MERMindex
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1-out-of -2 system, 63-9 n system, 63-9 100% rated circuit breaker, 72-9 capacity and 100% head, 67-8 2-inch rule, 41-22 2,4-D, 68-18 2:1 ellipsoidal head, 55-5 20 kHz response, 73-6 3-2-1-0 system, 63-9 300 series stainless chains, 59-17 50 Stokes, number, 66-13 80% rated circuit breaker, 72-9 rule, 72-9
A Abatement, sound, 73-11 Abbreviations, sprinkler, 67-7 Ablation, 34-2 (ftn) Above-ground storage tank, 69-1 Abrasive, 47-18, 65-5 cleaning, 65-13 grit size, 65-5 (tbl) machining, 65-5 type, 65-5 (tbl) ABS pipe, 16-9 Abscissa, 7-2 Absolute acceleration, 57-10 convergence, 3-13 efficiency, 66-14 efficiency, cyclone, 66-14 English system, 1-4 entropy, 23-6 overall, 66-14 position, 57-10 pressure, 14-2 temperature, 23-4 temperature scale, 23-4, 23-5 velocity, 57-10 viscosity, 14-6 (ftn) Absorbent, 33-8 dehumidification, 38-12 Absorber, 33-8 acoustic, 73-9 plate, 31-2 Absorbing state, 63-35 Absorptance, 31-2 Absorption coefficient, 20-9 coefficient, sound, 73-9 cycle, 33-7 dry, 71-20 dynamometer, 64-13 factor, 71-24 gas, 71-2 heat (boiler), 26-4 instantaneous heat, 43-2 process, 71-2 surface, 73-10 Abundance, relative, 20-2 AC machine, 72-12 Accelerated Cost Recovery System, 74-22 depreciation method, 74-22
Acceleration absolute, 57-10 angular, 57-7 centripetal, 15-19 (ftn) Coriolis, 57-8, 57-9 fluid mass, 15-19 head, 18-2, 18-3 instantaneous center of, 57-14 linear, 57-4 normal component, 57-8 of gravity, 1-2 relative, 57-10 resultant, 57-8, 57-14 second, 59-12 tangential, 57-8 uniform, 57-3 uniform, formulas, 57-4 (tbl) Accelerometer, 60-21 Acceptance, 75-3 plan, 63-25 quality level, 63-26 Acceptor wall, 28-13 Accident, loss of coolant, 30-2 Accidental infiltration, 40-5 release, gas, 25-15 Account accumulated depreciation, 74-23 (ftn) equipment, 74-23 (ftn) Accounting, 74-36 convention, 74-34 (ftn) equation, 74-33 principle, standard, 74-34 (ftn) Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology, 76-1 (ftn) Accrual system, 74-34 Accumulation, 8-7 pressure, 55-21 Accumulator (see also type), 17-39, 19-6 hydro-pneumatic, 19-6, 19-7 mechanical spring-loaded, 19-6 sizing, 19-7 (tbl) weight-loaded, 19-6 Accuracy, 63-16 (ftn), 64-1 experiment, 11-11 Acetylene gas, 65-11 ACFM, 41-2 ACH50, 43-4 Acid, 20-12 carbonic, 20-20, 20-23, 71-25 (ftn) constant, 20-15 gas, 68-4 hydrochloric, 68-4 polyprotic, 20-16 rain, 68-5 -test ratio, 74-35 -vapor dew point, 29-8 (ftn) Acidity, 20-20 Acme thread, 59-2 Acoustic absorber, 73-9 barrier, 73-10 emission testing, 48-12 holography, 48-13 impedance, 73-6 impedance, specific, 73-6 mass law, 73-11
ohm, 73-6 velocity, 14-14, 73-5 Across-variable, 61-3 Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, 16-9 (ftn) pipe, 67-4 Act, fraudulent, 75-6 Actinide, 20-2 Actinon, 20-2 Action capillary, 14-12 chimney, 21-17 error in, 54-15 galvanic, 20-18 level, noise, OSHA, 73-12 limit, 63-23 line of, 5-1, 45-2, 54-11 line of, length, 54-11 pop, 16-12 proportional, 44-5 shear force of, 53-17 space, 63-34 tort, 75-6 Activated carbon, 71-3 charcoal, 71-3 Active base, isolation, 60-15 coil, 54-5 element, 61-2 lateral earth pressure, coefficient of, 66-7 solar system, 31-2 system, 62-11 wire length, 54-6 Activity, 23-10, 63-3 and fugacity, 23-10 -on-branch, 63-5 -on-node, 63-4 Actual cubic feet per minute, 41-2 filtering velocity, 71-6 work, pump, 26-7 Actuating signal ratio, 62-4 Actuator, 44-1 linear, 19-8 pneumatic, 44-1 rotary, 19-8 (ftn) Acute angle, 6-1 Added head, pump, 17-15 Addendum, 54-10 Addition associative law, 4-4 commutative law, 4-4 of vectors, 5-3 polymerization, 47-15 Additive, congruential method, 63-32 Adhesion, 14-12 (ftn) Adhesive bonding, 65-13 ceramic, 65-13 (ftn) type, 65-13 Adiabatic, 16-2 (ftn) air washer, 38-10 chip temperature, 65-4 compressibility, 14-13 compression, 15-13 compression efficiency, 32-2 efficiency, 26-9 (ftn) efficiency, turbine, 26-9
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INDEX - A
Index
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M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - A
flame temperature, 21-15 flow with friction, 25-15 head, 32-5 mixing of air streams, 38-6 mixing of conditioned and bypass air, 43-7 (fig) mixing of inside and outside air, 43-6 (fig) process, 24-2 saturation process, 38-10 tip, 34-18, 34-19 Adjacent angle, 6-1 side, angle, 6-2 space conditions, 42-2 Adjoint, classical, 4-5 Adjustable bar grille, 41-24 Admiralty bronze, 47-12 metal, 47-12 Admission full-arc, 26-17 partial-arc, 26-17 steam, 26-17 Admittance, 72-5 ADP, 43-7 Adsorbent, 38-12 (ftn), 71-3 (ftn) bed, 38-12 Adsorption, 71-3 Advanced boiling water reactor, 30-2 flue gas cleanup, 71-4 flywheel, 59-5 flywheel system, 59-5 light water reactor, 30-2 oxidation, 71-4 reactor, nuclear, 30-2 scrubbing, 21-5 turbine system, 29-1 (ftn), 29-5 water-cooled reactor, 30-2 Advantage mechanical, 15-14, 45-11 mechanical, pulley block, 45-11 pulley, 45-11 Aero horsepower, 17-42 Aeroderivative combustion turbine, 29-1 Aerodynamic equivalent diameter, 68-9, 70-3 Aerosol, centrifuge, 70-3 Affinity law, 18-18 fan, 41-10 Afterburner, 71-17 Aftercooler, 28-11, 32-7 Age hardening, 47-8 (ftn), 47-11 (ftn), 49-9 Agency, 75-3 Agent, 75-3 chelating, 71-22 (ftn) contract, 75-3 dehalogenation, 26-13 Agglomeration, 66-9 Aging, 49-9 artificial, 49-9 AGMA gear design, 54-14 Agreement, letter of, 75-3 AHU, 44-2 Air, 26-12, 38-1 (ftn) adiabatic mixing of conditioned and bypass, 43-7 (fig) adiabatic mixing of inside and outside, 43-6 (fig) -and-water system, 44-1 atmospheric, 21-8, 38-1 atmospheric, properties, A-19, A-20 atmospheric, thermal properties, A-124, A-125 bleed, 29-2 bypass, recirculating, 43-6 carbon dioxide, 40-11 change method, 40-2 change rate, 43-4 classifier, 66-15 composition, dry, 21-8 (tbl) conditioner, 33-2 conditioning deck, 41-13
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R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
conditioning load, 43-1 conditioning process, 38-6 conditioning system type, 44-1 -cooled exchanger, 36-10 (ftn), 36-12 cyclone separator, 66-12 density ratio, 41-2 (ftn) dry, 38-1 (ftn) energy content of, 38-3 excess, 20-8, 21-12 film coefficients, 35-4 filter, 40-11 fraction, primary outdoor, 40-4 -fuel ratio, 28-3 /fuel ratio, 21-9 handling unit (AHU), 40-11, 41-3, 44-2 heater, 26-16 heater ash, 21-3 hood, 40-9 hood, auxiliary-, 40-9 hood, enclosure, 40-9 hood, nonbypass, 40-9 hood, nonenclosure, 40-9 horsepower, 41-6 ideal, 21-9 infiltration, 42-3 kilowatt, 41-6 leakage, building, 43-4 low-pressure, properties, A-72, A-73, A-74, A-93, A-94, A-95 mean free path, 70-3 moist, 38-1 (ftn) moist, enthalpy of, 38-3 oxygen content, 40-7 permeability, 43-4 pollutant, 68-2 preheater, 26-16 -pressurized extinguisher, 67-20 primary, 26-3 process, 40-1 (ftn) properties, 19-8, A-19 quality procedure, indoor, 40-2 rate, specific, 66-8 ratio, material-, 66-8 recirculation, 39-1 recirculation of clean, 40-11 recycle, 39-1 refrigeration cycle, 33-6 release valve, 16-12 return system, 41-31 sample, whole, 70-1 sampler, 70-3 sampler, centrifugal, 70-3 saturated, 38-2 secondary, 26-3 -side economizer, 43-2 space, 42-2 space, enclosed, 35-7 space, thermal conductance, 42-2 -standard Brayton cycle, regeneration, 29-6 -standard Carnot combustion cycle, 28-4 -standard cycle, 28-1 -standard diesel cycle, 28-11 -standard dual cycle, 28-12 -standard Otto cycle, 28-5 stoichiometric, 21-9 stream, adiabatic mixing of, 38-6 stripping, 71-23 system, return, 41-21 table, 23-11 temperature, 34-6 tertiary, 26-3 -to-cloth ratio, 71-5 toxic, 68-2 ultra-low penetration, 40-11 unit, make-up, 41-3 unsaturated, 38-2 valve, combination, 16-14 valve, double orifice, 16-14 valve, siphon, 16-14 ventilation, 42-3 volume box, variable, 41-3 volume control, 44-1
volume terminal box, variable, 41-3 washer, 38-10 (ftn) washer, adiabatic, 38-10 Aircraft cable, 66-3 Airflow, zone outdoor, 40-3 Airfoil, 17-39 Airspeed, true, 29-2 Alachlor, 68-18 Alarm check valve, 67-5 Alclad, 47-11 (ftn) Alcohol, 21-8 ethyl, 21-8 grain, 21-8 methyl, 21-8 Aldrin, 68-17 Algebra, 3-1 matrix, 4-4 Algebraic equation, 3-2 Alias component, 9-8 (ftn) Aligning bearing, self-, 54-22 Alkali metal, 20-2 Alkaline earth metal, 20-2 fuel cell, 31-8 Alkalinity, 20-20 methyl orange, 20-21 phenolphthalein, 20-21 Alkane, 21-2 Alkene, 21-2 Alkyne, 21-2 All -air system, 44-1 -volatile treatment, 20-24 -water system, 44-1 Allergen, 68-5 Allotrope, 49-4 of iron, 49-4 Allotropic change, 49-4 Allowable bending stress number, 54-14 pull, 59-15 spring stress, 54-4 stress, 52-1, 53-2 stress, effective, pressure vessel, 55-12 stress, gear, 54-13 stress, pressure vessel, 55-5 tensile bending stress number, 54-14 torsional stress, nonreversed fatigue, 54-5 (tbl) working pressure, 19-4 Allowance bend, 65-7 clash, 54-6 corrosion, 55-8 depletion, 74-24 exposure, 42-2 surge pressure, 67-4 time, 63-16 trade-in, 74-18 Alloy aluminum, 47-11 binary, 49-1 copper, 47-12 eutectic, 49-3 identification system, 47-1, 47-2 miscible, 49-1 nonallotropic, 49-9 numbering system, unified, 47-1, 47-2 properties, A-111 SAP, 47-18 solid-solution, 49-1 thermal properties, A-103 Alloying ingredient, 49-1 cast iron, 47-10 (tbl) steel, 47-5, 47-6 (tbl) Alnico, 47-13 Alpha, 11-14 -iron, 49-4 risk, 11-14 -value, 64-5 Alphabet, Greek, 3-1 Alternating combined stress, 52-8
current, 72-2, 72-4 sign series, 3-13 stress, 52-6 Alternative comparison, 74-4 hypothesis, 11-15 Alternator, 72-11 (ftn) Altitude effect on output power, 28-14 pressure at, 41-2 (tbl) Alumina, 47-11 Aluminum alloy, 47-11 bronze, 47-13 designation, 47-11 EC grade, 47-11 (ftn) hardening, 49-9 production of, 47-11 temper, 49-9 Amagat-Leduc’s rule, 23-18 Amagat’s law, 23-18 Ambient temperature, 34-6 American Society of Civil Engineers, 76-1 standard gear system, 54-10 wire gauge, 72-8 Ames test, 63-27 (ftn) Amine filming, 20-23 neutralizing, 20-23 polar, 20-23 Ammonia, 33-2 slip, 71-21 (ftn) Amorphous thin film, 31-4 Amortization, 74-24 Amount, factor compound, 74-5 Ampacity, 72-8 Ampere, 72-2 Amperometric sensor, 64-3 Amplification factor, 60-11 force, 45-11 Amplifier pressure, 32-2 Amplitude, 60-3 of oscillation, 60-3 ratio, 60-11, 60-19 Analogy electrical, 34-13 electrical, lumped parameter, 34-13 thermal, 34-6 Analysis cam performance, 59-13 chemical, 20-7 combustible, 21-2 comparative, 74-17 complex epicyclic gear train, 59-8 dimensional, 1-8 domain, 62-11 economic life, 74-4 economic, engineering, 74-2 epicyclic bevel gear set, 59-11 fault tree, 63-27 Fourier, 9-6 frequency, 9-8 (ftn) frequency response, 62-11 gravimetric, 21-2 hazard, 63-27 horizon, 74-17 incremental, 74-17 numerical, 13-1 Nyquist, 62-13 proximate, 21-2 replacement/retirement, 74-4 sensitivity, 74-44 signature, 9-8 (ftn) simple epicyclic gear set, 59-7 spectrum, 9-8 time-series, 9-8 (ftn) ultimate, 20-6, 20-7, 21-2 volumetric, 21-2 Analytic function, 8-1 Analyzer FFT, 9-8
signal, 9-8 spectrum, 9-8 Andrade’s equation, 48-16 Anechoic room, 73-6 Anemometer, 17-27 hot-wire, 17-27 Angle acute, 6-1 adjacent, 6-1 adjacent side, 6-2 between figures, 7-8 between lines, 6-1 clearance, 65-2 complementary, 6-2 cone, 54-21 contact, 14-12, 54-19 convergent, 25-5 deviation, 25-12 direction, 5-2, 7-5 face, 6-6 factor, 37-2 function of, 6-2 helix, 54-12 helix thread, 53-14 helix, worm, 54-16 hypotenuse, 6-2 incident, 73-4 internal friction, 48-8, 58-6 lead, 59-2 lead, bolt, 53-14 lead, worm, 54-16 lift value, 16-12 Mach, 25-11 (ftn) normal pressure, 54-12 obtuse, 6-1 of depression, 6-2 of elevation, 6-2 of internal friction, 66-5 of intersection, 7-8 of kinematic friction, 66-7 of natural friction, 66-5 of natural slope, 66-5 of nip, 66-9 of obliquity, 54-11 of repose, 58-6, 66-5 of static friction, 58-6 opposite side, 6-2 pitch, 54-15 plane, 6-1 power, 72-7 pressure, 54-11 pressure, cam, 59-12 pressure, gear, 54-12 rake, 65-2 rebound, 58-17 reflection, 73-4 reflex, 6-1 related, 6-1 relief, 65-2 right, 6-1 rupture, 48-8 semivertex, 25-12 shear, 65-2 shock, 25-11 solid, 6-6 stall, 17-40 straight, 6-1 supplementary, 6-1 tangential pressure, 54-12 thread, 59-2 trihedral, 6-6 twist, 48-8, 53-14 type (see also by name), 6-2 valve, 16-12 vertex, 6-1 vertical, 6-2 wedge, 65-2 yaw, 17-28 Angstrom, A-1, A-2 Angular acceleration, 57-7 frequency, 60-3, 72-5 impulse, 58-14
I-3
momentum, 17-33, 58-3 motion, 57-7 natural frequency of vibration, 60-3 orientation, 5-1 perspective, 2-3 position, 57-7 velocity, 57-7 Anisotropic material, 5-1, 34-2 (ftn), 47-20 Anisotropy factor, 70-5 Annealed pipe, 67-3 Annealing, 49-9 full, 49-8 process, 49-9 process, partial, 49-9 speroidize, 49-9 Annual amount, 74-7 average power density distribution curve, 31-5 average velocity duration curve, 31-5 cost, 74-7 cost, equivalent uniform, 74-16 cost method, 74-15 effective interest rate, 74-5 equivalent cost, 74-16 growth rate, average, 3-11 return method, 74-15, 74-16 Annuity, 74-7 Annular flow, 36-8 Annulus equivalent diameter, 36-8 (ftn) gear, 59-6 Anode, sacrificial, 20-18 Anodizing, 65-13 Anthracite coal, 21-4 Anthropometric data, 63-30 Anti-friction bearing, 54-22 Anticipation control, 44-5 Antiderivative, 9-1 Antireversal valve, 16-12 Antoine equation, 14-10 (ftn) Apex, 45-22 Aphelion, 58-21 API scale, 14-5 Apogee, 58-21 Apparatus dew point, 38-8, 43-7 Orsat, 21-12 osmotic pressure, 14-10 sensible heat ratio, 38-7 Apparent modulus, 48-11 yield stress, 48-7 Appearance lamellar, 49-5 layered, 49-5 Application point of, 5-1 service, pressure vessel, 55-3 Applied impulse, 58-15 Approach, 26-15 cooling tower, 39-2 point, 29-8 temperature, 36-12, 36-13 velocity of, 16-5, 17-16, 17-17 Approximate heat generation by occupant, 40-8 (tbl) minimum ultimate tensile strength, 54-4 (tbl) Approximation Dunkerley, 60-16 series, 8-8 small angle, 6-3 APW, 67-20 Aquation, 20-10 Aramid fiber, 68-5 Arc, 63-3 furnace, 47-5 length, 57-8 length, by integration, 9-5 welding, 65-12 Archimedes’ principle, 15-14 Arching, 66-6
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INDEX - A
I N D E X
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M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - B
Architect, 75-4 Arctic, 68-17 Area, A-7, A-147 between two curves, 9-4 by integration, 9-4 centroid of an, 50-1 changing duct, 25-4 conversion, SI, A-3 core, 41-30 critical, 25-5 daylight, 41-30 -density method, 67-11 effective, 41-30 first moment, 46-5 first moment of, 50-2 free, 41-30 frontal, 17-41 gross, 41-30 gross filtering, 71-5 interfacial, 71-24 irregular, 7-1 (fig) law of, 58-20 logarithmic mean, 34-9 maximum sprinkler protection, 67-11 mensuration, A-7 moment of inertia, 50-3, A-147 net filtering, 71-5 profile, 34-19 protection, 67-10 reduction in, 48-6 sabin, 73-10 second moment of, 50-4 specific, 70-6 specific collection, 71-9 specific surface, 70-6 transformation method, 51-19 under standard normal curve, A-12 unreinforced and reinforced opening, 55-16 (tbl) Areal, 1-8 density, 1-8 dust density, 71-5 measurements, 1-8 velocity, 58-20 Argon-oxygen-decarburization, 47-2 (ftn) Argument, 3-7, 3-8 Arithmetic growth rate, 3-11 mean, 11-12 sequence, 3-11 series, 3-12 Arm, 59-6 carrier, 59-6 moment, 45-3 Aromatic hydrocarbon, 21-2 liquid, 14-10 (ftn) Arrangement factor, 37-2, 37-3 Array, 4-1 (ftn), 31-4 Arrest, thermal, 49-2 Arrestance, 41-23 Arresting high-efficiency particulate, 40-11 Artificial abrasive, 47-18 aging, 49-9 expense, 74-20 As fired, 21-3 Asbestos, 68-5 brake lining, 54-18 -cement pipe, 16-9 Asbestosis, 68-5 ASCE, 76-1 Ash, 21-3 air heater, 21-3 bottom, 21-3, 68-5 coal, 21-3 combined, 68-5 economizer, 21-3 fly, 21-3 pit, 21-3 refractory, 21-3 ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 55-2
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R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Code for Unfired Pressure Vessels, 19-7 flanged and dished head, 55-5 long-radius nozzle, 17-32 (ftn) Aspect ratio, 17-40 duct, 41-17 ellipse, 7-11 particle, 70-5 Asphaltic coating, 16-11 Aspirating particle detector, 70-4 Assembly line balancing, 63-18 slider rod, 57-14 Asset account, 74-33 capitalizing, 74-20 class, 74-20 current, 74-35 expensing, 74-20 fixed, 74-35 Assignment, 75-4 problem, 63-12 Associative law of addition, 3-3, 4-4 of multiplication, 3-3, 4-4 set, 11-2 ASTM standards, pipe, 16-10 Aston process, 47-10 Asymmetrical function, 7-4 Asymptote, 7-2 Asymptotic, 7-2 Atactic polymer, 47-16 Atkinson (unit), 41-32 friction factor, 41-32 resistance, 41-32 Atmosphere, 38-1 (ftn) carbon dioxide, 40-11 earth, 15-12 oxygen-deficient, 40-7 oxygen-enriched, 40-7 pressure, 14-3 standard, A-3, A-4, A-109 Atmospheric air, 21-8, 38-1 air properties, 19-8, A-19, A-20 air properties, thermal, A-124, A-125 fluidized-bed combustion, 21-5 head, 18-6 (ftn) Atom, 20-1 Atomic fraction, 49-1 mass unit, 20-1 number, 20-2, A-57 percent, 49-1 structure, 20-1 weight, 20-2, A-57 Atomization, 65-10 Atomizing scrubber, 71-20 Atrazine, 68-18 Attack, intergranular, 20-19 Attemperator, 26-14 Attenuation, 73-12 sound, 73-11 Attenuator, 73-12 Attitude bearing, 54-25 Attractive rate of return, minimum, 74-16 Attribute chart, 63-22 Audibility, threshold of, 73-4 Augmented matrix, 4-1 Austempering, 49-6, 49-7 Austenite, 49-5 Austenitic stainless steel, 20-19 (ftn), 47-8 high-alloy, 47-9 Austenitizing, 49-7 Autogenous grinding, 66-10 waste, 71-10 (ftn) Autoignition temperature, 21-8 Automatic damper, 41-24 optical particle counter, 70-4 sprinkler system with nonfire protection connection, 67-7 Automotive differential, 59-11 (fig)
Auxiliary -air hood, 40-9 elevation, 2-2 equation, 10-1 view, 2-2 Availability, 24-12, 63-9 function, steady-flow, 24-12 Available draft, 21-17 hydrogen, 21-3, 21-14 method, 68-20 power, fluid, 19-8, 19-9 Average annual growth rate, 3-11 change, 11-16 cost, 74-38 cost, weighted, 74-31 decrease, 11-16 end area method, 66-5 heating load, 42-1 increase, 11-16 laminar turbulent, 36-4 outgoing quality limit, 63-26 power, 72-7 pressure, 15-7 run length, 63-23 speed of a molecule, 23-17 time-weighted, 40-10, 73-2 value, 74-30 value, by integration, 9-4 value, sinusoid, 72-5 velocity, 16-8 Avogadro’s hypothesis, 20-5 law, 20-5, 23-14 number, 20-5 AWWA standards, pipe, 16-10 Axes, principal, 56-2 Axial -centrifugal compressor, 32-1 exhaust, 29-1 -flow compressor, 32-1 -flow fan, 41-4 -flow impeller, 18-4, 66-18 -flow turbine, 18-23 force, helical gear, 54-13 loading, 51-12 member, 45-11 member, pin-connected, 45-12 pitch, 54-13 strain, 48-4 Axially locked joint, 55-17 Axis bending, 53-17 conjugate, 7-11 major, 7-11 minor, 7-11 neutral, 51-11 oblique, 2-2 of rotation, 58-2 parabolic, 7-10 principal, 50-8 rotation, 50-7 torsional, 53-17 transverse, 7-11 Axonometric view, 2-3
B Babcock formula, 17-10 BAC-CAB identity, 5-5 Back corona, 71-9 pressure, 25-12, 26-12 pressure, critical, 19-10 pressure ratio, critical, 25-13 pressure turbine, 26-8 work ratio, 29-5 Backfitting, 26-17 Backflushing, thermal, 26-13 Background noise, 73-4 Backing strip, 55-9 Backlash, 54-11
Backward-curved fan, 41-6 Badge, dose, 73-12 Baffle crossflow, 36-12 segmental, 36-12 Bag, Tedlar, 70-1 Baghouse, 71-4 collection efficiency, 71-6 resistance, 71-5 Bainite, 49-6, 49-7 Bakelite, 47-15 (ftn) Balance books, 74-33 delay, 63-19 dynamic, 56-2, 60-18 sheet, 74-34 static, 56-2, 60-18 Balanced curve, 58-8 draft, 21-17 draft point, 71-10 load, electrical, 72-11 speed, 58-8 Balancing, 60-18 chemical equations, 20-7 duct, 41-23 line, 63-18 operations, 56-2 Ball bearing, 54-22 valve, 16-12 Ballast circuit, 64-10 thermal, 71-13 Balling scale, 14-5 (ftn) Ballistic pendulum, 58-3 Balloon payment, 74-42 Ban, land, 69-2 Band brake, 54-20 (fig) broad, 73-7 dead, 44-5 octave, 73-8 sound, 73-7 Bandwidth, 9-8, 62-10 classification, 66-16 closed-loop, 62-10 of frequency analysis, 9-8 Banking, roadway, 58-8 Barlow formula, 19-4 Barometer, 15-2 multi-fluid, 15-5 Barometric height relationship, 15-12 pressure, 14-3 Barrel finishing, 65-14 Barrier acoustic, 73-10 sound, 73-10 Barth speed factor, 54-14 Base, 3-5, 12-1, 20-12 -8 system, 12-2 -10 number, 12-1 -16 system, 12-2 -b number, 12-1 circle, 54-10, 59-12 constant, 20-15 exchange, 20-21 -load unit, 26-16 metal, 49-1 of riser, 67-19 pitch, 54-10 temperature, degree-day, 42-6 unit, 1-5 wage, 63-20 Baseball, 17-41 (ftn), 17-42 Baseline rate, 72-7 Basic accounting equation, 74-33 life rating, 54-23 life rating, bearing, 54-23 shapes, 50-1, 50-4, A-147 static load rating, 54-23
Basis daily compounding, 74-28 depreciation, 74-20 hydrostatic design, 67-4 unadjusted, 74-21 Bathtub distribution, 11-9 Battery, 31-10 (tbl) Baume´ scale, 14-5 Bauxite, 47-11 Bayer process, 47-11 Bayes’ principle, 63-34 theorem, 11-4 BC carbon dioxide extinguisher, 67-20 dry chemical extinguisher, 67-20 BDC (bottom-dead-center), 32-3 (ftn) Bead, cracking, weld, 47-9 Beam (see also type) -column, 51-12 conjugate, 51-15, 51-16 continuous, 46-1, 46-5 curved, 51-20 deflection, 51-13, 51-14, 51-15, 51-17, A-148, A-149, A-150, A-151 deflection, elastic, A-148, A-149, A-150, A-151 determinate types, 45-8 equation, A-148, A-149, A-150, A-151 fixed-end, 46-1, 46-7 indeterminate, 46-1 propped cantilever, 46-1 shear stress, 51-10 Bearing, 53-11 anti-friction, 54-22 attitude, 54-25 ball, 54-22 caged, 54-22 characteristic number, 54-26 Conrad, 54-22 equivalent radial load, 54-23 friction, 54-22 journal, 54-22, 54-25 journal, Raimondi and Boyd, 54-26 life, 54-23 life rating, 54-23 load, equivalent dynamic, 54-23 load rating, 54-23 needle, 54-22 plane, 54-22 plane friction, 54-22 race, 54-22 roller, 54-22 self-aligning, 54-22 SKF, 54-22 stiffener, 51-19 strength, 54-13 test, three-edge, 16-11 thrust, 54-23 Wingquist, 54-22 Beattie-Bridgeman equation of state, 23-20 Bed adsorbent, 38-12 chemically active, 71-11 moisture level, 21-3 residence time, 71-7 sand filter, 68-20 Behavior science, 63-28, 63-29 theory, 63-29 Bell-shaped curve, 11-6 Bellows, 19-11 Belt conveyor, 66-10 drive, 54-16 drive, flat, 54-16 elevator, 66-11 feeder, 66-8 flat, 54-16 friction, 58-7 power transmission, 54-17 serpentine, 54-17 synchronous, 54-17
I-5
tension, effective, 66-10 timing, 54-17 V-, 54-17, 58-7 Beltline reactor, 30-2 Bend allowance, 65-7 pipe, 17-36 (fig) pipe, force on, 17-36 Bending axis, 53-17 beam load cell, 64-12 moment, 51-8 (ftn) moment diagram, 51-8 stiffness per unit width, panel, 73-12 stress, beam, 51-11 stress number, 54-14 Benefit, 63-34 -cost ratio, 74-16 Benson boiler, 26-4 Bent-tube boiler, 26-4 Benzoyl peroxide, 47-15 Berm filter, 68-19 Bernoulli equation, 16-2 extended, 17-15 Bertholet equation of state, 23-20 Beryllium bronze, 47-13 -copper, 47-13 Bessel equation, 10-5 Bessemer process, 47-3 Best available technology, 71-2 Beta, 11-15 distribution, 63-5 -iron, 49-4 ratio, 17-29 risk, 11-15 Betz coefficient, 31-5 Bevel gear, 54-15 epicyclic, 59-11 pitch cone angle, 54-15 separation force, 54-15 thrust force, 54-15 Bias, 11-11, 64-2 Biaxial loading, 52-5 stress, 64-11 Bidding, competitive, 76-3 Bifunctional, 47-15 Billet, 65-13 wrought iron, 47-11 (ftn) Billion, 1-7 (tbl) Bin (see also Hopper) (see also type), 66-6, 66-7 system, 26-3 Binary alloy, 49-1 compound, 20-5 cycle, 27-7, 31-7 digit, 12-1 number, 12-1 system, 12-1 Binder, 66-9 Binding, 26-14 Bingham fluid, 14-7 -plastic limiting viscosity, 17-12 -plastic model, 17-12 Binomial coefficient, 11-2, 11-4 distribution, 11-4 probability density function, 11-4 theorem, 3-3 Biocide, 26-13, 71-24 (ftn) Biodegradable organic matter, 68-22 plastic, 68-18 Biodegradation, 68-18 Biofilter, 71-6 Bioplastic, 68-18 Bioreactor, 71-7 Bioremediation, 71-6 Biosolid, 68-2 (ftn) Biostat, 71-24 (ftn)
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - B
I N D E X
I-6
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - B
Biot modulus, 34-5 number, 1-9 (tbl), 34-5 Bioventing, 71-7 Biphenyl, polychlorinated, 68-17 Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot model, 25-15 Birmingham wire gage tubing, A-132, A-133 Bisection method, 3-4, 13-1 bracket, 13-1 Bit, 12-1 least significant, 12-1 most significant, 12-1 overflow, 12-4 Bituminous coal, 21-4 coating, pipe, 16-11 Black body, 37-1 body shape factor, 37-2, 37-4 (fig) pipe, 16-10 steel pipe, 16-10, 67-3 Blade jet force on, 17-35 pitch, circular, 18-4 pitch control, 41-7 Blanking, 65-7 Blasius equation, 17-5 solution, 36-4 Blast furnace, 47-2 -furnace gas, 21-8 (ftn) gate, 41-24 (ftn) governing, 26-17 Bleed, 26-8 air, 29-2 fraction, 26-15 -off, 39-3 rate, 26-8 steam, 26-8 BLEVE, 26-5 Block and tackle, 45-11 brake, 54-19, 54-20 (fig) cascaded, 62-5 diagram, 62-5 Bloom, wrought iron, 47-11 (ftn) Blow, 41-30 -down, 68-8 molding, 65-10 -tank system, 66-9 Blowdown, 20-22, 26-5, 39-3 Blower, 32-1 -coil unit, 41-3 compressor, 32-1 door, 43-4 horsepower, 41-6 power, 41-6 Blowing agent, 33-2 whistle-, 76-3 (ftn) Blowoff, 26-5 flame, 26-3 Blowout gasket, 55-18 Blue center steel, 53-21, 66-2 embrittlement, 49-9 Board foot, 1-8 hammer, 65-7 of directors, 75-2 Boardman formula, 19-4 Bode plot, 62-11 Body black, 37-1 black, shape factor, 37-4 (fig) -centered tetragonal structure, 49-7 (ftn) gray, 37-1, 37-3 gray, shape factor, 37-3 real, 37-1 rigid, 57-1 rotating, 59-3 (fig)
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Boiler, 26-4 and Pressure Vessel Code, 55-2 (tbl) Benson, 26-4 bent-tube, 26-4 circulating fluidized-bed, 71-11 controlled-circulation, 26-4 cross-coupled, 26-5 cross-drum, 26-4 efficiency, 21-16, 26-4 feedwater characteristics, 20-22 feedwater quality, 20-23 fire-tube, 26-4 (ftn) fluidized-bed, 71-11 -follow, 26-17 -follow mode, 26-17 horsepower, 21-17, 26-4 natural-circulation, 26-4 once-through, 26-1, 26-4 straight-tube, 26-4 supercritical-pressure, 26-4 supplementary, 29-11 throttle valve, 26-17 ultrasupercritical, 26-4 waste-heat, 29-8 water-tube, 26-4 Boilerplate clause, 75-4 Boiling, 14-10 film, 35-11 liquid-expanding vapor explosion, 26-5 nucleate, 35-11 point, 67-20 (ftn) -point margin, 68-10 pool, 35-11 water reactor, 30-2 water, film coefficient, 35-4 Bolt, 53-9 cold heading, 65-7 dimension, 53-11 family, 53-9 grade, 53-9 grade and type, 53-10 marking, 53-10 preload, 53-12 sizing, 65-7 standards, 53-9 strength, pressure vessel, 55-18 thread, 53-9 torque, 53-13 torque factor, 53-13 Bolted joint, 55-17 Boltzmann constant, 23-17 -Maxwell distribution, 23-17 Stefan-, constant, 37-2 Stefan-, law, 37-2 BOM, 68-22 Bomb calorimeter, 21-14 Bond, 74-29 fully amortized, 74-29 (ftn) yield, 74-30 Bonded strain gauge, 64-8 (ftn) Bonding adhesive, 65-13 explosive, 65-11 Bonus, 63-20 depreciation, 74-23 factor, 63-20, 63-21 Book value, 74-23 of stock, per share, 74-36 Bookkeeping, 74-33 double-entry, 74-33 Boolean relay logic, 44-6 Boom, sonic, 14-15 Boost fan, 21-17 Booster, 32-2 humidification, 40-7 pressure, 32-2 Boosting-power, 29-2 Bore, 28-2 Boron diffusion, 49-10 Bottleneck, 63-19
Bottom ash, 21-3, 68-5 -dead-center, 28-2, 32-3 (ftn) Bottoming cycle, 29-9 Bound lower, 9-4 upper, 9-4 vector, 5-1 (ftn) Boundary irregular, 7-1 layer, 16-8 (ftn), 36-2, 36-3 layer theory, 17-44 system, 24-1 value, 10-1 (ftn) Bourdon pressure gauge, 15-2 Box black, two-port, 61-1 closed, 53-15 dual duct, variable air volume (VAV), 41-13 terminal, variable air volume (VAV), 41-3 variable air volume (VAV), 41-3 Boyle’s law, 24-7 Braced column, 53-3 Bracket bisection method, 13-1 income, 74-25 tax, 74-25 Brake, 54-18, 65-6 and brake material, 54-18 and clutches, general limits on energy dissipation rates, 54-19 (tbl) band, 54-20 (fig) block, 54-19, 54-20 (fig) dynamometer, 64-13 energy dissipation, 54-18 external shoe, 54-19 fan, 64-13 friction, 64-13 horsepower, 28-3, 28-4, 28-8, 41-6 horsepower, pump, 18-9 kilowatt, 28-4, 41-6 lining, 54-18 material properties, 54-19 (tbl) mean effective pressure, 28-3, 28-8 pad, 54-18 power, fan, 41-6 products, chrysotile asbestos, 54-18 prony, 28-3, 64-13 properties, 28-3 pump power, 18-9 self-energizing, 54-18 self-locking, 54-18 shoe, 54-19 specific fuel consumption, 28-3 torque, 28-3 value, 28-3 water, 64-13 work, 26-9 (ftn), 32-4 Braking hydraulic, 54-18 (ftn) hydraulically actuated, 54-18 (ftn) moment, 54-20 torque, 54-20 Brale indentor, 48-13 Branch line, 67-7 loss coefficient, 41-20 pipe, 17-21 pressure, hydraulic, 67-14 takeoff, 41-19 Branching polymer, 47-16 (fig) Brass, 47-12 (ftn) pipe, 16-9 tubing dimensions, A-46 Brayton cycle, 29-3, 29-6, 29-7 cooling, 33-6 gas turbine, 29-3 intercooling, 29-7 regeneration, 29-7 reheating, 29-7 Brazing, 65-12
