Metales Alcalinos

 

 @RBP@NF RPW@]JL] WLNUÊBAJBF WLNUÊBAJBF E@  BIJDML]F_L

 

HFBPNUFE? BJ@ABJFR BF]]@]F? VPÄDJBF

W]ÆBUJBF Al.76.- W]L W]LWJ@EFE@R WJ@EFE@R E@ NLR D@UFN@R FNBFNJALR Z FNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR

6. EFULR C@A@]FN@R? BLEJCL(R)? (e` `stuejfat`(s)

ALDM]@? ALDM] @? `stuejfat`(s) UFAJF CPFZNNF

2:9

ELB@AU@? Erf. Al`njf I`rr`rl.

WF]FN@NL? M

AJX@N? R`cuael

NPCF] E@ ]@FNJ_FBJÒA? Nfmlrftlrjl e` Vuädjbf C`a`rfn ` Jalrcæajbf H@BIF E@ @AU]@CF? 68/70/=76:

H@BIF E@ ]@FNJ_FBJÒA? 62/70/=76:

=. LMO@UJXLR? =.6. C@A@]FN - @stfmn`b`r nfs prlpj`efe`s e` nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals y fnbfnjaltêrr`ls fsä bldl nfs  prlpj`efe`s e` fncuals e` ssus us bldpu`s bldpu`stls. tls. =.=.. @RW@ =.= @RW@BÄHJ BÄHJBLR BLR - Fafnjzfr bfef prlpj`efe häsjbf y quädjbf e` nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals y fnbfnjaltêrr`ls. - Lms`rvfr `n bldplrtfdj`atl e` bfef d`tfn fn ifb`rnls r`fbbjlaf r`fbbjlafrr bla ltrfs sustfabjfs l fn bfnlr. 2. DF]BL U@Ò]JBL D@UFN@R FNBFNJALR

Nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals fpfr`b`a `a nf afturfn`zf `a hlrdf bldmjafef, slmr` tlel `a e`pòsjtls e` sfn y `a sfn`s ejsu`ntfs `a `n fcuf e`n dfr. Nf prlplrbjòa `a nf qu` s` `abu`atrf `a nf blrt`zf t`rr`str` `s? Nj (7,7780%), Af (=,82%), K (=,57%), ]m (7,726%), Bs (7,772%). @n hrfabjl `s ua `n`d`atl rfejfbtjvl buyl jsòtlpl dæs `stfmn` `s `n ==2 bla ua tj`dpl e` vjef d`ejf e` =6 djautls. @s rfzlafmn` qu` `a huabjòa e` nf blahjcurfbjòa `n`btròajbf as 6, y nls vfnlr`s mfols e` nls prjd`rls plt`abjfn`s e` jlajzfbjòa, `n `stfel e` lxjefbjòa ifmjtufn s`f +6. Rla nls `n`d`atls `n`d `atls dæs `n`btrlpl `n`btrlplsjtjvl sjtjvlss e`n sjst`df sjst`df p`rjòejbl p`rjòejbl,, pr`s`atfa pr`s`atfa `n`vfef `n`vfef r`fbtjvjef r`fbtjvjefee quädjbf y sla hu`rt`s r`eubtlr`s. Rla d`tfn`s pnft`fels mrjnnfat`s, pr`s`atfa blaeubtjvjefe `nêbtrjbf y têrdjbf `n`vfef, sla duy mnfaels bla puatls e` husjòa mfols y mfofs e`asjefe`s e`asjefe`s.. Nls bldpu`stls vlnætjn`s e` nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals efa uaf blnlrfbjòa e` nnfdf bfrfbt`rästjbf? Nj, rlol-bfrdäa; Af, fdfrjnnf; K; vjln`tf bnfrl; ]m y Bs rlol vjln`tf. 6

 

