Mest2 U1 A2 Yaco
February 15, 2023 | Author: Anonymous | Category: N/A
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Fstjmäsaj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf Hlkmjm mf Jgustf Jat`v`mjm 8. @mfkt`c`aja`ñk mf prufhjs kl pjrjdàtr`ajs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf Jat`v`mjm 8. @mfkt`c`aja`ñk mf prufhjs kl pjrjdàtr`ajs @ktfktls7 mls Lhgft`vl7 Jkji`zjr uk prlhifdj mf prufhjs kl pjrjdàtr`ajs y mftfrd`kjr auêifs pufmfk sfr prufhjs pjrjdàtr`ajs y auêifs auêifs slk prufhjs kl pjrjdàtr`ajs. pjrjdàtr`ajs.
Alks`mfrjkml Alks`mfrjk ml ij s`tuja`ñk s`tuja`ñk mf ajmj prlhifdj, prlhifdj, `km`aj quà t`pl mf prufhj fs (pjrjdàtr`aj l kl pjrjdàtr`aj), fk ajmj ajsl gust`c`aj tu fifaa`ñk. Mf sfr kl pjrjdàtr`aj, fstjhifaf quà prufhj fs, `mfkt`c`aj ils fifdfktls mf ij prufhj, rfji`zj ij prufhj s`ou`fkml ils pjsls hês`als pjrj iifojr j ijs alkaius`lkfs pfrt`kfktfs. Fkuka`jml : Vkj fkaufstj mf k4?>1 fdpifjmls sfifaa`lkjmls sfifaa`lkjmls ji jzjr, rfvfiñ quf fi 3: 3:% % mf fiils alks`ou`ñ alks`ou`ñ trjhjgl plr dfm`l mf ukj rfm mf alktjatls. Qf husaj jkji`zjr s` ij djylräj mf ils fd fdpifjmls pifjmls (dês mfi 6>%) alks`oufk trjhjgl plr dfm`l mf ukj rfm mf alktjatls. Alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>:. ]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk Kl pjrjdàtr`aj Ij usjrfdls plrquf ij m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk fs mfsalkla`mj mfsalkla`mj ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr rfji`zjr
^rufhj mf s`okls7
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj
Ij prufhj mf s`okls sf ut`i`zj pjrj prlhjr b`pñtfs`s slhrf ukj dfm`jkj plhija`lkji. ^rufh ^ru fhjj fs fstj tjmä mäst st`a `ajj kl pj pjrj rjdà dàtr tr`a `ajj pj pjrj rj `m `mfk fkt` t`c` c`aj ajr r m`cfrfka`js fktrf mls plhija`lkfs alk hjsf fk fi jkêi`s`s mf mjtls kld`kjifs. :. Bl 7^4>.6> B:7 ^; >.6> Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
8.- κ 4>.>6 (ukj slij alij) Wκ 4 :.3=6 ]jhij J l ]jhij J-8 1.- Fstjmäst`al mf prufhj7 .3: .6> z 4 p ∘ p z 4 ∘ pq .6∟.6 k ?>1 [
∗
∗
[
=.-Xfoij mf mfa`s`ñk 7 Xfabjzjr Bl s` 7 6.21 ; :.3=6 (Sfrmjmfrl Alkaius`ñk Alkaius`ñk7 Ji 06% mf k`vfi mf alkc`jkzj sf rfabjzj Bl. Iufol dês mfi 6>% s` alks`ouf trjhjgl plr dfm`l mf rfmfs mf alktjatl alktjatl U A@]J]@LK Mrj Yi 8>62 T Fkuka`jml 8 Fk uk slkmfl rfji`zjml murjktf ukj ajdpjúj pjrj fifaa`lkfs prfs`mfka`jifs sf p`m`ñ j 8>> vltjktfs rfo`strjmls quf fvjiujrjk j ils ajkm`mjtls mfdñarjtj y rfpuhi`ajkl alk rfija`ñk j su pliät`aj fxtfr`lr. Fi rfsuitjml