Breach material, 75-6 of contract, 75-6 Break-even point, 74-38 quality, 74-38 (fig) Breakaway point, 62-12 Breaker 80% rated circuit, 72-9 100% rated circuit, 72-9 chip-, 65-1, 65-2 circuit, 72-8 standard circuit, 72-9 Breaking pressure, 55-20 strength, 48-3 Breakpoint, 71-3 Breakthrough, 71-3 Breathing zone outdoor air, 40-2 Breeder reactor, 30-1 (ftn) Breeze, 21-5 Brickwork, 26-4 Bridge constant, 64-11 deck, 46-12 deflection, 64-9 (ftn) differential series balance, 64-9 (ftn) differential shunt balance, 64-9 (ftn) full, 64-11 half-, 64-11 null-indicating, 64-9 (ftn) shunt balance, 64-9 (ftn) truss, 45-12 Wheatstone, 64-9 zero-indicating, 64-9 (ftn) Bridging, 66-6 Brightness, 73-2, 73-3 Brinell hardness number, 48-13 test, 48-13 Briquetting, 66-9 bulk solids, 66-9 British thermal unit, 22-1, 23-5, A-1, A-2 SI conversion, A-3 Brittle failure, 48-14 fracture, 55-7 material, 48-1, 52-1, 52-2 Brix scale, 14-5 (ftn) Broad band, 73-7 sound, 73-8 Bromley equation, 35-11 Bronze, 47-12 (ftn) admiralty, 47-12 government, 47-12 Brownian movement, 23-17 Btu, 22-1, A-1, A-2 Btuh unit, 34-6 (ftn) Bubbling bed combustor, 71-10 Bucket elevator, 66-11 inverted, steam trap, 16-14 Buckingham equation, 54-15 (ftn) pi-theorem, 1-10 Buckling, 53-2 beam, 51-18 of helical compression spring, 54-7 spring, 54-7 (tbl) Buffer, 20-12 Buffing, 65-14 Buick, MacPherson v., 75-7 (ftn) Building designer, 75-4 fabric, 43-4 (ftn) infilitration in tall, 40-6 leakage curve, 43-4 -related illness, 68-5 Buildup, carbon dioxide, 40-7 Built -in end, 46-7 -up edge, 65-2
Bulk modulus, 14-14, 73-5 modulus, hydraulic fluid, 19-10 modulus, water, 14-14 solids, 66-7 solids, briquetting, 66-9 storage pile, 66-5 temperature, 34-6, 35-4, 36-3 velocity, 16-8 Bundle, rotation, pipe, 71-19 Bunker C oil, 21-6 Buoyancy, 15-14 center, 15-16 pipelines, 15-16 theorem, 15-14 Buoyant force, 15-14 Burden, 74-36 Burn mass, 71-14 Burner low excess-air, 71-17 low NOx, 29-2, 71-17 staged-air, 71-22 ultralow NOx, 71-17 Burning pile, 26-3 rate, MSW, 71-15 suspension, 26-3 Burnishing, 65-14 Burnout velocity, 58-19 Burst disk, 55-20 pressure, 19-4, 19-5, 55-20 velocity, 59-4 Bus power, 44-6 tie, 44-6 Bushing, 54-22 Business property, 74-20 (ftn) Butt welding, 65-13 (fig) Butterfly valve, 16-12, 17-13 (tbl) indicating, 67-5 Button, cell, 31-10 BWG tubing, A-132, A-133 dimensions, A-47 By-product, disinfection, 68-21 Byers-Aston process, 47-10 Bypass air hood, 40-9 factor, 38-7, 43-7 governing, 26-17 recirculating air, 43-6 (fig)
C c-chart, 11-16, 63-22 C -Bourdon gauge, 15-2 corporation, 75-3 -D nozzle, 25-5 Cabinet projection, 2-3 Cable, 45-19 aircraft, 66-3 catenary, 45-19 distributed load, 45-18 hoisting, 53-21, 66-2 ideal, 45-16 parabolic, 45-17 tension, 58-13 CaCO3 equivalents, 20-20, A-59, A-60 Cadmium selenide, 64-5 sulfide, 64-5 Cage ball bearing, 54-22 Caged bearing, 54-22 Cal sil, 34-10 Calcium carbonate equivalents, A-59, A-60 Calculus, fundamental theorem of, 9-4 Calibration, 64-2, 64-7 constants, thermocouple, A-160 single-point, 64-2 Caliper, 70-4, 70-5 maximum, 70-4, 70-5 Callendar-Van Dusen equation, 64-5
I-7
Calorimeter, bomb, 21-14 Calorizing, 65-14 Calvert model, venturi scrubber, 71-21 Calvert’s constant, 71-21 Cam, 59-12 and follower, 59-13 (fig) lobe dynamics, 59-13 (fig) performance vs. lobe profile, 59-12 (fig) performance, analysis, 59-13 plate, 59-12 profile, 59-12 profile, cycloidal, 59-12 profile, harmonic, 59-12 profile, parabolic, 59-12 profile, trapezoidal, 59-12 (ftn) radial, 59-12 Candela, 73-2 Candle, 73-2 Candlepower, 73-2, 73-3 Canon, 76-1 Canonical form, row, 4-2 Capacitance, 72-5, 72-6 fluid, 19-10, 61-7 thermal, 34-13 Capacitive reactance, 72-5, 72-6 Capacitor, 61-8, 72-5, 72-6 Capacity, 26-16, 70-4 compressor, 32-2 control, 41-7 factor, 26-16, 31-1 field, 68-11 firm, 26-16 heat, 22-4 maximum, 26-4 normal, 26-4 reduction factor, 53-2 refrigeration, 33-3 relieving, 55-21 specific heat, 23-7 specific, battery, 31-10 system, 34-13 turndown, 26-14 Capillarity, 14-12 Capillary action, 14-12 -action heat pipe, 34-23 Capital recovery method, 74-15, 74-16 Capitalized cost, 74-7, 74-15 Capitalizing an asset, 74-20 Carbamate, 68-17 Carbide, 47-18, 49-5 iron, 49-5 sintered, 65-4 tool, 65-4 Carbon activated, 71-3 dioxide buildup, 40-7 dioxide, emission, 68-6 dioxide, exhaled air, 40-11 fiber, 47-20 fixed, 21-4 granular activated, 71-3 hypereutectic cast iron, 49-5 monoxide, emission, 68-7 steel, 47-5 temper, 47-10 tool steel, 65-4 Carbonate fuel cell, 31-8 hardness, 20-21 (ftn) Carbonic acid, 20-20, 20-23, 71-25 (ftn) Carborundum, 47-18 Carburetor, 28-3 Carburizing, 49-10 flame, 65-12 Carcinogen, 63-27 Card, indicator, 28-8, 64-14 Cardan joint, 59-18 double, 59-18 (ftn) Cardano’s formula, 3-3
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - C
I N D E X
I-8
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - C
Carnot cycle, 24-11, 24-12, 27-2 air-standard, 28-4 combustion, air-standard, 28-4 refrigeration, 33-3, 33-4 Carrier arm, 59-6 equation, 38-3 frequency, 64-4 planet, 59-6 slurry, 17-11 Carry, end-around, 12-4 Cartesian coordinate system, 7-3 equation form, 3-2 (ftn) triad, 5-2 unit vector, 5-2 (fig) Cascaded blocks, 62-5 Case hardening, 49-10 Cash flow, 74-3 flow analysis, 74-8 flow diagram, 74-3 flow, discounting factor, 74-6 flow, exponential gradient series, 74-4 flow, exponentially decreasing, 74-26 flow factor, 74-6, A-169, A-170 flow, gradient series, 74-4 flow, phantom, 74-4 (ftn) flow, single payment, 74-3 flow, stepped, 74-10 flow, superposition of, 74-10 flow, uniform series, 74-3 system, 74-34 Casing, transducer, 60-21 Cast iron, 47-9, 49-5 iron, alloying ingredient, 47-10 iron, carbon hypereutectic, 49-5 iron, eutectic, 49-5 iron, heat treating, 49-7 iron, hypoeutectic, 49-5 -iron pipe dimensions, 16-9, A-42 nonferrous tool, 65-4 Casting centrifugal, 65-9 continuous, 65-9 die, 65-9 investment, 65-9 plastic, 65-10 sand, 65-8 slip, 65-11 Catalyst, 20-13 Catalytic converter, 28-2 (ftn) cracking, 21-2 reduction, selective, 71-21 Catenary, 45-19 cable, 45-19 parameter, 45-19 Cauchy equation, 10-5 number, 1-9 (tbl) -Schwartz theorem, 5-3 Caustic cracking, 55-4 embrittlement, 20-19, 55-4 phosphate treatment, 20-24 Cavalier projection, 2-3 Caveat emptor, 75-7 Cavitation, 18-14, 18-15, 19-6 coefficient, 18-16 corrosion, 20-19 number, critical, 18-16 preventing, 18-15 Cavity, die, 65-9 CCT curve, 49-6 CDD, 43-5 Ceiling, 42-2 effect, 41-29 heat transfer, 42-2 value, 40-10 Celerity, characteristic wave, 19-12 (ftn)
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Cell alkaline fuel, 31-8 bending beam load, 64-12 fuel, 31-7 height, 68-14 landfill, 68-14 (fig) molten carbonate fuel, 31-8 phosphoric acid fuel, 31-8 photovoltaic, 31-4, 64-4 PV, 31-4 shear beam load, 64-13 solar, 31-4 solid oxide fuel, 31-8 solid polymer fuel, 31-8 structural, 45-12 triple junction solar, 31-4 Cellular fill, 39-1 (ftn) Celsius, 23-4 (ftn) CEM, 70-2 Cement, asbestos, pipe, 16-9 Cementation, 49-10 Cemented carbide, 47-18 Cementite, 49-5 Center, 7-2 distance, 54-11 instant, 57-13 instantaneous, 57-13 of buoyancy, 15-16 of force, 58-19, 58-20 of gravity, 9-6, 56-1 of mass, 56-1 of pressure, 15-4, 15-9, 45-5 of pressure, shapes, 15-9 (fig) of twist, 53-17 of vision, 2-3 -radius form, 7-9, 7-10 shear, 53-17 torsional, 53-17 Centerless grinding, 65-5 Centerline radius, 41-19 velocity, 16-8 Centigrade, 23-4 (ftn) Centipoise, 14-7 Centistoke, 14-8 conversion, 19-2 (ftn) Central force field, 58-19 impact, 58-18 limit theorem, 11-14 receiver system, 31-3 system, 26-3 tendency, 11-12 view, 2-1 Centrifugal air sampler, 70-3 casting, 65-9 compressor, 32-1 fan, 41-6 force, 58-4 forward-curved, 41-6 pump, 18-2, 18-4 Centrifuge aerosol, 70-3 sigma factor, 70-4 Centrifuging, 65-9 Centripetal acceleration, 15-19 (ftn) force, 58-4 Centroid, 9-6, 50-1, A-147 of a line, 50-3 of an area, 50-1 of a volume, 56-1 weld group, A-153 Centroidal mass moment of inertia, 56-2 moment of inertia, 50-3, 50-4 Ceramic, 47-18, 47-19 (tbl) adhesive, 65-13 (ftn) properties, 47-19 structural designation, 47-19 (tbl) tool, 65-4 toughened, 47-18
Cermet, 47-20 Cetane number, 21-7 CFC, 33-2 cgs system, 1-4 Chain 300 series, 59-17 closed joint conveyor, 59-15 drive, 59-15 drive ratio, 59-16 drive, design power, 59-17 drive, ratio, 59-16 drive, service factor, 59-17 drive, service life, 59-17 drive, sprocket size factor, 59-17 drive, temperature factor, 59-18 drive, velocity variation, 59-17 duplex, 59-17 engineering steel link, 59-15, 59-16 (fig) Ewart link, 59-15 Markov, 63-34 offset link, 59-15 offset sidebar, 59-15 pitch, 59-16 quadplex, 59-17 roller, 59-15 (fig) roller, standard, properties, 59-15 (tbl) siamesed, 59-15 simplex, 59-17 strand, 59-17 timing, 54-17 triplex, 59-17 velocity, 59-16 Chainring, 59-16 Chainwheel, 59-16 Challenger, 74-18 Chamber checker, 47-4 filter, 68-19 flash, 26-14 (ftn) precombustion, 28-3 property, 25-2 retard, 67-5 spray, 38-10 (ftn) surge, 17-39, 18-24 Change allotropic, 49-4 average, 11-16 in properties, temperature, 23-12 method, air, 40-2 rate, air, 43-4 Changing duct area, 25-4 and isentropic flow, 25-4 (tbl) Channeling, 71-23 Chaos theory, 64-2 (ftn) Chaotic error, 64-2 Chapman-Kolmogorov equation, 63-34 Char, 21-5 Characteristic curve, compressor, 32-8 curve, fan, 41-8 curve, system, 41-8 dimension, 16-6, 34-4 equation, 4-8, 10-1, 59-9, 62-4, 62-12 exhaust velocity, 25-9 gain, 62-10 impedance, 19-12, 73-6 length, 25-9, 34-4, 35-2 (ftn), 36-8 (ftn) length, space, 41-30 log, 3-5 phase, 62-10, 62-11 polynomial, 4-8 specific feed, 71-12 time, pipeline, 19-12 value, 4-8 vector, 4-8 velocity, cyclone, 66-13 wave celerity, 19-12 (ftn) Characteristics pump, 18-2, 18-12 sprinkler, 67-9 sprinkler discharge, 67-10 valves, 16-13 Charcoal, activated, 71-3
Charge electric, 72-2 number, 20-4 (tbl), 20-5 Charles’ law, 24-7 Charpy test, 48-15 Chart (see also type), 63-22 c-, 11-16 control, 63-22 Cox, 14-10 generalized compressibility, 23-20 Heisler, 34-14 Moody friction factor, 17-6 p-, 11-16 position-correction, 34-15 (ftn) pressure-enthalpy, 23-12 psychrometric, 38-4 R-control, 11-16 sigma, 11-16 temperature-time, 34-14 Chauffage, 49-4 (ftn) Check the box taxation, 75-3 (ftn) valve, 16-12 valve, alarm, 67-5 Checker chamber, 47-4 Chelant, 20-24, 71-22 (ftn) Chelate, 71-22 (ftn) Chelating agent, 71-22 Chem-milling, 65-6 Chemical atomic weight, 20-2 dehumidification, 38-12 dehydration, 38-12 equations, balancing, 20-7 equilibrium, 20-12 formula, 20-5 loading, 71-25 milling, 65-6 reaction, 20-7 scrubbing, 71-20 Chemically active bed, 71-11 Chi-squared degrees of freedom, 11-7, 11-8 distribution, 11-7, A-13 statistic, 11-8 Chiller, 33-2, 33-9, 43-2 Chimney action, 21-17 draft, 21-17 effect, 40-6 gravity, 21-17 (ftn) Chip adiabatic, temperature, 65-4 -breaker groove, 65-1, 65-2 formation, 65-1 forming, 65-1 temperature, 65-4 thickness ratio, 65-2 type, 65-1 velocity, 65-2 Chipless machining, 65-5 Chlordane, 68-17 Chloride stress corrosion cracking, 47-9 Chlorinated pesticide, 68-17 polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) pipe, 67-4, A-36 Chlorination, 68-8 Chlorine, 26-13, 68-8 in pesticide, 68-17 total residual, 68-8 Chlorofluorocarbon, 68-7, 68-8 refrigerants, 33-2 Chlorothalonil, 68-18 Chlorpyrifos, 68-18 Choke, 32-8 point, 32-8 Choked flow, 19-10, 25-4 models, 25-15 Chord, 17-40, 45-12 length, 17-40 Chordal velocity variation, 59-17 Chrysotile asbestos brake lining, 54-18
Churn, 18-16 pump, 67-8 Circle, 7-9, A-7 base, 54-10, 59-12 clearance, 54-10 degenerate, 7-10 diameter, enclosing, 70-4 equivalent diameter, 70-4 formula, A-7 Mohr’s, 50-8, 51-7 pitch, 54-10 segment, A-7 unit, 6-1 Circuit breaker, sizing, 72-8 potentiometer, 64-3 (ftn) Circular blade pitch, 18-4 fin, 34-20 mil, 72-2, A-3 motion, 57-7 permutation, 5-5 pipe ratios, A-28 pipes, hydraulic element, A-28 pitch, 54-10, 54-12, 54-13 shaft, design, 53-14 transcendental function, 6-2 Circularity, 70-5 Circulating closed-loop system, 67-7 fluidized-bed boiler, 71-11 Circulation, 8-7, 17-40 ratio, 29-8 Circumferential strain, 53-6 stress, 53-4 Cis form, 3-8 mer, 47-16 Civil complaint, 75-6 tort, 75-6 (ftn) Cladding, 65-11 Clash allowance, 54-6 Class asset, 74-20 combustible liquid, 67-20 I liquid, 67-20 I standpipe system, 67-5 IA liquid, 67-20 IB liquid, 67-20 IC liquid, 67-20 II liquid, 67-20 II standpipe system, 67-5 III liquid, 67-20 III standpipe system, 67-5 IIIA liquid, 67-20 IIIB liquid, 67-21 leakage, 41-22 limit, 11-10 pipe, 16-10 pressure, pipe, 67-4 property, bolt, 53-10 seal, 41-22 sound transmission, 73-10 Classical adjoint, 4-5 Classification, air, 66-15 Classifier, air, 66-15 Claude cycle, 31-6 (ftn) Clause, boilerplate, 75-4 Clausius -Clapeyron equation, 14-10 (ftn) equation of state, 23-20 Clay pipe, vitrified, 16-9 Clean Air Act, 33-2 coal technology, 21-5 room, 40-11 room technology, 40-11 Cleaning abrasive, 65-13 coal, 21-5 Cleanliness factor, 26-12
I-9
Cleanup, flue gas, 68-2 advanced, 71-4 Clearance, 28-2, 32-3 angle, 65-2 circle, 54-10 diametral, 54-25 gear tooth, 54-10 percent, 32-3 radial, 54-25 volume, 28-2, 32-3 Client, dealing with, 76-2 Climate factor, energy, 43-5 Climb, power, 29-2 Clinker, 21-3 Clinographic projection, 2-3 Clock spring, 54-9 (ftn) Closed box, 53-15 -center valve, 19-3 combustor, 29-4 -cycle OTEC plant, 31-6 die forging, 65-7 feedwater heater, 26-15, 36-14 (ftn) joint conveyor chain, 59-15 -loop bandwidth, 62-10 -loop gain, 62-4 -loop recovery, 71-4 -loop transfer function, 62-4 normally (NC), 44-1 recirculating atmosphere, 40-11 set of states, 63-35 system, 24-1 system, constant pressure, 24-8 system, constant temperature, 24-8 system, constant volume, 24-8 system, isentropic, reversible adiabatic, 24-9 system, polytropic, 24-9 turbine cycle, 29-3 Closely held corporation, 75-2 Cloud height, 66-17 point, 21-7 CLTD method, 43-3 Clutch, 54-21 and brakes, general limits on energy dissipation rates, 54-19 (tbl) cone, 54-21 (fig) disk, 54-20, 54-21 energy dissipation, 54-18 generalized plate, 54-21 (fig) material properties, 54-19 (tbl) plate, 54-20, 54-21 CMP, 16-11 Co-firing, 71-16 CO2 extinguisher, 67-20 ultimate, 21-13 Coal, 21-4, 26-3 anthracite, 21-4 ash, 21-3 bituminous, 21-4 blending, 68-10 cleaning, 21-5 dry ultrafine, 68-9, 68-10 injection, 47-5 lignite, 21-4 lump, 21-5 micronized, 21-5 (ftn), 26-3 (ftn) nut, 21-5 properties, 21-5 (tbl) run-of-mine, 21-5 substitution, 68-20 tar epoxy, 16-11 technology, clean, 21-5 upgrading, 21-5 -water mixture, 29-3 Coalescense, 65-11 Coanda effect, 41-29 Coarsening temperature, 49-8 Coating asphaltic, 16-11 bituminous, 16-11
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - C
I N D E X
I-10
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - C
pipe, 16-11 selective surface, 31-2 surface, 65-13 tar, 16-11 Cocurrent, 36-10 (ftn) flow, 36-10 Code Boiler and Pressure Vessel, 55-2 (tbl) National Electrical, 72-8 of ethics, 76-1 Coefficient Betz, 31-5 binomial, 11-2, 11-4 branch loss, 41-20 cavitation, 18-16 combined heat transfer, 37-4 confidence, 63-16 constant, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 convective heat, 34-7 convective heat transfer, 34-7 correlation, 11-17 crack, 40-5 critical damping, 60-10 discharge, 40-6 discharge, venturi, 17-30 drag, 17-41, 36-4 drag, cars, 17-41 drainage, 68-12 end restraint, 53-3 entrance, 40-6 Euler resistance, 66-14 film, 34-7, 35-2 film, boiling water, 35-4 film, correlation, 35-3 fluid resistance, 61-7 heat transfer, 35-2 Joule-Kelvin, 24-3 Joule-Thomson, 24-3 loss, 17-12, 17-13 (tbl), 17-14 loss, duct, 41-17 main loss, 41-31 mass-transfer, 71-24 matrix, 4-6 maximum cam performance, 59-14 (tbl) method of loss, 17-12 method of undetermined, 10-4 noise reduction, 73-10 nozzle, 18-22 nozzle discharge, 25-8 nozzle velocity, 25-8 of absorption, 20-9 of active lateral earth pressure, 66-7 of compressibility, 14-13 of contraction, 17-18, 17-30 of discharge, 17-18, 17-30, 19-9 of discharge, choked flow, 25-15 of drag, 17-41 of entry, 41-19 of expansion, thermal, 14-13 (ftn) of flow, 17-30 of fluctuation, 59-3 of forced convection, 36-2 of friction, 25-16, 58-6, 58-7 of friction, static, 15-11 of friction, typical, 58-6 (tbl) of heat transfer, overall, 34-7, 42-2 of lift, 17-40 of linear expansion, 51-3, 51-4 of performance, 33-3 of restitution, 58-17 of rolling friction, 58-8 of rolling resistance, 58-8 of the instrument, 17-28 of thermal expansion, 51-4 of thermal resistance, 64-6 of thrust, 25-9 of transformation, 5-3 of utilization, 73-3 of variation, 11-13, 63-16 of velocity, 17-17, 17-29 of viscosity, 14-6 of viscous damping, 58-19, 60-9 of volumetric expansion, 51-4
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
orifice, 17-17 (tbl) orifice discharge, 67-9 overall heat transfer, 36-14 pipe, 16-8 power, 31-5 profile drag, 36-4 radiant heat transfer, 37-4 roughness, 17-8 Seebeck, 31-9 shading, 43-4 shelter, 40-6 skin friction, 17-5 (ftn), 36-4 (ftn) slab edge, 42-3 smoothing, 74-42 solubility, 20-9 sound absorption, 73-9 static regain, 41-19 strength, 48-5 torque, 53-13 transmission, 73-11 valve flow, 17-13 virial, 23-20 viscous, 58-19 volumetric expansion, 35-2 wind surface pressure, 40-6 Cofactor expansion by, 4-3 matrix, 4-1 of entry, 4-2 Cog, 54-18 Cogeneration, 29-8 cycle, 29-8 Cogeners, 20-2 Coherent unit system, 1-2 (ftn) Cohesion, 14-12 (ftn), 48-8 Coil active, 54-5 blower-, unit, 41-3 cooling, 33-9 efficiency, 38-8 fan-, unit, 41-3, 41-4 film coefficient, 35-6 heavy-duty, 36-12 load, 43-1 load line, 38-8 loading, 43-1 (ftn) pitch, 54-6 sensible heat ratio, 38-7, 43-7 Coining, 65-7 Coke, 21-5, 47-2 (ftn) -oven gas, 21-8 (ftn) Colburn equation, 36-9 Cold air-standard cycle, 28-1 (ftn) -chamber die casting, 65-9 deck, 41-13 -end drive, 29-1 flow, 48-16 heading, bolt, 65-7 molding, 65-10 reserve, 26-16 working, 49-9 -working operation, 65-6 Colding equation, 68-12 Colebrook equation, 17-5, 17-6 Collapse duct, 41-23 pressure duct, 41-14 pressure, typical, steel spiral ducts, 41-14 (fig) Collapsibility, 65-8 Collapsing pressure, 53-5 (ftn) Collar, screw with, 59-2 (fig) Collection dust, system, 41-32 efficiency, air sampler, 70-4 efficiency, baghouse, 71-6 efficiency, cyclone, 66-14 efficiency, ESP, 71-9 efficiency, generic collector, 71-21 efficiency, venturi scrubber, 71-21 Collector concentrating, 31-2
M A N U A L
dust, 40-11, 41-32 efficiency, 31-2 evacuated-tube, 31-2 flat-plate, 31-2 focusing, 31-2 solar, 31-2 Collinear, 7-2 force system, 45-6 Collision, 58-17 Colloid, 71-25 Colloidal material, 14-7 Column braced, 53-3 end coefficient, 53-3 intermediate, 53-4 matrix, 4-1 rank, 4-5 (ftn) slender, 53-2 Combination, 11-2 air valve, 16-14 direct, 20-7 method, 41-26 Combined ash, 68-5 cycle, 29-9 diesel, 28-11 (ftn) film coefficient, 34-18 gas turbine system, 28-11 (ftn) heat transfer, 37-4 heat transfer coefficient, 37-4 stress, 51-5 Combining, weight, 20-7 Combustible analysis, 21-2 liquid, 67-20 liquid, class, 67-20 loss, 21-16 Combustion atmospheric fluidized-bed, 21-5 chamber, primary, 71-13 chamber, secondary, 71-13 complete, 21-12 cycle, Carnot, air-standard, 28-4 data, 21-10 (tbl) efficiency, 21-16 engine, 28-3 engine, internal, 28-2 fluidized-bed, 21-5, 26-4 heat equivalents, A-61 heat of, 21-14, A-61 incomplete, 21-12 loss, 21-16 pressurized fluidized-bed, 21-5 reaction, 21-8, 21-9 reaction, ideal, 21-9 (tbl) rich-quench-lean, 29-3 sequential, 29-2 staged, 71-22 staged lean, 29-2 stoichiometric, 21-9 stratified charge, 28-2 temperature, 21-15 turbine, 29-1 Combustor, 28-13, 29-2 bubbling-bed, 71-10 closed, 29-4 dry, 29-2 fluidized-bed, 71-10 open, 29-4 pressurized slagging, 29-3 (ftn) Comfort range, 40-6 Command value, 62-13 Commercial bronze, 47-12 (ftn) heat exchangers, 36-11 Comminution, 66-9 Common glass, 47-18 ion effect, 20-12 logarithm, 3-5 ratio, 3-11 Commutative law addition, 3-3, 4-4
multiplication, 3-3 set, 11-2 Compacted graphitic iron, 47-10 Compaction, 66-9 Company health, 74-35 Comparative analysis, 74-17 negligence, 75-6 Comparator, 62-4 Comparison alternative, 74-4 test, 3-12 Compartment, water quality, 68-19 Compatibility method, 46-2 Compensatory damages, 75-7 fraud, 75-6 Competitive bidding, 76-3 Complaint, 75-6 civil, 75-6 Complement law, set, 11-1, 11-2 nines, 12-3 number, 12-3 ones, 12-4 set, 11-1 tens, 12-3 twos, 12-4 Complementary angle, 6-2 equation, 10-1 error function, 11-8, A-15 error function values for positive x values, A-15 probability, 11-4 random number, 63-32 random number technique, 63-33 solution, 10-3, 60-10 technique, Monte Carlo, 63-33 Complete combustion, 21-12 cross-linking, 47-13 isothermal flow equation, 17-10 Completion time, 63-5 Complex conjugate, 3-8 matrix, 4-1 number, 3-1, 3-7 number operations, 3-8 plane, 3-7 power, 72-7 wall, 34-8 Compliance compressibility, 19-10 energy stored in, 19-11 fluid, 19-10 mechanical, 19-10 pneumatic, 19-11 Component alias, 9-8 (ftn) linear, 60-2 moment, 45-3 of a vector, 5-2 steady-state, 60-12 transient, 60-12 typical sprinkler system, 67-7 (fig) Composite cylinder, 34-9 cylinder, radial conduction, 34-9 material, 47-18, 47-21 (tbl) material, flywheel, 59-5 spring constant, 53-20, 54-3 structure, 51-19 wall, 34-7 Composition dry air, 21-8 (tbl) eutectic, 49-3 foodstuffs, 34-5 (tbl) percentage, 20-7 Compostable plastic, 68-18 Compound, 20-5 amount factor, 74-5 binary, 20-5
elastomeric, 47-16 gear, 59-5 gears, reverted gear set and, 59-6 (fig) interest, 74-11 ternary, 20-5 tertiary, 20-5 turbine, 26-8 turbine, cross-, 26-8 turbine, tandem, 26-8 volatile inorganic, 68-22 volatile organic, 68-22 Compounding discrete, 74-7 (tbl) period, 74-28 Compressed -air energy storage, 31-9 (ftn) air storage tank, 32-2 height, 54-6 liquid, 23-11 liquid table, using, 23-11 water, properties, A-69, A-90 Compressibility, 14-1, 14-13, 19-10, 23-10 adiabatic, 14-13 chart, A-104 chart, generalized, 23-20 coefficient of, 14-13 compliance, 19-10 factor, 14-13 (ftn), 23-20 (ftn) isentropic, 14-13, 23-10 isobaric, 23-10 isothermal, 14-13, 23-10 Compressible flow discharge time, 25-15 flow factors, A-105, A-106 flow, orifice, 19-9, 25-15 fluid dynamics, 25-1 fluid, flow, 17-32 Compression adiabatic, 15-13 air, 32-1 (ftn) by a pump, 26-7 (fig) cycle, vapor, 33-4 efficiency, adiabatic, 32-2 efficiency, isothermal, 32-2 gas, 32-1 (ftn) ignition engine, 28-2 irreversible, 26-7 isentropic, 26-7 isothermal, 15-12 molding, 65-10 polytropic, 15-13 ratio, 28-2 (ftn), 28-5, 28-11, 28-12, 32-4, 32-4 (ftn) ratio, isentropic, 28-4 spring, helical, 54-6 stage, 32-1 stroke, 28-2 wave, 73-5 wave speed, 17-38 Compressive strength, 48-8 Compressor, 32-1 air/gas, 32-1 (ftn) axial-centrifugal, 32-1 axial-flow, 32-1 blower, 32-1 capacity, 32-2 centrifugal, 32-1 characteristic curve, 32-8 control, 32-2 dynamic, 32-1, 32-2, 32-8 reciprocating, 32-1, 32-2 rotary positive-displacement, 32-1 (ftn) rotating, 32-1 scroll, 33-8 spiral, 33-8 work, 32-4 Computer complement, 12-4 local control (LCC), 44-5 Concave, 7-2 down curve, 7-2 up curve, 7-2 Concavity, 7-2
I-11
Concentrated force, 45-2 Concentrating collector, 31-2 Concentration cell corrosion, 20-19 cycle of, 39-3 dust, 66-12, 66-13 gas, 67-21 ionic, 20-11 particle, 66-12, 66-13 ppm, 67-21 ratio of, 39-3 saturation, 20-9 stress, 51-4 stress, press-fit, 53-8 tower build up, 39-3 Concentrator rotor, 71-4 Concentric cylinder viscometer, 14-6 (ftn) flywheel system, 59-5 loading, 51-12 Concrete, A-40, A-41 cylinder pipe, prestressed, 16-10 density, 15-11 (ftn) pipe, 16-9, 16-10, A-40, A-41 pipe, prestressed, 16-10 pipe, reinforced, 16-10 Concurrent -crossflow, 36-11 force system, 45-6 Condensate depression, 26-12 polishing, 20-24 well, 26-11 Condensation dropwise, 35-7, 35-8 filmwise, 35-7 polymerization, 47-15 Reynolds number, 35-9 vertical and inclined surfaces, 35-8 Condenser, 26-11, 33-1 cooling water, 68-8 dump, 26-11 (ftn) duty, 26-11 flooding, 26-12 fouling, 26-12 hot well subcooling, 26-12 jet, 26-11 (ftn) macrofouling, 26-13 microfouling, 26-12 surface, 26-11 Condensing cycle, 27-2 pure, 26-12 (ftn) straight, 26-12 (ftn), 27-2 vapor, 35-7, 71-25 vapor, film, 35-7 Condition dry, 58-6 indoor design, 40-6 initial, 9-4, 60-3 inlet, 32-8 inside and outside design, 43-3 international standard metric, 21-2 line, pump, 26-6, 26-7 line, turbine, 26-9 natural gas, standard, 21-2 nonlubricated, 58-6 of equilibrium, 45-6 oily, 58-6 standard, 14-4, 21-2, 41-2 wet, 58-6 Conditional convergence, 3-13 probability, 11-4 probability of failure, 11-9 Conditioner, sludge, 20-24 Conditioning particle, 71-9 Conditions adjacent space, 42-2 design, inside, 42-2 design, outside, 42-2 Conductance, 34-2, 42-2, 72-2, 72-5 overall, 36-14
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - C
I N D E X
I-12
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - C
thermal, 34-2, 42-2 unit, 34-7 Conduction, 34-2 radial, composite cylinder, 34-9 radial, hollow cylinder, 34-9 radial, spherical shell, 34-12 through cube, 34-12 Conductive heat transfer, 34-2 unit, 34-7 Conductivity, 34-2 (ftn), 42-2, 72-2 foodstuffs, 34-3 overall, 34-3, 34-7 thermal, 34-2, 34-3 (tbl), A-110 varying, 34-3 Conduit, pressure, 16-5 Cone angle, 54-21 clutch, 54-21 (fig) pitch, 54-15 Confidence interval, 63-16 (ftn) level, 11-14, 63-16 (ftn) level, values of z for various, 11-15 (tbl) level z-values, 11-15 limit, 11-15 limit, one-tail, 11-15 limit, two-tail, 11-15 Confidence coefficient, 63-16 Configuration factor, 37-2 Congruency, 7-3 Congruential method, 63-32 Conic section, 7-8 Conical pile, 66-5 (ftn), 66-6 (fig) Conjugate axis, 7-11 beam, 51-15, 51-16 complex, 3-8 pole pair, 62-9 Connecting link, 59-15 Connection bolt, 53-10 eccentric, 53-18 Conrad bearing, 54-22 Conscious order, 11-2 ConsensusDOC, 75-5 (ftn) Consequential damages, 75-7 Conservation law of, momentum, 58-2 method, 42-7 method, heat, 42-7 of energy, 16-1, 60-5 of momentum, 58-2 of momentum, law, 17-33 radiation, law, 37-1 through thermostat setback, 42-7 Consideration, 75-3 Consistent deformation method, 46-2, 51-19 system, 3-7 unit system, 1-2 Constant acid, 20-15 base, 20-15 Boltzmann, 23-17 bridge, 64-11 Calvert’s, 71-21 coefficient, 10-1, 10-2, 10-3 composite spring, 54-3 critical, 25-4 deflection, 64-12 dielectric, 71-9 dissociation, 20-15 elastic, 48-9 elastic relationships, 48-9 equilibrium, 20-14 equivalent spring, 54-3 Euler’s, 9-8 force, 58-2 force, work, 22-2 (fig) formation, 20-15 gravitational, 1-2, 58-20 growth rate, 3-11
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
