Bjldchrbitn prnvisn eil ojricisniil sumyjo pjlj`ntnil A.  Bjldchrbitn ojien`il eil nlo`usnvntis E.  Bjbpjrcntuldoil bilfiit eil ojrudnil yild entnbmu`oil

1) 

Ei`ib bj`iouoil pjlduouril, pjlj`ntn cirus bjlddulioil bjthei ejldil onljrki yild mino eil enpjr`iouoil sjairi hptnbi`, bjrupioil prnlsnp jtnoi pjlj`ntnil ; I.  Bjldchrbitn ciroit eil birtimit bilusni M.  Bjldchrbitn prnvisn eil ojricisniil sumyjo pjlj`ntnil A.  Bjldchrbitn ojien`il eil nlo`usnvntis E.  Bjbpjrcntuldoi Bjbpjrcntuldoil l bilfiit eil ojrudnil yild entnbmu`oil

=9

 

 Bjtheh`hdn Wjlj`ntnil eil Qtitnstno 

◰

5) 

Nltn Jtno Wjlj`ntnil Ojsjcitil iei`ic ; I.  ]j`iwil bilusni yild mjrsjeni bjlkien sumkjo pjlj`ntnil M.  Ojsjeniil sjrti pjldhrmilil rj`iwil bilusni cirus encirdin A.  Bjldchrbitn eil bj`nleuldn ojcneupil E.  Wj`iosiliil ojwiknmil pjlj`ntn tjrcieip sumkjo pjlj`ntnil

:) 

Ipioic jtnoi pjlj`ntnil mjr`iou midn pjlj`ntnil yild tneio bjldileuld rjsnoh 8 I.  Uneio pjr`u, oirjli tneio bjbn`non rjsnoh yild eipit bjrudnoil itiu bjbmiciyioil rjsphlejl M.  Uneio pjr`u, oirjli sumkjo pjlj`ntnil ejldil bueic bjbicibn micwi tneio iei rjsnoh ei`ib pjlj`ntnil A.  Wjr`u, oirjli bjbpjrtnbmildoil ispjo shsnhjtnoi eil bjlkulkuld tnlddn ciroit eil birtimit ojbilusniil E.  Wjr`u, oirjli onti tneio ticu pjrsns ipi yild ioil tjrkien siit pjlj`ntnil

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