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf lhtfk` lht fk`ml ml cuf7 cuf7 ?8 mf ils fka fkaufs ufstjm tjmls ls fvjiuj fvjiujrlk rlk dfglr dfglr ji ajkm`m ajkm`mjtl jtl mfdñar mfdñarjtj jtj,, :>1 fvjiuj fvjiujrlk rlk dfglr dfglr ji rfpuhi`ajkl y 86 kl fkalktrjrlk m`cfrfka`j fktrf ils ajkm`mjtls. Qf husaj lhsfrvjr s` fx`stf ukj m`cfrfka`j s`ok`c`ajt`vj, fktrf ils ajkm`mjtls, fk tàrd`kls mf ij lp`k`ñk p÷hi`aj jafraj mf su pliät`aj fxtfr`lr. Alk uk >.>6 mf s`ok`c`ajka`j ]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk Kl pjrjdàtr`aj Ij usjrfdls plrquf ij m`str`hua`ñk m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk plhija`ñk fs mfsalkla`mj mfsalkla`mj Ij prufhj mf s`okls sf ut`i`zj pjrj prlhjr b`pñtfs`s slhrf ukj dfm`jkj plhija`lkji. ^rufhj mf s`okls7 ^rufhjj fstjm ^rufh fstjmäst`a äst`ajj kl pjrjd pjrjdàtr`a àtr`ajj pjrj `mfk `mfkt`c` t`c`ajr ajr m`cfr m`cfrfka`j fka`jss fktr fktrff mls plhija`lkfs alk hjsf hjsf fk fi jkêi`s`s mf mjtls kld`kjifs. kld`kjifs. Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj k 48>>∘86 4:?6 ι4 .6 k ι4 .6 x :?6 ι4 2?.6 ρ 4∗ .86 .86 x :?6 ρ 4 3.3 Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj Alk hjsf fk fi k÷dfrl mf s`okls dês (x4?8) quf alrrfsplkmf ji k÷dfrl mf pfrslkjs quf fvjiujrlk aldl dfglr ij pliät`aj fxtfr`lr mfi ajkm`mjtl mfdñarjtj ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr rfji`zjr
Fstjmäst`al mf prufhj z 4¼
x ∘ ι] ρ
z 4¼
∘2?.6
?8
3.3
z 4∘8.16
]
M`str`hua`ñk mf prlhjh`i`mjm pjrj fi k÷dfrl mf s`okls dês fk ukj prufhj mf ils s`okls fk ij quf k 4:?6
Fk ijs tjhijs mf prlhjh`i`mjm klrdji fstêkmjr sf fkaufktrj quf fi êrfj fk ij alij, j ij `zqu`frmj mf z 4-8.16 fs >.>>0=. Aldl sf trjtj mf ukj prufhj mf mls alijs, fi vjilr-p 4 8(>.>>0=) 4 >.>:22 . Alkaius`ñk vjilr∘ p >.>:22 9 >.>6 sf rfabjzj Ο>
Aldl rfsuitjml mf fstf fstum`l sf fkaufktrj quf ils ajkm`mjtls m`c`frfk fk tàrd`kls mf ij lp`k`ñk p÷hi`aj jafraj mf su pliät`aj fxtfr`lr. U A@]J]@LK JklDà Yi 8>62 T Fkuka`jml 1 Fi `korfsl dfm`jkl jkuji mf ils susar`ptlrfs mf ij rfv`stj Hjrrlk fs $:1: >>> (hjrrlks.djo.ald, 82 mf gui`l mf 8>>>). Quplkoj quf fk ukj dufstrj mf 1>> susar`ptlrfs j ]bf _jii Qtrfft Glurkji, :36 susar`ptlrfs plsfjk uk `korfsl djylr quf $:1: >>> y :16 plsfjk uk `korfsl dfklr quf $:1: >>>. ¼^ufmf alkaiu`r quf bjy m`cfrfka`j fktrf ils `korfsls dfm`jkls mf ils mls orupls mf Qusar`ptlrfs< Vt`i`af uk k`vfi mf >.>6 mf s`ok`c`ajka`j. ]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf Kl pjrjdàtr`aj
Ij usjrfdls plrquf ij m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk fs mfsalkla`mj mfsalkla`mj Ij prufhj mf s`okls sf ut`i`zj pjrj prlhjr b`pñtfs`s slhrf ukj dfm`jkj plhija`lkji. ^rufh ^ru fhjj fs fstj tjmä mäst st`a `ajj kl pj pjrj rjdà dàtr tr`a `ajj pj pjrj rj `m `mfk fkt` t`c` c`aj ajr r m`cfrfka`js fktrf mls plhija`lkfs alk hjsf fk fi jkêi`s`s mf mjtls kld`kjifs.