D@UFN@R FNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR

@stls d`tfn`s sla duy `n`btrlplsjtjvls y slnfd`at` `xjst`a `a nf Afturfn`zf `a hlrdf e` bldpu`stls, e` nls qu` nls dæs jdplrtfat`s sla nls sjcuj`at`s? Dfca`sjtf DcBL 2, Lnjvjaf Dc=RjL5, Bfnbjtf, BfBL2, Xjt`rjtf MfBL2, `atr` ltrls. @n M` lbupf `n 8,67*675%, `n Dc lbupf `n 6,:2%, `n Bf lbupf `n 2,5%, `n Rr lbupf `n 7,7=%, y `n Mf lbupf `n 7,75% e` nf dfsf e` nf blrt`zf t`rr`str`. @n ]fejl hu` fjsnfel plr Dfrj` y Wj`rr` Burj` `a 69:9 e` nf p`bimn`aef e` Prfajl. @n jsòtlpl dæs `stfmn` `s `n ]f ==8 bla uaf vjef d`ejf e` 6877 föls. @n bfræbt`r `n`btrlplsjtjvl e` nls `n`d`atls (d`als hu`rt` qu` `n e` nls fnbfnjals) s` r`hn`of `a nfs `a`rcäfs e` jlajzfbjòa, nls plt`abjfn`s `stæaefr e` `n`btrlel y nls vfnlr`s e` nf `n`btrla`cftjvjefe. @a nfs r`fbbjla`s quädjbfs b`e`a `n`btrla`s hæbjnd`at` hlrdfael jla`s d`tænjbls ejvfn`at`s. Nf `a`rcäf a`b`sfrjf pfrf nf s`pfrfbjòa e` nls `n`btrla`s s` v` bldp`asfef plr nf crfa `atfnpäf e` ijerftfbjòa e` nls bftjla`s fsä bldl plr nls fntls vfnlr`s e` nfs `a`rcäfs r`tjbunfr`s qu` s` e`spr`ae`a `a nf hlrdfbjòa e` nfs sfn`s. Nf crfa dfylräf e` nls bldpu`stls qu` hlrdfa tj`a`a bfræbt`r jòajbl; sla uaf `xb`pbjòa nls e` m`rjnjl. Nfs sfn`s e` bfnbjl (e` blnlr rlol nferjnnl), `strlabjl (e` blnlr rlol bfrdäa), mfrjl (e` blnlr v`re` pænjel) y rfejl (e` blnlr rlol) pr`s`atfa f nf nnfdf blnlr`s bfrfbt`rästjbls. @s su bldplrtfdj`atl fn fcuf?plr @n `nnf M` al fntfjat`r`sfat` t`dp`rfturf; `n Dc `s ftfbfelhr`at` n`atfd`at` `a r`fbbjlaf bfnj`at`, ybla `n `nnf Bf, jabnusl Rr, y Mff r`fbbjlafa vjln`atfd`at` e`spr`aej`ael e`spr`aej`ael ijeròc`al y hlrdfael mfs`s hu`rt`s duy slnumn`s.

5. @VPJWLR Z DFU@]JFN@R DFU@]JFN@R - 6 vjerjls e` r`nlo -

8 vfsls e` pr`bjpjtfbjòa. 6 vfrjnnf e` fcjtfbjòa.

-

D`bi`rl muas`a

6 `spætunf

]@FBUJXLR - Mfrjl - Dfca`sjl - Bfnbjl - @strlabjl - Njtjl - Wltfsjl. - Fcuf e`stjnfef - H`alnhtfn`äaf - Rlnubjòa e` Af=BL2 - Rlnubjòa e` KBn -  Ajtrftls l bnlrurls e`? e`? Nj, K, Af, Dc, Bf Bf,, Rr y Mf. =

 

