Metals: Test Yourself 14.1 (Page 250)

 

hm

Ofaegstry Ekttars ilr @OA ‖L‗ Cavac (4  Amgtglh)> Iucc _lcutglhs tl ]axtdllb [uastglhs

Ofkptar ;=

Ofkptar ;=

Eatkcs

]ast Wlursaci ;=.; (pk`a 41:)

;.

Krrkh`aeaht li ktles gh olppar (pura eatkc)> olppar ktle

 Krrkh`aeaht li ktles gh drkss (kccly)>   olppar ktle

zgho ktle

4.

Ekccakdgcgty>  K pura eatkc olhsgsts li lhcy lha typa li ktle, pkobam gh ckyars. ]fa ktles kra kr a li tfa skea sgza khm tfus okh scgma lvar akof ltfar aksgcy wfah ilroa gs kppcgam. ]fgs ekbas tfae ekccakdca. Kcclys kra ekma up li twl lr elra typas li ktles, wfgof fkva mgiiaraht sgzas. ]fa ktles li kh kccly okhhlt scgma lvar akof ltfar aksgcy. ]fus, kcclys kra cass ekccakdca. Eactgh` plght>  Kcclys kra ekma dy egxgh` ltfar acaeahts ghtl pura eatkcs. ]fus, kcclys fkva clwar eactgh` ea ctgh` plghts tfkh tfa pura eatkcs.

]ast Wlursaci ;=.4 (pk`a 41=)

;.

Eh(s) + F4L(`)

 EhL(s) + F4(`)

4.

Olppar mlas hlt rakot wgtf flt lr olcm wktar. _taac gs kh kccly tfkt olhtkghs grlh, wfgof wgcc rakot wgtf flt wktar lr stake tl ilre slcgm grlh lxgma.

?.

(k) Ek`hasgue lr zgho (d) ^gho

!

]ast Wlursaci ;=.? (pk`a 49?)

;.

Ek`hasgue, zgho, grlh, olppar

4.

M

?.

Olppar(GG) okrdlhkta gs `raah gh olclur. Pfah gt gs faktam, gt ofkh`as ofkh`as tl k dckob plwmar, olppar(GG) olppar(GG) lxgma> OuOL?(s)  OuL(s) + OL4(`) !

Pfah mgcuta suciurgo kogm wks kmmam tl olppar(GG) lxgma, tfa lxgma mgsslcvam khm k dcua slcutglh wks ldtkgham mua tl tfa ilrektglh li olppar(GG) sucikta> OuL(s) + F4_L=(kq)  Ou_L=(kq) + F4L(c ) !

© 4:;? Ekrsfkcc Okvahmgsf Ghtarhktglhkc (_gh`kplra) Zrgvkta Cgegtam ;=.;

 

hm

Ofaegstry Ekttars ilr @OA ‖L‗ Cavac (4  Amgtglh)> Iucc _lcutglhs tl ]axtdllb [uastglhs

Ofkptar ;=

]ast Wlursaci ;=.= (pk`a 496)

;.

(k) Acaotrlcysgs (d) Tamuotglh li lxgma usgh` okrdlh

4.

(k) Okcogue okrdlhkta, okcogue lxgma, okcogue sgcgokta, grlh(GGG) lxgma (d) Okrdlh, okrdlh elhlxgma

]ast Wlursaci ;=.1 khm ;=.9 (pk`a 40=)

;.

(k) (d) (o) (m)

Dy lgcgh` lr `raksgh`. ]fgs pravahts axplsura li eatkc tl kgr khm wktar. Dy `kcvkhgsgh` wgtf k tfgh ckyar li tgh. ]fgs pravahts axplsura li eatkc tl kgr khm wktar. Dy pcktgh` wgtf ofrlegue. ]fgs pravahts axplsura li eatkc tl kgr khm wktar. Dy kttkofgh` dclobs li k elra rakotgva eatkc, suof ks ek`hasgue, tl tfa ca`s li tfa staac pgar. ]fgs gs skorgigogkc prltaotglh, wfara tfa elra rakotgva eatkc rakots wgtf kgr khm wktar gh pckoa li staac.

4.

Kgr khm wktar kra haamam ilr rustgh` tl loour.

]ast Wlursaci ;=.0 (pk`a 406)

;.

Qsgh` k ek`hat (Kelh`st tfa oleelh eatkcs, lhcy grlh khm kh kccly li grlh, staac, kra ek`hatgo.) •

4.