^rufhj plr rfji`zjr rfji`zjr
^rufhj mf s`okls7
B>7 Dfm`jkj 4 $:1: >>> B:7 Dfm`jkj ≮ $:1: >>> Alk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j κ4>.>6 Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj
Fi k÷dfrl mf ij dufstrj fs k 4 1>>, jsudf ukj m`str`hua`ñk klrdji. ι 4 >.6> (1>>) 4 :6> ρ 4 ∗ >.86 >.86 ( 1>> ) 4 2.33 Fi k÷dfrl mf s`okl dês fs x4:36, x4:36, sf bjiij fi fstjmäst`al mf prufhj prufhj W7 W4
∘:6>
:36
2.33
4 :.?1
Dfm`jktf tjhij pjrj W4:.?1, sf ajiauij pjrj mls alijs fi vjilr-p48(:- >.0628) 4 >.>213. Alkaius`ñk Aldl fi vjilr-p≦ κ4>.>:, fktlkafs kl sf rfabjzj B>.
Fkuka`jml = Fi mfpjrtjdfktl mf qufgjs mf DaCjrijkm @ksurjkaf Aldpjky `kclrdj quf fi alstl dfm`l pjrj trjd`tjr ukj qufgj fs mf $3>. Vkj aldpjrja`ñk fk ij `kmustr`j mfdlstrñ quf fstj ajkt`mjm fs djylr quf fk ijs mfdês aldpjúäjs mf sfourls, jsä quf ij aldpjúäj tldñ dfm`mjs pjrj rfmua`r ojstls. ^jrj fvjiujr fi fcfatl mf ijs dfm`mjs mf rfmuaa`ñk mf ojstls, fi supfrv`slr mfi mfpjrtjdfktl mf qufgjs sfifaa`lkñ ukj dufstrj jifjtlr`j mf 83 qufgjs jtfkm`mjs fi dfs pjsjml. Ij `kclrdja`ñk mf mf ij dufstrj jpjrfaf j alkt`kuja`ñk. alkt`kuja`ñk. $=6 =2 =2 62 12
$=0 61 6= 6: ?3
$38 3? 6: 62
]`pl mf ^rufhj
$=> 31 63 60
$=1 ?2 31 63
$3: 3= 30 6?
Qf husaj alkaiu`r quf fi alstl dfm`l mf jtfka`ñk mf ukj qufgj jblrj fs dfklr j $3> alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>: Gust`c`aja`ñk
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
?
Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf ^rufhj kl pjrjdàtr`aj ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr
Vk`m`rfaa`lkji (uk`ijtfrji, j ukj alij)
s` ils mjtls kl fstêk fk fsajij mf `ktfrvjil l s` ij m`str`hua`ñk mf ils mjtls fs hjstjktf js`dàtr`aj Fk ij b`pñtfs`s jitfrkjt`vj sf prfm`af ij m`rfaa`ñk mf ijs dfm`js. Qf rfabjzj ij b`pñtfs`s kuij aujkml ijs dfm`js prlafmfk mf plhija`lkfs m`cfrfktfs y jmfdês ukj dfm`j mftfrd`kjmj (sf fspfaäc`aj pr`lr`) fs djylr quf ij ltrj7 :; 8 l qu`zês :98
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj
pufs mfsfj mftfrd`kjr s` ij buhl ukj rfmuaa`ñk Ij fs mf ukj Ij prufhj mfs`oujimjm mf ijalij, b`pñtfs`s jitfrkjt`vj sfújij rfo`ñk mf rfabjzlfkfkfiijalstl. alij `zqu`frmj mf ij m`str`hua`ñk B > 7 ι ≦ $ 3> B : 7 ι 9 $ 3> Fi k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j fs >.>: Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj Fi fstjmä fstjmäst`al st`al mf ij prufh prufhjj fs ij m`str`hua`ñk m`str`hua`ñk t plrquf rfsuitj rfsuitj rjzlkjhif alkaiu`r alkaiu`r quf ij m`st m`str`hua r`hua`ñk `ñk mfi alstl plr qufgj s`ouf ij m`str`hua`ñk m`str`hua`ñk klrdji. klrdji. Kl sf alklaf ij mfsv`ja`ñk mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf ij plhija`ñk, plhija`ñk, plr il quf fstj sf sust`tuyf sust`tuyf plr ij mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr fstêkmjr mf ij dufstrj.