0. D@ULELNLCÄF? 6. ]`fb ]`fbbjòa bjòa e`n njtjl `a `a `n fjr` y `n fcuf fcuf?? f. Rfbf Rfbfrr ua p`ef p`efzl zl e` njt njtjl jl e`n hrfs hrfsbl bl (al tl tlbfrnl bfrnl bla bla nls e`els), e`els), blnlb blnlbfrnl frnl slmr` slmr` `n vjerjl r`nlo y ifb`rn` ua blrt` bla nf `spætunf. Lms`rv` nf sup`rhjbj` e`n blrt` r`bj`at`. Nu`cl blrt` ua p`efbjtl y eêo`nl bf`r `a fcuf qu` pr`vjfd`at` blatj`a` slnubjòa e` h`alnhtfn`äaf. ¼Vuê lms`rvf< Lms`rv` nf sup`rhjbj` blrtfef e`n njtjl, e`spuês e` 0 djautls; fpuat` qu` if lburrjel y `xpnjqu`. =. Lmt Lmt`ab `abjòa jòa e e`n `n blnlr blnlr e`n e`n ajtrf ajtrftl tl e` mfrj mfrjl? l? f. @a ua vfsl e` pr`b pr`bjpjtf jpjtfbjòa bjòa nn`af nn`afrr dæxj dæxjdl dl 0 dn e` fcuf e`spuês e`spuês blnlbfr blnlbfr plbf bfatjefe (al fsjcafef) e` ajtrftl e` mfrjl Mf(AL2)= e`spuês, fn `xpla`rnls bla nf nnfdf `a `n d`bi`rl faltfr qu` blnlr s` lmtuvl. 2. Lmt`a Lmt`abjòa bjòa e`n blnlr blnlr e` e`nn bn bnlrur lrurll e` bfnbjl? bfnbjl? f. @a ua vfsl e` pr`b pr`bjpjtf jpjtfbjòa bjòa nn`af nn`afrr dæxj dæxjdl dl 0 dn e` fcuf e`spuês e`spuês blnlbfr blnlbfr plbf bfatjefe (al fsjcafef) e` bnlrurl e` bfnbjl BfBn= e`spuês, fn `xpla`rnls bla nf nnfdf `a `n d`bi`rl faltfr qu` blnlr s` lmtuvl. 5. Lmt`a Lmt`abjòa bjòa e`n blnlr blnlr e` e`nn yl yleurl eurl e` pltf pltfsjl? sjl? f. @a ua vfsl e` pr`b pr`bjpjtf jpjtfbjòa bjòa nn`af nn`afrr dæxj dæxjdl dl 0 dn e` fcuf e`spuês e`spuês blnlbfr blnlbfr plbf bfatjefe (al fsjcafef) e` yleurl e` pltfsjl KJ e`spuês, fn `xpla`rnls bla nf nnfdf `a `n d`bi`rl faltfr qu` blnlr s` lmtuvl. 0. Lmt`a Lmt`abjòa bjòa e`n blnlr blnlr e`n bnlr bnlrurl url e` e` `s `strlab trlabjl? jl? f. @a ua vfsl e` pr`b pr`bjpjtf jpjtfbjòa bjòa nn`af nn`afrr dæxj dæxjdl dl 0 dn e` fcuf e`spuês e`spuês blnlbfr blnlbfr plbf bfatjefe (al fsjcafef) e` bnlrurl e` `strlabjl RrBn= e`spuês, fn `xpla`rnls bla nf nnfdf `a `n d`bi`rl faltfr qu` blnlr s` lmtuvl. 8. Lmt`a Lmt`abjòa bjòa e`n blnlr blnlr e` e`nn aj ajtrftl trftl e` dfca dfca`sjl `sjl?? f. @a ua vfsl e` pr`b pr`bjpjtf jpjtfbjòa bjòa nn`af nn`afrr dæxj dæxjdl dl 0 dn e` fcuf e`spuês e`spuês blnlbfr blnlbfr plbf bfatjefe (al fsjcafef) e` ajtrftl e` dfca`sjl Dc(AL2)= e`spuês, fn `xpla`rnls bla nf nnfdf `a `n d`bi`rl faltfr qu` blnlr s` lmtuvl. 8. FBUJXJEFE@R WL] E@RF]]LNNF]? Njstfr nfs fbtjvjefe`s l `tfpfs `a hlrdf s`bu`abjf s`bu`abjfnn pfrf `n e`sfrrlnnl e` nf præbtjbf, c`a`rfnd`at` s` utjnjzfræ `atr` ltrfs?      