Hazen-Williams, A-48 Henry’s law, 20-9 (tbl) ionization, 20-15 (tbl) Janssen’s, 66-7 Joule’s, 22-1, 23-6 learning curve, 74-43 matrix, 4-6 meter, 17-29 moisture content, 23-10 Newton’s gravitational, 58-20 Newton’s universal, 58-20 nozzle, 67-9 of integration, 9-1, 10-1 outlet, 41-30 percentage method, 74-21 (ftn) pressure, closed system, 24-8 pressure process, 24-2 reaction rate, 20-13, 71-7 room, 73-10 scaling, 71-6 (tbl) solar, 31-1, 37-7 specific gas, 23-15 -speed control system, 62-13 spring, 51-3, 53-20, 54-2, 54-5 sprinkler orifice, 67-9 stability, 20-15 Stefan-Boltzmann, 37-2 temperature, closed system, 24-8 temperature process, 24-2 thermal time, 34-13 thermocouple, A-160, A-161 thermoelectric, 64-7 throttle pressure, 26-17 time, 3-11, 62-2, 62-9 torsional spring, 60-5 universal gas, 14-10, 23-14 value dollars, 74-39 -velocity joint, 59-18 (ftn) volume, closed system, 24-8 volume process, 24-2 -watt heat tape, 34-21 Zwietering, 66-17 Constantan, 47-13 Constituent, principal organic hazardous, 71-13 Constrained motion, 58-11 Constraint, 63-2, 63-12 non-negativity, 63-12 Construction contract, 75-3 (ftn) lien, 75-5 manager, 75-5 Consumer risk, 11-15 Consumer’s risk, 63-26 Consumption brake specific fuel, 28-3 fuel, 42-6 indicated specific fuel, 28-3 specific fuel, 28-3 Contact angle, 14-12, 54-19 factor, 38-8 ratio, 54-11 resistance, 34-7 (ftn) Containment, multiple pipe, 71-18 Content constant moisture, 23-10 energy, 38-3 frequency, 73-7 heat, 23-5 moisture, 23-9 Contents, cubical, 40-2 Continuity equation, 17-2, 17-3 Continuous beam, 46-1, 46-5 bucket elevator, 66-11 casting, 65-9 chip, 65-1 compounding, 74-28 distribution function, 11-6 duty rating, 28-4
M A N U A L
emissions monitoring, 70-2 heat resistance, temperature, 47-16 recording, 63-16 (ftn) Continuously variable transmission (CVT), 59-5 Contract, 75-3 agent, 75-3 breach, 75-6 construction, 75-3 (ftn) discharge of, 75-6 document, 75-3 (ftn) principal, 75-3 privity, 75-7 requirements for, 75-3 standard, 75-5 Contracta, vena, 17-17 Contraction, 17-12 coefficient of, 17-18, 17-30 sudden, 17-13 Contractor, 75-4 prime, 75-4 Contraflexure point, 7-2, 8-2, 51-17 Control air volume, 44-1 anticipation, 44-5 blade pitch, 41-7 capacity, 41-7 chart, 11-16, 63-22 compressor, 32-2 conventional, 26-17 differential, 44-2 digital, 44-5 direct digital (DCC), 44-5 element, 62-13 equipment, 44-1 face-and-bypass damper, 44-1 feedback and, 44-2 floating action, 44-5 guide vane, 32-2 HVAC process, 44-1 limit, 63-22, 63-23 logic block diagram, 62-13 logic diagram, 62-13 mass, 24-1 matrix, 62-14 mechanism, 62-14 NOx, 21-5 nozzle, 26-17 of turbines, 26-16, 26-17 PI, 44-5 PID, 44-5 point, 44-2 point of, 63-26 proportional plus integral (PI), 44-5 proportional plus integral plus derivative (PID), 44-5 ratio, 62-4 reheat, 44-1 SO2, 21-5 speed, 32-2 surface, 24-1 surface, imaginary, 24-1 surface, real, 24-1 sytem, 62-13 throttle, 26-17 timed two-position, 44-5 turbine (see also type), 26-17 two-position, 44-2 valve, 19-3 valve, hydraulic, 19-3 vector, 62-14 velocity, air hood, 40-9 volume, 24-1 Controllability system, 62-14 Controllable pitch, 41-7 Controlled -circulation boiler, 26-4 -cooling-transformation curves, 49-6 inside diameter, 67-3 outside diameter, 67-3 Controller, 44-1, 62-13 HVAC, 44-1 Controls integration, typical, 44-2
Convection, 34-2 coefficient of forced, 36-2 forced, 36-2 free, 35-2 natural, 35-2 Newton’s law of, 36-2 preheater, 26-16 superheater, 26-13 Convective heat transfer coefficient, 34-7 tip, 34-19 Convention dust size, 68-9 half-year, 74-3 sign (thermal), 24-4, 27-1 year-end, 74-3 Conventional cabinet bypass air hood, 40-9 (fig) control, 26-17 duct system, 41-21 Convergence absolute, 3-13 conditional, 3-13 tests for, 3-12 Convergent angle, 25-5 -divergent nozzle, 25-5 sequence, 3-10 series, 3-12 Converging-diverging nozzle, 17-29 Conversion base, 12-3 factor, A-1, A-2 factor, SI, A-3 power, 22-6 (tbl) viscosity, 14-8 Converter, 47-3 catalytic, 28-2 (ftn) thermionic energy, 31-9 three-way, 28-2 (ftn) two-way catalytic, 28-2 (ftn) Convex, 7-2 hull, 7-2, 7-3, 70-6 polygon, 63-13 Convexity, 7-3 particle, 70-6 Conveying, dilute-phase, 66-8 Conveyor belt, 66-10 pneumatic, 66-8 screw, 66-7 submerged scraper, 68-5 Convolution, integral, 10-6 Cooler, 33-9 Cooling, 36-22 coil, 33-9 compressor, 32-7 degree-days, 42-6 (ftn), 43-5 duty, 39-2 efficiency, 39-2 electronic enclosures, 36-23 evaporative, 38-10 fluid, 65-4 free, 43-2 law of, Newton’s, 34-12 load, 43-1 load factor, 43-3 load from internal heat sources, 43-4 load temperature difference method, 43-3 Newton’s law of, 10-10 properties of foodstuffs, A-114 range, 39-2 rate of, 49-6 sensible, 38-8 spray dehumidification, 38-11 tower, 39-1 tower blow-down, 68-8 tower, indirect-condensing, 39-3 with dehumidification, 38-11 with humidification, 38-10 Coordinate, 57-1 fluid stream, 17-18 (fig) free body, 45-21
holonomic, 57-2 system, 7-3, 57-1 Coordinated optimal, 26-17 mode, 26-17 Coplanar, 7-2 force system, 45-6 Copolymer, 47-13 Copper alloy, 47-12 -based powder, 65-10 -beryllium, 47-13 loss, 72-17, 72-18 pipe, 16-9, 67-3 pipe, temper, 67-3 production, 47-12 tubing, 16-9 tubing dimensions, A-46 water tubing dimensions, A-45 Coprime, 54-18 Core, 51-13, 64-4 (ftn) area, 41-30 loss, 72-18 sand, 65-8 wire rope, 53-21, 66-2 Coriolis acceleration, 57-8, 57-9 Corner frequency, 62-10 Corona back, 71-9 current ratio, 71-9 power ratio, 71-9 wire, 71-8 Corporation, 75-2 C, 75-3 closely held, 75-2 professional, 75-2 S, 75-3 subchapter C, 75-3 Corrected fin length, 34-20 Correction enthalpy, 38-4 factor, heat exchanger, A-128, A-129, A-130, A-131 Correlation coefficient, 11-17 equation of state, 23-20 film, 35-3 film coefficient, 35-3 just-suspended speed, 66-17 Kern, 35-9 Lubarsky-Kaufman, 36-7 Nusselt-type, 35-4 (ftn) Othmer, 14-11 Sieder-Tate, 36-5 Corresponding point, 41-10 (ftn) states, principle (law) of, 23-20 Corrosion, 20-19 allowance, 55-8 cavitation, 20-19 concentration cell, 20-19 cracking, intergranular stress, 30-2 cracking, stress, 47-9 crevice, 20-19 erosion, 20-19 fatigue, 20-19 fretting, 20-19 galvanic, 20-18 intergranular, 20-19 microbiologically influenced, 26-12, 26-13 -resistant steel, 47-6 stress, cracking, 20-19 two-metal, 20-18 Corrosive substance, 68-2 Corrugated duct, 41-14 (ftn) metal pipe, 16-11 Cosecant, hyperbolic, 6-5 Cosine direction, 5-2, 7-5, 45-2 first law of, 6-6 function, integral, 9-8 hyperbolic, 6-4, 45-19 law of, 6-5
I-13
second law of, 6-6 versed, 6-4 Cost, 63-2 (ftn), 74-8, 74-32 accounting, 74-36 -benefit ratio, 74-16 capitalized, 74-7 electricity, 18-9 equivalent uniform annual, 74-16 life-cycle, 74-20 of goods sold, 74-37 opportunity, 74-18 plus fixed fee, 75-5 standard, 63-15 sunk, 74-3 total, 74-33 Cotangent, hyperbolic, 6-5 Couette flow, 36-3 (ftn) Coulomb, 72-2 friction, 58-5 -Mohr theory, 52-2 Count, drag, 17-42 Counter automatic optical particle, 70-4 -crossflow, 36-11 current flow, 36-10 particle, 70-4 Counterblow, forging, 65-8 Counterflow, 36-10 Counting, fundamental principle of, 63-33 Couple, 45-4, 45-9 Coupling moment, 45-4 spline, 59-18 Coupon, rate, 74-29 Coverage, 63-9 Covers function, 6-4 Coversed sine, 6-4 Cox chart, 14-10 CPVC pipe, 16-9, A-36 dimensions, A-36 Crack coefficient, 40-5 length, 40-5 length method, 40-5 Cracking, 21-2 catalytic, 21-2 caustic, 55-4 hydrocarbon, 21-2 intergranular stress corrosion, 30-2 stress corrosion, 47-9 thermal, 21-2 weld bead, 47-9 Cramer’s rule, 3-7, 4-7 Crank, end, 28-2 Crankcase oil, 54-24 Credit, 74-34 investment tax, 74-25 tax, 74-25 Creed, 76-1 Creep, 48-16 modulus, plastics, 48-11 primary, 48-16 rate, 48-16 strength, 48-16 test, 48-16 Crest, dam, 15-11 Crevice corrosion, 20-19 salt, 20-23 Cristobalite, 47-18 Criteria, pollutant, 68-2 Criterion minimax, 63-34 Nyquist’s stability, 62-13 Routh, 62-12 Zwietering, 66-17 Critical area, 25-5 back pressure, 19-10 back pressure ratio, 25-12 cavitation number, 18-16 constant, 25-4 damping, 60-10
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - C
I N D E X
I-14
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - C
damping coefficient, 60-10 density ratio, 25-4 distance, 17-5 fastener, 53-18 flow, 16-7 height, pressure vessel, 55-5 (ftn) insulation radius, sphere, 34-11 insulation thickness, 34-11 isobar, 23-3 line, 49-4 load, column, 53-2 particle diameter, 70-3 particle size, 66-14 particle size, cyclone, 66-14 path, 63-3 path, duct, 41-8 path method, 63-4 point, 8-2, 23-3, 23-8, 25-4, 49-4 point, lower, 49-4 point, upper, 49-4 pressure ratio, 25-4 property, 23-8, 25-5 radius, 34-11 radius, insulation, 34-11 ratio, 25-4 Reynolds number, 16-7, 36-3 slenderness ratio, 53-3 speed, shaft, 60-16, 60-17, 66-19 stress, 17-12 temperature, 49-4, 49-7 temperature ratio, 25-4 thickness, insulation, 34-11 (ftn) velocity, sludge, 18-5, 18-6 zone, 16-7 Critically damped, 60-10 Cross -beam deck, 46-12 -compound turbine, 26-8 -coupling, boiler, 26-5 -drum boiler, 26-4 -linking, 47-13 -linking, polymer, 47-16 (fig) main, 67-7 mains, hydraulic pressure, 67-16 product, 45-3 product, triple, 5-5 product, vector, 5-4 (fig) section, 2-4 (ftn) -sectional area, effective, 19-9 temperature, 36-13 -wind horizontal-axis rotor, 31-4 (ftn) Crossed drive, 54-16 Crossflow baffle, 36-12 concurrent-, 36-11 counter-, 36-11 heat exchanger, 36-11 tube, 36-8 Crossover duct, 41-23 frequency, 62-12 gain, 62-12 pipe, 26-8 point, 62-10 Crud, 20-24 (ftn) Crude, Monte Carlo, 63-32 Cruise power, 29-2 Crushing, 66-9 Crusting agent, 68-9 Cryogen, 23-2 (ftn) Cryogenic fluids, 23-2 (ftn) Cryolite, 47-11 Crystallinity polymer, 47-16 Crystallization polymer, 47-16 (fig) water of, 20-6 Cube conduction, 34-12 Cubical contents, 40-2 Culvert, 17-19 entrance loss, 17-20 simple pipe, 17-19 (fig) Cumulative fatigue, 52-8
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
frequency table, 11-11 usage factor rule, 52-8 Cunife, 47-13 Cunningham (slip) correction factor, 70-3, 71-9 Cup-and -bob viscometer, 14-6 (ftn) -cone failure, 48-5 Cupola, 47-10 (ftn) Curie point, 49-4 Curl, 8-7 Current asset, 74-35 circuit breaker, rated, 72-8 circuit breaker, trip, 72-8 clear the, 72-8 divider, 72-4 electrical, 72-2 liability, 74-35 meter, 17-27 protection, circuit breaker, 72-8 ratio, 74-35 Curve, 7-3 annual average power density distribution, 31-5 annual average velocity duration, 31-5 area under standard normal, A-12 balanced, 58-8 bell-shaped, 11-6 CCT, 49-6 characteristic, 32-8 concave down, 7-2 concave up, 7-2 controlled-cooling-transformation, 49-6 degree, 7-3 Euler’s, 53-3 even symmetry, 7-4 fan, 41-8 fan characteristic, 41-8 flow, 48-5 fractional-efficiency, 66-14 grade-efficiency, 66-14 graph, 7-3 inversion, 24-3 isenthalpic, 24-3 learning, 74-43 load, 26-16 load duration, 26-16 load-elongation, 48-2 mortality, 63-12 noise criteria, 73-9 operating characteristic, 63-25 performance, 18-16 power, 48-5 reloading, 48-7 response, 73-6 S-N, 48-9 standard fire protection pump, 67-8 stress-strain, 48-2 (fig), 48-4 (fig) system, 18-16, 41-8 tail, 11-7 temperature-time, 49-2 time-temperature, 49-2 time-temperature-transformation, 49-6 TTT, 49-6 unloading, 48-7 Wo¨ hler, 48-9 Curved beam, 51-20 Cut -and-sum method, 45-15 -in pressure, 32-2 -off frequency, 62-10 -off governing, 26-17 -off rate, 62-10 -off ratio, 28-11, 28-12 -off volume, 28-11 -out pressure, 32-2 -over point, 74-23 (ftn) point, 66-14, 66-15 -point size, 70-3 sectioning, 2-4 -size, 66-14 -size, cyclone, 66-14
Cutoff, roughness width, 2-4 Cutting, 66-9 energy, specific, 65-3 fluid, 65-4 force, 65-2 hardness, 48-13, 48-14 oil, 65-4 power, 65-3 speed, 65-2, 65-3 (tbl) tool material, 65-4 torch, 65-12 (ftn) CV joint, 59-18 Cyanazine, 68-18 Cyaniding, 49-10 Cycle, 24-11, 27-1, 27-2 (ftn) absorption, refrigeration, 33-7 air refrigeration, 33-6 air-standard, 28-1 air-standard diesel, 28-11 air-standard dual, 28-12 air-standard Otto, 28-5 binary, 27-7, 31-7 bottoming, 29-9 Brayton, gas turbine, 29-3 Brayton, refrigeration, 33-6 Carnot, 24-11, 24-12, 27-2 Carnot, air-standard, 28-4 Carnot, refrigeration, 33-3, 33-4 Claude, 31-6 (ftn) closed turbine, 29-3 cogeneration, 29-8 cold air-standard, 28-1 (ftn) combined, 29-9 condensing, 27-2 designation, 27-2 direct fuel reforming, 31-8 direct steam, 31-6 dual-flash, 31-7 Ericsson, 28-13 (ftn) externally fired combined, 29-3 extraction, 27-2 flash steam, 31-7 four-stroke, 28-2, 28-5 integrated, 29-10 integrated gasification/combined, 21-5 Joule, 29-3 noncondensing, 27-2 of concentration, 39-3 power, 24-11 power, nuclear, 30-1 Rankine, 27-3 redesign, 26-17 refrigeration, 33-1 regenerative, 27-6 simple, 29-5 solar power, 31-3 Stirling, 28-12 (ftn), 28-13 (ftn) straight condensing, 26-12 (ftn) supercritical, 27-7 time, 63-18, 63-19 topping, 29-9 two-stroke, 28-2 vapor compression, refrigeration, 33-4 Cyclic strain, 48-9 (ftn) stress, 48-9 (ftn) Cycloid, 7-4 Cycloidal cam profile, 59-12 Cyclone, 71-7 absolute efficiency, 66-14 characteristic velocity, 66-13 collection efficiency, 66-14 critical particle size, 66-14 cut-size, 66-14 efficiency, 66-14 friction loss, 66-14 grade efficiency, 66-14 head loss, 66-14 pressure loss, 66-14 removal efficiency, 66-14 reverse-flow, 66-12 sampler, 70-3 separator, 66-12
separator, air, 66-12 separator, gas, 66-12 separator, reverse-flow, 66-12 single, 71-7 standard, 66-12 Cylinder composite, 34-9 composite, radial conduction, 34-9 conduction through, 34-9 crossflow, 36-8 heat generation, 34-16 hollow, radial conduction, 34-9 hydraulic, 19-8 -operated pump, 18-2 pipe, prestressed concrete, 16-10 pressure, peak, 28-8 (ftn), 28-9 (ftn) -spool valve, 19-3 thick-walled, 53-5, 53-6 Cylindrical coordinate system, 7-3 (fig) (tbl) fin, finite, 34-18, 34-19 fin, infinite, 34-18 Cypermethrin, 68-18
D D’Alembert paradox, 17-2 (ftn) principle, 58-5 Dalton’s law, 21-14, 38-1, 68-4 of partial pressure, 23-18 Dam, 15-11 (fig) force on, 15-11 gravity, 15-11 (ftn) Damage (see also type) hydrogen, 20-19 Damages, 75-7 compensatory, 75-7 consequential, 75-7 exemplary, 75-7 punitive, 75-6 special, 75-7 Damped critically, 60-10 forced vibration, 60-2 free vibration, 60-9 frequency, 60-9, 60-10, 62-2 Damper, 61-4 automatic, 41-24 control, face-and-bypass, 44-1 duct, 41-23 face, 44-2 (ftn) fire, 41-24 gravity, 41-24 mixing, 41-13 pulsation (pump), 18-2 smoke, 41-24 splitter, 41-24 volume, 41-24 Damping coefficient, critical, 60-10 coefficient of viscous, 60-9 critical, 60-10 factor, 60-9 heavy, 60-10 light, 60-9 linear, 60-9 ratio, 60-9 viscous, 60-9 Dangerous section, 51-11 Darcy equation, 17-6, 17-8 friction factor, 17-5 (ftn), 25-16 (ftn), 36-4, A-49, A-50, A-51, A-52 -Weisbach equation, 17-6, 17-7 Darcy’s law, 68-12 Darrieus rotor, 31-4 Dashpot, 60-9, 61-4 Date, maturity, 74-29 Davit, 55-14 arm, 55-14 Davonius rotor, 31-4 (ftn)
Day cooling degree-, 43-5 degree-, 43-5 summer degree-, 43-5 Daylight area, 41-30 DBP, 68-21 DC input, 62-7 machine, 72-16 motors, A-166 DCC, 44-5 DDT, 68-17 de Moivre’s theorem, 3-8 de Morgan’s law, set, 11-2 Dead -beat motion, 60-10 load, 45-5 Deadband, 41-4, 44-5 Deadzone, 41-4 Deaerating heater, 26-15 tank, 26-15 Deaerator, 26-15 Dealing with client, 76-2 employer, 76-2 engineers, 76-3 public, 76-3 supplier, 76-2, 76-3 Debit, 74-34 Decade, 62-10 Decay exponential, 10-9, 62-8, 62-9 half-life, 10-10 weld, 20-19, 47-9 Decaying, sinusoidal response, 62-9 Dechlorination, 68-8 Decibel, 60-12 Decile, 11-12 Decimal number, 12-1 Decision theory, 63-33 tree, 63-33 Deck air conditioning, 41-13 bridge, 46-12 cold, 41-13 cross-beam, 46-12 hot, 41-13 Declaration, negative, 68-3 Declining balance method, 74-21, 74-26 Decomposition, 20-7 Decrease, average, 11-16 Decrement, logarithmic, 60-10 Dedendum, 54-10 Defect, 63-25 spherical, 6-6 Defendant, 75-6 Defender, 74-18 Definite integral, 9-1 (ftn), 9-4 Deflection, 51-3, 60-2 (ftn) beam, 51-13, 51-14, 51-15, 51-17 beam, elastic, A-148, A-149, A-150, A-151 bridge, 64-9 (ftn) constant, 64-12 curves for extension spring, 54-8 (fig) dynamic, 60-20 pseudo-static, 60-11 static, 60-2 temperature, 48-11 truss, 51-17 voltage, 64-10 Deformation, 46-2, 60-2 (ftn) consistent, method of, 51-19 elastic, 46-2, 51-2 thermal, 51-3 Degenerate circle, 7-10 ellipse, 7-11 Degradable plastic, 68-18 Degree, 6-1 -days, 42-6, 43-5
I-15
-days, base temperature, 42-6 -days, cooling, 42-6 (ftn) -days, heating, 42-6 -days, summer, 42-6 (ftn) -days, winter, 42-6 of curve, 7-3 of damage, 63-28 of freedom, 11-7, 26-12, 49-3, 57-1, 57-12, 60-2, 60-19, 62-14 of freedom, chi-squared, 11-7, 11-8 of indeterminacy, 45-7, 45-8, 46-1 of isolation, 60-13 of polymerization, 47-14 of polynomial, 3-3 of redundancy, 46-1 of saturation, 38-2 of superheat, 23-11 Dehalogenation agent, 26-13 Dehumidification absorbent, 38-12 chemical, 38-12 Dehydration, chemical, 38-12 Deionized water, 20-24 Del operator, 8-7 Delay, 63-19 theorem, 10-6 time, 62-2 Delta -connection, 72-11 -iron, 49-4 rosette, 64-12 Deluge system, 67-3 valve, 67-3 Demand controlled ventilation, 40-5 electrical, 72-7 factor, 26-16 Demineralized water, 20-24 Density, 23-5 areal, 1-8 areal dust, 71-5 concrete, 15-11 (ftn) energy, 31-10 ESP power, 71-9, 71-10 factor, fan, 41-11 fin, 29-8 fire protection, 67-11 fluid, 14-3 function, 11-4 function, probability, 11-4 linear watt, 42-4 (ftn) masonry, 15-11 (ftn) mass, 1-3 optical, 68-20 power, ESP, 71-9, 71-10 ratio, air, 41-2 (ftn) ratio, critical, 25-4 sprinkler, 67-11 surface, 73-11 suspension, 66-17 watt, 42-4 (ftn) weight, 1-3 Denting, 20-24 (ftn) Deoxidizer, 47-5 Dependent event, 11-3 system, 57-12 variable, 3-2 Depletion, 74-24 allowance, 74-24 potential, ozone, 33-2 Depreciation, 74-20, 74-21 accelerated, 74-22 basis, 74-20 bonus, 74-23 period, 74-20 rate, 74-21, 74-22 recovery, 74-26 Depressant, pour point, 54-25 Depression angle, 6-2 condensate, 26-12
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - D
I N D E X
I-16
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - D
hot well, 26-12 tailwater, 18-24 wet-bulb, 38-2 Depth, 2-2 hydraulic, 16-6 (ftn) pressure at a, 1-3 whole, 54-10 working, 54-10 Derating factor, 67-4 Derivative, 8-1 directional, 8-6 first, 8-1 Laplace transform of, 10-6 of motion, 59-12 of motion, third, 59-12 second, 8-1 Derived from rule, 68-3 unit, 1-6 (tbl) Descartes’ rule of signs, 3-4 Design AGMA gear, 54-14 allowable stresses for gear, 54-13 area, fire protection, 67-11 basis, hydrostatic, 67-4 bolt load, flange, 55-14 conditions, indoor, 40-6 conditions, inside, 42-2 conditions, outside, 42-2 density, fire protection, 67-11 evolutionary, 30-2 factor, pressure rating, 19-4 filtering velocity, 71-5 for manufacture and assembly, 63-28 gear train, 59-6 guidelines for gear, 54-14 Hazen-Williams C-values for sprinkler system, 67-12 (tbl) helical compression spring, 54-6 hydraulic, 67-14 limit wear, gear, 54-15 of supersonic nozzle, 25-5 passive, 30-2 power, 58-7 (ftn) power, chain drive, 59-17 pressure, 25-13 pressure drop, 41-24 pressure ratio, 25-5 pressure vessel, 55-8 professional, 75-7 radial load, equivalent, 54-23 simple epicyclic gear train, 59-7 spring, 54-2 sprinkler system, 67-14 stress, hydrostatic, 67-4 temperature, inside, 42-2 wall thickness, 19-4 Designation aluminum, 47-11 cycle, 27-2 material, 55-5 (tbl) of hydraulic oils, 19-3 temper, 49-9 Desorption gas, 71-2 (ftn) thermal, 71-24, 71-25 Destruction removal efficiency, 71-13 Destructive test, 48-14 Desulfurization, flue gas, 21-5, 71-2 Desuperheater, 26-14 fixed-orifice, 26-14 Detector aspirating particle, 70-4 light-sensitive, 64-4 particle, 70-4 resistance temperature, 64-5 -transducer, 64-3 Deterioration model, 63-11 Determinacy, 45-7 Determinant, 4-3 Determinate beam type, 45-8 reactions, 45-8
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
statically, 45-7 truss, 45-13 Determining phase, 23-3 Deterministic model, 63-2 Detonation, 28-6 (ftn) Deuterium, 20-2 Deuteron, 20-2 Deutsch-Anderson equation, 71-9 Developer, 75-4 Deviate, standard normal, 11-12 Deviation angle, 25-12 log standard, 11-8 sample standard, 11-13 Device hearing protective, 73-12 photoconductive, 64-4 (ftn) photoemissive, 64-4 (ftn) pressure relief, 16-12 pressure-measuring, 15-2 Dew point, 21-14 apparatus, 38-8 flue gas, 21-14 stack, 68-4 temperature, 38-2 Dewatering, groundwater, 68-12 Dezincification, 20-19, 47-12 dfg, 21-16 Diabatic flow, 25-20 frictionless, 25-20 Diagonal matrix, 4-1 Diagram block, 62-5 cash flow, 74-3 control logic, 62-13 control logic block, 62-13 elementary, 44-6 enthalpy-entropy, 23-10 equilibrium, 23-3, 49-1, 49-3 fatigue, 52-7 (ftn) free-body, 45-8 indicator, 28-8, 64-14 influence, 45-10, 46-8, 46-9, 46-11, 46-12, 46-13 iron-carbon phase, 49-4 isothermal transformation, 49-6 ladder logic, 44-6 line, 44-6, 61-3 Mollier, 23-10 moment, 51-8 Nelson, 55-4 p-h, 23-12 p-V, 24-4 phase, 23-3, 49-1 pole-zero, 62-8 pressure-enthalpy, 23-12 relay logic, 44-6 root-locus, 62-12 shear, 51-8 standard abbreviations for sprinkler, 67-7 (tbl) T-p, 24-3 T-s, 24-4, 28-4 time-temperature, 49-2 tree, 63-33 valve, 16-13 (tbl) Venn, 11-1 (fig) Diameter aerodynamic equivalent, 68-9, 70-3 changes, tapered, 17-13 circle equivalent, 70-4 controlled inside, 67-3 controlled outside, 67-3 critical particle, 70-3 enclosing circle, 70-4 equivalent, 16-6 (ftn) (tbl), 17-43 equivalent aerodynamic, 70-3 equivalent, annulus, 36-8 (ftn) equivalent, duct, 41-17 equivalent projected area, 70-4 equivalent surface area, 70-4 Feret’s, 70-4, 70-5
M A N U A L
hydraulic, 16-6 (ftn), 17-9, 25-16, 36-8, 41-17 (ftn) hydraulic, annulus, 36-8 Martin’s, 70-5 perimeter, 70-4 projected area, 70-4 Sauter’s, 70-5 sieve, 70-4, 70-5 Stokes’ particle, 70-3 volume-surface ratio, 70-5 volumetric, 70-4 Diametral clearance, 54-25 interference, 53-6 pitch, 54-10 strain, 53-6 Diamond, 65-4 Diaphragm gauge, 15-2 pump, 18-3 vibration, 60-17 Die casting, 65-8, 65-9 casting, cold-chamber, 65-9 casting, hot-chamber, 65-9 cavity, 65-9 forging, 65-7 master, 65-9 trimmer, 65-8 trimming, 65-9 type, 65-6 Dieldrin, 68-17 Dielectric constant, 71-9 Diesel combined, 28-11 (ftn) cycle, air-standard, 28-11 engine, 28-10 four-stroke, 28-11 fuel, 21-7 Dieterici equation of state, 23-20 Difference divided, 13-3 Rth-order, 3-10 table, divided, 13-3 (ftn) terminal temperature, 26-15 total equivalent temperature, 43-3 Differential automotive, 59-11 (fig) control, 44-2 equation, 10-1 equation, first-order, 10-1 equation, higher-order, 10-8 equation, homogeneous, 10-1, 10-2 equation, linear, 10-1 equation, nonhomogeneous, 10-1 equation, second-order, 10-1 hardening, 49-10 manometer, 15-3 operating, 44-2 series balance bridge, 64-9 (ftn) shunt balance bridge, 64-9 (ftn) term, 9-1 transformer, 64-4 Differentiation implicit, 8-4 partial, 8-4 Diffuse reflection, 73-4 Diffuser, 41-4, 41-29 pressure, 41-30 Diffusion -controlled cell, 64-3 boron, 49-10 Diffusivity, thermal, 34-5 Digit, 12-1 binary, 12-1 least significant, 12-1 most significant, 12-1 significant, 3-1 Digital control, 44-5 -to-analog staging module, 44-5 -to-proportional staging module, 44-5 Dilatant fluid, 14-7
Dilation, 51-2 Diluent gas, 70-2 Dilute-phase conveying, 66-8 Dilution exhaust gas, 28-2 extraction, 70-2 toxicity, 40-10 ventilation, 40-10 Dimension characteristic, 16-6, 34-4 nominal, 16-10 of variables, 1-8 (tbl) primary, 1-7 ratio, 67-4 ratio, standard, 67-4 Dimensional analysis, 1-8 Dimensionless, 1-8, 1-9 (tbl) group, 1-8, 1-9 (tbl) number, 1-7, 1-9 (tbl), 36-2 Dimensions bolt, 53-11 BWG tubing, A-47 cast-iron pipe, A-42 concrete pipe, A-40, A-41 CPVC pipe, A-36 ductile iron pipe, A-42, A-43 PVC pipe, A-36, A-37, A-38, A-39 seamless steel boiler tubing, A-47 steel boiler tubing, A-47 steel pipe, A-29, A-30, A-31, A-32, A-33, A-34, A-35 Dimetric view, 2-3 Diode, plasma, 31-9 Dioxide, sulfur, 68-20 Dioxin, 68-8 Direct -acting pump, 18-2 central impact, 58-17 (fig) -condensing tower, 39-3 -contact heater, 26-14 coal-fueled turbine, 29-2 combination, 20-7 current, 72-2 digital control (DDC), 44-5 -firing system, 26-3 fuel reforming cycle, 31-8 gain, 62-4 impact, 58-18 injection, 28-3 iron-making process, 47-5 labor, 74-32 material, 74-32 -reduced iron, 47-5 shear stress, 54-5 steam cycle, 31-6 transfer function, 62-4 Directed graph, 63-3 Direction angle, 5-2, 7-5 cosine, 5-2, 7-5, 45-2, 45-12 helix, 54-6 number, 7-5 -sensing probe, 17-27 Directional derivative, 8-6 Directivity factor, 73-7 sound, 73-7 Directrix, 7-10 Disbenefit, 74-16 Disbursement, 74-3 Disc, thermodynamic, steam trap, 16-14 Discharge, 18-4 coefficient, 17-18, 17-30, 19-9, 40-6 coefficient, choked flow, 25-15 coefficient, nozzle, 25-8 coefficient, sprinkler, 67-9 coefficient, venturi, 17-30 electrical, machining, 65-5 from tank, 17-17 (fig) (ftn) of contract, 75-6 rate, hopper, 66-7 side, 18-4 tank, 17-16, 17-17 (fig)
time, compressible flow, 25-15 velocity, 17-17 Discontinuity, 55-6 local, 55-6 stress, 55-6 structural, 55-6 Discontinuous chip, 65-1 Discount factor, A-169, A-170 Discounting, 74-5 Discrete compounding, 74-7 (tbl) Discriminant, 3-3, 7-9 Discs, method of, volume, 9-6 Dish -engine system, 31-3 -Sterling system, 31-3 system, 31-3 Disinfection byproducts, 68-21 Disintegration, 68-18 Disjoint set, 11-1 Disk burst, 55-20 clutch, 54-20, 54-21 rotating, 59-3 rotating solid, 59-3 rupture, 55-20 Dispatch interval, 66-5 Dispersant, 20-24 Dispersion, 11-13 relative, 11-13 -strengthened system, 47-18 Dispersoid, 47-18 Displacement, 20-7, 57-3 forced, 55-6 linear, 57-3 meter, 17-26 piston, 32-3 virtual, 46-10 Displacer, 28-12 Disposition, hazardous waste, 69-2 Dissatisfier, 63-29 Dissociation constant, 20-15 temperature, 21-15 Dissolved oxygen in water, A-58 process, 47-3 Distance between figures, 7-7 between points, 7-5, 7-7 between sprinklers, 67-11 center, 54-11 critical, 17-5 radial, 70-3 semimajor, 7-11 semiminor, 7-11 -squared law, 73-3 stopping, 70-3 traveled, 57-3 Distillate, oil, 21-6 Distillation global, 68-17 temperature, 68-10 Distorted model, 17-45 Distortion energy theory, 48-8, 52-5 Distributed collector system, 31-3 load, 45-5, 45-6 load, cable, 45-18 Distribution, 63-9 (ftn) bathtub, 11-9 binomial, 11-4 chi-squared, 11-7, A-13 continuous, 11-6 discrete, 11-4, 11-5 effectiveness, air, 40-3 exponential, 11-6, 63-9 frequency, 11-10 function, continuous, 11-6 Galton’s, 11-8 Gaussian, 11-6 hypergeometric, 11-5 leptokurtic, 11-14 log-normal, 11-8
I-17
Maxwell-Boltzmann, 23-17 mesokurtic, 11-14 multiple hypergeometric, 11-5 negative exponential, 11-9 normal, 11-6 pattern from ceiling sprinkler, 67-9 (fig) platykurtic, 11-14 point, 41-30 Poisson, 11-5 Student’s t-, 11-7, 63-16 (ftn), A-14 velocity, 16-7 Weibull, 63-9 (ftn) Distributive law, 3-3 matrix, 4-4 set, 11-2 District heating, 29-9 Dittus-Boelter equation, 36-6 Divergence, 8-7 Divergent sequence, 3-10 Diversity occupancy, ventilation, 40-4 population, ventilation, 40-4 Divided difference, 13-3 difference table, 13-3 (ftn) flow fitting, 41-19 Division matrix, 4-4 Dodge-Romig plan, 63-25 Dollars, 74-2 constant value, 74-39 Domain analysis, 62-11 Dome, vapor, 23-3 Domestic heat source, 42-4 (ftn) Dominant load, 46-14 Donnan formula, 68-12 Door blower, 43-4 Doppler effect, 73-5 Dose badge, 73-12 noise, 73-12 radiation absorbed, 6-1 (ftn) Dosimeter, noise, 73-12 Dot product, 5-3 vector, 5-3 (fig) Double -acceptance plan, 63-26 -acting engine, 28-2 -acting pump, 18-2 -acting valve, 19-3 and add method, 12-1 (ftn) -angle formula, 6-3 butt, 53-11 (ftn) Cardan joint, 59-18 (ftn) -dabble method, 12-1 (ftn) declining balance, 74-21, 74-26 -effect evaporator, 26-15 -entry bookkeeping, 74-33 integral, 9-3 integration method, 51-13 interlock preaction system, 67-3 orifice air valve, 16-14 rivet, 53-11 (ftn) root, 3-3 seal, 71-18 shear, 53-11 suction pump, 18-4 taxation, 75-2 -tempered steel, 47-7 vortex, 71-7 -vortex, single cyclone (inertial separator), 71-7 (fig) Doubling time, 3-11, 74-8, 74-9 Downcomer, 26-4 Downcycling, 68-18 Downtime, 63-9 Downwind machine, 31-4 DR, 67-4 Draft, 21-17, 65-8 available, 21-17 balanced, 21-17 chimney, 21-17 cooling tower, 39-1 forced, 21-17
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - D
I N D E X
I-18
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - E