Fi vjilr mfi fstjmäst`al mf ij prufhj sf ajiauij plr dfm`l mf ij clrduij.
t 4
x½ ∘ ι s ∗ k
Fi alstl dfm`l plr qufgj mf ij dufstrj mf 83 lhsfrvja`lkfs fs mf $63.=8. Ij mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf fstj dufstrj fs mf $:>.>=. J sust`tu`r sust`tu`r fstls vjilrfs fk ij cñrduij cñrduij mf t lhtfkfdls. ½ x ∘ ι 63,=8∘3> t 4 :>.>= 4 :.2:2 s
∗ k
83 3 ∗ 8
Alkaius`ñk Aldl fi -:.2:2 sf ilaji`zj fk ij rfo`ñk uh`ajmj j ij mfrfabj mfi vjilr ar`t`al mf -8.=26, ij B`pñtfs`s kuij kl sf rfabjzj alk fi k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>:. Kl sf mfdlstrñ quf ijs dfm`mjs mf rfmuaa`ñk mf alstls bjyjk jgjml fi alstl dfm`l plr qufgj j dfkls mf $3>.Fs mfa`r, ij m`cfrfka`j mf $1.62 ($63.68-$3>) fktrf ij dfm`j dufstrji y ij dfm`j plhija`lkji pufmf mfhfrsf ji frrlr mf dufstrfl.
Fkuka`jml 6 Ij aldpjúäj O`hhs Hjhy mfsfj aldpjrjr fi judfktl mf pfsl mf hfhàs quf alksudfk su prlmuatl fk aldpjrja`ñk alk fi prlmuatl mf su aldpft`mlr. Vkj dufstrj mf => hfhàs quf alksudfk ils prlmuatls O`hhs rfvfiñ uk judfktl mf pfsl dfm`l mf ?.3 i`hrjs fk sus pr`dfrls trfs dfsfs mf v`mj, alk ukj mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf ij plhija`ñk mf ij dufstrj mf 8.1 i`hrjs. Vkj dufstrj mf 66 hfhàs quf alksudfk ij djraj mfi aldpft`mlr rfvfiñ uk judfktl dfm`l mf 2.: i`hrjs, alk ukj mfsv`ja`ñk fstêkmjr mf ij plhija`ñk mf 8.0 i`hrjs. Alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>6, ¼fs pls`hif alkaiu`r quf ils hfhàs quf alksud`frlk ij djraj O`hhs ojkjrlk dfkls pfsl< ]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk ^rufhj pjrjdàtr`aj Qf husaj fst`djr ils pjrêdftrls mf ukj plhija`ñk fk hjsf j ukj ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr
dufstrj. Fs ukj prufhj mf b`pñtfs`s hjsjmj fk fi fstjmäst`al W, quf s`ouf ij
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf ^rufhj W
m`str`hua`ñk klrdji fstêkmjr hjgl ij b`pñtfs`s kuij. Ij prufhj W dês s`dpif fs ij prufhj W mf : dufstrj, ij auji fvji÷j ij dfm`j mf ukj plhija`ñk klrdjidfktf m`str`hu`mj alk vjr`jkzj alkla`mj. Ij b`pñtfs`s kuij fs quf kl bjy m`cfrfka`j fk ils pfsls dfm`ls mf ils mls orupls mf hfhf (B>) Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj
^JQL ιa B>7 ι ≦:7 B:7 ι 9 ιa ^JQL 87 κ4>.>6
W t ( : ∘ κ )4W t ( :∘ >.>6 )4 W t ( >.06 ) W t ( >.06 )4:.36 ^JQL 17 ?.3 ∘2.:
W a 4
∗
8.1
8
=>
+
8 8.0 W a 4∘>.013 W t ( >.013 )4:.61
66
^JQL =
Alkaius`ñk Aldl W a ajf fk ij X.J mf Bl Fktlkafs rfabjzjdls B:5 iufol sf pufmf alkaiu`r j uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>6 quf fx`stf fv`mfka`j fstjmäst`aj pjrj jc`rdjr quf ils hfhfs quf usjrlk ij djraj O`hhs kl ojkjk dfkls pfsl. U A@]J]@LK DsA:6 Yi 8>62 T Fkuka`jml 3 6>¾A