Lms`rvfbjòa y r`blalbjdj`atl e` jastrud`atls y `qujpls Dfa`ol e` jastrud`atls y `qujpls Uldf y r`bln`bbjòa e` eftls Lre`afdj`atl y prlb`sfdj`atl e` eftls Bænbunls y r`suntfels Faænjsjs, crfhjbfbjòa ` jat`rpr`tfbjòa e` r`suntfels Lms`rvfbjla`s

2

 

3. ]@RPNUFELR LMU@AJELR -

]` ]`fb fbbj bjòa òa e`n e`n N Njj bla bla `n fj fjr` r` y ``nn ffcu cuff

=  Nj + =  I = L ↝ =  NjLI + I =

@n njtjl r`fbbjlaò bla `n fcuf e` dfa`rf dle`rfef, s` ejslnvjò y iuml uaf `h`rv`sb`abjf. Nf r`fbbjòa bla nf h`alnhtfn`äaf bfdmjl fn blnlr hubsjf. @n njtjl al r`fbbjlal `a pr`s`abjf e`n fjr` yf qu` s` dfatuvl cufrefel `a fb`jt` y plr dubil tj`dpl. 6. Wfrf `n fpfrtf fpfrtfel el 8 bldp bldpn`tfr n`tfr nf sjc sjcuj`a uj`at` t` tf tfmnf. mnf. Ufmnf 6. Blnlrfbjòa e` nls bftjla`s d`tænjbls f nf hnfdf. BLNL] E@ NF

@N@D@AUL (RFN@R E@?)

NNFDF Mnfabl Mnfabl fzunfel Mnfabl  Afrfaof ]lol Fdfrjnnl

Njtjl Rlejl Wltfsjl Dfca`sjl Bfnbjl @strlabjl Mfrjl

9. EJRBPRJÒA E@ NLR ]@RPNUFELR? Fn `xpla`r `n njtjl `a `n fjr` s` lms`rvò qu` tldl ua blnlr mnfabl, `n njtjl `a ua prjabjpjl `s e` blnlr a`crl, y tldl `n blnlr mnfabl e`mjel f qu` s` lxjel plrqu` p`rdfa`bjò ua bj`rtl tj`dpl `a `n fjr`, e`spuês `a ua vfsl e` pr`bjpjtfbjòa bla fcuf y fcr`cfr h`altfn`jaf s` tlraò ua blnlr rlsf y fn blnlbfr `n njtjl `a fqu`nnf sustfabjf s` lms`rvò qu` `n njtjl r`fbbjlal njm`rfael murmuofs y s` e`sijzl, e`spuês tuvjdls qu` r`fbbjla`s ejh`r`at`s bldpu`stl p`rl `a `st` bfsl bla bfnlr y lms`rvfr qu` blnlr blann`vf bfef uaf, `a `n prjd`r bldpu`stl qu` `s `n ajtrftl e` mfrjl fn d`zbnfrnl bla fcuf y `xpla`rnl fn bfnlr `a `n d`bi`rl s` lms`rvò ua blnlr fdfrjnnl, fn `xpla`r fn bfnlr fn bnlrurl e` `strlabjl s` lms`rvò ua blnlr rlol, fn `xpla`r fn ajtrftl e` dfca`sjl s` lms`rvò ua blnlr mnfabl, fn `xpla`r `n yleurl e` pltfsjl s` lms`rvò ua blnlr mnfabl fzunfel, fn `xpla`r `n bnlrurl e` bfnbjl s` lms`rvò ua blnlr afrfaof.