gauge, 15-3 (ftn) induced, 21-17 induced, mechanical, 39-1 loss, 21-17 natural, 21-17 tube, 18-24 Drag, 17-41 coefficient, 17-41, 17-42 (fig), 36-4 coefficient, cars, 17-41 count, 17-42 disk, 17-42 filter, 71-5 form, 17-41 induced, 17-41 pressure, 17-41 profile, 17-41 sphere, 17-42 viscous, 58-18 wake, 17-41 Drain extraction, 68-12 relief, 68-12 Drainage coefficient, 68-12 Draught, 21-17 (ftn) Drawing, 49-9, 65-7 indicator, 28-8 pictorial, 2-2 (ftn) Drawn temper pipe, 67-3 Drift, 39-2 velocity, 71-8, 71-9 velocity, effective, 71-9 Drin, 68-17 Drip, 26-15 pump, 26-15 Drive belt, 54-16 chain, 59-15 chain, torque and power, 59-16 cold-end, 29-1 crossed, 54-16 flat belt, 54-16 gear sets and gear, 54-11 Hotchkiss, 59-18 open, 54-16 open and crossed belt, 54-16 (fig) ratio, chain, 59-16 roller chain, 59-16 shaft, 59-18 shaft, torque and power, 59-18 variable frequency, 41-8 variable speed fan, 41-7 worm, 54-15 Driving dynamometer, 64-13 Droop, compressor, 32-9 Drop design pressure, 41-24 forging, 65-7 hydraulic, 16-9 (ftn) machine, 60-21 pressure, 19-5 pressure, steel pipe, A-53 spherical, 10-10 test, 60-21 Dropwise condensation, 35-7, 35-8 Drum mud, 26-4 (ftn) steam, 26-4 wire rope, 66-3 Dry absorption, 71-20 air, composition, 21-8 (tbl) -bulb temperature, 38-1, 38-2, 38-6 bulk solid, 66-7 chemical extinguisher, 67-20 combustor, 29-2 compression, 33-4 condition, 58-6 cooling tower, 39-3 flue gas loss, 21-16 pipe sprinkler system, 67-2 pipe valve, 67-2, 67-3 riser, 67-5 sand, 65-8
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
saturated steam, 23-14 scrubbing, 71-20 ultrafine coal, 68-9, 68-10 vapor compression cycle, 33-4 DSCF, 41-2 Du Nouy ring, 14-11 torsion balance, 14-11 (ftn) Dual cycle, air-standard, 28-12 duct system, 41-13, 44-1 duct VAV box, 41-13 -flash cycle, 31-7 Duct, 36-8 (ftn) area, changing, 25-4 balancing, 41-23 collapse, 41-23 collapse pressure, 41-14 corrugated, 41-14 (ftn) crossover, 41-23 damper, 41-23 design, economical, 41-22 dual, system, 41-13 dual, VAV box, 41-13 elbow, 41-18, 41-19 exhaust, system, 41-21 fan, 41-4 filter, 41-23 flexible, 41-14 friction, 41-14, 41-17 friction loss, 41-14 gauges, 41-13 heat gain to, 43-5 heat gain to air conditioning, 43-5 index run, 41-8 jumper, 41-23 leakage, 41-22 mine tunnel, 41-32 mining, 41-32 noise, 41-31 plastic, 41-14 polyvinyl coated, 41-13 pressure loss, 41-14 rectangular, 41-17 roughness, 41-14 runout, 41-13 sorbent-injection, 21-5 specific roughness, 41-14 (ftn) spiral, 41-13 supply, 41-21 system, dual-, 44-1 system, gravity, 41-13 system, radial, 41-13 system, single-, 44-1 system, trunk, 41-13 Ductile cast iron, 47-9 cast iron pipe, 16-9 iron, grades, 47-10 iron pipe, A-42 iron pipe dimensions, A-42, A-43 iron pipe, special pressure classes, A-43 material, 48-6, 52-3, 52-4 transition temperature, 48-15 Ductility, 48-6 transition temperature, 48-17 Dulong and Petit value, 23-8 Petit’s law, 23-7, 23-8 Dulong’s formula, 21-14 Dummy activity, 63-5 gauge, 64-10 node, 63-4 unit load method, 46-7 Dump, 68-14 condenser, 26-11 (ftn) Dumping, 41-30 Dunkerley approximation, 60-16 Duplex chain, 59-17
pump, 18-2 stainless steel, 47-9 system, 63-9 Duplexed steel, 47-4 Durability, surface, gear, 54-14 Duralumin, 47-12 (ftn) Duration, 63-3 modulation, pulse, 41-8 reference, 73-12 Dust, 68-9 coal, 68-9 collection system, 41-32 collector, 40-11, 41-32 collector, two-stage, 41-32 concentration, 66-12, 66-13 control, 68-9 density, areal, 71-5 loading, 71-5 Duty, 29-8 condenser, 26-11 cooling, 39-2 cycle, 72-14 point, fan, 41-9 (ftn) rating, continuous, 28-4 transferred, 29-8 Dwell, 59-12 Dynamic analysis, 51-8 balance, 56-2, 60-18 bearing load, equivalent, 54-23 cam lobe, 59-13 (fig) compressor, 32-1, 32-2, 32-8 deflection, 60-20 energy, 16-1 (ftn) equilibrium, 58-5 friction, 58-5 gas, 25-1 head, 18-6 load rating, 54-23 loss, duct fitting, 41-17 programming, 63-12 reaction, 58-5 (ftn) response, 51-8 response, spring, 54-8 similarity, 17-45 similarity, fan, 41-10 unit, 62-4 viscosity, 14-6 (ftn) Dynamics, 57-1 Dynamometer, 28-3, 64-13 brake, 64-13 driving, 64-13 torsion, 64-13 transmission, 64-13 Dyne, 1-4, 1-5, A-3
E e-folding time, 3-11 E-glass, 47-20 Earnings, relative, 63-21 Earplug, NRR, 73-13 Earth atmosphere, 15-12, 15-13 (ftn) rare, 20-4 Eastern coal, 21-5 EC grade aluminum, 47-11 (ftn) Eccentric impact, 58-18 load, column, 53-4 load, connection, 53-18 loading, 51-12 Eccentricity, 7-8, 7-11, 7-12, 51-12, 53-4 dam, 15-12 orbit, 58-21 ratio, bearing, 54-25 Echelon form, row-reduced, 4-2 matrix, 4-1 Eckert number, 1-9 (tbl) Eco-toxicity, 68-18 Economic analysis, 74-2
analysis, engineering, 74-2 analysis factor, A-169 analysis factor table, A-170 analysis, life, 74-4 indicator, 74-39 insulation thickness, 34-11 life, 74-19, 74-20 order quantity, 63-2 (ftn), 74-43 Economical duct design, 41-22 Economics, engineering, 74-2 Economizer, 26-15 air-side, 43-2 ash, 21-3 HVAC, 43-2 water-side, 43-2 Eddy current testing, 48-12 Edge coefficient, slab, 42-3 three-, bearing test, 16-11 Eductor, 26-3 (ftn) venturi, 66-8 EER, 43-2 Effect ceiling, 41-29 chimney, 40-6 Coanda, 41-29 common ion, 20-12 Doppler, 73-5 evaporator, 26-15 flywheel, 59-3 greenhouse, 31-2 Hall, 31-8 (ftn) isotope, 20-2 (ftn) Magnus, 17-41 of end treatment on helical compression spring, 54-5 (fig) of noncondensing gases on power cycle performance, 26-12 (fig) Peltier, 64-7 (ftn) photoelectric, 64-4 piezoelectric, 15-2, 64-4 refrigeration, 33-3 Seebeck, 64-7 stack, 21-17, 40-6 system, 41-9 thermal flywheel, 42-5 Thompson, 64-7 (ftn) venturi, 17-29 Effective allowable stress, pressure vessel, 55-12 annual interest rate, 74-5 area, 41-30 cross-sectional area, 19-9 drift velocity, 71-9 exhaust velocity, 25-8 force, 58-5 (ftn) head, 17-17, 18-6 interest rate, 74-5, 74-28 leakage area, 43-4 length, column, 53-3 length, V-belt, 54-17 number of turns, 66-13 period, 74-2 peripheral velocity, 66-17 pressure, 28-3 pressure, mean, 28-8 sensible heat ratio, 38-7 stress, 52-5 tension, belt, 66-10 throat thickness, 53-14 time, 25-9 value, 72-5 weld throat, 53-14 wind velocity, 40-6 Effectiveness air distribution, 40-3 fin, 34-17 heat exchanger, 36-20 lever, 15-14 method, 36-20 radiator, 34-17 regeneration, 29-7 ventilation system, 40-4
Efficacy, 73-2 Efficiency, 22-6, 26-9, 63-34, 73-2 adiabatic, 26-9 (ftn) adiabatic compression, 32-2 adiabatic, turbine, 26-9 air sampler collection, 70-4 boiler, 21-16, 26-4 coil, 38-8 collector, 31-2 combustion, 21-16 cooling, 39-2 cooling tower, 39-2 curve, fractional-, 66-14 curve, grade-, 66-14 cyclone, 66-14 cyclone, absolute, 66-14 cyclone collection, 66-14 cyclone grade, 66-14 cyclone removal, 66-14 destruction removal, 71-13 electrostatic precipitator, 71-9 energy-production, 22-6 energy-use, 22-6 factor, Fried heat transfer, 36-22 factor, heat removal, 31-2 filtration, 41-23 fin, 34-17 function, 63-34 furnace, 21-16 gear train, 54-12 humidification, 38-10 ideal, 28-3 isentropic, pump, 26-7 isentropic, turbine, 26-9 isolation, 60-13 isothermal compression, 32-2 joint, 16-10, 53-12, 55-11 lever, 15-14 luminous, 73-2 mechanical, 28-3 mesh, 54-12 method, 36-20 minimum, reporting value, 41-23 motor, 72-18 nozzle, 25-8 of welded joint in head, 55-11 (tbl) of welded joint in shell, 55-11 (tbl) overall, 66-14 overall, pump, 18-9 overall, turbine, 26-9 polytropic, 32-5 production, 63-20 pulley, 45-11 pump, 18-9, 26-6, 26-7 pumping (temperature), 18-20 radiator, 34-17 ratio, energy, 43-2 regenerator, 29-7 relative, 28-3 removal, 71-7 saturation, 38-10 static, 41-7 thermal, 21-16, 24-11, 27-2 (ftn), 28-3 total, 41-6 ventilation, 40-4 volumetric, 28-3, 32-4 Efflux, speed of, 17-17 Effort, 45-11 variable, 19-8 EfLA, 43-4 Eigenvalue, 4-8, 62-8 (ftn) Eigenvector, 4-8 EIR, 68-3 EJCDC, 75-5 (ftn) Ejector pump, 18-2 ELA, 43-4 Elastic analysis, 53-17 (ftn) beam deflections, A-148, A-149, A-150, A-151 constants, 48-9 constants, relationships, 48-9
I-19
deflection, beam, A-148, A-149, A-150, A-151 deformation, 46-2, 51-2 failure, 51-18, 51-19 impact, 58-17 limit, 48-3 line, 51-14 modulus, 48-2 region, 48-3 strain, 48-3 toughness, 48-7 Elasticity, modulus of, 48-2, 48-4, 51-2 Elastomer, 47-13 Elastomeric compound, 47-16 Elbow, duct, 41-18, 41-19 Electric arc furnace, 47-5 charge, 72-2 heat tracing, 34-21 machine, 72-16 motor, 19-6 motor size, 18-10 motor variables, 19-6 (tbl) vehicle, 31-10 Electrical analogy, lumped parameter, 34-13 analogy, thermal, 34-6, 34-13 discharge machining, 65-5 generator, 26-16 output, gross, 26-3 output, net, 26-3 plant, hydroelectric, 18-23 rating, power plant, 26-1 system, 61-8 system diagram, 61-8 unit conversion, A-1, A-2 Electricity cost, 18-9 Electro-hydraulic forming, 65-11 Electrochemical grinding, 65-6 machining, 65-6 Electrodeposition, 47-12 Electrodischarge machining, 65-5 Electrolysis, 47-12 Electrolytic grinding, 65-6 Electromagnetic flowmeter, 17-27 Electromotive force, 72-2 Electronic enclosures, cooling, 36-23 erosion, 65-5 Electroplating, 65-14 Electropneumatic switch, 44-1 Electrospark forming, 65-11 machining, 65-5 Electrostatic precipitator, 71-8 precipitator, efficiency, 71-9 unit, 72-2 Element, 20-1, 61-2 active, 61-2 atomic numbers and weights, A-57 control, 62-13 idealized, 61-1 linear, 61-1 matrix, 4-1 negative, 64-7 nonlinear, 61-1, 61-2 passive, 61-2 plate-type, 55-3 positive, 64-7 properties, A-57 set, 11-1 shell-type, 55-3 transition, 20-4 types, 20-2 Elementary diagram, 44-6 row operation, 4-2 Elevation, 2-2 angle, 6-2 drawing, 2-2 (ftn)
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - E
I N D E X
I-20
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - E
Elevator, 66-4 belt, 66-11 bucket, 66-11 Elimination, Gauss-Jordan, 4-2 Elinvar, 47-13 Ellipse, 7-11 degenerative, 7-11 equation, 68-12 formula, A-7 Ellipsoidal head, 2:1, 55-5 Elliptic integral function, 9-8 (ftn) Elongation, 46-2 at failure, percent, 48-6 percent, 48-6 ratio, 70-5 Elutriation, 66-16 Embossing, 65-7 Embrittlement blue, 49-9 caustic, 20-19, 55-4 hydrogen, 20-19, 55-4 neutron, 30-2 Emery, 47-18 Emission fugitive, 68-10 monitoring, 70-2 monitoring, continuous, 70-2 sampling, 70-1 Emissive power, 37-1 Emissivity, 37-1 factor, 37-3 surface, A-136 Emittance, luminous, 73-2 Empirical formula, 20-7 Employer, dealing with, 76-2 Emulsion, 20-10 (ftn) invert, 19-2 (ftn) Enclosed air space, 35-7 Enclosing circle diameter, 70-4 Enclosure, air hood, 40-9 End -around carry, 12-4 built-in, 46-7 crank, 28-2 fixed, 46-7 head, 28-2 plain, 54-5 post, 45-12 -quench test, 49-7 -restraint coefficient, 53-3 treatment of helical compression springs, 54-6 (fig) Endoergic impact, 58-17 Endosulfan, 68-17 Endothermic reaction, 20-18 Endpoint, pressure-drop, 20-22 Endrin, 68-17 Endurance limit, 48-9 ratio, 48-9 strength, 48-9, 48-10 Energizing brake, self-, 54-18 Energy, 22-1 climate factor, 43-5 compliance, 19-11 conservation, 16-1, 60-5 conservation law, 22-1 content, 38-3 content of air, 38-3 conversion, ocean thermal, 31-6 conversion, SI, A-3 cutting, 65-3 density, 31-10 dissipation, 54-18 dissipation in brakes and clutches, 54-18 dynamic, 16-1 (ftn) -efficiency ratio, 22-6 (ftn), 33-3, 43-2 equation, steady-flow, 24-5 falling mass, 22-3 flow, 16-2 (ftn), 22-3, 23-5, 24-6 flywheel, 59-3 free, 23-10 geothermal, 31-6
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
grade line, 16-8, 17-15 gravitational, 16-1, 16-2 (ftn), 22-3 impact, 16-4 inertance, 19-12 internal, 22-4, 23-5 kinetic, 1-3, 1-4, 16-1, 22-3 kinetic, specific, 16-1, 16-2 line, 16-8 (ftn) molar internal, 23-5 p-V, 22-3, 22-4 potential, 1-3, 16-2, 22-3 pressure, 16-2, 22-3 -production efficiency, 22-6 seasonal cooling, 43-5 sink, 17-15, 24-11 solar, 31-2 source, 17-15 source, renewable, 31-1 specific, 16-1, 16-9, 22-1, 59-3, 65-3 specific, battery, 31-10 specific internal, 23-5 spring, 22-3 stagnation, 16-4 Star, 43-3 static, 16-2 (ftn), 22-3 storage, compressed-air, 31-9 (ftn) storage in flywheels, 59-2 storage, methods of, 31-9 strain, 48-6, 48-7, 51-2, 51-12 total, 16-2, 16-4 transfer, useful, 33-3 -use efficiency, 22-6 velocity, 16-1 (ftn) -work principle, 22-3, 22-4 Engine combustion, 28-3 compression ignition, 28-2 diesel, 28-10 double-acting, 28-2 free-piston, 28-13 fuel-injected, 28-3 gas-diesel, 28-11 heat, 24-12 interference, 54-18 internal combustion, 28-2 kinematic Stirling, 28-13 lean-burn, 28-11 noninterference, 54-18 oil, 54-24 power, 28-3 single-acting, 28-2 spark ignition, 28-2 Stirling, 28-12 stroke, 28-2 torque, 28-3 Engineering dimensional system, 1-7 economic analysis, 74-2 economics, 74-2 economy factor, A-169, A-170 environmental, 68-4 mechanics, 45-1 steel link chain, 59-15, 59-16 (fig) strain, 48-2 stress, 48-2 system, 10-8 Engineers dealing with, 76-3 Joint Contracts Documents Committee, 75-5 (ftn) Engineers’ Creed, 76-1 English engineering system, 1-2 gravitational system, 1-3 Enlargement, 17-12 sudden, 17-12, 17-13 Enthalpy, 23-4, 23-5 correction, 38-4 -entropy diagram, 23-10 -entropy diagram, steam, A-71 moist air, 38-3 molar, 23-4 of combustion, A-61
M A N U A L
of formation, 20-17, 20-18 of reaction, 20-17 pressure-, diagram, 23-12 specific, 23-4 Entrance coefficient, 40-6 loss, culvert, 17-20 (tbl) pipe, 17-13 Entropy, 23-6 absolute, 23-6 -enthalpy diagram, 23-10 function, 23-11 production, 23-6 standardized, 23-6 Entry length, thermal, 36-5 coefficient of, 41-19 matrix, 4-1 Environment, 24-1, 68-2 temperature, 34-6 working, 63-29 Environmental engineering, 68-4 impact report, 68-3 protection, ethics, 76-4 tobacco smoke, 40-5 Epicyclic bevel gear, 59-11 bevel gear set, analysis, 59-11 gear, 59-6 gear set, 59-6 gear set, graphic representation, 59-8, 59-9 (fig) gear set, simple, analysis, 59-7 gear, smallest, 59-8 (tbl) gear train, complex, analysis, 59-8 gear train, simple, design, 59-7 gear, train value, 59-7 Epicycloid, 7-4 Epidemic, 10-10 Epoxy coal tar, 16-11 pipe coating, 16-11 Equal -friction method, 41-24 vectors, 5-1 Equality of matrices, 4-4 Equalization, flow, 71-25 Equation (see also Formula), 3-2 algebraic, 3-2 Andrade’s, 48-16 Antoine, 14-10 (ftn) auxiliary, 10-1 Bernoulli, 16-2 Bessel, 10-5 Blasius, 17-5 Bromley, 35-11 Buckingham, 54-15 (ftn) Carrier, 38-3 Cauchy, 10-5 Chapman-Kolmogorov, 63-34 characteristic, 4-8, 10-1, 59-9, 62-4, 62-12 Clausius-Clapeyron, 14-10 (ftn) Colburn, 36-9 Colding, 68-12 Colebrook, 17-5, 17-6 complementary, 10-1 complete isothermal flow, 17-10 continuity, 17-2, 17-3 Darcy, 17-6, 17-8 Darcy-Weisbach, 17-6, 17-7 Deutsch-Anderson, 71-9 differential, 10-1 Dittus-Boelter, 36-6 Donnan, 68-12 ellipse, 68-12 Euler’s, 3-8, 10-5 extended Bernoulli, 17-15 first-order, 10-1 Gauss’ hypergeometric, 10-5 general flow, 25-2 Hagen-Poiseuille, 17-7, 19-8 (ftn) Hazen-Williams, 17-8, 67-12
higher-order linear differential, 10-8 Hilbert-Morgan, 36-8 homogeneous, 3-7 homogeneous differential, 10-1, 10-2 Huebscher, 41-17 Janssen, 66-7 Johanson, 66-7 Joukowsky’s, 19-12 Karman-Nikuradse, 17-5 Legendre, 10-5 linear, 3-6, 3-7 linear differential, 10-1 load-deflection, 54-5 Nikuradse, 17-5 nonhomogeneous, 3-7 nonhomogeneous differential, 10-1, 10-3 nonlinear, 10-1 nonparametric, 3-2 normalizing, 63-35 Nusselt, 35-4, 36-5 of conditions, 46-1 of state, Beattie-Bridgeman, 23-20 of state, Bertholet, 23-20 of state, Clausius, 23-20 of state, correlation, 23-20 of state, Dieterici, 23-20 of state, ideal gas, 23-14 of state, polytropic, 24-2 of state, real gas, 23-20 of state, van der Waals’, 23-20 of state, virial, 23-20 parametric, 3-2 Petroff, 54-25 quadratic, 3-3, 7-9 Rayleigh, 60-16 (ftn) reduced, 10-1 Refutas, 14-16 response, 62-14 Rohsenow, 14-11 second-order, 10-1 Sieder-Tate, 36-6 simultaneous linear, 3-6, 3-7 spring rate, 54-5 state, 62-14 steady-flow energy, 25-2, 26-9 Swamee-Jain, 17-6 system, 61-2, 61-3 Taylor’s, 65-5 three-moment, 46-5 tool life, 65-5 Torricelli, 17-17 Weisbach, 17-6, 17-7 Weymouth, 25-18 Zuber, 14-11 Equiangular rosette, 64-12 Equilateral hyperbola, 7-12 Equilibrium, 58-2 chemical, 20-12, 20-14 conditions of, 45-6 constant, 20-14 diagram, 23-3, 49-1, 49-3 dynamic, 58-5 in three dimensions, 45-21 isopiestic, 14-10 (ftn) moisture content, 47-17 neutral, 58-2 phase, 58-6 position, 60-2, 60-3 reactions, types of, 49-3 (tbl) simulated, 58-5 (ftn) solid, 23-3 stable, 58-2 static, 15-16, 45-6 (ftn) thermal, 23-4, 24-5, 37-1, 37-2, 37-6 unstable, 58-2 Equipment control, 44-1 high-side, 33-8 low-side, 33-9 unitary, 44-1 Equipotential line, 17-3 Equiprobable size, 66-14 Equity, 74-35
Equivalence, economic, 74-5 Equivalent, 20-6 annual cost, 74-16 CaCO3, 20-20 calcium carbonate, A-59, A-60 chemical, 20-6 design radial load, 54-23 diameter, 16-6 (ftn) (tbl), 17-43 diameter, aerodynamic, 70-3 diameter, annulus, 36-8 (ftn) diameter, duct, 41-17 dynamic bearing load, 54-23 evaporation, 26-5 factor, A-169, A-170 fluid height, 15-5 (tbl) Joule, 22-1 leakage area, 43-4 (ftn) length, 17-12, A-54 length, fittings, A-54 length method, duct, 41-18 length, method of, 17-12 projected area diameter, 70-4 radial load, bearing, 54-23 resultant force, 45-4 spring constant, 53-20, 54-3 stress, 52-6 surface area diameter, 70-4 uniform annual cost, 74-7, 74-16 vector, 5-1 (ftn) water chemistry, A-59, A-60 weight, 20-6 weight, milligram, 20-10, 20-11 wind velocity, 40-6 Erf, 9-8 Erg, 1-5, A-3 Ergodic state, 63-35 Ergonomics, 63-30 Ericsson cycle, 28-13 (ftn) Erosion corrosion, 20-19 electronic, 65-5 Error, 11-11 false positive, 11-14 feedback system, 62-4 function, 9-8, 11-8, A-15 function, complementary, 11-8, A-15 function values for positive x values, A-15 gain, 62-4 in action, 54-15 limits range, 64-7 magnitude, 64-3 ratio, 62-4 signal, 62-4 standard, 11-13 straight line, 53-20 (ftn), 54-2 (ftn) tachometer, 62-14 terms, 64-3 transfer function, 62-4 type, 64-2 type I, 11-14, 63-26 type II, 11-15 Errors and omissions insurance, 75-8 Escape velocity, 58-21 ESP collection efficiency, 71-9 power density, 71-9, 71-10 removal efficiency, 71-9 Estimate, precise, 64-2 Estimator, unbiased, 11-12, 11-13 Etchant, 65-6 Etching radius, 65-6 Ethanol, 21-8 Ethical priority, 76-2 Ethics, 76-1 code of, 76-1 Ethyl alcohol, 21-8 ETS, smoke, 40-5 Euler constant, 9-8 curve, 53-3 equation, 3-8, 10-5 equations of motion, 58-10 load, 53-2
I-21
number, 1-9 (tbl), 66-14 resistance coefficient, 66-14 Eutectic alloy, 49-3 cast iron, 49-5 composition, 49-3 line, 49-3 material, 49-3 point, 49-3 (ftn) reaction, 49-3 (tbl) temperature, 49-3 Eutectoid reaction, 49-3 (tbl) steel, 49-5 temperature, 49-4 Evacuated-tube collector, 31-2 Evaluation, nondestructive, 48-12 Evaporation, 10-10 equivalent, 26-5 factor of, 26-4 loss, 39-2 Evaporative cooling, 38-10 pan humidification, 40-7 pan method, 40-7 Evaporator, 26-15, 33-1, 33-9 flash, 26-14 (ftn) multiple-effect, 26-15 single-effect, 26-15 single-stage, 26-15 Evase, 41-4 Even symmetry, 9-7 (tbl) curve, 7-4 Event, 11-3, 63-3 dependent, 11-3 independent, 11-3 numerical, 11-4 sample space, 11-3 time, 63-3 Evolutionary design, 30-2 Ewart link chain, 59-15 Exact first-order, 10-3 Examination nondestructive, 55-11 weld, 55-11 Exceedance ratio, 11-12 Excess air, 20-8, 21-12 kurtosis, 11-14 spherical, 6-6 Exchange, ion, 20-21 Exchanger air-cooled, 36-10 (ftn), 36-12 crossflow, 36-11 fin-tube, 36-12 floating-head, 36-11 heat, 26-11, 36-10 internal clampring, floating-head, 36-12 outside-packed, floating-head, 36-12 panel coil, 36-12 parallel counterflow, 36-10 (ftn) plate, 36-12 welded-plate, 36-12 Excitation, motor, 72-17 Exciter, 60-21 Exemplary damages, 75-7 Exfoliation, 20-18 Exhaust axial, 29-1 duct system, 41-21, 41-31 gas dilution, 28-2 hood, 40-9 stroke, 28-2 velocity, characteristic, 25-9 velocity, effective, 25-8 Exit pipe, 17-13 property, 25-5 Exoergic impact, 58-17 (ftn) Exothermic reaction, 20-18 Expanded-flow bin, 66-6 Expander, section, 29-2
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - E
I N D E X
I-22
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - F
Expansion by cofactor, 4-3 coefficient of volumetric, 35-2 factor, 17-32 (fig) linear, coefficient, 51-3, 51-4 method, 12-1 over-, 25-13 series, 8-8 single-stage turbine, 26-9 (fig) thermal coefficient of, 14-13 (ftn) thermal, coefficient, 51-4 two-stage turbine, 26-9, 26-10 (fig) under-, 25-13 valve, 33-1 volumetric, coefficient, 51-4 wave, 25-13, 25-14 Expected value, 11-8, 74-30 Expense, 74-32 administrative, 74-33 artificial, 74-20 marketing, 74-33 selling, 74-33 Expensing an asset, 74-20 Experiment accuracy, 11-11 insensitivity, 11-12 precision, 11-11 reliability, 11-12 stability, 11-12 Explosion BLEVE, 26-5 boiling liquid-expanding vapor, 26-5 Explosive bonding, 65-11 forming, 65-11 limit, 67-21 limit, lower, 40-10 power, ton of, 1-7 range, 67-21 Exponent, 3-5 polytropic, 15-13, 19-8, 24-2 polytropic, compression, 32-4 rules, 3-5 strain-hardening, 48-5 Exponential decay, 10-9, 62-8, 62-9 decreasing cash flow, 74-26 distribution, 11-6, 11-9, 63-6, 63-7 distribution, negative, 11-9 form, 3-7, 3-8 function, integral, 9-8 gradient factor, 74-26 gradient series cash flow, 74-4 growth, 3-11, 10-9 growth rate, 74-4 reliability, 11-9 weighted forecast, 74-42 Exposed fraction, 15-15 Exposure allowance, 42-2 limit, short-term, 40-10 time, particle, 70-3, 71-9 Exsec function, 6-4 Exsecant, 6-4 Extended Bernoulli equation, 17-15 plenum system, 41-13 surfaces, 34-17 Extension life, 29-10 spring, 54-8 Extensive property, 23-4 External and internal gear, 59-5 (fig) force, 45-2, 58-2 gear, 59-5 investment, 74-13 pressure, 15-13 rate of return, 74-12 shoe brake, 54-19 static pressure, 41-8 work, 22-2 Externality, nuclear, 30-2
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Externally fired combined cycle, 29-3 Extinguisher BC carbon dioxide, 67-20 BC dry chemical, 67-20 CO2, 67-20 dry chemical, 67-20 fire, 67-19, 67-20 multipurpose ABC, 67-20 water, 67-20 Extra -flexible hoisting rope, 66-2 hazard, 67-2 hazard group 1, 67-2 hazard group 2, 67-2 Extraction cycle, 27-2 dilution, 70-2 drain, 68-12 rate, 26-8 straight, 70-2 turbine, 26-9, 26-14 vacuum, 71-25 Extractive metallurgy, 47-1 Extraneous root, 3-4 Extrema, point, 8-2 Extreme fiber, 50-7, 51-11 point, 8-2 stress, 51-6 Extrinsic waste, 68-2 Extrusion, forming, 65-10 Eo¨ tvo¨ s number, 1-9 (tbl), 17-45
F F -method, 36-20 -waste, 68-3 Fabric building, 43-4 (ftn) loading, 71-5 Face -and-bypass damper control, 44-1 angle, 6-6 damper, 44-2 (ftn) tooth, 54-10 value, 74-29 velocity, 71-5 width, tooth, 54-10 Facility, 63-15 material recovery, 71-15 waste-to-energy, 71-14 Factor (see also type) absorption, 71-24 amplification, 60-11 anisotropy, 70-5 arrangement, 37-3 Barth speed, 54-14 black body shape, 37-2 bolt torque, 53-13 bonus, 63-20, 63-21 bypass, 38-7, 43-7 capacity, 26-16, 31-1 capacity reduction, 53-2 cash flow, 74-6, A-169, A-170 cash flow, discounting, 74-6 centrifuge sigma, 70-4 cleanliness, 26-12 coil, 38-7 compressibility, 14-13 (ftn), 23-20 (ftn) contact, 38-8 conversion, A-1, A-2 cooling load, 43-3 Cunningham correction, 70-3 damping, 60-9 Darcy friction, 17-5, 36-4 (ftn), A-49, A-50, A-51, A-52 demand, 26-16 density, fan, 41-11 derating, 67-4 design, pressure rating, 19-4 directivity, 73-7 economic analysis, A-169, A-170
emissivity, 37-3 energy climate, 43-5 etch, 65-6 expansion, 17-32 (fig) exponential gradient, 74-26 Fanning friction, 25-16, 25-18, 36-4 (ftn) fatigue notch, 48-10 fatigue stress concentration, 48-10 flange attachment, 55-14 flow, 17-14 form, 54-13 (ftn) form, gear, 54-13 fouling, 36-17 gage, 64-8, 64-9 geometric stress concentration, 59-4 (ftn) gray body shape, 37-3 heat removal efficiency, 31-2 heat transfer, 36-22 hindrance, 70-3 impact, 16-5 integrating, 10-2 interference, 31-6 irreducible, 74-2 joint quality, 16-10 judgment, 74-2 K-, 40-10, 67-9 latent, 43-6 LBL, 43-5 leakage, 41-22 Lewis form, 54-13 (ftn) light loss, 73-4 load, 26-16 loading, 31-9, 68-14 magnification, 60-11 maintenance, 73-4 multiple strand, 59-17 N factor, climate, 43-5 nonquantifiable, 74-2 nonquantitative, 74-2 normal shock, 25-10 nut, 53-13 of evaporation, 26-4 of safety, 52-1 of safety, overturning, 15-11 of safety, sliding, 15-11 operation, 26-16 output, 26-16 overload, 53-2 performance, 38-11 performance rating, 63-16 perimeter-free shape, 70-6 phase, 72-7 pipe, 16-8 piping geometry, 17-14 plant, 26-16 power, 72-7, 72-9 quality, 62-10 rating, 39-2 reheat, 27-6 Reynolds number, 17-14 sensible heat, 38-7 separation, 71-8 service, 42-4, 58-7 (ftn), 72-13 service, gear drive, 54-12 service, V-belt, 54-17 shading, 31-2 shape, 34-21, 70-3, 70-5 shelter, 40-6 side friction, 58-8 single payment present worth, 74-5 sinking fund, 74-7 solar cooling load, 43-3 speed, 54-14 standard cash flow, A-169 stress concentration, 51-5 stress concentration, press fit, 53-9 stripping, 71-24 surface finish, 48-10 system bypass, 43-7 system effect, 41-9 table, A-169, A-170 transmission, 25-18 transverse sensitivity, 64-9
U-, 34-7 use, 26-16 utilization, 73-3 valve flow, 19-5 velocity of approach, 17-29 Wahl correction, 54-5 wall shear stress, 17-5 (ftn) water hammer, 19-4 Factorial, 3-2 Factoring, polynomial, 3-4 Factors vs. strength, 48-17 Factory cost, 74-33, 74-36 loading, 63-15 Fahrenheit, 23-4 Failure, 11-3 brittle, 48-14 conditional probability of, 11-9 cup-and-cone, 48-5 fatigue, 48-9 line, 52-6 mean time before, 11-9 (ftn) mean time between, 63-9 mean time to, 11-9, 63-9 mode and effect analysis, 63-28 rate, 63-9 sudden, 63-11, 63-12 theory, 52-1 tool, 65-5 Faith of an Engineer, 76-1 (ftn) Falling mass energy, 22-3 False position method, 13-2 (ftn) positive error, 11-14 Family, chemical, 20-2 Fan -coil unit, 41-3, 41-4 axial-flow, 41-4 backward-curved, 41-6 boost, 21-17 brake, 64-13 centrifugal, 41-6 curve, 41-8 drive, variable speed, 41-7 duct, 41-4 forward-curved, 41-6 homologous, 41-10 law, 41-10 noise, 41-31 non-overloading, 41-6 paddle wheel, 41-6 power, 41-6 propeller, 41-4 radial, 41-6 radial tip, 41-6 rating table, 41-8 return air, 41-31 shaving wheel, 41-6 similarity, 41-10 specific speed, 41-6 squirrel cage, 41-6 straight-blade, 41-6 tubeaxial, 41-4 V-belt, 41-8 vaneaxial, 41-6 Fanning friction factor, 17-5 (ftn), 25-16 (ftn), 25-18, 36-4 (ftn) Fanno flow, 25-15 flow factors, A-107 line, 25-15 Far field, 73-6 -field temperature, 34-6 Faraday, 72-2, A-1, A-2 Faraday’s law of induction, 17-27 Fast Fourier transform, 9-8 Fastener, 53-9 critical, 53-18 Fatigue corrosion, 20-19 cumulative, 52-8 diagram, 52-7 (ftn)
failure, 48-9 interaction formula, 52-8 life, 48-9 life, bearing, 54-23 loading, spring, 54-4 low-cycle, 48-9 nonreversed, 54-5 (tbl) notch factor, 48-10 notch sensitivity, 48-10 ratio, 48-9 strength, 48-9 stress concentration factor, 48-10, 51-5 test, 48-9 Fault, 63-9 -tolerant system, 63-9 -tree analysis, 63-27 Faying surface, 20-19 Feasible region, 63-13 Fee fixed, cost plus, 75-5 lump-sum, 75-5 per diem, 75-5 percentage of construction cost, 75-5 retainer, 75-5 salary plus, 75-5 structure, 75-5 Feed main, 67-7 Feedback, 62-4 and control, 44-2 gain, 62-4 negative, 62-4 positive, 62-4 ratio, 62-4 ratio, primary, 62-4 theory, 62-4 transfer function, 62-4 unit, 62-4 Feeder dry bulk solid, 66-7 venturi, 66-8 venturi, saturation, 66-8 Feedwater boiler, 20-22 boiler, characteristics, 20-22 heater, 26-14 heater, closed, 26-15, 36-14 (ftn) heater, header-type, 26-15 heater, open, 26-14 (fig) heater, tubesheet, 26-15 Fenestration, 43-4 (ftn) Fenvalerate, 68-18 Feret’s diameter, 70-4, 70-5 Ferrimagnetic material, 47-18 Ferrispinel, 47-18 Ferrite, 47-18, 49-4, 49-6 Ferritic stainless steel, 20-19 (ftn), 47-8 Ferroelectric, 47-18 FFT, 9-8 analyzer, 9-8 Fiber core wire rope, 66-2 extreme, 50-7 -nickel-cadmium battery, 31-11 -reinforced plastic, 47-20 -reinforced plastic duct, 41-14 -reinforced polymer, 47-20 -reinforced polymer duct, 41-14 -strengthened system, 47-20 Fiberglass, 47-20, 68-5 Fibonacci methods, 63-32 Fibrous duct, 41-14 Fictive temperature, 47-18 Fiduciary responsibility, 75-3 Field capacity, 68-11 far, 73-6 free, 73-6 inverse-square attractive, 58-19 inverse-square repulsive, 58-19 measurement, near-, 73-6 reverberant, 73-6 sound, free-, 73-6 Figure of merit, 31-9
I-23