]fdpfrjturj 3>¾A
?>¾A
1= 1> 81 8= 1: 82 13 1= 82 10 81 1> 18 8? 1: ^jrj fstum`jr fi fcfatl mf ij tfdpfrjturj fk fi rfkm`d`fktl mf uk prlafsl quäd`al, sf prlmugfrlk a`kal iltfs alk ajmj ukl mf ils trfs trjtjd`fktls. Ils rfsuitjmls sf prfsfktjk j alkt`kuja`ñk. Mà ij tjhij pjrj fi jkêi`s`s mf vjr`jkzj. Vsf κ 4>.>6 pjrj prlhjr s` ij tfdpfrjturj tfdpfrjturj jcfatj fi rfkm`d`fktl dfm dfm`l `l mfi prlafsl. ]`pl mf ^rufhj
Gust`c`aja`ñk
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf ^jrjdàtr`aj ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr Jkêi` êi`s`s s`s mf Sjr Sjr`jk `jkzj zj Jk (JKLSJ) Fifdfktls
mf
Qf rfqu`frf mf ukj tàak`aj fstjmäst`aj pjrjdàtr`aj mf alktrjstf mf b`pñtfs`s. Q`rvf pjrj aldpjrjr vjr`ls orupls fk ukj vjr`jhif aujkt`tjt`vj. Ij bfrrjd`fktj fstjmäst`aj quf kls jyumj j aldpjrjr ijs dfm`js mf dês mf mls k`vfifs fk uk slil cjatlr sf alklaf aldl Jkêi`s`s mf Sjr`jkzj (JKLSJ) pjrj uk cjatlr y ij m`str`hua`ñk quf sf ut`i`zj fs ij m`str`hua`ñk C`sbfr. Mfc`k`dls quf fi cjatlr mf `ktfràs fs ij tfdpfrjturj y quf alktjdls alk 1 trjtjd`fktls 6>¾A,
ij
prufhj
3>¾A y ?>¾A Lhgft`vl7 ^rlhjr quf ij tfdpfrjturj jcfatj fi rfkm`d`fktl dfm`l mfi prlafsl, prlhjr quf ij dfm`j mf ils rfkm`d`fktls fk ils m`st`ktls trjtjd`fktls kl slk tlmjs `oujifs. B`pñtfs`s7 Ij b`pñtfs`s kuij ( B >) Q@FD^XF `rj fk fi sfkt`ml mf quf tlmjs ijs dfm`js fktrf ils trjtjd`fktls slk `oujifs y ij b`pñtfs`s jitfrkjt`vj ( B :) sfrê quf kl tlmjs ijs dfm`js slk `oujifs (quf fs m`cfrfktf j mfa`r quf tlmjs slk m`st`ktjs), plr il tjktl7 B >7 ι6> ¾ A 4 ι3> ¾ A 4 ι?> ¾ A B :7 Kl tlmls ils rfkm`d`fktls prldfm`ls slk `oujifs Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj Sjilr arät`al7 ^jrj mftfrd`kjr fi vjilr ar`t`al ut`i`zjrfdls ij m`str`hua`ñk C`sbfr, ij auji mfpfkmf mf orjmls mf i`hfrtjm fk fi kudfrjmlr, orjmls mf i`hfrtjm fk fi mfkld`kjmlr y fi k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j ( κ )
oikudfrjmlr4e-:5 tjdh`àk iijdjml orjmls mf i`hfrtjm fktrf trjtjd`fktls mlkmf e fs fi k÷dfrl mf trjtjd`fktls. Fk fstf ajsl slk 1.
oikudfrjmlr41 ∘:48
oimfkld`kjmlr4kr ∘e 5 ]jdh`àk iijdjml orjmls mf i`hfrtjm mfktrl mf ils trjtjd`fktls mlkmf kr sfrê fi tltji mf fifdfktls fk fi fxpfr`dfktl, fs mfa`r ij sudj mf ils tjdjúls mf ij dufstrj mf ajmj trjtjd`fktl. Fk fstf ajsl kr 4:6
oimfkld`kjmlr4kr ∘ e 4 :6-14:8 Alk uk κ 4.>6 K`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j s`ok`c`ajka`j
C a 41.20
Sjilr fstjmäst`al7 Fi vjilr fstjmäst`al sf ajiauij j pjrt`r mf ils mjtls mf ij dufstrj hjsjml fk ijs clrduijs7 Cf Aujmrjml Dfm`l Qudj mf aujmrjmls
C 4 ADF
e
QA]
AD]
AD] 4 e ∘:
8
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
√
QA] 4 g4: k ( x ½ ∘ x½ ) g
g
?
Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf ADF 4
e
QAF k ] ∘ e
80
82
Mfsv`ja`ñk Q]M
6.?
=.8
1.:
Sjr`jkzj
18
80
82
6
6
6
g
8
g
?>¾A 81 82 82 1> 1:
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k g
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Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf C
Cf 4
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Cf 4:.?6
Alk fstj `kcrldja`ñk quf sf bj lhtfk`ml plmfdls jrdjr ij tjhij JKLSJ Qudj mf Orjmls mf Aujmrjml aujmrjmls ?> 8 => 1 :>
]rjtjd`fktl Frrlr ]ltji
i`hfrtjm 8 :8 :=
Cf
dfm`l 16 8> 66
:. ?6
]ldj mf mfa`s`ñk7 Qf aldpjrjk ils vjilrf mf Cf alktrj Ca mlkmf ij rfoij mf mfa`s`ñk fs7 Qf rfabjzj B > s` fi vjilr C f fs djylr ji vjilr C a s`fkml C f4¼ :.?6¼ y C a 4¼ 1.20 ¼ Qf lhsfrvj quf7 Cf 9 Ca 5 ^lr il tjktl sfo÷k ij rfoij kl sf rfabjzj ij B > Alkaius`ñk Alk uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mfi 6 % kl bjy fv`mfka`j suc`a`fktf pjrj aldprlhjr quf fx`stj jioukj m`cfrfka`j fk fi rfkm`d`fktl prldfm`l mfh`ml j ij tfdpfrjturj.
U A@]J]@LK Fkr:3 Yi 8>62 T
Fkuka`jml 2 Alk lhgftl mf mftfrd`kjr su fcfatl fk fi rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk fk ils jutldñv`ifs mf pjsjgfrls, sf prufhjk mls jm`t`vls pjrj ojsli`kj. Qf dufstrjk d ufstrjk ils rfsuitjmls mf fstj prufhj fk :8 jutldñv`ifs5 fk ajmj ajmj jutldñ jutldñv`i v`i sf prlhjr prlhjrlk lk ils mls jm`t`v jm`t`vls. ls. Vsf κ 4 >.>6 >.>6 pjrj pjrj mftfrd mftfrd`kj `kjrr s` fx`stf fx`stf uk ukjj m`cfrf m`cfrfka` ka`jj s`ok`c`ajt`vj fktrf fstls mls jm`t`vls. Jm`t`vl Jutldñv`i : 8 1 = 6 3 ]`pl mf ^rufhj
: 8 >. :8 8 1. 63 8 8. >1 : 0. :6 8 :. 81 8 =. ??
Kl pjrjdàtr`aj
Jm`t`vl 8
Jutldñv`i ? 2 0 :> :: :8
:
8
:2. >6 :3 . :3 :?.8> 8:. ?? :2 . 66 :=.02 88. 6? 8: . 2? 8>.>1 :?. >3 8= . 81 8:.:6 8:. 88 81 . 8: 88.?2 81. 2 86 . >8 81.?> Gust`c`aja`ñk Fs ukj prufhj mf b`pñtfs`s quf kl rfqu`frf quf ij m`str`hua`ñk mf ij plhija`ñk sfj ajrjatfr`zjmj plr a`frtls pjrêdftrls. slk ÷t`ifs aujkml kl sf audpif fi supufstl mf klrdji`mjm y fi tjdjúl mf ij dufstrj fs pfqufúl
^rufhj plr rfji`zjr
Ij ut`i`zjrfdls pjrj aldpjrjr mls dufstrjs rfija`lkjmjs, pjrj jkji`zjr mjtls
^rufhj mf ils rjkols alk s`okl mf _`ialxlk
lhtfk`mls dfm`jktf fi m`sfúl pjrfjml (aujkml fi `kvfst`ojmlr sfifaa`lkj pjrfs mf lhgf lh gftl tlss y uk ukl l mf aj ajmj mj pj pjrr fk cl clrd rdjj ji jifj fjtl tlr` r`jj fs js js`o `okj kjml ml j uk ukls ls mf ml mlss
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf trjtjd`fktls) Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj
^jsl :7 Fstjhifafr ij b`pñtfs`s kuij y b`pñtfs`s jitfrkjt`vj. B >7 Fi rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojilk usjkml fi jm`t`vl : fs `ouji j fi rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojilk usjkml fi jm`t`vl 8.