:. BLABNPRJLA@R? -

Nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjaltêrr`ls sla ple`rlsls sla ple`rlsls fc`at`s r`eubtlr`s, `s e`bjr, s` e`spr`ae`a hæbjnd`at` e` nls `n`btrla`s. Rla d`als r`fbtjvls qu` nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals, p`rl nl suhjbj`at` bldl pfrf al `xjstjr njmr`s `a nf afturfn`zf. Fuaqu` sla  mfstfat` hræcjn`s, hræcjn`s, nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjaltêrr`ls fnbfnjaltêrr`ls sla dfn`fmn`s dfn`fmn`s y eÿbtjn`s. eÿbtjn`s. 5

 

-

Nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals r`fbbjlafrla bla `n fcuf e`stjnfef hlrdfael ijeròxjels fbulsls ` ijeròc`al (cfs) `a r`fbbjla`s `xltêrdjbfs.

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Nls d`tfn`s fnbfnjals hlrdfa `n crupl d`tænjbl dæs fbtjvl. f d`ejef qu` br`s` su aÿd`rl ftòdjbl fud`atf nf fbtjvjefe e`n d`tfn. pls`` uaf crfa fbtjvjefe hr`at` fn fcuf, sus r`fbbjla`s sla tfa `a`rcêtjbfs qu` nn`cfa f bfusfr crfae`s `xpnlsjla`s f `xb`pbjòa e`n njtjl. `n njtjl `s `n ÿajbl d`tfn fnbfnjal qu` al r`fbbjlaf mrusbf mrusbfd`at` d`at` bla `n fcuf, yf qu`

-

fn `xpla`rnl fn fcuf bla h`alnhtfn`äaf h `alnhtfn`äaf slnl prleuol murmuofs y s` e`sijzl.

67. ]@BLD@AEFBJLA@R -

Psfr tlel `n `qujpl e` prlt`bbjòa pfrf `vjtfr fncÿa tjpl e` jrrjtfbjòa l fncuaf qu`dfeurf fn dfa`ofr nls bldpu`stls. Nfvfr nls dft`rjfn`s fat`s e` r`fnjzfr nf præbtjbf. W`ejr fyuef fn têbajbl elb`at` sj `n `stuejfat` tj`a` euefs l v` fncl hu`rf e` nl alrdfn dj`atrfs s` `stê r`fnjzfael nf præbtjbf.

FA@YLR?

FA@YL J   f)

m) njtjl `xpu`stl fn fjr`?

njtjl `a h`alnhtfn`äaf

0

 

ALUFR? f.

 m.

BFU@CL]ÄF EJFC]FDF? Fn ja jattrleubjr `n njt njtjl  Fprlmfel `a nf h` h`al alnh nhtf tfn` n`äa äaff Wr`njdjafr  r`fbbjlal  prleubj`ael murmuofs B`rtjhjbfel dj`atrfs s` e`sifb`. fprlmfr Fn `stfr `xpu`stl `n nj njttjl `a `n fjr jr`` s` Jahlrdfbjòa lxjel y tldl ua blnlr  bfnjhjbfr   mnfabl.

E@N

@RBP@NF RPW@]JL]  WLNJUÊBAJBF E@



 Wlr 

BIJDML]F_L

W]LWJ@EFE@R E@ NLR

HFBPNUFE E@ BJ@ABJFR

D@UFN@R FNBFNJALR Z

@RBP@NF E@ BJ@ABJFR

FNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR 

VPÄDJBFR

 Wlr 

NÆDJAF

@RBFNF

H@BIF

6

6?6

=76:/70/

@NFML]FEL WL]?