File hardness, 48-13 Fill, 39-1 cellular, 39-1 (ftn) Filled tower, 39-1 (ftn) Filler, 47-13 Fillet weld, 53-14 Film boiling, 35-11 coefficient, 34-7, 35-2 coefficient, air, 35-4 coefficient, boiling water, 35-4 coefficient, coil, 35-6 coefficient, combined, 34-18 coefficient, correlation, 35-3 coefficient, enclosed air spaces, 35-7 coefficient, heated flat plates, 35-6 coefficient, natural, 35-2 coefficient, thin wires, 35-6 coefficient, total, 35-12 coefficient, water, 35-5 heat transfer, 34-7 Reynolds number, 35-9 temperature, 35-4, 36-3 thin, amorphous, 31-4 Filming, amine, 20-23 Filmwise condensation, 35-7 Filter air, 40-11 berm, 68-19 chamber, 68-19 drag, 71-5 drag model, 71-5 duct, 41-23 efficiency, 41-23 grille, 41-29 HEPA, 41-23 hogs hair, 41-23 hydraulic, 19-6 power system, 19-6 ratio, 71-5 -regulator-lubricator, 19-8 sand, bed, 68-20 signal, 62-10 Filtering velocity, 71-5 Filtration efficiency, 41-23 time, 71-6 Fin, 34-17 circular, 34-20 density, 29-8 effectiveness, 34-17 efficiency, 34-17 finite cylindrical, 34-18, 34-19 finite rectangular, 34-19 infinite cylindrical, 34-18 length, corrected, 34-20 logitudinal, 34-19 pin, 34-18 straight, 34-19 transverse, 34-20 -tube exchanger, 36-12 Final value theorem, 62-7 Fines, 21-5 Finish organic, 65-14 surface, 2-4, 48-10, 48-11 (fig) Finishing barrel, 65-14 coating, 65-13 Finite cylindrical fin, 34-18, 34-19 rectangular fin, 34-19 series, 3-11 Fins, 34-17 Fire damper, 41-24 extinguisher, 67-19, 67-20 fighting, pump, 67-7 fighting, supply pump, 67-7 protection density, 67-11 protection design area, 67-11 protection design density, 67-11 protection system, 67-1
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - F
I N D E X
I-24
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - F
protection valve (see also type), 67-3 -resistant fluid, 19-2 -tube boiler, 26-4 (ftn) Firing, co-, 71-16 Firm capacity, 26-16 First area moment, 50-2 back pressure ratio, 25-13 critical pressure ratio, 25-13 derivative, 8-1 flush, 68-19 -in, first-out, 74-38 law of cosines, 6-6 law of thermodynamics, 22-2 (ftn) law of thermodynamics, closed system, 24-4 law of thermodynamics, open system, 24-5 moment of a function, 9-6 moment of area, 46-5, 50-2 -order differential equation, 10-1 -order, exact, 10-3 -order, linear, 10-2 Fisher’s kurtosis, 11-14 skewness, 11-14 Fit interference, 53-6 press, 53-6 shrink, 53-6 Fitting, 17-12 divided flow, 41-19 equivalent length, A-54 friction loss, duct, 41-17 screwed, 17-12 (ftn) threaded, 17-12 (ftn) Fixed asset, 74-35 axis, rotation about a, 58-2 -bar grille, 41-24 carbon, 21-4 centers, gears, speed relationship, 59-11 (fig) -charge problem, 63-14 cost, 74-32 end, 46-7 -end beam, 46-1, 46-7 -end moment, 46-7 -interval incrementing, 63-32 -orifice desuperheater, 26-14 -point iteration, 13-2 pulley, 45-11 vector, 5-1 (ftn) Flame blowoff, 26-3 carburizing, 65-12 hardening, 49-10 holder, 29-2 neutral, 65-12 (fig) oxidizing, 65-12 temperature, 21-15 temperature, peak, 68-15 welding, 65-11 Flammable liquid, 67-20 liquids and gases, properties, A-163 range, 67-21 Flange, 50-4, 55-18 attachment factor, 55-14 lap-joint, 55-17 ring, 55-17 stiffener, 51-19 straight, 55-5 tapered-hub, 55-17 type of, 55-18 welding neck, 55-17 Flanged and dished head, 55-5 and dished head, ASME, 55-5 joint, 55-17 Flank tooth, 54-10 Flanking path, 73-10 Flap, 17-40
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Flare, 68-11, 71-17 Flash, 65-8 -back, 26-3 chamber, 26-14 (ftn) evaporator, 26-14 (ftn) point, 21-6 (ftn), 67-20 steam cycle, 31-7 tank, 26-14 (ftn), 31-7 Flashing, 26-14 Flashover, 71-9 Flat belt, 54-16 belt drive, 54-16 coil spring, 54-9 (ftn) -face follower, 59-12 friction, 58-5 plate, 53-19 -plate collector, 31-2 plate, evaporation, 35-11 plate, film coefficient, 35-6 plate, flow over, 36-3 plate, heat generation, 34-16 plate, uniform pressure, 53-20 response, 73-6 spring, 54-9 unstayed head, 55-14 Flex, 41-14 Flexible duct, 41-14 hydraulic hose, 19-4 Flexural center, 53-17 moment, 51-8 (ftn) stress, 51-11 Flipped sine, 6-4 Float, 63-3 steam trap, 16-14 Floating action control, 44-5 -head exchanger, 36-11 -head exchanger, internal clampring, 36-12 -head exchanger, outside-packed, 36-12 -head exchanger, pull-through, 36-12 object, 15-15, 15-16 Flocculation, 71-26 Floodable material, 66-7 Flooded condenser, 26-12 Flooding, 71-2, 71-24 velocity, 71-2 Flow, 36-10 adiabatic with friction, 25-15 annular, 36-8 around a cylinder, 17-41, 17-43 choked, 19-10, 25-4 cocurrent, 36-10 coefficient of, 17-30 coefficient, valve, 17-13 compressible, 25-15 Couette, 36-3 (ftn) counter current, 36-10 critical, 16-7 curve, 48-5 diabatic, 25-20 energy, 16-2 (ftn), 22-3, 23-5, 24-6 equalization, 71-25 factor, 17-14 factor, isentropic, 25-3 factor, valve, 19-5 Fanno, 25-15 flat plate, 36-3 frictionless diabatic, 25-20 fully turbulent, 16-7, 17-5 gravity, 18-5 isentropic, 25-3 isentropic, factor, 25-3 isothermal, 25-18 isothermal with friction, 25-18 laminar, 16-7, 19-5 measurement, 17-26 nozzle, 17-32 number, 66-18 of water, steel pipe, A-53
over flat plate, 17-44 parallel, 36-10 rate modulation, 41-7 rate, variable, 41-7 rate, volumetric, 17-3 Rayleigh, 25-20 regime, 25-12 regime, subsonic, 14-15 (ftn) resistance, 61-7, 71-5 rough-pipe, 17-5 shear, 53-16 steam, 25-21 streamline, 16-7 suspension, 66-8 through, profit, 75-2 transitional, 19-5 turbulent, 16-7, 17-5 uniform, 16-9 viscous, 16-7 work, 22-3, 23-5, 24-6 Flowmeter electromagnetic, 17-27 magnetic, 17-27 ultrasonic, 17-28 Fluctuation, coefficient of, 59-3 Flue gas, 21-12, 68-4 (ftn) calculations, 21-13 cleanup, 68-2 desulfurization, 21-5, 71-2 dew-point, 21-14 recirculation, 71-10 temperature, 21-14 Fluid, 19-4 Bingham, 14-7 capacitance, 19-10, 61-7 compliance, 19-10 compressible, 25-1 cooling, 65-4 cryogenic, 23-2 (ftn) cutting, 65-4 density, 14-3 designation, hydraulic, 19-3 dilatant, 14-7 fire-resistant, 19-2 friction, 58-5 heat transfer, 31-2, 36-22 height equivalent, 15-5 (tbl) hydraulic, 19-2 ideal, 14-2 impedance, 19-12 inductance, 19-11, 61-7 inertance, 19-11, 61-7 mass, accelerating, 15-19 mass, rotating, 15-19, 59-4 mixture problem, 10-9 (fig) Newtonian, 14-2, 14-7 non-Newtonian, 14-2 power, 19-2 power, hose, 19-4 power pump, 19-5 power systems, characteristic equations of, 19-9 (tbl) power systems, natural frequency of, 19-12 power, symbols, 19-2 power, tubing, 19-4 pressure, 14-2, 15-14 property changes in, 24-10 pseudoplastic, 14-7 reactance, 19-12 real, 14-2 resistance, 19-9 resistance coefficient, 61-7 rheopectic, 14-7 rotating, 59-4 shear stress, 14-6 shell, 36-10 stream coordinates, 17-18 (fig) system modeling, 61-7 thixotropic, 14-7 tube, 36-10 type, 14-2 velocity, hydraulic, 19-6
velocity, maximum, 17-3 viscosity, hydraulic pump, 19-6 viscosity type, 14-6 Fluidized-bed boiler, 71-11 combustion, 21-5, 26-4 combustor, 71-10 furnace, 26-3 Fluidizing velocity, 26-3 Fluorinated hydrocarbon, 33-2 Fluoroelastomer, 47-15 (ftn) Fluoroplastic, 47-15 Fluoropolymer, 47-15 characteristics, 47-16 (tbl) Flush, first, 68-19 Flux, 65-12 geometric, 37-4 heat, 35-3, 36-5 luminous, 73-2 method, total, 73-3 momentum, 17-14 (ftn) welding, 65-12 Fly ash, 21-3 Flywheel, 59-2 advanced, 59-5 composite material, 59-5 effect, 59-3 effect, thermal, 42-5 energy, 59-3 energy storage in, 59-2 materials properties, 59-5 (tbl) rim, 59-4, 59-5 (fig) rotor, 59-5 specific energy, 59-3 specific power, 59-3 system, concentric, 59-5 system, tandem, 59-5 Foam-water system, 67-3 Focus, 7-10 Focusing collector, 31-2 Follower, 59-12 cam and, 59-13 (fig) flat-faced, 59-12 jump, 59-13 offset, 59-12 Foodstuffs composition, 34-5 (tbl) composition properties, 34-5 (tbl) cooling and freezing properties, A-114 heat of respiration, 34-4 latent heat of freezing, 34-4 specific heat, 34-4 thermal conductivity, 34-3 thermal diffusivity, 34-5 (tbl) thermal properties, A-113, A-114 (tbl) Foot board, 1-8 -candle, 63-31 (ftn) millions of particles per cubic, 40-10 (ftn) pulley, 66-11 standard cubic, 21-2 Force, 45-2, 58-2 amplification, 45-11 analysis of helical gear, 54-13 analysis of spur gear, 54-12 buoyant, 15-14 center of, 58-19, 58-20 centrifugal, 58-4 centripetal, 58-4 concentrated, 45-2 constant, 58-2 conversions, SI, A-3 -couple system, 45-4 cutting, 65-2 equivalent resultant, 45-4 external, 45-2, 58-2 field, central, 58-19 g-, 58-4 gear, 54-13 impulsive, 58-15 inertial, 56-2, 58-5 internal, 45-2, 45-13, 58-2 linear-velocity-dependent, 58-18
majeure, 75-4 member, 45-16 normal, 15-11, 58-4 (ftn), 58-6 normal, on a dam, 15-11 number, 66-19 on a dam, 15-11 on a helical gear, 54-13 (fig) on blade, jet, 17-35 on pipe bend, 17-36 on plate, jet, 17-34 point, 45-2 pound, A-3 quadratic velocity-dependent, 58-19 reversed effective, 58-5 (ftn) tangential, gear, 54-12 tensile, 45-16 tension, 45-16 unbalanced, 45-1, 58-4 van der Waals’, 23-20 velocity-dependent, 58-18 work performed by, 9-4 Forced convection, 36-2 displacement, 55-6 draft, 21-17 draft tower, 39-1 outage, mean time to, 63-9 response, 62-1, 62-2 vibration, 60-2 vibration, undamped, 60-2 Forcing frequency, 60-10 function, 10-1, 10-3, 60-10, 61-2 Forebay, 18-23, 18-24 Forecasting, 74-42 Forging, 65-7 -hot, temperature, 65-7 (tbl) type, 65-7 Form center-radius, 7-9, 7-10 cis, 3-8 drag, 17-41 exponential, 3-7, 3-8 factor, 54-13 (ftn) factor, gear, 54-13 functional, 3-2 general, 7-5 intercept, 7-5 log-linear, 3-11 Newton, 13-3 (ftn) normal, 7-5 operational, log, 3-5 phasor, 3-8, 72-5 phasor, vector, 5-2 point-slope, 7-5 polar, 3-8, 7-5 polar, vector, 5-2 rectangular, 3-7 rectangular, vector, 5-2 row canonical, 4-2 row-reduced echelon, 4-1 slope-intercept, 7-5 standard, 7-9 standard polynomial, 3-3 trigonometric, 3-7 two-point, 7-5 Formality, 20-10 Formation chip, 65-1 constant, 20-15 enthalpy, 20-17, 20-18 heat of, 20-17 Forming electro-hydraulic, 65-11 explosive, 65-11 extrusion, 65-10 high energy rate, 65-11 magnetic, 65-11 vacuum, 65-10 Formula (see also Equation) Babcock, 17-10 Barlow, 19-4 Boardman, 19-4
I-25
Cardano’s, 3-3 chemical, 20-5 Colding, 68-12 Donnan, 68-12 double-angle, 6-3 Dulong’s, 21-14 empirical, 20-7 fatigue interaction, 52-8 half-angle, 6-4 Hitchin’s, 42-6 J.B. Johnson, 53-4 Korteweg, 17-39 Lagrange’s, 5-5 Lame´ , 19-4 Lapple, 66-14 Maney, 53-13 miscellaneous angle, 6-4 Palmgren-Miner cycle ratio, 52-8 Panhandle, 17-10 parabolic column, 53-4 PLAN, 28-8 prismoidal, 66-6 secant, 53-4 Spitzglass, 17-10 Taylor’s, 8-8 two-angle, 6-4 uniform acceleration, 57-4 (tbl) weight, 20-6 Weymouth, 17-10 Forward -curved centrifugal, 41-6 -curved fan, 41-6 gain, 62-4 transfer function, 62-4 Fouling, 36-17 cause of, 26-12 condenser, 26-12 factor, 36-17 function of time, 36-17 Four -stroke cycle, 28-2, 28-5 -stroke, diesel, 28-11 -way valve, 19-3 Fourier analysis, 9-6 inversion, 9-6 number, 1-9 (tbl), 34-5 number, modified, 34-6 series, 9-6 transform, fast, 9-8 waveforms, 9-7 Fourier’s law, 34-6 theorem, 9-6 Fourth moment of the mean, 11-14 -power law, 37-2 standardized moment, 11-14 Fraction atomic, 49-1 bleed, 26-15 gravimetric, 20-6, 21-2, 23-18 growth rate, 3-11 inhalable, 68-9 mass, 23-18 mole, 14-6, 21-2, 23-18 partial, 3-6, 9-3 partial pressure, 21-2 respirable, 68-9 submerged, 15-15 thoracic, 68-9 volumetric, 21-2, 23-18 weight, 23-18 Fractional-efficiency curve, 66-14 Fracture appearance transition temperature, 48-15 brittle, 55-7 strength, 48-3 transition plastic temperature, 48-15 Frame, 45-12 inertial, 57-10 Francis turbine, 18-23
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - F
I N D E X
I-26
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - F
Fraud, 75-6 compensatory, 75-6 Frauds, statute of, 75-3 (ftn) Fraudulent act, 75-6 Free area, 41-30 body, coordinate, 45-21 -body diagram, 45-8 convection, 35-2 cooling, 43-2 energy, 23-10 -field sound, 73-6 -flow valve, 19-3 -machining steel, 47-5, 65-4 moment, 45-4, 45-9 path, gas, 70-3 -piston engine, 28-13 -piston Stirling engine, 28-13 pulley, 45-11 rotation, 60-5 -stream temperature, 36-2 surface, 16-5 vibration, 60-2, 60-5 Freedom, degree of, 11-7, 26-12, 49-3, 57-1, 57-12, 60-2, 60-19, 62-14 chi-squared, 11-7, 11-8 multiple, 60-19 Freeze protection, 44-2 stat, 44-2 Freezing insulation thickness to prevent, 34-11 latent heat, foodstuffs, 34-4 point, 49-1 (ftn), 49-2 properties of foodstuffs, A-114 Freight, ton, 1-7 Freon, 68-7 Frequency analysis, 9-8 (ftn), 62-9, 62-10 analysis, resolution, 9-8 angular, 60-3 carrier, 64-4 content, 73-7 corner, 62-10 crossover, 62-12 cut-off, 62-10 damped, 60-9, 60-10, 62-2 distribution, 11-10 distribution, step interval, 11-10 drive, variable, 41-8 electrical, 72-5 forcing, 60-10 fundamental, 9-6 fundamental harmonic, 54-8 fundamental, spring, 54-8 natural, 9-6, 60-3, 62-9 natural, fluid, 19-12 natural linear, 60-3 of sound, 73-5 panel, natural, 73-11 panel, resonant, 73-11 phase crossover, 62-12 polygon, 11-10 response, 62-2 (ftn), 62-10, 62-11 response analysis, 62-11 Fresnel integral function, 9-8 (ftn) Fretting, corrosion, 20-19 Friction, 17-4 bearing, 54-22 bearing, anti-, 54-22 belt, 58-7 brake, 64-13 coefficient of, 15-11, 25-16, 58-6, 58-7 Coulomb, 58-5 duct, 41-14, 41-17 dynamic, 58-5 factor, Atkinson, 41-32 factor chart, Moody, 17-6, 17-7 (tbl) factor, Darcy, 17-5 (ftn), 25-16 (ftn), A-49, A-50, A-51, A-52 factor, Fanning, 17-5 (ftn), 25-16 (ftn), 25-18 flat, 58-5
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
fluid, 58-5 head, 18-6 head loss, 17-4 (ftn) heating, 17-4 horsepower, 28-3, 41-8 internal, angle of, 48-8 loss, cyclone, 66-14 loss, duct, 41-14 loss, duct fitting, 41-17 loss, gas, 17-9 loss, hydraulic power, 19-5 loss, skin, 17-4 (ftn) loss, slurry, 17-11 loss, sprinkler, 67-12 loss, steam, 17-9 pipe, 17-14 power, 18-9, 28-3 power, fan, 41-8 pressure, 41-8, 41-14 pressure drop, 17-4 (ftn) sideways, 58-8 skin, 17-41 stack, 21-19 static, 58-5 turbulent flow, 17-7 typical coefficients of, 58-6 (tbl) Frictionless, 25-20 surface, 45-7 Fried heat transfer efficiency factor, 36-22 FRL, 19-8 Frontal area, 17-41 auxiliary view, 2-2 Froude number, 1-9 (tbl), 17-47 FRP, 41-14 Fuel -air ratio, 28-3 -bound NOx, 68-14, 68-15 -injected engine, 28-3 cell, 31-7 cell, molten carbonate, 31-8 cell, phosphoric acid, 31-8 cell, solid oxide, 31-8 cell, solid polymer, 31-8 consumption, 42-6 consumption, furnace, 42-6 consumption, special, 28-3 diesel, 21-7 loss, unburned, 21-16 management, 30-2 oil, 21-6 oxygenated, 68-7 properties, 21-6 refuse-derived, 21-4, 71-15 standard conditions, gaseous, 21-2 switching, 68-20 tire-derived, 21-4 turbine, 29-2 utilization, 29-9 viscosity, A-22 waste, 21-4 Fugacity, 23-10 and activity, 23-10 function, 23-10 Fugitive dust, 68-9 emission, 68-10 Full annealing, 49-8 -arc admission, 26-17 bridge, 64-11 -depth gear, 54-10 -lift safety valve, 16-12 -load value, motor, 72-13 military power, 29-2 -wave symmetry, 9-7 (tbl) -wrap, 66-4 Fully amortized bond, 74-29 (ftn) turbulent flow, 16-7, 17-5 Fume exhaust hood, 40-9 hood, 40-9
Function analytic, 8-1 asymmetrical, 7-4 binomial probability density, 11-4 circular transcendental, 6-2 closed-loop transfer, 62-4 continuous distribution, 11-6 covers, 6-4 density, 11-4 direct transfer, 62-4 efficiency, 63-34 entropy, 23-11 error, 9-8, 11-8, A-15 error transfer, 62-4 exsec, 6-4 feedback transfer, 62-4 first moment of, 9-6 forcing, 10-1, 60-10, 61-2 forward transfer, 62-4 fugacity, 23-10 Gibbs, 23-9 havers, 6-4 hazard, 11-9 Helmholtz, 23-9 holomorphic, 8-1 homogeneous forcing, 61-2 hyperbolic, 6-4 in a unit circle, trigonometric, 6-3 (fig) integral, 9-8 integral cosine, 9-8 integral elliptic, 9-8 (ftn) integral exponential, 9-8 integral Fresnel, 9-8 (ftn) integral gamma, 9-8 (ftn) integral sine, 9-8 Lagrange stream, 17-4 loop transfer, 62-4 loss, 63-34 mapping, 7-3 objective, 63-12 of an angle, 6-2 of related angle, 6-3 open-loop transfer, 62-4 overall transfer, 62-4 path, 24-4 performance, 11-9 point, 24-4, 24-7 rational, 62-3 regular, 8-1 response, 61-1 reverse transfer, 62-4 room transfer, 43-3 second moment of, 9-6 singularity, 61-3 stream, 17-4 stream potential, 17-3 symmetrical, 7-4 system, 62-4 transcendental, 8-2 transfer, 62-3 (ftn) trigonometric, 6-2 unit impulse, 10-6 unit step, 10-6 values for positive x values, complementary, A-15 values for positive x values, error, A-15 vector, 5-5 velocity potential, 17-3 vers, 6-4 Functional form, 3-2 Functionality, 47-15 Functions integral of combination, 9-2 of related angles, 6-3 Fund sinking, 74-7 Fundamental frequency, 9-6 frequency, spring, 54-8 harmonic frequency, 54-8 principle of counting, 63-33 speed, shaft, 60-16 theorem of calculus, 9-4 Fungicide, 68-17
Funnel-flow bin, 66-6 Furnace, 26-3, 42-5, 42-6 arc, 47-5 blast, 47-2 efficiency, 21-16 electric arc, 47-5 fired HRSG, 29-8 fluidized-bed, 26-3 high-temperature advanced, 29-10 induction, 47-5 open hearth, 47-5 (fig) pulverized-coal, 26-3 reverberatory, 47-10 sizing, 42-5 sorbent-injection, 21-5 Fusible-link sprinkler, 67-9 Fusion heat of, 23-8, 23-9, 49-2 latent heat of, 23-8 latent heat of foodstuffs, 34-4 metals, 65-11 weld, 65-11 (fig) Future worth, 74-5
G g-force, 58-4 (ftn) Gage (see also Gauge) factor, 64-8, 64-9 pressure, 14-2, 15-2, 15-6 (ftn) Gaging, Birmingham wire, A-132, A-133 Gain characteristic, 62-10 closed-loop, 62-4 crossover point, 62-10, 62-12 direct, 62-4 error, 62-4 feedback, 62-4 forward, 62-4 heat, 43-2 instantaneous heat, 43-2 internal heat, 43-1 loop, 62-4 margin, 62-12 open-loop, 62-4 overall, 62-4 -sharing plan, 63-20 Galton’s distribution, 11-8 Galvanic action, 20-18 series, 20-18 (tbl) Galvanized steel pipe, 16-10 Galvanizing, 65-14 Gamma integral function, 9-8 (ftn) -iron, 49-4 Gangue, 47-2 Garbage, 21-4, 68-14 Gas, 70-3 absorption, 71-2 accidental release, 25-15 acetylene, 65-11 acid, 68-4 blast-furnace, 21-8 (ftn) coke-oven, 21-8 (ftn) compressor, 32-1 (ftn) concentration, 67-21 constant, specific, 23-15 constant, universal, 14-10, 23-14 cyclone separator, 66-12 desorption, 71-2 (ftn) -diesel engine, 28-11 diluent, 70-2 dynamics, 25-1 flow through an orifice, 19-10 (fig) flue, 21-12 friction loss, 17-9 greenhouse, 68-10 high-velocity, 25-1 ideal, 23-2, 23-16 ideal, equation of state, 23-14 ideal, mixture, 23-18, 23-19 ideal, properties of, 23-15, 23-16
ideal, property changes, 24-7 incompressible, 16-2 (ftn) kinetic, 23-17 landfill, 68-11 liquefied petroleum, 21-8 manufactured, 21-8 (ftn) MAPP, 65-11 metal arc welding, 65-12 mixture, 23-2, 23-18 natural, 21-11 noble, 20-4 noncondensing, 26-12 off-, 71-23 partial pressure, 23-18 perfect, 23-16 ppm, 67-21 producer, 21-8 (ftn) properties, 23-16 (tbl) real, 23-2, 23-20 real, specific heat, 23-21 residual, 32-3 specific heat, 21-2 stack, 21-12 sulfur in stack, 68-4 synthetic, 21-5, 21-8, 29-2 table, using, 23-11 town, 21-8 (ftn) turbine, 29-1 turbine cycle, Brayton, 29-3 turbine system, 28-11 (ftn) water, 21-8 (ftn) welding, 65-11 Gases dissolved in liquid, 20-9 properties of flammable, A-163 Gasification, 68-18 process, 29-2 Gasifier, 29-2 Gasket blowout, 55-18 moment arm, 55-14 Gasohol, 21-8 Gasoline, 21-6 characteristics, 68-10 pollution from, 68-10 reformulated, 21-7 Gate, 65-8 blast, 41-24 (ftn) valve, 16-12 Gating system, 65-8 Gauge (see also Gage), 14-2 (ftn) bonded strain, 64-8 (ftn) diaphragm, 15-2 draft, 15-3 (ftn) duct, 41-13 dummy, 64-10 pitot, 17-28 (fig) pitot-static, 17-28 (fig) sheet metal, 41-13 strain, 15-2, 64-8, 64-13 unbonded strain, 64-8 (ftn) wire, American, 72-8 Gaul (unit), 41-32 Gauss-Jordan elimination, 4-2 Gauss’ hypergeometric equation, 10-5 Gaussian distribution, 11-6 Gay-Lussac’s law, 24-7 Gear, 54-11, 54-17 AGMA, 54-14 allowable stress, 54-13 annulus, 59-6 bevel, 54-15 compound, 59-5 design guideline, 54-14 external, 59-5 external and internal, 59-5 (fig) force, 54-13 force analysis of spur, 54-12 full-depth, 54-10 helical, 54-12 (fig) helical, force analysis, 54-13 helical, force on, 54-13 (fig) hypoid, 54-15 (ftn)
I-27
idler, 59-5 (fig) intermediate, 59-5 internal, 59-5 involute, 54-11 module, 54-10 motor, 18-11, 72-14 (ftn) oil, 54-24 planet, 59-6 ratio, 59-6 ratio, chain, 59-16 ring, 59-6 set, 54-11, 59-5 set and gear drive, 54-11 set, epicyclic, 59-6 set, planetary, 59-6 set, prime, 54-12 set, reverted, 59-5 set, simple, 59-5 set, simple epicyclic, 59-6 (fig) set, solar, 59-7 set, star, 59-7 set, straight bevel, 54-15 (fig) smallest epicyclic, 59-8 (tbl) spider, 59-6 sprocket, 59-15 spur, 54-10 spur, involute, 54-10 spur, pitch circle velocity, 54-10 stage, 59-5 sun, 59-6 system, American standard, 54-10 train, 59-5 train, design, 59-6 train, efficiency, 54-12 train terminology, 59-5 vs. pinion, 54-11 worm, 54-15 Gees, units of, 58-4 (ftn) General contractor, 75-4 damages, 75-7 expense, 74-32 flow equation, 25-2 form, 7-5 ledger, 74-33 limits on energy dissipation rates for clutches and brakes, 54-19 (tbl) motion, 58-2 partner, 75-1 plane motion, 58-2 primary membrane stress, 55-6 term, 3-10 triangle, 6-5 (fig) Generalized compressibility chart, 23-20 plate clutch, 54-21 (fig) Generating, line, 54-11 Generation, 63-33 heat, cylinder, 34-16 heat, flat plate, 34-16 internal heat, 34-15, 34-16 Generator, 29-8, 33-8, 72-11 (ftn), 72-17 -absorber-heat-exchanger cycle, 33-8 electrical, 26-16 magnetohydrodynamic, 31-8 pollution, 68-3 radioisotope thermoelectric, 31-9 random number, 63-32 steam, 26-4 thermionic, 31-9 thermoelectric, 31-9 Generic collector collection efficiency, 71-21 Genotoxin, 63-27 Geometric factor, 37-2 flux, 37-4 growth, 3-11 jerk, 59-12 mean, 11-12 mean radius, 59-4 sequence, 3-11 series, 3-12 similarity, 17-45
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - G
I N D E X
I-28
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - H
similarity, mixer, 66-17 stress concentration factor, 59-4 (ftn) Geopressured sources, 31-6 (ftn) Geostationary orbit, 58-20 Geothermal energy, 31-6 Gerber line, 52-7 parabolic relationship, 52-7 Geysers, 31-6 Gibbs function, 23-9 phase rule, 49-3 rule, 23-19 theorem, 23-19 Girth, seam, 55-8 (ftn) Glass, 47-17 behavior, 47-17 (fig) common, 47-18 fiber types, 47-20 properties, 47-19 (tbl) transition temperature, 47-18 Glauconite, 20-21 Glazing, 31-2 Global distillation, 68-17 warming, 68-10 warming potential, 33-2 Globe valve, 16-12 Glow plug, 28-10 (ftn) GMAW, 65-12 Gold point, 64-6 (ftn) Golf ball, 17-42 Goodman line, 52-7 (ftn) line, modified, 52-7 (ftn) -shear line, 52-7 Gore, 41-18, 41-19 Governing blast, 26-17 bypass, 26-17 cut-off, 26-17 turbine, 26-17 Government bronze, 47-12 Grab sampling, 20-23 Grade bolt, 53-9 -efficiency curve, 66-14 efficiency, cyclone, 66-14 line, energy, 16-8, 17-15 line, hydraulic, 16-8, 17-16 of steel, 19-4 (ftn) SAE, 54-24 steel, 47-5 viscosity, 14-9, 54-24 viscosity, oil, 19-3 Gradient cash flow, 74-8 factor, exponential, 74-26 search, 63-12 series cash flow, 74-4 temperature, 34-6 thermal, 34-6 vector, 8-5 velocity, 14-6, 17-14, 66-18 Grading gap, 5-5 Graetz number, 1-9 (tbl), 36-2 Grain, A-3, A-4 alcohol, 21-8 as a unit, 38-2 growth stage, 49-9 Grains per gallon, 20-23 (ftn) Gram-mole, 20-5 Grand sensible heat ratio, 38-7, 43-7 Granular activated carbon, 71-3 Graph curve, 7-3 influence, 45-10 linear equation, 3-7 polynomial, 3-4 Graphic representation, epicyclic gear set, 59-8, 59-9 (fig) Graphical solution, transient heat transfer, 34-14
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
Graphite fiber, 47-20 Graphitic iron, compacted, 47-10 Graphitization, 47-9, 55-4, 55-5 Grashof number, 1-9 (tbl), 35-2 Gravimetric analysis, 21-2 fraction, 20-6, 21-2, 23-18 Gravitation, Newton’s law of, 58-20 universal, 58-20 Gravitational constant, 1-2, 58-20 energy, 16-1, 16-2 (ftn), 22-3 Gravity altitude, 1-2 center of, 56-1 chimney, 21-17 (ftn) dam, 15-11 (ftn) damper, 41-24 die casting, 65-8 drop hammer, 65-7 duct system, 41-13 earth, 1-2 flow, 18-5 molding, 65-8 specific, 14-4 standard, 1-2 Gray body, 37-1, 37-3 body shape factor, 37-3 cast iron, 47-9, 49-7 cast iron, classes, 47-10 Greek alphabet, 3-1 Green sand, 65-8 Green’s law, 2-4 theorem, 2-4 Greenhouse effect, 31-2 gas, 68-10 Greenman v. Yuba Power, 75-7 (ftn) Greensand, 20-21 Grid, 64-8, 71-8 Gridded system, 67-6 Grille, 41-24, 41-29 adjustable bar, 41-24 filter, 41-29 fixed-bar, 41-24 pressure, 41-30 Grinding, 65-5, 66-10 centerless, 65-5 electrochemical, 65-6 Grip, 53-12 Grit, 71-25 size, abrasive, 65-5 (tbl) Gross, 26-1 air-to-cloth ratio, 71-5 area, 41-30 electrical output, 26-3 filtering area, 71-5 filtering velocity, 71-5 heating value, 21-14 margin, 74-36 Ground level, 61-3 post, 67-5 slab, 42-3 Groundwater dewatering, 68-12 Group chemical, 20-2 dimensionless, 1-8, 1-9 (tbl) X, steel, 47-7 Growth exponential, 3-11, 10-9 geometric, 3-11 instantaneous, 3-11 Malthusian, 3-11 population, 3-11 rate, 3-11 rate, arithmetic, 3-11 rate, average annual, 3-11 rate, constant, 3-11
M A N U A L
rate, exponential, 74-4 rate fraction, 3-11 rate, linear, 3-11 GSHR, 43-7 Guard, 63-31 Guide, vane control, compressor, 32-2 GWP (see also Global warming potential), 33-2 Gyration least radius of, 50-6 radius of, 50-6, 53-2, 56-2
H Hagen-Poiseuille equation, 17-7, 19-8 (ftn) Half -angle formula, 6-4 -angle thread, 53-14 -bridge, 64-11 -life, 3-11, 20-13 -life, decay, 10-10 link, 59-15 -power point, 62-10 -wave symmetry, 7-4, 9-7 (tbl) -wrap, 66-4 -year convention, 74-3 Hall -Heroult process, 47-11 effect, 31-8 (ftn) Halogen, 20-2 Hammer forging, 65-7 water, 17-38 (fig) water factor, 19-4 Handhole, 55-13 Handling unit, air, 40-11, 41-3 Hard material, 48-1 pipe, 67-3 steel, 49-7 surfacing, 65-14 Hardenability, steel, 49-7 Hardening age, 47-8 (ftn), 47-11, 49-9 case, 49-10 differential, 49-10 flame, 49-10 induction, 49-10 nonallotropic alloy, 49-9 precipitation, 47-11, 49-9 strain, 48-5 surface, 49-10 Hardness carbonate, 20-21 (ftn) cutting, 48-13, 48-14 file, 48-13 hot, 47-6 (ftn) noncarbonate, 20-21 number, Brinell, 48-13 penetration test, 48-14 (tbl) permanent, 20-21 red, 47-6 (ftn), 65-4 scale, Mohs, 48-13 (fig) steel, maximum, 49-7 temporary, 20-21 test, 48-13 test, Brinell, 48-13 test, Rockwell, 48-13 total, 20-21 water, 20-21 Hardwood, 47-17 Hardy Cross method, 17-24, 51-19 Harmonic, 60-19 cam profile, 59-12 frequency, fundamental, 54-8 mean, 11-12 motion, simple, 60-2 sequence, 3-11 series, 3-12 terms, 9-6 test, vibration, 60-21 Hastelloy, 47-13 Haulage rope, 66-2
Havers function, 6-4 Haversine, 6-4 Hazard analysis, 63-27 classification, 67-1 extra, 67-2 extra, group 1, 67-2 extra, group 2, 67-2 function, 11-9 light, 67-2 ordinary, 67-2 ordinary, group 1, 67-2 ordinary, group 2, 67-2 Hazardous air pollutant, 68-2 material, 69-1 spills, 68-20 waste, 68-2 waste, disposition, 69-2 waste, incineration, 71-14 Hazen-Williams C-values for sprinkler system design, 67-12 (tbl) constant, A-48 equation, 17-8, 67-12 nomograph, A-55 roughness pipe, A-48 Hazmat, 69-1 HDPE pipe, 16-9 Head, 15-5 (ftn), 18-6 2:1 ellipsoidal, 55-5 100% capacity and 100%, 67-8 acceleration, 18-2, 18-3 (ftn) added, 17-15 added, pump, 17-15 adiabatic, 32-5 ASME flanged and dished, 55-5 atmospheric, 18-6 (ftn) dynamic, 18-6 effective, 17-17, 18-6 efficiency of welded joint in, 55-11 (tbl) end, 28-2 extracted, 17-15 flanged and dished, 55-5 flat unstayed, 55-14 friction, 18-6 impact, 16-4 loss, 17-4 loss, cyclone, 66-14 loss, effect of viscosity, 17-11 loss, friction, 17-4 loss, slurry, 17-11 -on machine, 31-4 -on rotor, 31-4 polytropic, 32-5 pressure, 18-6 (ftn) pressure vessel, 55-5 pulley, 66-11 sprinkler, 67-9 stack effect, 21-18 static discharge, 18-6 static suction, 18-6 torispherical, 55-5 total, 16-2 vapor pressure, 18-6 (ftn) velocity, 18-6 Header-type feedwater heater, 26-15 Health company, 74-35 risk assessment, 63-27 Hearing protective device, 73-12 threshold of, 73-7 Heat absorption (boiler), 26-4 -activated refrigeration cycle, 33-7 capacity, 22-4, 23-7 conservation method, 42-7 content, 23-5 conversion, SI, A-3 -driven refrigeration cycle, 33-7 engine, 24-12 exchanger, 26-11, 36-10