B j7 fi rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk usjkml fi jm`t`vl : fs m`cfrfktf ji rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk usjkml fi jm`t`vl 8 Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj ^jsl 87 Qfifaa`lkjr fi k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j s`ok`c`ajka`j.. κ 4>.>6 ^jsl 17 Qfifaa`lkjr fi fstjmäst`al mf ]. ^jsl =7 Clrduijr ij rfoij mf mfa`s`ñk.
^jsl 67 Jutldñv`i Jm`t`vl Jutldñv`i : 8 1 = 6 3 ? 2 0 :> :: :8
:
8
8>.:8 81.63 88.>1 :0.:6 8:.81 8=.?? :3.:3 :2.66 8:.2? 8=.81 81.8: 86.>8
:2.>6 8:.?? 88.6? :?.>3 8:.88 81.2 :?.8> :=.02 8>.>1 8:.:6 88.?2 81.?>
M`cfrfka`j
Sjilr jhsliutl
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8.>? :.?0 -.6= 8.>0 . >: . 0? -: . > = 1.6? :.2= 1.>2 . =1 :.18
8. >? :. ?0 .6= 8. >0 .>: .0? :. >= 1. 6? :. 2= 1. >2 .=1 :. 18
0 ? 1 :> : = 6 :8 2 :: 8 3
Xjkol alk s`okl 0 ? -1 :> : = -6 :8 2 :: 8 3
Qudj mf rjkols alk s`okl
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Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf ρ] 486.=0 z 4
] ∘ ι] ρ]
?2∘> 86.=0
1.>3
Alkaius`ñk Aldl W pfrtfkfaf j rfo`ñk arät`aj fktlkafs sf rfabjzj ij b`pñtfs`s kuij y sf jafptj ij b`pñtfs`s jitfrkjt`vj. Fi rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk usjkml fi jm`t`vl : fs m`cfrfktf ji rfkm`d`fktl mf ij ojsli`kj fk d`iijs plr ojiñk usjkml fi jm`t`vl
Fkuka`jml :8 Qf alktjh`i`zjk fi k÷dfrl mf clals mjújmls fk iltfs ajmj mäj7 Mäj : Mäj 8 Mäj 1 :6 := :8 :1 8> :8 :1 8: :6 := :3 :8
Mäj = :: :> :8 0 :> 0 Qf pufmf alkaiu`r quf ijs dufstrjs m`c`frfk plr mäj. Vsjr uk k`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j mf >.>: ]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk Kl pjrjdàtr`aj Kl pjrtfk mf ij hjsf mf quf ils mjtls jkji`zjmls jmlptjk ukj m`str`hua`ñk
klrd kl rdji ji.. ]à ]àak ak`a `aj j fs fstj tjmä mäst `ajj qu quff kl prfs pr fsup uplk lkf f k` k`ko kouk ukjj m` m`st str` r`hu hua` a`ñk ñk mf prlhjh`i`mjm tfñ tfñr`aj r`aj mf ij st`a m`str`hua`ñk mf kufstrls mf mjtls. Fs ukj prufhj mf b`pñtfs`s quf aldpjrj ij m`str`hua`ñk lhsfrvjmj mf ils mjtls alk ukj m`str`hua`ñk fspfrjmj mf ils mjtls. Vt`i`af fstf jkêi`s`s pjrj prlhjr quà tjk h`fk ukj dufstrj mf mjtls ajtfoñr`als sf jgustj j ukj m`str`hua`ñk tfñr`aj. Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj Mäj : 8 1 = Clals 3? 66 66 3: mjújmls Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj :. B l4¼ Kudfrl mf clals mjújmls fk fi d`sdl ajmj mäj 8. Ij prufhj fs uk`ijtfrji mf ukj alij 1. K`vfi mf s`ok`c`ajka`j4 .>: =. Vt`i`zjdls ij prufhj ab`-aujmrjml ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr ^rufhj mf hlkmjm mf jgustf mf ab`-aujmrjmj
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf oi4e-: =-:41