   Tamuoa kgr khm Iraa up ckhm ilr wktar ltfar plccutglh geplrtkht usas suof ks k`rgouctura khm dugcmgh` fleas   _kva lh olst li axtrkotgh` kcueghgue irle lras

• •

G] Cakrhgh` Tlle (pk`a 406)

(k) _taac, stkghcass staac, kcueghgue khm olppar (d) Eatkc wksta gs pgobam lut ekhukccy lr sapkrktam usgh` ek`hats. ]fa slrtam eatkcs kra tfah eactam gh k iurhkoa khm ekma ghtl gh`lts lr sfaats li eatkc. (o) ]fa rakotglhs ghvlcvam gh ekbgh` grlh khm staac prlmuoa k clt li okrdlh mglxgma. ]fus, raoyocgh` ramuoas tfasa aegssglhs. (m) Mrghb okhs, eatkc olhstruotglh ektargkcs khm okr pkrts (a) ‖Pksta gs hlt wksta.‗ gs dksam lh tfa dacgai tfkt wksta gs k pltahtgkc rasluroa ilr slealha tl usa k`kgh. Gt ikogcgtktas tfa axofkh`a li wksta ektargkcs khm uhwkhtam gtaes irle olepkhgas khm lr`khgsktglhs (kvkgckdca ektargkcs) tl dusghassas, hlh-prligt lr`khgsktglhs khm sofllcs tfkt okh utgcgsa tfa wksta (wkhtam ektargkcs). Kvkgckdca ektargkcs Oleplst Caktfar illtwakr Qsam okrpats @ckss dlttcas Qsam wllm

Pkhtam ektargkcs Acaotrlhgo aqugpeaht Zkpar Qsam ghb khm tlhar okrtrgm`as _orkp eatkc

(i) Duy khm usa lhcy wfkt ylu haam. ]fgs wgcc facp tl ramuoa wksta. Gi ylur acaotrgokc kppcgkhoas kra ikucty, try tl sahm tfae ilr rapkgr igrst, ghstakm li nust tfrlwgh` tfae kwky. Ighm lut elra kdlut tfa Hktglhkc Taoyocgh` Zrl`rkeea (HTZ) khm tfa cloktglhs li raoyocgh` dghs hakr ylu. Da kwkra li wfgof gtaes okh lr okhhlt da raoyocam.

© 4:;? Ekrsfkcc Okvahmgsf Ghtarhktglhkc (_gh`kplra) Zrgvkta Cgegtam ;=.4

 

hm

Ofaegstry Ekttars ilr @OA ‖L‗ Cavac (4  Amgtglh)> Iucc _lcutglhs tl ]axtdllb [uastglhs

Ofkptar ;=

@at gt Tg`ft (pk`a 46:)

(k) ]rua (d) Ikcsa. ]fa struoturas li pura grlh khm staac kra sflwh daclw>

Zura grlh

_taac

(o) ]rua (m) Ikcsa. Zltkssgue gs pckoam fg`far up gh tfa rakotgvgty sargas tfkh okcogue daokusa gt gs elra rakotgva tfkh okcogue. (a) ]rua (i) Ikcsa. Eatkc okrdlhktas daclw slmgue maoleplsa tl ilre tfa eatkc lxgma khm okrdlh mglxgma. _gcvar lxgma iurtfar maoleplsas tl ilre sgcvar. (`) Ikcsa. Eatkcs fg`f up gh tfa rakotgvgty sargas okh lhcy da axtrkotam dy acaotrlcysgs daokusa tfay kra vary rakotgva. ]fay okhhlt da axtrkotam dy rakotglh wgtf okrdlh. (f) Ikcsa. Gh tfa axtrkotglh li grlh irle fkaektgta gh tfa dckst iurhkoa, grlh(GGG) lxgma rakots wgtf okrdlh elhlxgma tl ilre grlh khm okrdlh mglxgma. (g) ]rua (n) Ikcsa. ^gho gs usam ks k skorgigogkc eatkc gh rust pravahtglh ks gt gs elra rakotgva tfkh grlh. (b) ]rua

Cat‗s Tavgaw (pk`as 46:‟464) _aotglh K> EuctgpcaE uctgpca-Oflgoa Oflgoa [uastglhs

;. K

4. M

?. D

=. O

1. O

9. D

0. O

6. K

7. M

_aotglh D> _truoturam [uastglhs

;. (k) Zltkssgue, okcogue, zgho (d) 4B(s) + 4F4L(c )  4BLF(kq) + F 4(`) !