exchanger, commercial, 36-11 exchanger correction factor, A-128, A-129, A-130, A-131 exchanger effectiveness, 36-20 exchanger, jacketed pipe, 36-10 exchanger, multiple-pass, 36-11 exchanger, plate-and-frame, 36-12 exchanger, plate-type, 36-12 exchanger, recuperative, 36-10 (ftn) exchanger, regenerative, 36-10 exchanger, S & T, 36-10 exchanger, sathes, 36-10 exchanger, shell-and-tube, 36-10 (ftn) exchanger, single-pass, 36-10 exchanger, tube-in-tube, 36-10 exchanger, U-tube, 36-12 exchanger, X-Y, 36-11 factor, sensible, 43-6 finding graphically, 24-4 flux, 35-3, 36-5 gain, 43-2 gain, internal, 42-4 gain to air conditioning duct, 43-5 gain to duct, 43-5 generation by occupant, 40-8 (tbl) generation, cylinder, 34-16 generation, flat plate, 34-16 generation, internal, 34-15, 34-16 generation rate, 34-16 latent, 23-8, 40-7, 40-8 load, 26-11, 39-2 loaded, specific, 36-14 (ftn) metabolic, 40-8 of combustion, 21-14, A-61 of formation, 20-17 of fusion, 23-8, 23-9, 49-2 of fusion, foodstuffs, 34-4 of respiration, foodstuffs, 34-4 of steel, 47-5 pipe, 34-22 pipe, capillary-action, 34-23 pipe, thermo-siphon, 34-22 pump, 33-3 pump cycle, 33-3 pump device, 33-3 rate, 26-5, 27-2 rate, plant, 26-5 ratio of specific, 23-8, 25-4 ratio, sensible, 43-6 -recovery steam generator, 29-8 rejector, 28-12 release rate, 71-15 removal efficiency factor, 31-2 removal, ventilation, 40-8 reservoir, 24-11 sensible, 23-8, 40-8 source, domestic, 42-4 (ftn) source, internal, 42-4 specific, 22-4, 23-7, 34-4 specific, ideal gas, 23-16 specific, molar, 23-7 tape, 34-21 tape, constant-watt, 34-21 tape, self-regulating, 34-21 total, 23-5, 23-8 tracing, 34-21 tracing, electric, 34-21 transfer, 34-2, 34-6 transfer coefficient, 35-2 transfer coefficient, combined, 37-4 transfer coefficient, convective, 34-7 transfer coefficient, radiant, 37-4 transfer, combined, 37-4 transfer factors, 36-22 transfer fluid, 31-2, 36-22 transfer fluid viscosity, A-22 transfer, film, 34-7 transfer, net radiation, 37-3 transfer, overall coefficient of, 34-7, 36-14, 42-2 transfer rate, 34-6 transfer, total, 34-6, 34-13 transfer, transient, 34-12, 34-14
I-29
transfer, unsteady-state, 34-12 transmittance, overall, 34-7 -treatable stainless steel, 47-8 treating cast iron, 49-7 treatment, solution, 49-9 Heater air, 26-16 closed feedwater, 26-15, 36-14 (ftn) deaerating, 26-15 direct-contact, 26-14 feedwater, 26-14 header-type feedwater, 26-15 mixing, 26-14 open, 26-14 open feedwater, 26-14 (fig) recuperative, 26-16 tubesheet feedwater, 26-15 Heating, 34-12 degree-days, 42-6 district, 29-9 friction, 17-4 (ftn) indirect, 36-22 kelvin-days, 42-6 load, 42-1 load, average, 42-1 load, maximum, 42-1 losses, 72-17, 72-18 sensible, 38-8 space, 29-9, 33-3 value, 21-14 value, gross, 21-14 value, higher, 21-14 value, lower, 21-14 with dehumidification, 38-12 with humidification, 38-11 Heavy damping, 60-10 -duty coil, 36-12 -duty turbine, 29-1 hydrogen, 20-2 metal, 20-2 Heel (verb), 15-17 (ftn) dam, 15-11 Height, 2-2 cell, 68-14 cloud, 66-17 compressed, 54-6 critical, pressure vessel, 55-5 (ftn) of packing, 71-24 of transfer unit, 71-24 rebound, 58-17 roughness, 2-4 solid, 54-6 waviness, 2-4 Heisler chart, 34-14 Helical compression spring, 54-5 (fig) compression spring, design, 54-6 compression spring, dynamic response, 54-8 extension spring, 54-8 gear, 54-12 (fig) gear, axial force, 54-13 gear, force analysis, 54-13 gear, force on, 54-13 (fig) gear, radial force, 54-13 gear, separation force, 54-13 gear, tangential force, 54-13 gear, thrust force, 54-13 spring, high temperature, 54-8 torsion spring, 54-9 (fig) Heliostat, 31-3 Helix, 7-12 angle, 54-12 angle, worm, 54-16 direction, 54-6 pitch, 7-12 thread angle, 53-14 Helmholtz function, 23-9 Hematite, 47-2 Henry’s law, 20-9, 71-23 constant, 20-9 (tbl)
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - H
I N D E X
I-30
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - H
HEPA, 40-11 filter, 41-23 Herbicide, 68-17 Hess’ law, 20-18 Hex number, 12-2 (ftn) Hexachlorobenzene, 68-17 Hexadecimal system, 12-2 HFC-134a pressure-enthalpy diagram, A-83, A-102 Hideout, 20-23 Hierarchy, need, 63-28 High -alloy austenitic stainless steel, 47-9 -alloy steel, 47-6 -carbon steel, 47-6 -efficiency particle arresting, 40-11 -efficiency particulate air filter, 41-23 -efficiency particulate arresting, 40-11 energy rate forming, 65-11 -lift safety valve, 16-12 -pass filter, 62-10 -performance power system, 29-10 -pressure carryover valve, 19-3 -pressure turbine, 26-8 -side equipment, 33-8 -speed steel, 65-4 -strength steel, 47-6 -temperature advanced furnace, 29-10 -temperature air heater, 31-8 -temperature reservoir, 24-11 velocity forming, 65-11 -velocity gas, 25-1 -velocity system, 41-21 Higher heating value, 21-14 Highly significant results, 11-14 Highway rainwater runoff, 68-19 Hilbert-Morgan equation, 36-8 Hindrance factor, 70-3 Hinge, 45-10 plastic, 51-19 Hinged machine, 31-6 Histogram, 11-10 Hitchin’s formula, degree-days, 42-6 Hobby, 74-12 (ftn) Hogs hair filters, 41-23 Hoist, 45-11 Hoisting cable, 66-2 rope, extra-flexible, 66-2 Holder, flame, 29-2 Hole, tap, 15-3 Hollow cylinder, radial conduction, 34-9 Holographic testing, 48-13 Holomorphic function, 8-1 Holonomic coordinate, 57-2 Homogeneous circuits, law of, 64-7 differential equation, 10-1, 10-2 forcing function, 61-2 linear equation, 3-7 response, 62-1 second-order, 10-3 unit system, 1-2 (ftn) Homologous fan, 41-10 pump, 18-13 Honing, 65-5, 65-14 Hood air, 40-9 air, enclosure, 40-9 air, nonbypass, 40-9 air, nonenclosure, 40-9 conventional cabinet bypass air, 40-9 (fig) exposure, minimum control velocity for, 40-9 (tbl) fume exhaust, 40-9 minimum control velocity for exposure, 40-9 (tbl) Hooke’s law, 48-2, 51-2, 54-2, 64-11 Hoop stress, 53-4, 53-5, 53-6 Hopper, 66-6 discharge rate, 66-7
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
hydraulic radius, 66-7 pressure, 66-7 Horizon, 74-3 analysis, 74-17 Horizontal auxiliary view, 2-2 -axis rotor, 31-4 job enlargement, 63-28 shear, 51-10 Horsepower, 22-6, A-1, A-2 aero, 17-42 air, 41-6 blower, 41-6 boiler, 21-17, 26-4 brake, 28-3, 28-4, 28-8, 41-6 friction, 28-3, 41-8 hydraulic, 17-15, 18-8 (tbl) indicated, 28-3, 28-8 shaft, 53-14 theoretical, 17-15 water, 17-15 Hose flexible hydraulic, 19-4 for fluid power, 19-4 stream allowance, 67-11 Host ingredient, 49-1 Hot -chamber die casting, 65-9 deck, 41-13 dry rock sources, 31-6 (ftn) -end drive, 29-1 hardness, 47-6 (ftn) reserve, 26-16 rock system, 31-7 water system, 31-7 well, 26-11, 26-15 well depression, 26-12 windbox system, 29-10 -wire anemometer, 17-27 working, 49-9 -working operation, 65-6 Hotchkiss drive, 59-18 Hourglass failure, 48-8 (ftn) HPD, 73-12 Hub, 53-7, 59-4 rotating, 59-4 Huebscher equation, 41-17 Hull, convex, 7-2, 7-3, 70-6 Human error, 64-2 factors, 63-30 Humectant, 68-9 (ftn) Humidification, 38-7, 40-7, 42-4 booster, 40-7 efficiency, 38-10 load, 38-7 pure, 38-7 spot, 40-7 steam, 38-11 straight, 38-7 Humidistat, 44-1 Humidity maximum indoor, 40-9 mold, 40-8 percentage, 38-2 ratio, 38-2 relative, 38-2 specific, 38-2 Hurwitz stability criterion, 62-12 test, 62-12 HVAC controller, 44-1 process control, 44-1 Hybrid throttle pressure operation, 26-17 (ftn) Hydrashaker, 60-21 Hydrated molecule, 20-6 Hydration, 20-10 water of, 20-6 Hydraulic and pneumatic systems, modeling, 19-8 braking, 54-18 (ftn)
control valve, 19-3 cyclone, 66-15 cylinder, 19-8 depth, 16-6 (ftn) design concept, 67-14 design, pressure along branches, 67-14 design, pressure at cross mains, 67-17 design, pressure in risers, 67-19 designation, oil, 19-3 diameter, 16-6 (ftn), 17-9, 25-16, 41-17 (ftn) diameter, annulus, 36-8 drop, 16-9 (ftn) element, circular pipes, A-28 filter, 19-6 fluid, 19-2 fluid designation, 19-3 fluid, ISO, 19-3 fluid, SAE, 19-3 fluid velocity, 19-6 grade line, 16-8, 17-16, A-28 horsepower, 17-15, 18-8 (tbl) hose, flexible, 19-4 impedance, 19-12 inertance, 19-11 jack, 15-14 jump, 16-9 (ftn) kilowatt, 18-8 (tbl) line materials, 19-4 loading, 71-25 motor, 19-8 (ftn) natural frequency, 19-12 NPSHR, 18-21 oils, designations of, 19-3 power, 18-7, 19-2 press, 15-14 pump, 19-5 radius, 16-5, A-28 radius, hopper, 66-7 ram, 15-14, 19-8 resistance, 19-9 resonance, 19-12 Hydraulically actuated braking, 54-18 (ftn) Hydraulics, 17-2 Hydro-pneumatic accumulator, 19-6, 19-7 Hydrocarbon, 21-2 aromatic, 21-2 polycyclic aromatic, 28-11 pumping, 18-21 saturated, 21-2 unsaturated, 21-2 viscosity, A-22 Hydrochloric acid, 68-4 Hydrochlorofluorocarbon, 33-2 Hydroclone, 66-15 Hydrocyclone, 66-15 Hydrodynamics, 17-2 Hydroelectric generating plant, 18-23 Hydrofluorocarbon, 33-2 Hydrogen available, 21-3 damage, 20-19 embrittlement, 20-19, 55-4 heavy, 20-2 normal, 20-2 peroxide, 47-15 Hydrogenation, 68-18 Hydrometer, 14-4 Hydrophilic, 14-12 Hydrophobic, 14-12 Hydrostatic, 15-4 (ftn) design basis, 67-4 design stress, 67-4 moment, 15-11 paradox, 15-4 pressure, 15-4 pressure of a vertical plane surface, 15-7 (fig) pressure test, 55-20 resultant, 15-6 torque, 15-11 Hydrostatics, 17-2 Hydrothermal energy sources, 31-6 (ftn)
Hygroscopic, 40-7 material, 40-7 Hygrostat, 44-1 Hyperbola, 7-11 equilateral, 7-12 rectangular, 7-12 unit, 6-5 Hyperbolic cosecant, 6-5 cosine, 6-4, 45-19 cotangent, 6-5 function, 6-4 function, derivative, 8-2 function, integral of, 9-2 identity, 6-5 radian, 6-5 secant, 6-5 sine, 6-4 tangent, 6-4, 6-5 Hypereutectoid steel, 49-5 Hypergeometric distribution, 11-5 equation, Gauss’, 10-5 Hypersonic travel, 14-15 Hypocycloid, 7-4 Hypoeutectic cast iron, 49-5 Hypoeutectoid steel, 49-5 Hypoid gear, 54-15 (ftn) Hypotenuse, angle, 6-2 Hypothesis, 20-5 alternative, 11-15 Avogadro’s, 20-5 null, 11-15 test, 11-15 Hysteresis, 54-3, 64-5 (ftn) spring, 53-20
I I-post, 67-5 IBV, 67-5 Ice point, 64-6 (ftn) slush, 23-2 ICFM, 41-2 ICGCC plant, 31-8 Icing, preventing coil, 43-9 (fig) Ideal air, 21-9 cable, 45-16 combustion reactions, 21-9 (tbl) efficiency, 28-3 fluid, 14-2 gas, 23-2, 23-16 gas, equation of state, 23-14 gas, properties of, 23-15, 23-16 gas, specific heat of, 23-16 lumped mass, 61-3, 61-4 machine, 22-6 quantities, 21-9 radiator, 37-1 reaction, 20-8 spring, 53-20, 54-2 work, pump, 26-7 yield, 20-8 Idealized elements, 61-1 Idempotent law, set, 11-1 Identity BAC-CAB, 5-5 hyperbolic, 6-5 law, set, 11-1 logarithm, 3-5 matrix, 4-1 trigonometric, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5 Idler gear, 59-5 (fig) pulley, 54-17 Ignitable substance, 68-2 Ignition engine, compression, 28-2 engine, spark, 28-2 temperature, 21-8 Illegitimate error, 64-2
Illness, building-related, 68-5 Illuminance, 73-3 Illumination, 73-2, 73-3 Imaginary number, 3-1 Immersion thermostat, 44-2 Immiscible liquid, 15-12 Impact, 58-17 central, 58-18 direct, 58-18 direct central, 58-17 (fig) eccentric, 58-18 elastic, 58-17 endoergic, 58-17 energy, 16-4, 48-14, 48-15 energy test, 48-15 exoergic, 58-17 (ftn) factor, 16-5 head, 16-4 inelastic, 58-17 loading, 51-7, 51-8 noise, 73-4 oblique, 58-18 perfectly inelastic, 58-17 perfectly plastic, 58-17 plastic, 58-17 test, 48-15 test, pressure vessel, 55-7 tube, 16-5 Impaction parameter, 71-21 Impactor, forging, 65-8 Impedance, 72-5 acoustic, 73-6 characteristic, 19-12, 73-6 fluid, 19-12 hydraulic, 19-12 losses, 72-17, 72-18 medium acoustic, 73-6 sound, 73-6 specific acoustic, 73-6 surge, 19-12 Impeller, 66-18 specific speed, 18-12 Impending motion, 58-5 Impinger midget, 40-10 (ftn) Implicit differentiation, 8-4 Impulse, 17-33, 58-14 (ftn) angular, 58-14 applied, 58-15 fluid, 17-33 function, 10-6 linear, 58-14 -momentum principle, 17-33, 58-15 noise, 73-4 shock, 60-20 specific, 25-9 total, 25-9 turbine, 17-36, 18-21, 26-8 unit, 61-2 Impulsive force, 58-15 Incentive plan, wage, 63-20 Inches of water, 41-3 Incident, angle, 73-4 Incineration, 21-4 hazardous waste, 71-14 infrared, 71-14 liquid, 71-14 MSW, 71-14 oxygen-enriched, 71-16 plasma, 71-17 sludge, 71-17 soil, 71-17 Incinerator, 71-11, 71-13, 71-14 no-boiler, 71-14 vapor, 71-17 Inclined plane, 58-11 Income, 74-34 bracket, 74-25 net, 74-34 tax, 74-24 Incomplete combustion, 21-12 Incompressible gas, 16-2 (ftn) Inconel, 47-13 -X, 47-13
I-31
Inconsistent system, 3-7 Increase, average, 11-16 Incremental analysis, 74-17 cost, 74-32 Incrementing, fixed-interval, 63-32 Indefinite integral, 9-1 (ftn), 9-2, 9-4, A-10 Indentor, Brale, 48-13 Independent event, 11-3 variable, 3-2 wire rope core, 66-2 Indeterminacy, degree of, 45-7, 45-8, 46-1 Indeterminate statically, 45-7, 46-1 statics, 46-1 truss, 46-7 Index roughness height, 2-4 run, duct, 41-8 sound reduction, 73-11 spring, 53-20 (ftn), 54-2 (ftn), 54-5 viscosity, 14-9, 19-2 (ftn) viscosity blending, 14-16 Indicated horsepower, 28-3, 28-8 mean effective pressure, 28-3, 28-8 power, 28-3 properties, 28-3 specific fuel consumption, 28-3 value, 28-3 Indicating, butterfly valve, 67-5 Indicator card, 28-8, 64-14 diagram, 28-8, 64-14 drawing, 28-8 post, 67-5 Indifference, quality level, 63-26 Indirect coal-fired turbine, 29-3 -condensing cooling tower, 39-3 heating, 36-22 injection, 28-3 manufacturing expense, 74-33 material and labor cost, 74-33 Indoor air quality procedure, 40-2 design condition, 40-6 Induced draft, 21-17 drag, 17-41 mechanical draft, 39-1 voltage, 17-27 Inductance, 72-6 fluid, 19-11, 61-7 Induction furnace, 47-5 hardening, 49-10 motor, 18-10, 72-14 ratio, 41-30 Inductive reactance, 72-6 transducer, 64-4 Inductor, 61-8, 72-6 Inelastic impact, 58-17 strain, 48-3 Inequality, 4-4 Inert gas welding, 65-12 Inertance energy stored in, 19-12 fluid, 19-11, 61-7 hydraulic, 19-11 pneumatic, 19-11, 19-12 Inertia, 56-2 area moment, 50-3 centroidal mass moment, 56-2 centroidal moment of, 50-3, 50-4 mass moment of, 56-2, A-156 moment of, 50-3, A-147, A-156 polar moment of, 50-6 principal moment of, 50-8 product of, 50-7, 56-2
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - I
I N D E X
I-32
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - I
rectangular moment of, 50-3 thermal, 42-5 vector, 56-2, 58-5 (ftn) Inertial force, 56-2, 58-5 frame of reference, 57-10 frame of reference, Newtonian, 57-10 separator, 68-9, 71-7 Infant mortality, 11-9, 63-12 Infiltration, 40-5 accidental, 40-5 air, 42-3 and ventilation, 43-4 energy to warm, 42-3 in tall buildings, 40-6 loss, 42-1 wind, 40-6 Infinite cylindrical fin, 34-18 series, 3-11, 3-12 (ftn), 74-7 Inflation, 74-39 Inflection point, 7-2, 8-2 deflection, 51-17 Influence diagram, 45-10, 46-8, 46-9, 46-11, 46-12, 46-13 graph, 45-10 line, 45-10 Infrared incineration, 71-14 testing, 48-12 Ingredient alloying, 49-1 host, 49-1 parent, 49-1 Inhalable fraction, 68-9 Initial condition, 9-4, 60-3 condition response, 62-1 tension, spring, 54-8 value, 9-4, 10-1 (ftn) value problem, 10-1 value theorem, 62-7 Initiator, 47-15 Injection coal, 47-5 direct, 28-3 indirect, 28-3 molding, 65-10 sorbent, 71-22 steam, 29-2 well, 71-11 Injured party, 75-6 Inlet, 41-29 condition, 32-8 pressure, net positive, 18-2 (ftn) vane, 41-7 velocity, 66-13 Inline sampling, 20-23 Inner transition element, 20-2 Innovative method, 68-20 Inorganic compound, volatile, 68-22 Input DC, 62-7 signal, 62-3 step, 62-7 Insecticide (see also Pesticide), 68-17 Insensitivity, 64-2 experiment, 11-12 Insertion loss, 73-11 Inside and outside design conditions, 43-3 design conditions, 42-2 design temperature, 42-2, 43-3 diameter, controlled, 67-3 Insolation, 31-1 Inspection polynomial, 3-4 radiographic, 55-11 radiographic, pressure vessel, 55-11 spot radiographic, 55-11 Instability, 62-12, 64-2 point of, 62-12
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Instant center, 57-13 Instantaneous center, 57-13 center of acceleration, 57-14 cooling load, 43-2 cooling load from walls and roofs, 43-3 cooling load from windows, 43-3, 43-4 growth, 3-11 heat absorption, 43-2 heat gain, 43-2 reorder inventory, 74-44 (fig) values, 57-2 Instrument, coefficient of, 17-28 Insulated pipe, 34-9 tip, 34-18 Insulation pipe, 34-10 thickness, critical, 34-11 thickness, economic, 34-11 thickness to prevent freezing, 34-11 thickness to prevent sweating, 34-11 Insurance, 75-8 Intake stroke, 28-2 Intangible property, 74-20 (ftn) Integer programming, 63-12 Integral, 9-2 convolution, 10-6 cosine function, 9-8 definite, 9-1 (ftn), 9-4 double, 9-3 elliptic function, 9-8 (ftn) exponential function, 9-8 Fresnel function, 9-8 (ftn) function, 9-8 gamma function, 9-8 (ftn) indefinite, 9-1, 9-4, A-10 of combination of functions, 9-2 of hyperbolic function, 9-2 of transcendental function, 9-1 reinforcement, 55-16 sine function, 9-8 table, 9-1 (ftn) triple, 9-3 Integrand, 9-1 Integrated coal gasification combined cycle plant, 31-8 cycle, 29-10 gasification/combined cycle, 21-5 Integrating factor, 10-2 Integration, 9-1 by parts, 9-2 by separation of terms, 9-3 constant of, 9-1, 10-1 method, 50-1, 50-4 of power-generating elements, typical, 26-2 (fig) typical controls, 44-2 typical system, 26-1 Intensifier, pressure, 32-2 Intensity luminous, 73-2 of sound, 73-4 Intensive property, 23-4 Interaction factor, 37-2 Intercept, 7-5 form, 7-5 Intercooling, 29-7 compressor, 32-7 perfect, 32-7 Interest compound, 74-11 rate, effective, 74-5, 74-28 rate, effective annual, 74-5 rate, nominal, 74-28 simple, 74-11 Interfacial area, 71-24 Interference, 53-6 engine, 54-18 factor, 31-6 fit, 53-6
Intergranular, 20-19 attack, 20-19 corrosion, 20-19 stress corrosion cracking, 30-2 Interlock sprinkler system, 67-2 Intermediate column, 53-4 gear, 59-5 metals, law of, 64-7 -pressure turbine, 26-8 temperatures, law of, 64-7, 64-8 Intermittent duty, 72-14 rating, 28-4 Internal combustion engine, 28-2 energy, 22-4, 23-5 energy, molar, 23-5 force, 45-2, 45-13, 58-2 friction, angle of, 48-8, 58-6 fuel reforming cycle, 31-8 gear, 59-5 heat gain, 42-5, 43-1 heat generation, 34-15, 34-16 heat source, 42-4, 43-4 rate of return, 74-12 specific energy, 23-5 work, 22-2, 48-6 International standard atmosphere, A-109 metric conditions, 21-2 Interpolating polynomial, Newton’s, 13-3 Interpolation, nonlinear, 13-2, 13-3 Interpolymer, 47-13 Intersection angle, 7-6, 7-8 line, 2-1, 7-6 set, 11-1 Interval confidence, 63-16 (ftn) elevator, 66-4 proof test, 11-9 Intrinsic waste, 68-2 Invar, 47-13 Inventory, 74-37 instantaneous reorder, 74-44 (fig) supply, 74-36 turnover, 74-35, 74-36 value, 74-37 Inverse function, 6-4 Laplace transform, 10-6 lever rule, 38-5 matrix, 4-6 -square attractive field, 58-19 -square repulsive field, 58-19 trigonometric operation, 6-4 Inversion curve, 24-3 (fig) Fourier, 9-6 point, 24-3 temperature, 24-3 (tbl) Invert emulsion, 19-2 (ftn) Inverted bucket steam trap, 16-14 Investment casting, 65-9 external, 74-13 return on, 74-11, 74-14 risk-free, 74-11 tax credit, 74-25 Involute gear, 54-11 spur gear, 54-10 Ion common, effect, 20-12 exchange, 20-21 exchange resin, 20-22 product, 20-15 Ionic concentration, 20-11 Ionization constant, 20-15 IP, 67-5 Iron allotrope, 49-4
I N D E X
Isopiestic equilibrium, 14-10 (ftn) Isoprene latex, 47-13 Isostatic molding, 65-10 Isotactic polymer, 47-16 Isotherm, 23-12 Isothermal compressibility, 14-13, 23-10 compression, 15-12 compression efficiency, 32-2 flow, 25-18 flow with friction, 25-18 process, 24-2 transformation diagram, 49-6 Isotope, 20-2 effect, 20-2 (ftn) Isotropic material, 34-2 Iteration, fixed-point, 13-2 Izod test, 48-16
J J.B. Johnson formula, 53-4 Jack hydraulic, 15-14 power, 59-1, 59-2 power screws and screw, 59-1, 59-2 Jacketed pipe heat exchanger, 36-10 Janssen constant, 66-7 equation, 66-7 Jerk, 59-12 geometric, 59-12 Jet condenser, 26-11 (ftn) force on blade, 17-35 force on plate, 17-34 propulsion, 17-34 pump, 18-2 Job cost accounting, 74-36 enlargement, 63-28 enrichment, 63-28 flexibility, 63-28 Jockey pump, 67-7 Johanson equation, 66-7 Johnson procedure, 53-3 Joint (see also type), 45-12, 55-2 (ftn) axially locked, 55-17 bolted, 55-17 Cardan, 59-18 constant-velocity, 59-18 (ftn) CV, 59-18 efficiency, 16-10, 53-12, 55-11 flanged, 55-17 lap, bolted, 53-10 method of, 45-14 pressure-actuated, 55-17 probability, 11-3 quality factor, 16-10 splined, 59-18 U-, 59-18 universal, 59-18 welded, efficiency in head, 55-11 (tbl) welded, efficiency in shell, 55-11 (tbl) Jominy end-quench test, 49-7 Joukowsky’s equation, 19-12 Joule, 1-5, A-3 cycle, 29-3 equivalent, 22-1 -Kelvin coefficient, 24-3 -Thomson coefficient, 24-3 Joule’s constant, 22-1, 23-6 law, 22-5 Journal, 74-33 bearing, 54-22, 54-25 bearing, frictional loss, 54-25 bearing, loss, 54-25 bearing, nomenclature, 54-25 (fig) bearing, Raimondi and Boyd method, 54-26 Judgment factor, 74-2
Jump, 59-13 follower, 59-13 hydraulic, 16-9 (ftn) Jumper duct, 41-23 Junction, 64-6 Just-suspended speed, 66-17 correlation, 66-17
K k -out-of-n system, 11-10 -value, 53-20, 54-2 K -monel metal, 47-13 waste, 68-3 K-factor, 40-10, 54-2, 67-9 Kalman’s theorem, 62-14 (ftn) Karman-Nikuradse equation, 17-5 Kelvin -days, 42-6 -days, heating, 42-6 -Planck statement, 24-12 scale, 23-5 Kepler’s law, 58-20 Kern, 51-13 correlation, 35-9 Kernal, 51-13 Kevlar aramid, 47-20 fiber, 47-20 Killed steel, 47-5 Kilogram, 1-1 Kilowatt air, 41-6 brake, 28-4, 41-6 hydraulic, 18-8 (tbl) Kinematic friction, angle of, 66-7 Stirling engine, 28-13 viscosity, 14-8, 16-7 Kinematics, 57-1 Kinetic energy, 1-3, 16-1, 22-3 gas theory, 23-17 pump, 18-2 Kinetics, 58-2 reaction, 20-13 reaction, irreversible, 20-13 reaction, reversible, 20-13 Kip, A-3 Kirchhoff’s radiation law, 37-1 voltage law, 72-4 kmol, 20-5 Knives, cutting, 66-9 Knock resistance, 21-6 Knoop test, 48-13 Knudsen number, 1-9 (tbl) Kolmogorov, Chapman-, equation, 63-34 Korteweg formula, 17-39 Kurtosis, 11-14 excess, 11-14 Fisher’s, 11-14 Pearson’s, 11-14 Kutta-Joukowsky result, 17-41 theorem, 17-41 kVA rating, 72-15
L L-D process, 47-3 L’Hoˆ pital’s rule, 3-9 L10 bearing, 54-23 Labor direct, 74-32 variance, 74-36 Laborer’s lien, 75-5 Ladder logic diagram, 44-6 rung, 44-6 Lag, thermal, 42-5 Lagging circuit, 72-7
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - L
alpha, 49-4 -based powder, 65-10 beta, 49-4 carbide, 49-5 carbon hypereutectic cast, 49-5 -carbon phase diagram, 49-4 cast, 47-9, 49-5 cast, alloying ingredient, 47-10 delta, 49-4 direct-reduced, 47-5 ductile, grades, 47-10 eutectic cast, 49-5 gamma, 49-4 gray cast, 49-7 hypoeutectic cast, 49-5 loss, 72-18 -making process, direct, 47-5 malleable cast, 49-8 nodular cast, 49-7 pig, 47-3 pipe, A-42 pipe dimensions, A-42 pipe, special pressure classes, A-43 pipe, standard pressure classes, A-42 production, 47-2 pyrite, 47-2 (ftn) white cast, 49-8 wrought, 47-10 Irradiance, 73-3 Irrational number, 3-1 Irreducible factor, 74-2 state, 63-35 Irregular area, 7-1, 7-1 (fig) boundary, 7-1 Irreversibility, 24-13 Irreversible compression, 26-7 process, 24-3 reaction, 20-13 ISA nozzle, 17-32 (ftn) Isenthalpic curve, 24-3 process, 24-2 Isentropic closed system, reversible adiabatic, 24-9 compressibility, 14-13, 23-10 compression, 26-7 compression efficiency, 32-2 compression ratio, 28-4 efficiency, pump, 26-7 efficiency, turbine, 26-9 flow, 25-3 flow factor, 25-3, A-105, A-106 pressure, 25-13 pressure ratio, 28-4 process, 24-2, 24-9 steady-flow, 24-9 ISO hydraulic fluid, 19-3 oils, typical properties, 19-3 Isobar, 23-3 critical, 23-3 Isobaric compressibility, 23-10 process, 24-2 Isochoric process, 24-2 Isokinetic sub-, 70-2 (ftn) super-, 70-2 (ftn) test, 70-2 Isolated system, 24-2 Isolation degree of, 60-13 efficiency, 60-13 from active base, 60-15 percent of, 60-13 vibration, 60-12 Isometric process, 24-2 view, 2-3 Isometry, 7-3
I-33
I-34
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - L
Lagrange stream function, 17-4 Lagrange’s formula, 5-5 Lagrangian interpolating polynomial, 13-2 Lambert, 73-2 (ftn), 73-3 (ftn) Lame’s solution, 53-5 Lamellar appearance, 49-5 Laminae, 16-7 Laminar flow, 16-7, 17-5, 19-5 -turbulent average, 36-4 Lame´ formula, 19-4 Lance, oxygen, 47-3 Land ban, 69-2 tooth, 54-10 Landfill cell, 68-14 (fig) gas, 68-11 municipal solid waste, 68-14 Landfilling, 71-17 Lang lay, 66-3 Langley, 31-2 Lanthanide, 20-4 Lanthanon, 20-4 Lanthanum barium copper oxide, 47-18 Lap joint, adhesive bond, 65-13 joint, bolted, 53-10 -joint flange, 55-17 -welded pipe, 65-13 Laplace transform, 10-5, A-11 inverse, 10-6 of a derivative, 10-6 table, A-11 Lapping, 65-5, 65-14 Lapple formula, 66-14 Laser machining, 65-6 Last-in, first-out, 74-38 Latent factor, 43-6 heat, 23-8, 23-9 (tbl), 40-7, 40-8 heat of fusion, 23-8 heat of fusion, foodstuffs, 34-4 heat of sublimation, 23-8 heat of vaporization, 23-8 load, 43-6 Lateral buckling, 51-19 earth pressure, coefficient of active, 66-7 strain, 48-4 Latex isoprene, 47-13 Latus rectum, 7-10, 7-11 Law acoustic mass, 73-11 affinity, 18-18, 41-10 Amagat’s, 23-18 associative, addition, 3-3 associative, multiplication, 3-3 Avogadro’s, 20-5, 23-14 Boyle’s, 24-7 Charles’, 24-7 commutative, addition, 3-3 commutative, multiplication, 3-3 conservation of momentum, 17-33 Dalton’s, 21-14, 23-18, 38-1 Darcy’s, 68-12 distance-squared, 73-3 distributive, 3-3 fan, 41-10 Fourier’s, 34-6 fourth-power, 37-2 Gay-Lussac’s, 24-7 Green’s, 2-4 Henry’s, 71-23 Hess’, 20-18 Hooke’s, 48-2, 51-2, 54-2, 64-11 Joule’s, 22-5 Kepler’s, 58-20 Kirchhoff’s radiation, 37-1 Newton’s first, 58-4 Newton’s, gravitation, 58-20 Newton’s second, 58-4 Newton’s third, 58-5
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of of
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
areas, 58-20 conservation of energy, 22-1 convection, Newton’s, 36-2 cooling, Newton’s, 10-10, 34-12 corresponding states, 23-20 cosines, 6-5 cosines, first, 6-6 cosines, second, 6-6 definite proportions, 20-5 Dulong and Petit, 23-7, 23-8 homogeneous circuits, 64-7 induction, Faraday’s, 17-27 intermediate metals, 64-7 intermediate temperatures, 64-7, 64-8 mass action, 20-13, 20-14 multiple proportions, 20-5 orbits, 58-20 partial pressure, Dalton’s, 23-18 periods, 58-20 planetary motion, 58-20 sines, 6-5, 6-6 tangents, 6-5 thermodynamics, first, closed system, 24-4 of thermodynamics, first, open system, 24-5 of thermodynamics, second, 23-7 (ftn), 24-12 of thermodynamics, third, 23-6 of thermodynamics, zeroth, 23-4 Ohm’s, 34-6 Pascal’s, 15-4 periodic, 20-2 radiation conservation, 37-1 Raoult’s, 14-16 sets, 11-1 similarity, 18-20 Stefan-Boltzmann, 37-2 Stokes’, 17-42 Laws, scaling, 18-20 Lay, 2-4 lang, 66-3 regular, 66-3 wire rope, 66-3 Layer boundary, 16-8 (ftn), 36-2, 36-3 Layered appearance, 49-5 Layout, 63-15 facilities, 63-15 LBL factor, 43-5 lbmol, 20-5 LCC, 44-5 Le Chaˆ telier’s mixing rule, 67-21 principle, 20-12 Leachate, 68-11 generation rate, 68-12 migration, 68-12 recovery, 68-13 treatment, 68-13 Leaching characteristic, toxicity, 68-2 selective, 20-19 Lead, 68-13 -acid battery, 31-11 angle, 59-2 angle, bolt, 53-14 angle, worm, 54-16 ratio, worm, 54-15 screw, 59-2 worm, 54-15, 54-16 Leading circuit, 72-7 Leaf set, 54-9 spring, 54-9 Leak detection, 68-10 point, 26-12 (ftn) Leakage area, effective, 43-4 area, equivalent, 43-4 (ftn) building air, 43-4 class, 41-22 curve, building, 43-4
duct, 41-22 factor, 41-22 normalized, 43-5 ratio, Minneapolis, 43-4 specific, 43-4 Lean-burn engine, 28-11 Learning curve, 74-43 Least radius of gyration, 50-6 significant bit, 12-1, 12-3 significant digit, 12-1 squares, method of, 11-16 Ledger, account, 74-33 Leduc, Amagat-, rule, 23-18 Left distributive law, 4-4 Leg pipe, 17-21 system diagram, 61-3 Legendre equation, 10-5 Legionnaire’s disease, 68-5 LEL, 40-10 Length, 2-2 active wire, 54-6 arc, 57-8 arc, by integration, 9-5 characteristic, 25-9, 34-4, 35-2 (ftn), 36-8 (ftn) chord, 17-40 conversion, SI, A-3, A-4 crack, 40-5 effective, column, 53-3 effective, V-belt, 54-17 equivalent, 17-12, A-54 equivalent, fittings, A-54 line of action, 54-11 method, crack, 40-5 multiplying factor for equivalent, 67-13 (tbl) pitch, V-belt, 54-17 ratio, 17-45 roughness sampling, 2-4 wire, 54-6 Lengths, ratio of perimeter, 70-6 Leptokurtic distribution, 11-14 Lethal substance, 55-4 Letter of agreement, 75-3 Level acceptance quality, 63-26 confidence, 11-14, 63-16 ground, 61-3 indifference quality, 63-26 neutral pressure, 40-6 OSHA noise action, 73-12 peak, 73-6 significance, 11-14 sound power, 73-7 sound pressure, 73-7 Lever, 45-10, 45-11 effectiveness, 15-14 efficiency, 15-14 modeling, 61-5 ratio, 60-8 rule, 38-5, 49-2 rule, inverse, 38-5 Leverage, 74-35 Lewis beam strength, 54-13 beam strength theory, 54-13 form factor, 54-13 (ftn) number, 1-9 (tbl) Liability account, 74-33 current, 74-35 in tort, 75-6, 75-7 limited, company, 75-2 Lien construction, 75-5 laborer’s, 75-5 materialman’s, 75-5 mechanic’s, 75-5 perfecting, 75-5 supplier’s, 75-5