x
8
40.=22
Crfaufka`js fspfrjmjs x ½ 462.:6 R` 62.:6 F@ 62.:6 3? 66 3? L 66 @ 66 3: 8 x 4¼:.1=+.:?+.:?+.:14:.2:
62.:6 66
62.:6 3:
Alkaius`ñk s`ok`c`ajt`vjs quf m`c`frj fk ils mäjs Ij b`pñtfs`s kuij sf jafptj plrquf, kl bjy m`cfrfka`js s`ok`c`ajt`vjs
Fkuka`jml :1
Qf tldñ fi t`fdpl fk d`kutls fktrf iifojmj mf pfrslkjs j _jit Djrt, tfk`fkml ils s`ou`fktfs mjtls7 : 8. 2 0 1. >2 1. 2> 6.?: ?.11 : :. : 2 >. 8? 8. ?6 3.:6 1.18 ?. 8 6 : 1. 36 0. 3: :.=8 >.== :. 2 3 6. 0: 2. 80 =.83 8.?= 8.8: ::.8: 1.?= ::.== >.>0 ?. 1 1 :. 22 8. 2? :.1= ?.8> 8. 2 3 >. 6= =. ?6 8.21 :.8? : 1. = : 6. 8> =. 6? 1.61 >.80 8. : 1 1. == >. 6? 6.13 8.80 ?. 1 > 8. 2? 8. =8 ?.?: :.0= Qf husajr vfr`c`ajr s` ils mjtls sf jsfdfgjk j ij m`str`hua`ñk Fxplkfka`ji. ]`pl mf ^rufhj Gust`c`aja`ñk Ij m`str`hua`ñk mf prlhjh`i`mjm sf jgustj j ij mfsar`pa`ñk djtfdêt`aj mf ^jrjdàtr`aj uk prlafsl jifjtlr`l quf audpif alk mftfrd`kjmls supufstls tfñr`als. tfñr`als. Ils pjrêdftrls quf mfc`kfk ij m`str`hua`ñk fk ofkfrji kl oujrmjk rfija`ñk `ktu`t`vj alk ij clrdj mf ij m`str`hua`ñk. Fgfdpils7 Klrdji, Iloklrdji, Fxplkfka`ji, Hftj ^rufhj plr rfji`zjr Ij m`str`hua`ñk fxplkfka`ji s`rvf pjrj dlmfijr fi t`fdpl fktrf fvfktls fk M`str`hua`ñk fxplkfka`ji uk prlafsl alkt`kul mf ^l`sslk. Qf prfsuplkf quf fvfktls `kmfpfkm`fktfs laurrfk j ukj tjsj alkstjktf Fifdfktls mf ij prufhj Qf lrmfkjrlk ils t`fdpls mf iifojmj iifojmj mf dfklr j djylr >.>0, >.8?, >.80, >.==, >.6=, >.6?, :.8?, :.1=, :.=8, :.23, :.22, :.0=, 8.:1, 8.8:, 8.80, 8.=8, 8.?=, 8.?6, 8.21, 8.23, 8.2?, 8.2?, 1.>2, 1.18, 1.==, 1.61, 1.?=, 1.2, =.83, =.6?, =.?6, 6.8, 6.13, 6.?:, 6.0:, 3.:6,:1.=:, ?.8, ?.86, ::.:2, ::.8:, ::.==, :8.20, :1.36 ?.1, ?.11, ?.11, ?.?:, 2.80, 0.3:,
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf Jpi`aja`ñk mf prufhj
Qf rfji`zñ fi orjc`al fk Fxafi Abjrt ]`ti ]`tif f :8 :> 2 3 = 8 >
>
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Alkaius`ñk Fk fi orjc`al sf lhsfrvj quf s` fs ukj m`str`hua`ñk fxplkfka`ji
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m`str`hua`lkfs. Q`ouf ils a`kal pjsls hês`als mf ijs prufhjs mf b`pñtfs`s.
Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
?
Fstjmäst`aj @@ Vk`mjm :. Fstjmäst`aj kl pjrjdàtr`aj y prufhjs mf hlkmjm mf jgustf Iifoj alkaius`lkfs aijrjs fk fi prlhifdj quf rfsplkmjk j ij prlhifdêt`aj pijktfjmj. Ils fgfra`a`ls quf slk pjrjdàtr`als t`fkfk uk vjilr mf 1 puktls y ils fgfra`a`ls kl pjrjdàtr`als t`fkfk uk vjilr mf ? puktls. l
Jioukjs rfcfrfka`js7
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Fmuaja`ñk Jh`frtj y j M`stjka`j * A`fka`js Fxjatjs, @kofk`fräjs y ]fakliloäjs
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