68

UFAJF ZFEJ]F CPFZNNF NLW@_

FA@YL JJ   b)

Bnlrurl e` `strlabjl

ALUFR? b-

e-

e) Ajtrftl e` dfca`sjl

BFU@CL]ÄF EJFC]FDF? Fn `x `xppla la``r `n bnl bnlru rurl rl  Fprlmfel e` `s `str trla labj bjll f nf nnfdf lms`rvfdls qu` Wr`njdjafr  tldl ua blnlr rlol.  B`rtjhjbfel Fn ``xxpl plaa`r `n `n ajt ajtrf rftl tl fprlmfr e` dfca`sjl s` lms`rvl qu` tldl ua Jahlrdfbjòa bfnjhjbfr  blnlr mnfabl.

E@N

@RBP@NF RPW@]JL]  WLNJUÊBAJBF E@



BIJDML]F_L

W]LWJ@EFE@R E@ NLR

HFBPNUFE E@ BJ@ABJFR

D@UFN@R FNBFNJALR Z

@RBP@NF E@ BJ@ABJFR

 Wlr 

VPÄDJBFR

 Wlr 

@NFML]FEL WL]? UFAJF ZFEJ]F CPFZNNF NLW@_

8

FNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR  NÆDJAF

@RBFNF

H@BIF

=

6?6

=76:/70/ 68

 

FA@YL JJJ  

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Zleurl e` pltfsjl

ALUFR? `-

BFU@CL]ÄF EJFC]FDF? Fn `x `xppla`r `n yl yleeurl  Fprlmfel e` pltfsjl f nf nnfdf s` lms`rvl qu` tldl Wr`njdjafr  ua

h-

blnlr

mnfabl B`rtjhjbfel

fzunfel. Fn `xp `xpla`r `n aajjtrftl fprlmfr e` mf mfrj rjll f nf nnfd nnfdff Jahlrdfbjòa lms`rvfdls qu` tldl bfnjhjbfr  ua blnlr fdfrjnnl.

h) Ajtrftl e` mfrjl

E@N

@RBP@NF RPW@]JL]  WLNJUÊBAJBF E@ BIJDML]F_L



 Wlr 

W]LWJ@EFE@R E@

 

HFBPNUFE E@ BJ@ABJFR

NLR D@UFN@R

@RBP@NF E@ BJ@ABJFR

FNBFNJALR Z

VPÄDJBFR  

NÆFNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR DJAF @RBFNF H@BIF

 Wlr 

@NFML]FEL WL]? UFAJF ZFEJ]F CPFZNNF NLW@_

3

2

6?6

=76:/70/ 68

 

FA@YL JX  

c) Bnlrurl e` bfnbjl

ALUFR? c-

BFU@CL]ÄF EJFC]FDF? Fn ``xxpla la``r `n bbnl nlru rurl rl  Fprlmfel e` bfnbjl s` lms`rvl qu qu`` tl tldl dl ua bl blnl nlr  r  Wr`njdjafr  afrfaof.  B`rtjhjbfel

E@N

@RBP@NF RPW@]JL]  WLNJUÊBAJBF E@ BIJDML]F_L



 Wlr 

Jahlrdfbjòa bfnjhjbfr 

 Wlr 

NLR D@UFN@R

@RBP@NF E@ BJ@ABJFR

FNBFNJALR Z

@NFML]FEL WL]? UFAJF ZFEJ]F CPFZNNF NLW@_

9

W]LWJ@EFE@R E@

HFBPNUFE E@ BJ@ABJFR VPÄDJBFR

fprlmfr

 

FNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR  NÆDJAF 5

@RBFNF 6?6

H@BIF =76:/70/ 68

 

FA@YL J? EJFC]FDFR E@ HNPOL E@ NF UÊBAJBF PUJNJ_FEF

W]LWJ@EFE@R E@ NLR D@UFN@R FNBFNJALR Z FNBFNJALUÊ]]@LR

vfsl pr`bjpjtfel 6? I=L + RrBn= (blnlr rlol) vfsl pr`bjpjtfel =? I=L + Dc (AL2)= (blnlr mnfabl) vfsl pr`bjpjtfel 2? I=L + KJ (blnlr mnfabl fzunfel) vfsl pr`bjpjtfel 5? I=L + Mf (AL2)= (blnlr fdfrjnnl) vfsl pr`bjpjtfel 0? I=L + BfBn= (blnlr afrfaof)

]ltunfr 0 vfsls e` pr`bjpjtfbjòa pfrf bfef bldpu`stl ejsu`ntl `a fcuf.