Life analysis, economical, 74-4 bearing, 54-23 -cycle analysis, 63-28 -cycle cost, 74-15, 74-20 economic, 74-19, 74-20 extension, 29-10 fatigue, 48-9 half-, 20-13 pump, 19-6 rated, 19-6 rating, basic, 54-23 rating, bearing, 54-23 service, 74-20 useful, 74-20 Lifeline rate, 72-7 (ftn) Lift, 17-39, 59-12 coefficient of, 17-40 rotating cylinders, 17-41 valve, 16-12 Lifter, 59-12 roller, 59-12 Light damping, 60-9 hazard, 67-2 heat gain from, 42-5 loss factor, 73-4 metal, 20-4 quantity of, 73-2 reflection, 73-4 refracted, 73-4 -sensitive detector, 64-4 -water reactor, 30-1 Lignin, 47-17 Lignite coal, 21-4 Limit, 3-9, 63-22 (ftn) average outgoing quality, 63-26 class, 11-10 confidence, 11-15 control, 63-22 elastic, 48-3 endurance, 48-9 explosive, 67-21 lower, 9-4 lower explosive, 40-10, 67-21 lower flammable, 67-21 of reinforcement, 55-15, 55-17 proportionality, 48-3 short-term exposure, 40-10 simplifying, 3-9 surge, 32-8 upper, 9-4 upper explosive, 67-21 upper flammable, 67-21 value, threshold, 40-10 viscosity, 54-25 wear design, gear, 54-15 Limited liability company, 75-2 liability partnership, 75-2 partner, 75-2 partnership, 75-2 Limiting current, sensor, 64-4 reactant, 20-8 value, 3-9 Limonite, 47-2 (ftn) Lindane, 68-17 Line, 6-1 (ftn), 7-3 angle between, 6-1 balancing, 63-18 branch, 67-7 centroid of a, 50-3 coil load, 38-8 condition, turbine, 26-9 critical, 49-4 current, 72-11 diagram, 44-6, 61-3 energy, 16-8 (ftn) energy grade, 16-8, 17-15 equipotential, 17-3 eutectic, 49-3 failure, 52-6
Fanno, 25-15 generating, 54-11 Gerber, 52-7 Goodman, 52-7 (ftn) Goodman-shear, 52-7 hydraulic grade, 16-8, 17-16 influence, 45-10 intersecting, 2-1 intersection, 7-6 liquidus, 49-1 normal vector, 8-6 of action, 5-1, 45-2, 54-11 of action, length, 54-11 parting, 65-8 perpendicular, 2-1 pressure, 54-11 Rayleigh, 25-20 refrigerant, 33-10 saturated liquid, 23-3 saturated vapor, 23-3 Smith, 52-7 (ftn) Soderberg, 52-6 solidus, 49-1 straight, 7-4 (fig) suction, 33-10 tie, 44-6, 49-2 -to-line voltage, 19-6 voltage, 19-6 (ftn) waiting, 63-6 Lineal, 1-8 measurement, 1-8 Linear, 1-8 acceleration, 57-4 actuator, 19-8 algebra, 4-4 (ftn) component, 60-2 congruential method, 63-32 damping, 60-9 displacement, 57-3 element, 61-1 equation, 3-6, 3-7 equation, differential, 10-1 equation, graphing, 3-7 equation, reduction, 3-7 equation, simultaneous, 3-6, 3-7 equation, substitution, 3-7 expansion coefficient, 51-3, 51-4 first-order differential, 10-2 force system, 45-4 frequency, 60-3, 72-5 growth rate, 3-11 impulse, 58-14 model, 63-2 momentum, 17-33, 58-2 motion, 57-2 motor, 19-8 (ftn) natural frequency, 60-3 particle motion, 57-2 polymer, 47-15 programming, 63-12 regression, 11-16 response, 73-6 second-order differential, 10-3 spring, 22-2 (ftn) system, 57-2 transmissibility, 60-12 variable differential transformer, 64-4 velocity-dependent force, 58-18 watt density, 42-4 (ftn) Linearity, 10-6 in vibrating systems, 60-2 Lined concrete pipe, 16-10 Liner, 47-20 landfill, 71-17 Lining brake, 54-18 pipe, 16-11 Link -and-lever, soldered, 67-9 chain, engineering steel, 59-15 connecting, 59-15 half, 59-15 master, 59-15
I-35
Linkage point, 47-16 Linz-Donawitz process, 47-3 Liquefied petroleum gas, 21-8 Liquid aromatic, 14-10 (ftn) class I, 67-20 class IA, 67-20 class IB, 67-20 class IC, 67-20 class II, 67-20 class III, 67-20 class IIIA, 67-20 class IIIB, 67-21 combustible, 67-20 compressed, 23-11 -dominated reservoir, 31-7 flammable, 67-20 fuel, 21-6 -gas ratio, venturi scrubber, 71-21 immiscible, 15-12 incineration, 71-14 metal fast breeder reactor, 30-1 penetrant testing, 48-12 pore-squeeze, 68-11 properties of flammable, A-163 saturated, 23-2 saturated, properties of, 23-13 subcooled, 23-2, 23-11 subcooled, properties of, 23-12 supercooled, 47-17 table, compressed, 23-11 thixotropic, 14-7 -vapor mixture, 23-2 -vapor mixture, properties of, 23-13 volatile, 14-10, 20-10 (ftn) Liquidated damages, 75-7 Liquidity, 74-35 Liquidus line, 49-1 List (verb), 15-17 (ftn) Liter, 1-6 Lithuim-ion battery, 31-11 Live load, 53-2 (ftn) LMTD method, 36-20 Load, 26-16 air conditioning, 43-1 average heating, 42-1 cell, 64-12 coil, 43-1 -controlled stress, 55-6 cooling, 43-1 cooling, from internal heat sources, 43-4 curve, 26-16 dead, 45-5 -deflection equation, 54-5 design bolt, flange, 55-14 distributed, 45-5, 45-6 dominant, 46-14 duration curve, 26-16 -elongation curve, 48-2 equivalent design radial, 54-23 equivalent dynamic bearing, 54-23 equivalent radial, 54-23 factor, 26-16, 53-2 factor design method, 53-2 factor, v-belt, 41-8 (ftn) heat, 26-11, 39-2 heating, 42-1 humidification, 38-7 instantaneous cooling, 43-2 instantaneous cooling, from walls and roofs, 43-3 instantaneous cooling, from windows, 43-3, 43-4 latent, 43-6 live, 53-2 (ftn) maximum heating, 42-1 moving, 46-14 number, bearing, 54-26 overhung, 18-11 pickup, 42-5 proof, bolt, 53-9, 53-13 rating, basic static, 54-23 rating, bearing, 54-23
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - L
I N D E X
I-36
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - M
rating, dynamic, 54-23 refrigeration, 43-1 (ftn) service, 53-2 solar cooling, 43-3 tower, 39-2 transmitted, gear, 54-12 Loading axial, 51-12 biaxial, 52-5 boot, 66-11 chemical, 71-25 coil, 43-1 (ftn) concentric, 51-12 curve, trapezoidal, 45-6 dust, 71-5 error, 64-2 fabric, 71-5 factor, 31-9, 68-14 fatigue, spring, 54-4 hydraulic, 71-25 impact, 51-7, 51-8 pump shaft, 18-11 ratio, 66-8 solids, 66-17 static, 54-4, 54-5 transverse, 45-16 triaxial, 52-3, 52-5 Loan, 74-40 repayment, 74-4 Lobe dynamic, cam, 59-13 (fig) profile, cam performance vs., 59-12 (fig) Local buckling, 51-19 control computer (LCC), 44-5 discontinuity, 55-6 loss, 17-12, A-55 primary membrane stress, 55-6 temperature, 34-6 Location parameter, 11-8 Locking brake, self-, 54-18 Locus of points, 7-2 Log -linear form, 3-11 mean, 11-8 -normal distribution, 11-8 -normal distribution parameter values, 11-8 standard deviation, 11-8 Logarithm, 3-5 common, 3-5 identity, 3-5 Naperian, 3-5 natural, 3-5 Logarithmic decrement, 60-10 mean area, 34-9 mean temperature difference, 36-13 mean temperature difference, correction factor, A-128, A-129, A-130, A-131 Logic Boolean relay, 44-6 diagram, ladder, 44-6 relay, 44-6 Long stress, 53-5 -term liability, 74-35 ton, 1-7 Longitudinal fin, 34-19 pitch, 36-8 sound wave, 73-5 stress, 53-5 wave, 73-5 Loop and gridded system, 67-6 gain, 62-4 pipe, 17-21 primary, 30-1 secondary, 30-1 system, 67-6 transfer function, 62-4
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Loss and profit statement, 74-34 coefficient, 17-12, 17-13 (tbl), 17-14 coefficient, duct, 41-17 coefficient, method, 41-17 combustion, 21-16 cyclone pressure, 66-14 draft, 21-17 dry flue gas, 21-16 duct friction, 41-14 dynamic, duct fitting, 41-17 electrical machine, 72-18 entrance, culvert, 17-20 (tbl) evaporation, 39-2 factor, light, 73-4 factor, pulley, 45-11 friction, cyclone, 66-14 friction, sprinkler, 67-12 function, 63-34 head, cyclone, 66-14 infiltration, 42-1 insertion, 73-11 journal bearing, 54-25 journal bearing frictional, 54-25 local, 17-12, A-55 method, 21-17, minor, 17-12, A-55 -of-coolant accident, 30-2 radiation, 21-16 transmission, 42-1, 73-11 windage, 39-2 zero-length, 41-18 Lost -wax, process, 65-9 work, 17-4 (ftn) Lot quality, 63-25 tolerance percent defective, 63-26 Loudness, 73-4, 73-9 Low -alloy steel, 47-6 -carbon steel, 47-6 -cycle fatigue, 48-9 excess-air burner, 71-17 -lift safety valve, 16-12 -NOx burner, 29-2, 71-17 -pass filter, 62-10 -pressure air, properties, A-72, A-73, A-74, A-93, A-94, A-95 -pressure turbine, 26-8 -side equipment, 33-9 -sulfur coal, 21-5 -temperature reservoir, 24-11 -velocity system, 41-21 Lower bound, 9-4 control limit, 63-23 critical point, 49-4 explosive limit, 40-10, 67-21 flammable limit, 67-21 heating value, 21-14 limit, 9-4 LPG, 21-8 LSB, 12-1 LSD, 12-1 Lubarsky-Kaufman correlation, 36-7 Lubricant, 54-24 viscosity, A-22 Lubrication, 54-24 Lumber, oven dry, 47-17 Lumen, 73-2 method, 73-3 Luminance, 73-3 Luminous efficiency, 73-2 emittance, 73-2 flux, 73-2 intensity, 73-2 Lump coal, 21-5 -sum fee, 75-5 Lumped mass, 61-3
parameter method, 34-13 parameter model, 19-9 parameter, electrical analogy, 34-13 Lussac, Gay-, law, 24-7 Lux, 63-31 (ftn) Lyophilic, 14-12 Lyophobic, 14-12
M M-factor method, 42-5 Mach angle, 25-11 (ftn) number, 1-9 (tbl), 14-15, 25-3 wave, 25-11 (ftn) Machine, 45-20 downwind, 31-4 drop, 60-21 electric, 72-16 hinged, 31-6 ideal, 22-6 pivoted, 31-6 real, 22-6 safeguard, 63-31 two-blade, 31-6 upwind, 31-4 -worker system, 63-30 Machining abrasive, 65-5 chipless, 65-5 electrochemical, 65-6 laser, 65-6 ultrasonic, 65-6 Maclaurin series, 8-8 MacPherson v. Buick, 75-7 (ftn) Macrofouling condenser, 26-13 Macroreticular synthetic resin, 20-22 Magmeter, 17-27 Magnaflux, 48-12 Magnaglow, 48-12 Magnesia, 21-3 (ftn), 34-10 (ftn) Magnetic flowmeter, 17-27 forming, 65-11 particle testing, 48-12 pulse forming, 65-11 Magnetite, 47-2 Magnetohydrodynamic generator, 31-8 Magnetohydrodynamics, 31-8 Magnification factor, 60-11 Magnus effect, 17-41 Main cross, 67-7 feed, 67-7 loss coefficient, 41-31 Maintenance factor, 73-4 /motivational factor, 63-29 preventative, 63-10 Major axis, 7-11 source, pollution, 68-3 Make-or-break valve, 16-14 Makeup air fume hood, 40-9 air unit, 41-3 pump, 67-7 water, 20-22 Malleable cast iron, 47-10, 49-8 Malthusian growth, 3-11 Man-machine system, 63-30 Management by objectives, 63-30 fuel, 30-2 participatory, 63-29 science, 63-1 systems modeling, 63-1 Manager, construction, 75-5 Maney formula, 53-13 Manganese bronze, 47-12 (ftn) Manifold, 34-21
Manometer, 15-2, 15-3 (fig) differential, 15-3 open, 15-3 Mantissa, 3-5 Manufactured gas, 21-8 (ftn) metal pipe, 65-13 Manufacturer’s margin, 21-16 Manufacturing cost, 74-33 process, 65-1 Manway, 55-13, 55-14 MAPP gas, 65-11 Mapping function, 7-3 Maraging steel, 47-6 Margin boiling-point, 68-10 gain, 62-12 gross, 74-36 manufacturer’s, 21-16 of safety, 52-1 phase, 62-12 Market value, 74-23 Markov chain, 63-34 process, 63-34 Martempering, 49-6, 49-7 Martensite, 49-7 tempered, 49-7 Martensitic stainless steel, 20-19 (ftn), 47-8 Martin’s diameter, 70-5 Masking, 71-22 Masonry density, 15-11 (ftn) Mass, 1-1, 23-4, 56-1 action, law of, 20-13, 20-14 burn, 71-14 center of, 56-1 control, 24-1 conversion, SI, A-3, A-4 -flow bin, 66-6 flow rate per unit area, 16-7 fraction, 23-18 ideal lumped, 61-3, 61-4 law, acoustic, 73-11 lumped, 61-3 moment of inertia, 56-2, A-156 rotating fluid, 59-4 -transfer coefficient, 71-24 varying, 58-19 yield, 71-15 Master die, 65-9 link, 59-15 Material, 73-4 advanced flywheels, typical characteristics, 59-5 (tbl) -air ratio, 66-8 anisotropic, 5-1, 34-2 (ftn) brake, 54-18 breach, 75-6 colloidal, 14-7 conditions monitoring, 63-28 designation, 55-5 (tbl) direct, 74-32 ductile, 48-6 eutectic, 49-3 handling, 66-1 hygroscopic, 40-7 isotropic, 34-2 notch-brittle, 48-6 (ftn) notch-tough, 55-7 opaque, 73-4 pipe, 16-9 plastic, 14-7 pressure vessel, 55-4 properties of timing belt, 54-19 (tbl) properties of typical spring, 54-3 (tbl) recovery facility, 71-15 (ftn) refractory, 37-4 resilient, 48-7 spring, 54-3, 54-4 (tbl) tool, 65-4 tough, 48-7
translucent, 73-4 transparent, 73-4 variance, 74-36 Materialman’s lien, 75-5 Mathematical programming, 63-12 Matrix, 4-1 algebra, 4-4 associative law, 4-4 augmented, 4-1 coefficient, 4-6 cofactor, 4-1 column, 4-1 commutative law, 4-4 complex, 4-1 constant, 4-6 control, 62-14 diagonal, 4-1 distributive law, 4-4 division, 4-4 echelon, 4-1 element, 4-1 entry, 4-1 equality of, 4-4 identity, 4-1 inverse, 4-6 multiplication, 4-4 nonsingular, 4-5 null, 4-1 order, 4-1 output, 62-14 rank, 4-5 row, 4-1 row equivalent, 4-2 row-reduced echelon, 4-1 scalar, 4-1 simultaneous equations, 4-6 singular, 4-1, 4-5 skew symmetric, 4-2 square, 4-2 symmetric, 4-2 system, 62-14 transformation, 5-3 transition, 63-34 triangular, 4-2 type, 4-1 unit, 4-2 variable, 4-6 zero, 4-2 Matter mineral, 21-3 volatile, 21-4 Maturity date, 74-29 MAWP, 55-8 N & C, 55-8 Maxima point, 8-2 Maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, 55-8 allowable stress, pressure vessel, 55-5 allowable working pressure, 55-8 caliper, 70-4, 70-5 cam performance coefficients, 59-14 (tbl) capacity, 26-4 continuous power, 29-2 flame temperature, 21-15 fluid velocity, 17-3 heating load, 42-1 normal stress theory, 52-1 point, 8-2 shear stress theory, 48-8, 52-3 sprinkler protection area, 67-11 (tbl) strain theory, 52-3 stress theory, 52-3 theoretical combustion temperature, 21-15 value, sinusoid, 72-5 velocity in pipe, 17-3 Maxwell -Boltzmann distribution, 23-17 relations, 24-6 MBh unit, 34-6 (ftn) MDOF system, 60-2, 60-19, 61-2 Mean, 11-12, 70-3 area, logarithmic, 34-9
I-37
arithmetic, 11-12 bulk temperature, 36-3 effective pressure, 28-8, 64-14 fourth moment of, 11-14 free path, air, 70-3 free path, gas, 70-3 geometric, 11-12 harmonic, 11-12 radius, geometric, 59-4 speed of a molecule, 23-17 standard error of, 11-14 stress, 48-9, 52-6 temperature difference, correction factor, A-128, A-129, A-130, A-131 third moment about, 11-14 time before failure, 11-9 (ftn) time between failures, 63-9 time between forced outages, 63-9 time to failure, 11-9, 63-9 time to repair, 63-9 Measurement areal, 1-8 board foot, 1-8 flow, 17-26 reliable, 64-2 ton, 1-7 Mechanic’s lien, 75-5 Mechanical advantage, 15-14, 45-11 advantage, pulley block, 45-11 bushing, 54-22 compliance, 19-10 efficiency, 28-3 noise, 73-4 seal, 71-18 similarity, 17-45 spring loaded accumulator, 19-6 system, modeling, 61-3 Mechanics engineering, 45-1 space, 58-21 Mechanism, 45-20 control, 62-14 Media, packing, 71-23 Median, 11-12 Medium acoustic impedance, 73-6 -carbon steel, 47-6 Megagram, 1-6 Melting point, 49-1 (ftn) Member axial, 45-11 force, 45-16 pin-connected, axial, 45-12 redundant, 45-7 rotating, velocity, power, and torque, 54-10 set, 11-1 three-force, 45-7 two-force, 45-6, 45-12 zero-force, 45-14 Membership interest, 75-3 Membrane, 55-6 proton exchange, 31-8 semipermeable, 14-10 stress, 55-6 stress, general primary, 55-6 Meniscus, 14-12 Mensuration, 7-1, A-7 of area, A-3, A-5 of volume, A-9 three-dimensional, A-9 two-dimensional, A-7 MEP, 64-14 Mer, 47-13, 47-15 (tbl) Mercury density, 14-3 Merit, figure of, 31-9 Mersenne twister algorithm, 63-32 MERV, 41-23 Mesh, 54-11 efficiency, 54-12 ratio, 59-6 separation, 66-14
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - M
I N D E X
I-38
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - M
Meshing, gear terminology, 54-11 (fig) Mesokurtic distribution, 11-14 Metabolic heat, 40-8 oxygen, 40-7 Metacenter, 15-17 Metacentric height, 15-17 Metal, 20-2, 20-4 alkali, 20-2 alkaline earth, 20-2 base, 49-1 characteristics, 47-1 electrode welding, 65-12 heavy, 20-2 identification system, 47-1, 47-2 -inert gas, 47-11 light, 20-4 -metal system, 47-18 pipe, manufacture, 65-13 properties, 20-2, A-103 removal rate, 65-3 smear, 65-5 spraying, 65-14 thermal properties, A-111 transition, 20-4 (ftn) Metallizing, 65-14 Metalloid, 20-2, 20-4 Metallurgy, 47-1 extractive, 47-1 powder, 65-10 Metastable structure, 47-9 Metathesis, 20-7 (ftn) Meter constant, 17-29 current, 17-27 displacement, 17-26 noise, 73-6 normal cubic, 21-2 obstruction, 17-26 orifice, 17-30 (fig) pressure, 14-2 (ftn) sound, 73-6 torque, 64-13 turbine, 17-27 variable-area, 17-27 venturi, 17-29, 17-30 (fig) Metering pump, 18-3 Methane landfill, 68-11 series, 21-2 Methanol, 21-8 Method (see also type) additive congruential, 63-32 air change, 40-2 allowable stress design, 53-2 annual cost, 74-15 annual return, 74-15, 74-16 area transformation, 51-19 area-density, 67-11 average end area, 66-5 bisection, 3-4, 13-1 combination, 41-26 compatibility, 46-2 conservation, 42-7 consistent deformation, 46-2 cooling load temperature difference, 43-3 crack length, 40-5 cut-and-sum, 45-15 double and add, 12-1 (ftn) double-dabble, 12-1 (ftn) dummy unit load, 46-7 effectiveness, 36-20 efficiency, 36-20 engineering, 63-28 equal-friction, 41-24 equivalent length, duct, 41-18 evaporative pan, 40-7 expansion, 12-1 F-, 36-20 false position, 13-2 (ftn) Fibonacci, 63-32 Hardy Cross, 17-24 integration, 50-1, 50-4
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
linear congruential, 63-32 LMTD, 36-20 loss, 21-17 loss coefficient, 41-17 lumen, 73-3 lumped parameter, 34-13 M-factor, 42-5 mixed congruential, 63-32 multiplicative congruential, 63-32 Newton’s, 13-2, 34-12, 34-13 (ftn) Newtonian, 34-12 NTU, 36-20 number of transfer units, 36-20 numerical, 13-1 numerical, polynomial, 3-4 of consistent deformations, 51-19 of discs, volume, 9-6 of equivalent lengths, 17-12 of joints, 45-14 of least squares, 11-16 of loss coefficients, 17-12 of sections, 45-15 of shells, volume, 9-6 of undetermined coefficients, 3-6, 10-4 parallelogram, 5-3 polygon, 5-3 projection, 74-10 Raimondi and Boyd, 54-26 Raimondi and Boyd, journal bearing, 54-26 Rayleigh’s, 60-8 regula falsi, 13-2 (ftn) remainder, 12-1 secant, 13-2 (ftn) simplex, 63-12 static regain, 41-27 straight line, 74-21 superposition, 46-4 -Time-Measurement, 63-17 (ftn) total flux, 73-3 total pressure, 41-29 transfer function, 43-3 ultimate strength design, 53-2 velocity-reduction, 41-24 water spray, 40-7 Winfrey, 74-16 (ftn) Methyl alcohol, 21-8 orange alkalinity, 20-21 Metolachlor, 68-18 Metric system, 1-4 ton, 1-7 Meyer hardness, 48-13 test, 48-13 -Vickers test, 48-13 mho, 72-2 (ftn) Microbiological influenced corrosion, 26-12, 26-13 Microfin, 33-9 (ftn) Microfouling condenser, 26-12 Micronized coal, 21-5 (ftn), 26-3 (ftn) Microstrain, 64-9 Midget impinger, 40-10 (ftn) Midproduct, 63-32 Midsquare, 63-32 MIG welding, 65-12 Migration leachate, 68-12 velocity, 71-9 Mil, 20-19, A-3, A-4 Military power, 29-2 Milligram equivalent weight, 20-10, 20-11 per liter, 20-10, 20-11 Milligrams per liter, 20-23 (ftn) Millilambert, 73-3 (ftn) Milling, 66-9 chemical, 65-6 Million of particles per cubic foot, 40-10 (ftn) part per, 20-10, 20-11
Mine tunnel duct, 41-32 Miner’s rule, 52-8 Mineral matter, 21-3 Minima point, 8-2 Minimax criterion, 63-34 Minimum attractive rate of return, 74-14, 74-16 control velocity for exposure hood, 40-9 (tbl) design metal temperature, 55-8 efficiency reporting value, 41-23 point, 8-2 thickness, 55-4 (ftn) Mining duct, 41-32 Minneapolis leakage ratio, 43-4 Minor axis, 7-11 loss, 17-12, A-55 loss, sprinkler, 67-13 of entry, 4-2 Mirex, 68-17 Miscellaneous formulas, angles, 6-4 Miscible alloy, 49-1 Misrepresentation, 75-6 Mission time, 11-9 Mixed bed unit, naked, 20-24 congruential method, 63-32 flow pump, 18-4 (ftn) flow reaction turbine, 18-23 triple product, 5-4, 5-5 Mixer, 66-18 geometric similarity, 66-17 Mixing damper, 41-13 heater, 26-14 opportunity parameter, 66-18 plenum, 41-13 problem, 10-8 Reynolds number, 66-18 temperature, 36-3 thermostat, 44-2 two air streams, 38-6 velocity, 66-18 Mixture, 49-3 coal-water, 29-3 gas, 23-2, 23-18 liquid-vapor, 23-2 of liquid-vapor, properties, 23-13 pattern, 63-23 problem, fluid, 10-9 (fig) rule, 68-3 vapor/gas, 23-2 mks system, 1-4, 1-5 MLT system, 1-7 M /M /1 system, 63-6 MMBtuh unit, 34-6 (ftn) M /M /s system, 63-7 MMSCFD, 41-2 Modal shape, 60-19 vibration, 60-19 MODAPTS, 63-17 (ftn) Mode, 11-12 boiler-follow, 26-17 coordinated optimal, 26-17 turbine-follow, 26-17 variable pressure, 26-17 vibration, 60-19 Model, 17-45, 63-2 Bingham-plastic, 17-12 Bird, Stewart, and Lightfoot, 25-15 Calvert, venturi scrubber, 71-21 distorted, 17-45 filter drag, 71-5 lumped parameter, 19-9 power-law, 17-12 Rasouli and Williams, 25-15 scale, 17-45 source-term, 25-15 Modeling, hydraulic and pneumatic systems, 19-8 Moderated reactor, 30-1
Modes, 60-19 Modified Fourier number, 34-6 Goodman line, 52-7 (ftn) Mohr theory, 52-2 Modular ratio, 51-20 Modulation flow rate, 41-7 pulse duration, 41-8 width-pulse, 41-8 Module, 31-4 digital-to-analog staging, 44-5 digital-to-proportional staging, 44-5 gear, 54-10 Modulus, 3-7, 3-8 apparent, 48-11 Biot, 34-5 bulk, 14-14, 73-5 bulk, water, 14-14 creep, plastics, 48-11 elastic, 48-2 of elasticity, 48-2, 48-4, 51-2 of elasticity, steel, 17-39 of elasticity, temperature effect, 55-7 (tbl) of elasticity, shear, 48-8 of resilience, 48-7, 52-4 of rigidity, 48-8 of shear, 48-8 of toughness, 48-7 point bulk, 14-14 secant, 48-4 secant bulk, 14-14 section, 50-7, 51-11 shear, 48-8 (tbl), 51-2 tangent bulk, 14-14 transient, 34-5 Young’s, 48-2, 51-2 Mohr’s circle, 50-8, 51-7 theory, modified, 52-2 theory of rupture, 48-8 Mohs hardness scale, 48-13 (fig) scale, 48-13 test, 48-13 Moist air, 38-2 enthalpy of, 38-3 Moisture content, 23-9 content, constant, 23-10 content, wood, 47-17 level, bed, 21-3 management, mold, 40-8 separator, 30-1 separator reheater, 30-1 mol, 20-5 Molality, 20-10 Molar enthalpy, 23-4 internal energy, 23-5 property, 23-4 specific heat, 22-4, 23-7 specific volume, 23-5 volume, 20-6 Molarity, 20-10 Mold humidity, 40-8 Molding gravity, 65-8 injection, 65-10 isostatic, 65-10 permanent, 65-8 plastic, 65-9 sand, 65-8 types, 65-9 Mole, 20-5 fraction, 14-6, 20-10, 20-11, 21-2, 23-18 percent, 14-6 Molecular weight, 20-6 Molecule, 20-1 hydrated, 20-6 mean speed, 23-17
most probable speed, 23-17 spacing, 14-2 Mollier diagram steam, A-58, A-69, A-71, A-92 using, 23-10 Molluscicide, 26-13 Molten carbonate fuel cell, 31-8 Molybdenum sulfide, 47-20 Moment, 45-2, 51-8 about a line, 45-3 about a point, 45-2, 45-3 area method, 51-14 arm, 45-3 arm, gasket, 55-14 bending, 51-8 (ftn) braking, 54-20 component, 45-3 coupling, 45-4 diagram, 51-8 first area, 50-2 fixed-end, 46-7 flexural, 51-8 (ftn) fourth standardized, 11-14 free, 45-4, 45-9 hydrostatic, 15-11 of a couple, 45-4 of a function, first, 9-6 of a function, second, 9-6 of area, first, 46-5 of inertia, 50-3, A-147 of inertia, area, 50-3, A-147 of inertia, mass, 56-2 of inertia, polar, 50-6 of inertia, principal, 50-8 of momentum, 58-3 one-way, 51-8 (ftn) overturning, dam, 15-11 resisting, 51-8 (ftn) righting, 15-16 second area, 50-4 statical, 50-3, 51-10 Momentum, 58-2 angular, 17-33, 58-3 conservation, 58-2 fluid, 17-33 flux, 17-14 (ftn) law of conservation, 58-2 linear, 17-33, 58-2 moment of, 58-3 Monel metal, 47-13 Money, time value, 74-5 Monitor, steel, 66-2 Monitoring continuous emissions, 70-2 emissions, 70-2 Monomer, 47-13 Monomial, 3-3 Monotectic reaction, 49-3 (tbl) Monte Carlo complementary technique, 63-33 technique, 63-32 Montreal Protocol, 33-2, 68-8 Moody friction factor chart, 17-6, 17-7 (tbl) Mortality curve, 63-12 infant, 11-9, 63-12 Most probable speed, 23-17 significant bit, 12-1, 12-4 significant digit, 12-1 Motion about fixed point, 58-2 circular, 57-7 constrained, 58-11 dependent, 57-12 general, 58-2 general plane, 58-2 impending, 58-5 impending phase, 58-6 laws of planetary, 58-20 linear, 57-2 Newton’s first law of, 58-4 Newton’s second law of, 58-4
I-39
Newton’s third law of, 58-5 plane of, 57-12, 58-2 projectile, 57-4 relative, 57-10 rigid body, 58-2 rotational particle, 57-7 simple harmonic, 60-2 third derivative of, 59-12 uniform, 57-3 Motivation-maintenance factor, 63-29 theory, 63-29 Motivator, 63-29 Motor, 44-1, 72-12, 72-17, A-166 -spool valve, 19-3 electric, 19-6 electric, variables for, 19-6 electrical, 72-12 gear, 18-11 hydraulic, 19-8 (ftn) induction, 72-14 linear, 19-8 (ftn) octane number, 21-7 polyphase, A-165 service factor, 18-10 size, 18-10, 19-6 speed control, 72-15 stepper, 62-13 (ftn) synchronous, 72-17 water, 67-5 Mottled cast iron, 47-10 Movement, 63-15 Brownian, 23-17 Moving average forecast, 74-42 load, 46-14 MSB, 12-1 MSCFD, 41-2 MSD, 12-1 MSW incineration, 71-14 typical nationwide characteristics, 68-14 (tbl) MTBF, 11-9 (ftn) MTON, 1-7 MTTF, 11-9 Mud drum, 26-4 (ftn) red, 47-11 Muller, 65-10 Multicouple, 31-9 Multiloop pipe system, 17-24 Multiplate, 16-11 Multiple degrees of freedom system, 60-2, 60-19, 61-2 -effect evaporator, 26-15 hypergeometric distribution, 11-5 -pass heat exchanger, 36-11 pipe containment, 71-18 reheat, 26-14 reservoir, 17-22 stage pump, 18-4 strand factors, chain, 59-17 Multiplication matrix, 4-4 vector, 5-3 Multiplicative, 63-32 Multiplier for C-value, 67-12 (tbl) equivalent length, 67-13 (tbl) Multipurpose ABC extinguisher, 67-20 Multirating table, 41-8 Multistage compression, 32-7 Multizone ventilation, 40-4 Municipal solid waste, 68-14, 71-14, 71-17 landfill, 68-14 Mussel, zebra, 26-13 Mutagen, 63-27 Muther nearness priority, 63-15 (ftn)
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - M
I N D E X
I-40
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
N N
INDEX - N
factor, 43-5 -step transition matrix, 63-34 Nacelle, 31-4 Naked mixed bed unit, 20-24 Nameplate, 55-3 (fig) motor, 72-13 pressure vessel, 55-3 rating, 18-10 Naphthalene series, 21-2 Napierian logarithm, 3-5 National Electrical Code, 72-8 Society of Professional Engineers, 76-1, 76-3 Native copper, 47-12 Natural abrasive, 47-18 -circulation boiler, 26-4 convection, 35-2 draft, 21-17 frequency, 9-6, 60-3, 62-9 frequency, fluid, 19-12 frequency, fluid power systems, 19-12 frequency, linear, 60-3 frequency of vibration, angular, 60-3 frequency, panel, 73-11 gas, 21-11 gas, standard conditions, 21-2 logarithm, 3-5 response, 62-1 vibration, 60-2 Near-field measurement, 73-6 Nearness priority, 63-15 NEC, 72-8 continuous operation, 72-9 Neck flange, welding, 55-17 nozzle, 55-14 Necking down, 48-5 Need hierarchy, 63-28 oxygen, 40-7 Needle bearing, 54-22 valve, 16-12 Negative declaration, 68-3 element, 64-7 exponential distribution, 11-9 feedback, 62-4 number, computer representation, 12-4 temperature coefficient, 64-5 Negligence, 75-6 comparative, 75-6 Nelson diagram, 55-4 NEMA motor size, 18-10, 72-13 Nephrotoxin, 63-27 Nernst theorem, 23-6 Nested spring, 54-6 Net, 26-1 air-to-cloth ratio, 71-5 electrical output, 26-3 filtering area, 71-5 filtering velocity, 71-5 heating value, 21-14 inlet pressure required, 18-14 (ftn) net filtering velocity, 71-5 positive inlet pressure, 18-2 (ftn) positive suction head, 18-14 radiation heat transfer, 37-3 rating, 21-17 stack temperature, 21-14 strains, 64-11 tension, 54-16 transport theory, 34-2 work, 24-11, 26-9 (ftn) Network pipe, 17-24 polymer, 47-15 Neurotoxin, 63-27
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
Neutral axis, 51-11 equilibrium, 58-2 flame, 65-12 (fig) position, 44-5 pressure level, 40-6 solution, 20-11, 20-12 zone, 41-4 Neutralization, 20-12, 71-25 Neutralizing amine, 20-23 Neutron embrittlement, 30-2 gaging, 48-12 radiography, 48-12 Newton, 1-1, 1-5 form, 13-3 (ftn) Newton’s first law of motion, 58-4 gravitational constant, 58-20 interpolating polynomial, 13-3 law of convection, 36-2 law of cooling, 10-10, 34-12 law of gravitation, 58-20 law of viscosity, 14-6, 14-7 method, 13-2, 34-12, 34-13 (ftn) notation, 8-1 second law, 58-4 third law of motion, 58-5 universal constant, 58-20 Newtonian fluid, 14-2, 14-7 inertial frame of reference, 57-10 method, 34-12 non-, viscosity, 17-12 Nichrome, 47-13 Nickel, 47-13 alloy, 47-13 -metal hydride battery, 31-11 silver, 47-12 (ftn) Nikuradse equation, 17-5 Nilvar, 47-13 NIMBY syndrome, 68-14 Nines complement, 12-3 Nip, angle of, 66-9 Nit, 73-3 (ftn) Nitric oxide, 68-14 Nitriding, 49-10 Nitrogen dioxide, 68-14 oxide, 68-14 oxygen-free, 19-8 (ftn) -oxygen ratio, 21-8 Nitrous oxide, 68-14 (ftn) No-boiler incinerator, 71-14 Noble gas, 20-4 Nocturnal radiation, 37-7 Node, 7-2, 60-19, 63-3 vibration, 60-19 Nodular cast iron, 47-9, 49-7 Noise, 73-4 action level, OSHA, 73-12 background, 73-4 criteria curve, 73-9 dose, 73-12 dosimeter, 73-12 duct, 41-31 fan, 41-31 impact, 73-4 impulse, 73-4 mechanical, 73-4 meter, 73-6 reduction, 73-11 reduction coefficient, 73-10 reduction rating, 73-12 spectrum, 73-9 structure-borne, 73-4 white, 73-4 Nominal damages, 75-7 dimension, pipe, 16-10 interest rate, 74-28 strength, 53-2 system voltage, 72-5 (ftn)