4. (k) _taac gs k egxtura li grlh wgtf lha lr k iaw ltfar acaeahts. (d) Grlh (pura eatkc) olhtkghs lhcy lha typa li ktle. _taac (kccly) olhtkghs mgiiaraht typas li ktles. _truotura li grlh>

_truotura li staac> ktles li mgiiaraht sgzas

grlh ktle

?. (k) Fymrl`ah (d) 

fakt-rasgstkht wllc slkbam gh wktar

ek`hasgue rgddlh

fymrl`ah `ks

wktar

© 4:;? Ekrsfkcc Okvahmgsf Ghtarhktglhkc (_gh`kplra) Zrgvkta Cgegtam ;=.?

 

hm

Ofaegstry Ekttars ilr @OA ‖L‗ Cavac (4  Amgtglh)> Iucc _lcutglhs tl ]axtdllb [uastglhs

Ofkptar ;=

(o) Zckoa k cg`ftam spcght gh tfa `ks. ]fa cg`ftam spcght wgcc da axtgh`ugsfam wgtf k ‖plp‗ sluhm. (m) ]fa rakotglh datwaah pltkssgue khm stake gs axpclsgva. Gt gs mkh`arlus tl okrry lut tfa axpargeaht. =. (k) Tausgh` ektargkcs tfkt wlucm ltfarwgsa da olhsgmaram wksta (d) ]fay kra uhrakotgva khm litah usam ks uholedgham eatkcs. ]fus, tfay okh da aksgcy sapkrktam irle ltfar sorkp eatkcs. (o) Olst li axtrkotgh` lra, ahar`y, ckhm T, Z, [, _ 1. (k) [ (d)  khm _ (o) Acaotrlcysgs li tfa elctah lra

9. (k) (g)

Duddcas (aiiarvasoahoa) li fymrl`ah `ks khm k `raah slcutglh ilream kitar slea tgea. Hg(s) + 4FOc (kq) (kq)  HgOc 4(kq) + F4(`) Hl rakotglh loours. Hl rakotglh loours. Olppar gs mgspckoam ks k rammgsf-drlwh slcgm khm k `raah slcutglh li hgobac(GG) hgtrkta gs ilream. Ek`hasgue Ek`hasgue gs kdlva hgobac gh tfa rakotgvgty sargas2 olppar gs daclw hgobac gh tfa rakotgvgty sargas. !

(gg) (d) (g) (gg) (o) (g) (gg)

_aotglh O> Iraa-Tasplhsa [uastglhs  D> okrdlh (olba)2 O> okcogue ;. (k) K grlh(GGG) mglxgma2 lxgma (fkaektgta)2 A>> okrdlh I> okrdlh elhlxgma2 @> okcogue lxgma okrdlhkta (cgeastlha)2 M> kgr (lxy`ah)2 (d) OkL(s) + _gL4(s)  Ok_gL?(c ) (o) Tamuotglh li fkaektgta tl grlh> Ia4L?(s) + ?OL(`)  4Ia(c ) + ?OL4(`) Okrdlh elhlxgma gs tfa ramuogh` k`aht. (m) (g) Fymrl`ah gs ilream irle tfa rakotglh li stake wgtf grlh. ?Ia(s) + =F4L(`)  Ia?L=(s) + =F4(`) (gg) Gt okh durh gh lxy`ah khm okusa axpclsglhs gh tfa dckst iurhkoa. (a) Hgobac lr ofrlegue !

!

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4. (k) ]l ahsura tfkt gt gs suciur mglxgma tfkt gs okusgh` okusgh` tfa olrrlsglh (d) K ofkh`a gh kppakrkhoa li eatkc gs ldsarvam. (o) Ek`hasgue. Gt gs tfa elst rakotgva li tfa tfraa eatkcs. ?. (k) (g) ]fa rgvats gh k drgm`a hakr tfa sak wlucm rust ikstar daokusa li tfa prasahoa li skct gh tfa kgr. (gg)

]fa rgvats usam tl flcm tfa olppar sfaats wlucm rust ikstar. Grlh gs elra rakotgva tfkh olppar khm wlucm tfus olrrlma ghstakm li olppar. ^gho gs elra rakotgva tfkh grlh khm wlucm tfus olrrlma ghstakm li grlh. (d) Murgh` tfa ekhuikotura li grlh, okcogue sgcgokta gs ilream ks k dy-prlmuot. Gt iclkts lh tlp li tfa elctah grlh. Pfah tfa iurhkoa wks tkppam, slea li tfa okcogue sgcgokta olucm fkva asokpam khm egxam wgtf tfa grlh.

© 4:;? Ekrsfkcc Okvahmgsf Ghtarhktglhkc (_gh`kplra) Zrgvkta Cgegtam ;=.=