]ltunfr 6 vfsl e` pr`bjpjtfbjòa bla njtjl y e`spuês blnlbfr `a ua vjerjl r`nlo njtjl sja fb`jt`.

vfsl pr`bjpjtfel 8? I=L +h`alnhtfn`äaf + Nj vjerjl r`nlo? Nj sja fb`jt` `xpu`stl fn fjr`

¼Bfdmjl e` blnlr fn `xpla`rnl fn fjr`<

Rj

Faltfr nfs lms`rvfbjla`s qu` s` lmtuvj`rla.

Al

¼Wlr quê al s` prleuol `n bfdmjl<

]`vjsfr nls dft`rjfn`s utjnjzfels.

@xpla`r f nf nnfdf e`n d`bi`rl bfef bldpu`stl  pfrf lms`rvfr qu` blnlr blnlr s` lmtuvl.

¼Bfdmjl e` blnlr fn `xpla`rnl fn fjr`<

Al

]`vjsfr nls dft`rjfn`s utjnjzfels

Rj

Faltfr nfs lms`rvfbjla`s qu` s` lmtuvj`rla. :

 

¼bfdmjl e` blnlr tlels

Rj

nls vfsls e` fn  pr`bjpjtfbjòa `xpla`rnls f nf nnfdf e`n d`bi`rl<

Faltfr nfs lms`rvfbjla`s qu` s` lmtuvj`rla. Al

]`vjsfr nls dft`rjfn`s utjnjzfels.

¼Wlr quê al s` prleuol `n bfdmjl <

Hja

FA@YL JJ? BP@RUJLAF]JL

6. @xp @xpnjq njqu` u` nl qu qu`` su sub`e b`e`` fn föf föfejr ejr fn fcuf p`efbj p`efbjtls tls e` Njtjl Njtjl.. @x @xpla placf cf slmr slmr`` plrquê `s r`fbtjvl `n Njtjl. @n njtjl `s ua d`tfn fnbfnjal, p`rt`a`b` fn crupl 6 e` nf tfmnf p`rjòejbf y plr tfatl `s duy r`fbtjvl. @a blatfbtl bla `n fcuf prleub` ijeròxjel e` njtjl (mfs` hu`rt`) ` ijeròc`al. @a blatfbtl bla `n fjr`, e`mjel f nf pr`s`abjf e` lxäc`al, s` lxjef `a òxjel e` njtjl. =Nj + =I=L ↝ =NjLI + I= 5Nj + L= ↝ =Nj=L. Ufdmjêa r`fbbjlaf bla `n ajtròc`al pfrf efr ajtrurl e` njtjl Nj2A, qu` n` ef `s` blnlr lsburl f nf sup`rhjbj`. 8Nj + A= ↝ =Nj2A

@n Nj `s mfstfa mfstfat` t` r`fbtjvl r`fbtjvl,, bls blsff bldÿa `a su hfdjnjf, fuaqu` fuaqu` al nl `s tfatl bldl `n slej slejl, l, blsf blsf qu` qu` if ifb` b` qu qu`` al pu`e pu`eff `a `abl blat atrf rfrs rs`` nj njmr mr`` `a nf af aftu turf rfn` n`zf zf,, el elae ae`` 67

 

c`a`rfnd`at` nl `ablatrfdls hlrdfael pfrt` e` d`zbnfs e` jsòtlpls, nls Nj8 y Nj3.

=. ¼F quê br`` br`` qu` s` e`m` nls blnlr` blnlr`ss hu`rt`s e` nfs sfn`s e` nls d` d`tfn`s tfn`s f nf nnfdf nnfdf