M A N U A L
Nomograph, Hazen-Williams, A-55 Non allotropic alloy, 49-9 attainment area, 68-2 attainment area, NAAQS, 40-5 bypass air hood, 40-9 carbonate hardness, 20-21 catalytic reduction, selective, 71-22 circular duct, 17-9 clog pump, 18-5 condensing cycle, 27-2 condensing gas, 26-12 condensing gas, effect on power cycle, 26-12 (fig) conformance, 63-24 criteria pollutant, 68-2 deforming steel, 47-7 destructive examination, 55-11 destructive test, 48-14 destructive testing, 48-12 enclosure air hood, 40-9 ferrous cast tool, 65-4 fire protection connection, sprinkler system, 67-7 homogeneous differential equation, 10-1, 10-3 homogeneous linear equation, 3-7 interference engine, 54-18 -interlock sprinkler system, 67-2 linear element, 61-1, 61-2 linear equation, 10-1 linear interpolation, 13-2, 13-3 linear regression curves, 11-17 lubricated condition, 58-6 metal, 20-2, 20-4 metal properties, A-103 metal thermal properties, A-112 -negativity constraint, 63-12 -Newtonian fluid, 14-2 -Newtonian viscosity, 17-12 -overloading fan, 41-6 parametric equation, 3-2 quantifiable factor, 74-2 quantitative factor, 74-2 reacting ideal gas mixtures, properties of, 23-18, 23-19 reverse-flow valve, 16-12 reversed fatigue, 54-5 (tbl) -SI units, 1-7 singular matrix, 4-5 spherical particle, 70-4 sulfurized steel, 47-5 Normal capacity, 26-4 circular pitch, 54-12, 54-13 component, 57-9 component, acceleration, 57-8 cubic meter, 21-2 curve, area under standard, A-12 diametral pitch, 54-13 distribution, 11-6 force, 58-4 (ftn), 58-6 force on a dam, 15-11 form, 7-5 hydrogen, 20-2 line vector, 8-6 pitch, 54-10 pressure, 67-14 pressure angle, 54-12 pressure, sprinkler, 67-14 shock factor, 25-10, A-106 shock table, 25-10 shock wave, 25-9, 25-11 speed, 58-8 stress, 51-2 stress theory maximum, 52-1 temperature and pressure, 21-2 time, 63-16 vector, 7-6 view, 2-1 Normality, 20-10, 20-11 Normalized leakage, 43-5
Normalizing, 49-6, 49-9 equation, 63-35 Normally closed (NC), 44-1 open (NO), 44-1 Notation, Newton’s, 8-1 Notch -brittle material, 48-6 (ftn) factor, fatigue, 48-10 sensitivity, 48-10 stress concentration, 51-5 -tough material, 55-7 toughness, 48-14, 48-15, 49-9, 55-7 NOx, 68-14 burner, low, 71-17 burner, ultralow, 71-17 control, 21-5 fuel-bound, 68-14, 68-15 Nozzle, 26-13, 55-3 ASME long radius, 17-32 (ftn) C-D, 25-5 coefficient, 18-22 constant, 67-9 control, 26-17 convergent-divergent, 25-5 converging-diverging, 17-29 design of supersonic, 25-5 discharge coefficient, 25-8 efficiency, 25-8 flow, 17-32 ISA, 17-32 (ftn) loss, turbine, 18-22 neck, 55-14 pressure vessel, 55-3, 55-13 steam flow through, 25-21 velocity coefficient, 25-8 venturi, 25-5 np-chart, 63-24 (ftn) NPDES, 68-19 NPSE, 76-1 NPSHR, hydrocarbon, 18-21 NRR, 73-12 earplug, 73-13 NTU method, 36-20 Nuclear power cycle, 30-1 sensing, 48-12 Nucleate, boiling, 35-11 Nucleon, 20-1 Null event, 11-3 hypothesis, 11-15 -indicating bridge, 64-9 (ftn) indicator, 64-9 matrix, 4-1 point, 40-10, 71-10 position, 64-4 region, 7-3 set, 11-1 Number AGMA bending stress, 54-14 allowable bending stress, 54-14 allowable tensile bending stress, 54-14 atomic, 20-2, A-57 Avogadro’s, 20-5 base-10, 12-1 base-b, 12-1 bearing characteristic, 54-26 bearing load, 54-26 binary, 12-1 Biot, 34-5 Brinell hardness, 48-13 cavitation, 18-16 cetane, 21-7 charge, 20-5 complement, 12-3 complex, 3-1, 3-7 condensation, Reynolds, 35-9 decimal, 12-1 dimensionless, 1-9 (tbl), 36-2 direction, 7-5 Euler, 66-14 Eo¨ tvo¨ s, 1-9 (tbl), 17-45
film, Reynolds, 35-9 flow, 66-18 force, 66-19 Fourier, 34-5 Froude, 17-47 Graetz, 36-2 Grashof, 35-2 hex, 12-2 (ftn) imaginary, 3-1 irrational, 3-1 Mach, 14-15, 25-3 mixing Reynolds, 66-18 modified Fourier, 34-6 motor octane, 21-7 negative, computer, 12-4 Nusselt, 35-2, 36-2 octane, 21-6 of teeth, planet gear, smallest, 59-8 (tbl) of teeth, sun gear, smallest, 59-8 (tbl) of transfer units, 71-21 of turns, effective, 66-13 oxidation, 20-4 (tbl), 20-5 Peclet, 36-2 performance, 21-7 period, 74-9 power, 66-18 Prandtl, 35-2, 36-2 pseudo-random, 63-32 random, 63-32 rational, 3-1 Rayleigh, 35-3 real, 3-1 representation, 12-1 research octane, 21-7 Reynolds, 16-7, 35-3, 36-2 Reynolds, similarity, 17-46 smoke spot, 21-12, 68-20 Sommerfeld, 54-26 Stanton, 36-2 Stokes, 66-13 Stokes 50, 66-13 type, 3-1 viscosity blending, 14-16 Weber, 17-47 (ftn) Weber, similarity, 17-47 (tbl) Numbering system, 3-1 positional, 12-1 Numerical analysis, 13-1 event, 11-4 method, 13-1 method, polynomial, 3-4 Nusselt equation, 35-4, 36-5 number, 1-9 (tbl), 35-2, 36-2 -type correlation, 35-4 (ftn) Nut coal, 21-5 factor, 53-13 Nylon, 47-15 (ftn) Nyquist analysis, 62-13 Nyquist’s stability criterion, 62-13
O Objective function, 63-2, 63-12 Oblique axis, 2-2 compression shock wave, 25-13 expansion shock wave, 25-13, 25-14 impact, 58-18 perspective, 2-3 shock wave, 25-11 triangle, 6-5 view, 2-2 Obliquity, angle of, 54-11 Observability system, 62-14 Obstruction meter, 17-26 Obtuse angle, 6-1 Occupancy diversity, ventilation, 40-4
I-41
Occupant approximate heat generation by, 40-8 (tbl) zone, 40-3 Ocean thermal energy conversion, 31-6 Octagon properties, A-7, A-8 Octahedral shear stress theory, 52-5 Octal number system, 12-2 system, 12-2 Octane number, 21-6 Octave, 62-10, 73-8 band, 73-8 rule, 60-19 Odd symmetry, 7-4, 9-7 (tbl) Odor, 68-16 removal, 40-7 removal, ventilation, 40-7 Off -bottom suspension, 66-17 -gas, 71-23 Offer, 75-3 Offset, 44-2, 59-15 follower, 59-12 link chain, 59-15 parallel, 48-3 sidebar chain, 59-15 Offshoring, 76-4 Ohm, acoustic, 73-6 Ohm’s law, 34-6, 72-3, 72-6 Oil Bunker C, 21-6 crankcase, 54-24 cutting, 65-4 distillate, 21-6 engine, 54-24 fuel, 21-6 gear, 54-24 hydraulic designation, 19-3 residual fuel, 21-6 spill, 68-17 viscosity of common lubricating, 54-24 (fig) Oily condition, 58-6 Olefin series, 21-2 Oligomer, 47-14 On-bottom suspension, 66-17 Once-through boiler, 26-1, 26-4 cooling water, 68-8 One -for-one plan, 63-20 -step transition matrix, 63-34 -tail confidence limit, 11-15 -way moment, 51-8 (ftn) -way shear, 51-8 (ftn) Ones complement, 12-4 Opacity, smoke, 68-20 Opaque material, 73-4 Open and crossed belt drives, 54-16 (fig) -center-power-beyond valve, 19-3 -center valve, 19-3 channel, flow, nomograph, A-57 circuit, electrical, 72-2 combustor, 29-4 -cycle OTEC plant, 31-6 die forging, 65-7 drive, 54-16 feedwater heater, 26-14 (fig) hearth furnace, 47-5 (fig) hearth process, 47-4 heater, 26-14 -loop gain, 62-4 -loop recovery, 71-4 -loop transfer function, 62-4 manometer, 15-3 normally (NO), 44-1 system, 24-1 window unit, 73-10 Opening pad reinforcement, 55-15 (fig) pressure, 55-20
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - O
I N D E X
I-42
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - P
reinforcement, 55-14 unreinforced and reinforced, area, 55-16 (tbl) Operating characteristic curve, 63-25 differential, 44-2 expense, 74-32 point, compressor, 32-8 point, fan, 41-9 point, pump, 18-17 pressure, 55-8 pressure, pressure vessel, 55-8 Operation cold- and hot-working, 65-6 factor, 26-16 hybrid throttle pressure, 26-17 (ftn) inverse trigonometric, 6-4 point of, 41-9 shearing, 65-6 sliding pressure, 26-17 steady-state, 11-9, 37-6 unit, 26-1 Operational form, log, 3-5 Operations balancing, 56-2 on complex numbers, 3-8 research, 63-1 Operator, 44-1 Opportunity cost, 74-18 Opposite side, angle, 6-2 Optical density, 68-20 holography, 48-13 particle counter, automatic, 70-4 Optimal coordinated, 26-17 Optimum staging, 32-7 Orbit eccentricity, 58-21 geostationary, 58-20 law of, 58-20 Order conscious, 11-2 differential equation, 10-1 matrix, 4-1 of the reaction, 20-13 of the system, 61-2, 62-4 Ordinary hazard, 67-2 group 1 (OH-1), 67-2 group 2 (OH-2), 67-2 Ordinate, 7-2 Organic compound, volatile, 68-22 finish, 65-14 matter, biodegradable, 68-22 peroxide, 47-15 precursor, 68-21 sulfur, 21-4 Organochlorine pesticide, 68-17 Organophosphate, 68-17 Orientation, angular, 5-1 Orifice, 17-16, 26-13 choked flow time, 25-15 coefficient, 17-17 (tbl) coefficient, choked flow, 25-15 constant, sprinkler, 67-9 discharge coefficient, 67-9 discharge versus static pressure, 67-10 (fig) double, air valve, 16-14 flow through, 19-9 gas flow through, 19-10 (fig) large, 17-18 meter, 17-30 (fig) plate, 17-30 restricted, 67-5 Orsat apparatus, 21-12 Orthogonal, 7-2 cutting, 65-2 vector, 5-3 view, 2-1 Orthographic oblique view, 2-3 view, 2-1, 2-2
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
OS&Y valve, 67-5 Oscillation amplitude of, 60-3 period of, 60-3 undamped sinusoidal, 62-9 OSHA noise action level, 73-12 sound, 73-12 Osmotic pressure, 14-10 apparatus, 14-10 OTEC, 31-6 Othmer correlation, 14-11 Otto cycle, air-standard, 28-5 Outdoor air ventilation, 40-3 air ventilation, multizone, 40-4 airflow, zone, 40-3 Outlet, 41-29 constant, 41-30 Output factor, 26-16 gross electrical, 26-3 matrix, 62-14 net electrical, 26-3 signal, 62-3 vector, 62-14 Outside air thermostat, 44-2 design conditions, 42-2 diameter, controlled, 67-3 screw and yoke valve, 67-5 Over-expansion, 25-13 Overall coefficient of heat transfer, 34-7, 36-14, 42-2 conductance, 36-14 conductivity, 34-3, 34-7 efficiency, 66-14 efficiency, pump, 18-9 gain, 62-4 heat transfer coefficient, 36-14 heat transmittance, 34-7 stability constant, 20-15 transfer function, 62-4 turbine efficiency, 26-9 Overautogenous waste, 71-10 (ftn) Overcurrent protection device, 72-8 Overdamped, 60-10 Overfeed stoking, 26-3 Overflow, 66-15 bit, 12-4 Overhauling, screw, 59-2 Overhead, 74-36 Overhung load, 18-11 Overload factor, 53-2 point, 18-16 pump, 67-8 Overpressure, 55-20 protection, 55-20 Overshoot, 62-2 temperature, 44-2 Overturning factor of safety, 15-11 moment, dam, 15-11 Owner, 75-4 Owners’ equity, 74-33 Ownership, 75-1 OWU, 73-10 Oxidant, 68-17 Oxidation advanced, 71-4 number, 20-4, 20-5 state, 20-4 Oxide nitrogen, 68-14 sulfur, 68-20 Oxidizing flame, 65-12 Oxyacetylene welding, 65-11 Oxyacid, 20-5 Oxygen atmospheric, 40-7 -deficient atmosphere, 40-7
M A N U A L
-enriched atmosphere, 40-7 -enriched incineration, 71-16 -free nitrogen, 19-8 (ftn) in water, dissolved, A-58 lance, 47-3 metabolic, 40-7 minimum concentration, 40-7 need, 40-7 point, 64-6 (ftn) process, 47-3 scavenging, 20-23 Oxygenate, 21-7 common types of, 21-7 (tbl) Oxygenated fuel, 68-7 gasoline, 21-7 Oxyhydrogen welding, 65-11 Ozonation, 71-20 Ozone atmospheric, 68-7 depletion, 68-7 depletion potential, 33-2 pollutant, 68-17
P P -chart, 11-16, 63-22, 63-24 (ftn) -sequence, 3-11 -series, 3-12 -waste, 68-3 p-h diagram, 23-12 p-V diagram, 24-4 plane, 24-4 work, 22-3, 22-4, 23-5, 24-4, 24-6 Pace value, 30-2 Package unit, 41-3 Packed tower, 71-3, 71-23 Packing, 39-1 height of, 71-24 media, 71-23 tower, 39-1 Pad, 55-15 brake, 54-18 reinforcement of an opening, 55-15 (fig) Paddle impeller, 66-18 velocity, relative, 66-18 wheel fan, 41-6 Pain, threshold of, 73-4 Paint, pipe, 16-11 Painting, 65-14 Pair conjugate pole, 62-9 pole, 62-8 Palmgren-Miner cycle ratio summation formula, 52-8 Pan method, evaporative, 40-7 Panel, 45-12 coil exchanger, 36-12 natural frequency, 73-11 resonant frequency, 73-11 shear, 46-12 Truss, 45-12 Panhandle formula, 17-10 Pappus-Guldinus theorems, 50-3 Pappus’ theorems, 9-5 Parabola, 7-10 (fig) formula, A-7 Parabolic axis, 7-10 cable, 45-17 cam profile, 59-12 column formula, 53-4 Paraboloid of revolutions, A-9 Paradox D’Alembert’s, 17-2 (ftn) hydrostatic, 15-4 Paraffin series, 21-2 Parallel axis theorem, 50-4, 56-2 circuit, electrical, 72-4
counterflow exchanger, 36-10 (ftn) flow, 36-10 force system, 45-6 line, 7-8 offset, 48-3 perspective, 2-3 pipe, 17-21 pumps, 18-18 reliability, 11-9 spring, 53-21 system, 11-9 Parallelogram formula, A-7, A-8 method, 5-3 Parameter catenary, 45-19 impaction, 71-21 location, 11-8 lumped, electrical analogy, 34-13 mixing opportunity, 66-18 scale, 11-8 typical clutch and brake design, 54-20 (tbl) typical journal bearing, 54-25 (tbl) values, log-normal distribution, 11-8 Parameters, variation of, 10-4 Parametric equation, 3-2 derivative, 8-3 plane, 7-6 Parent ingredient, 49-1 Parkerizing, 65-14 Partial annealing process, 49-9 -arc admission, 26-17 cross-linking, 47-13 differentiation, 8-4 emission, forced vortex pump, 18-13 (ftn) filled circular pipes, A-28 fraction, 3-6, 9-3 pressure, 23-18 pressure fraction, 21-2 pressure of a gas, 23-18 similarity, 17-47 solubility, 49-3 volume, 23-18 Particle, 57-1 arresting, 40-11 concentration, 66-12, 66-13 conditioning, 71-9 convexity, 70-6 counter, 70-4 detector, 70-4 detector, aspirating, 70-4 diameter, critical, 70-3 diameter, Stokes’, 70-3 exposure time, 70-3, 71-9 nonspherical, 70-4 residence time, 70-3, 71-9 resistivity, 71-9 size, critical, 66-14 sizer, 70-4 -strengthened system, 47-18, 47-20 Particular solution, 10-3, 10-4 (tbl), 60-10 Particulate arresting, high-efficiency, 40-11 matter, 68-17 Parting line, 65-8 Partner general, 75-1 limited, 75-2 Partnership, 75-1 limited, 75-2 limited liability, 75-2 Parts integration by, 9-2 of a pressure vessel, 55-4 (fig) per million, 20-10, 20-11, 20-23 (ftn) Pascal’s law, 15-4 triangle, 3-3 Passivated steel, 47-8 Passive design, 30-2
element, 61-2 solar system, 31-2 (ftn) system, 62-11 Path critical, 63-3 flanking, 73-10 function, 24-4 process, 24-4 Pattern master, 65-9 Payback period, 74-38 PCB, 68-17 PCD, 41-13 PCVS, 67-5 PD pumps, 18-2 Pea coal screening, 21-5 Peak cylinder pressure, 28-8 (ftn), 28-9 (ftn) demand multiplier, 72-7 -discharge compartment, 68-19 firing pressure, 28-8 (ftn), 28-9 (ftn) flame temperature, 68-15 gain, 62-2 level, 73-6 load service, elevator, 66-4 stress, 55-6 time, 62-2 Peaking unit, 26-16 Pearlite, 49-5 Pearson’s kurtosis, 11-14 skewness, 11-14 Peclet number, 36-2 Pedestal post, 67-5 Peel strength, 65-13 Peening, shot-, 49-10 Peltier effect, 64-7 (ftn) Pelton wheel, 18-21 Pendant sprinkler, 67-9 Pendulum, 58-3 ballistic, 58-3 torsional, 60-5 Penetration, 71-9, 71-21 air, ultra-low, 40-11 Penstock, 18-23 Pentagon properties, A-7, A-8 Per diem fee, 75-5 Percentage atomic, 49-1 clearance, 32-3 composition, 20-7 elongation, 48-6 elongation at failure, 48-6 humidity, 38-2 mole, 14-6 of construction cost, fee, 75-5 of isolation, 60-13 yield, 20-8, 20-9 Percentile, 11-12 rank, 11-12 Perfect gas, 23-16 intercooling, 32-7 reaction, 20-8 spring, 54-2 Perfecting a lien, 75-5 Perforated plate grille, 41-24 Performance coefficient of, 33-3 curve, pump, 18-16 effect of noncondensing gases on power cycle, 26-12 (fig) factor, 38-11, 63-16 function, 11-9 number, 21-7 rating factor, 63-16 standard, 63-20 Perigee, 58-21 Perihelion, 58-21 Perimeter diameter, 70-4 -free shape factor, 70-6 lengths, ratio of, 70-6 wetted, 16-5
I-43
Period (see also type), 74-2 chemical, 20-2 depreciation, 74-20 effective, 74-2 electrical, 72-5 law of, 58-20 number, 74-9 of oscillation, 60-3 of waveform, 9-6 Periodic inventory, 74-37 law, 20-2 table, 20-2, A-57 time, 58-20 waveform, 9-6 Peripheral velocity, effective, 66-17 Peritectic reaction, 49-3 (tbl) Peritectoid, 49-3 Permalloy, 47-13 Permanent hardness, 20-21 molding, 65-8 set, 48-3 Permeability, 65-8 air, 43-4 Permitted weld type, 55-10 (tbl) Permittivity of free space, 71-9 relative, 71-9 Permivar, 47-13 Permutation, 11-2 circular, 5-5 ring, 11-2 Peroxide benzoyl, 47-15 hydrogen, 47-15 organic, 47-15 Perpendicular axis theorem, 50-6 line, 2-1, 7-8 line principle, 2-1 Perpetual inventory system, 74-37 Persistence, pesticide, 68-17 Personal property, 74-20 (ftn) Perspective angular, 2-3 oblique, 2-3 parallel, 2-3 view, 2-1, 2-3 PERT, 63-5 Pesticide (see also Volatile Organic Compounds), 68-17 chlorinated, 68-17 Petit and Dulong law, 23-7, 23-8 value, 23-8 Petroff equation, 54-25 pH, 20-11 Phantom cash flow, 74-4 (ftn) Phase, 49-1, 72-10 angle, 72-4, 72-5, 72-6 characteristic, 62-10, 62-11 conveying, dilute-, 66-8 crossover frequency, 62-12 current, 72-11 determining, 23-3 diagram, 23-3, 49-1 equilibrium, 58-6 factor, 72-7 margin, 62-12 motion impending, 58-6 substance, 23-2 substance, pure, 23-2 voltage, 19-6 (ftn) Phasor form, 3-8, 72-5 vector, 5-2 Phenolic plastic, 47-15 Phenolphthalein alkalinity, 20-21 Phon, 73-9 scale, 73-9 Phosphoric acid fuel cell, 31-8 Phosphorus bronze, 47-12 Photocell, 64-4
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - P
I N D E X
I-44
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - P
Photochemical reaction, 68-17 smog, 68-20 Photoconductive devices, 64-4 (ftn) Photoelectric effect, 64-4 Photoemissive devices, 64-4 (ftn) Photogenerative, 64-4 (ftn) Photometer, 70-4 Photosensitive conductor, 64-5 resist, 65-6 Photosensor, 64-4 Photovoltaic, 64-4 (ftn) cell, 31-4, 64-4 Physical inventory, 74-37 strain, 48-5 stress, 48-5 Physiological basis of sound, 73-4 Pi-group, 1-10 PI, 67-5 control, 44-5 Pick-off point, 62-4 Pickling, 65-8, 65-14 Pickup, 64-3 (ftn), 64-4 load, 42-5 vibration, 60-21 Pictorial drawing, 2-2 (ftn) PID control, 44-5 Piece-rate, 63-20 Piecework, 63-20 Pier, 51-12, 53-2 Piercing the corporate veil, 75-3 Piezoelectric, 47-18 effect, 15-2, 64-4 transducer, 64-4 Piezometer ring, 15-2 (ftn) tube, 15-2 Pig iron, 47-3 Pile bulk storage, 66-5 burning, 26-3 conical, 66-6 (fig) shape, 66-6 (fig) wedge, 66-6 (fig) Pin-connected axial member, 45-12 fin, 34-18 Pinch point, 29-8 Pinion, 54-11, 59-16 planet, 59-6 sprocket, 59-16 vs. gear, 54-11 Pinned support, 45-7 Pipe acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene, 67-4 annealed, 67-3 bend, 17-36 (fig) bend, force on, 17-36 black, 16-10 black steel, 67-3 branch, 17-21 capillary action heat, 34-23 cast-iron, A-42 cast-iron dimensions, A-42 chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC), 67-4, A-36 circular, A-28 class, 16-10 coating, 16-11 coefficient, 16-8 concrete, A-40, A-41 concrete sewer dimensions, A-40, A-41 copper, 67-3 copper, temper, 67-3 CPVC dimensions, A-36 crossover, 26-8 culvert, 17-19 (fig) dimensions, ductile iron, A-43 drawn temper, 67-3 ductile dimensions, A-42 ductile iron, A-42 entrance, 17-13
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
exit, 17-13 factor, 16-8 for fluid power, 19-4 friction, 17-14 hard, 67-3 Hazen-Williams constants, A-48 heat, 34-22 insulated, 34-9 insulation, 34-10 insulation to prevent freezing, 34-11 insulation to prevent sweating, 34-11 lap-welded, 65-13 leg, 17-21 lined concrete, 16-10 loop, 17-21 manufacture, 65-13 material, 16-9 maximum velocity in, 17-3 network, 17-24 parallel, 17-21 plastic, 67-4 polyethylene, 67-4 polyvinyl chloride (PVC), 16-10, A-36, A-37, A-38, A-39 pressure rating, 19-4 pressure vessel, 55-18 prestressed concrete, 16-10 prestressed concrete cylinder, 16-10 PVC dimensions, A-36, A-37, A-38, A-39 reinforced concrete, 16-10 schedule, 67-6 seamless, 65-13 (fig) series, 17-20 soft, 67-3 special pressure classes, ductile iron, A-43 specific roughness, A-48 specifications, 16-10 standard pressure classes, A-42 standards, 16-10 steel, 16-11, A-29, A-30, A-31, A-32, A-33, A-34, A-35 steel dimensions, A-29, A-30, A-31, A-32, A-33, A-34, A-35 steel, modulus of elasticity, 17-39 stiffness, 16-11 system, multiloop, 17-24 thermo-siphon heat, 34-22, 34-23 (fig) truss, 16-10 wall thickness, 19-4 Pipelines, submerged, 15-16 Piping, 21-19, 66-6 geometry factor, 17-14 symbols, A-44 Piston displacement, 32-3 Pit ash, 21-3 post, 67-5 Pitch, 18-4, 58-2, 59-2 angle, 54-15 axial, 54-13 base, 54-10 chain, 59-16 circle, 54-10 circle velocity, 54-10 circle velocity, spur gear, 54-10 circular, 54-10, 54-12, 54-13 circular blade, 18-4 coil, 54-6 cone, 54-15 cone angle, 54-15 control, blade, 41-7 diametral, 54-10 helix, 7-12 length, V-belt, 54-17 -limited, WECS, 31-5 longitudinal, 36-8 normal, 54-10 normal circular, 54-12, 54-13 normal diametral, 54-13 point, 54-10 spring, 54-6 transverse, 36-8 transverse circular, 54-12, 54-13
Pitot -static gauge, 17-28 (fig) tube, 16-5, 25-22 Pitting, 20-19 resistance, gear, 54-14 Pivoted machine, 31-6 Plain bearing, 54-22 carbon steel, 47-5 end, 54-5 Plaintiff, 75-6 Plan, 63-20, 63-25 PLAN formula, 28-8 view, 2-2 wage incentive, 63-20 Planar view, 2-2 Plane, 7-6 angle, 6-1 complex, 3-7 friction bearing, 54-22 motion, 57-12 of motion, 58-2 s, 62-8 sandwiched, 34-7 tangent, 8-5 Planet, 59-6 carrier, 59-6 gear, 59-6 pinion, 59-6 Planetary gear, 59-6 set, 59-6 Planimeter, 2-4 Plant, 62-13 closed-cycle, 31-6 factor, 26-16 heat rate, 26-5 hydroelectric generating, 18-23 layout, 63-15 location problem, 63-14 open-cycle, 31-6 power, electrical rating, 26-1 power, thermal rating, 26-1 resource-recovery, 71-14 tidal power, 31-6 wave power, 31-6 Plasma, 23-2 (ftn) diode, 31-9 incineration, 71-17 Plastic, 68-18 behavior, 51-2 (ftn) biodegradable, 68-18 compostable, 68-18 degradable, 68-18 design method, 53-2 duct, 41-14 hinge, 51-19 impact, 58-17 material, 14-7 molding, 65-9 phenolic, 47-15 pipe, 16-9, 67-4 strain, 48-3 tests on, 48-11 types, 68-18 waste, 68-18 Plate absorber, 31-2 -and-frame heat exchanger, 36-12 cam, 59-12 clutch, 54-20, 54-21 exchanger, 36-12 flat, 53-19 flat, flow over, 36-3 flat, heat generation, 34-16 flat, uniform pressure, 53-20 jet force on, 17-34 orifice, 17-30 perforated, grille, 41-24 -type element, 55-3 -type heat exchanger, 36-12 vibration, 60-17 Plateau, 49-2
Plating, tin-, 65-14 Platinum resistance thermometer, 64-5 Platykurtic distribution, 11-14 Plenum mixing, 41-13 system, 41-13 Plot, bode, 62-11 Plow steel, 66-2 (ftn) Plug glow, 28-10 (ftn) valve, 16-12 Plugging, 71-22 Plume, 39-1 Plunger pump, 18-2 Pneumatic actuator, 44-1 compliance, 19-11 conveyor, 66-8 inertance, 19-11, 19-12 power systems, characteristic equations of, 19-9 (tbl) resistance, 19-9 system, 19-8 pOH, 20-11 Pohlhausen solution, 36-4 Point, 49-3 (ftn) apparatus, dew, 43-7 approach, 29-8 balanced draft, 71-10 breakaway, 62-12 bulk modulus, 14-14 choke, 32-8 cloud, 21-7 contraflexure, 8-2, 51-17 control, 44-2 corresponding, 41-10 (ftn) critical, 8-2, 23-3, 23-8, 25-4, 49-4 Curie, 49-4 (ftn) cut, 66-14 cut-over, 74-23 (ftn) dew-, 21-14, 38-8 distribution, 41-30 eutectic, 49-3 (ftn) extrema, 8-2 extreme, 8-2 fixed, motion about, 58-2 flash, 21-6 (ftn), 67-20 force, 45-2 freezing, 49-1 (ftn), 49-2 function, 24-4, 24-7 gain crossover, 62-12 gold, 64-6 (ftn) half-power, 62-10 ice, 64-6 (ftn) inflection, 8-2, 51-17 inversion, 24-3 leak, 26-12 (ftn) locus, 7-2 lower critical, 49-4 maxima, 8-2 maximum, 8-2 melting, 49-1 (ftn) minima, 8-2 minimum, 8-2 null, 40-10, 71-10 of application, 5-1 of contraflexure, 7-2 of control, 63-26 of duty, fan, 41-9 (ftn) of inflection, 7-2 of instability, 62-12 of operation, 41-9 of rating, fan, 41-9 of sale, 74-37 of stress concentration in extension spring, 54-9 (fig) operating, 18-17 operating, compressor, 32-8 operating, fan, 41-9 oxygen, 64-6 (ftn) pick-off, 62-4 pinch, 29-8 pitch, 54-10
pour, 21-7, 54-25 saddle, 7-2 set, 20-22, 44-2 silver, 64-6 (ftn) singular, 8-1 -slope form, 7-5 stagnation, 16-5 steam, 64-6 (ftn) stone wall, 32-8 sulfur, 64-6 (ftn) summing, 62-4, 62-13 take-off, 62-4 tangent, 7-2 terminal, 5-1 traverse, 70-2 triple, 49-4 triple, property, 23-8 upper critical, 49-4 yield, 48-3 Poise, 14-7 Poisoning, 71-22 Poisson distribution, 11-5 Poisson’s ratio, 48-4 Polar amine, 20-23 coordinate system, 7-3 (fig) (tbl) form, 3-8, 7-5 form, vector, 5-2 moment of inertia, 50-6 Pole, 62-8 pair, 62-8 pair, conjugate, 62-9 -zero diagram, 62-8 Polishing, 65-14 condensate, 20-24 Pollutant, 68-2 air, 68-2 criteria, 68-2 hazardous air, 68-2 Pollution, 68-1 generator, 68-3 source, 68-3 Polybutylene tubing, 67-4 Polychlorinated biphenyl, 68-17 Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, 28-11 Polyethylene, 47-15 (fig) pipe, 67-4 Polygon formula, A-7, A-8 frequency, 11-10 mensuration, A-7 method, 5-3 Polyhedra properties, A-9 Polymer, 47-13, 68-18 -electrolyte battery, 31-11 atactic, 47-16 branching, 47-16 (fig) cross-linking, 47-16 (fig) crystallinity, 47-16 crystallization, 47-16 (fig) isotactic, 47-16 linear, 47-15 network, 47-15 saturated, 47-15 syndiotactic, 47-16 synthetic, 47-15 thermoplastic, 47-17 (tbl) thermosetting, 47-17 (tbl) Polymerization addition, 47-15 condensation, 47-15 degree of, 47-14 step reaction, 47-15 Polymorph, 47-18 Polynomial, 3-3 characteristic, 4-8 degree, 3-3 factoring, 3-4 graphing, 3-4 inspection, 3-4 Lagrangian interpolating, 13-2
I-45
Newton’s interpolating, 13-3 special cases, 3-4 standard form, 3-3 Polyphase motor, A-165 Polyprotic acid, 20-16 Polystyrene resin zeolite, 20-21, 20-22 Polytropic closed system, 24-9 compression, 15-13 efficiency, 32-5 equation of state, 24-2 exponent, 15-13, 19-8, 24-2 exponent, accumulator sizing, 19-7 (tbl) exponent, compression, 32-4 head, 32-5 process, 19-8, 24-2 specific heat, 24-2 steady-flow, 24-10 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) coated spiral duct, 41-13 pipe, 16-10, A-36, A-37, A-38, A-39 Pool boiling, 35-11 Pop action, 16-12 Poppet valve, 28-3 (ftn) Popping pressure, 55-20 Population, 11-3 diversity, ventilation, 40-4 growth, 3-11 system, 40-4 Pore-squeeze liquid, 68-11 Position absolute, 57-10 angular, 57-7 -correction chart, 34-15 (ftn) equilibrium, 60-2, 60-3 neutral, 44-5 relative, 57-10 valve, 19-3 vector, 45-3 Positional numbering system, 12-1 Positive displacement pump, 18-2, 19-5 element, 64-7 feedback, 62-4 temperature coefficient, 64-5 Post control supervisory switch, 67-5 end, 45-12 ground, 67-5 I-, 67-5 -indicating valve, 67-4 indicator, 67-5 pedestal, 67-5 pit, 67-5 wall, 67-5 Potential energy, 1-3, 16-2, 22-3 stream, 17-3 Potentiometer, 64-3 (ftn), 72-2 circuit, 64-3 (ftn) transducer, 64-3 Potentiometric sensor, 64-3 Pound, 1-1 force, A-3 mole, 20-5 Poundal, 1-4 Pour point, 21-7, 54-25 depressants, 54-25 Powder metallic, 65-10 metallurgy, 65-10 Power, 3-5, 22-6, 26-9 angle, 72-7 available, fluid, 19-8, 19-9 blower, 41-6 -boosting, 29-2 brake, 28-3 brake, fan, 41-6 bus, 44-6 climb, 29-2 coefficient, 31-5 conversion factor, A-1, A-2 conversion, SI, A-3, A-5
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - P
I N D E X
I-46
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - P
conversions, 22-6 cruise, 29-2 curve, 48-5 cutting, 65-3 cycle, 24-11 cycle performance, effect of noncondensing gases, 26-12 (fig) cycle, nuclear, 30-1 cycle, solar, 31-3 cycle, vapor, 27-1 density, ESP, 71-9, 71-10 design, 58-7 (ftn) electrical, 72-3, 72-6, 72-7 emissive, 37-1 engine, 28-3 factor, 18-10, 72-7, 72-9 fan, 41-6 fluid, 19-2 friction, 18-9, 28-3 friction, fan, 41-8 full military, 29-2 -generating elements, typical integration, 26-2 (fig) hydraulic, 18-7, 19-2 hydraulic resistance, 19-9 indicated, 28-3 jack, 59-1, 59-2 law, 1/7, 16-8 -law model, 17-12 law, viscosity, 17-12 maximum continuous, 29-2 military, 29-2 number, 66-18 of the test, 11-15 phase, 72-11 pipe, 19-4 plant, electrical rating, 26-1 plant, thermal rating, 26-1 pump, 18-2, 18-7 rail, 44-6 screw, 59-2 screw and screw jack, 59-1, 59-2 screw thread, 59-2 (fig) series, 8-8 specific, battery, 31-10 specific, flywheel, 59-3 spring, 54-9 (ftn) stroke, 28-2 system, filter, 19-6 system, strainer, 19-6 tidal, 31-6 -to-heat ratio, 29-9 ton of explosive, 1-7 -tower system, 31-3 transmission belt, 54-17 turbine, 17-36, 18-22, 26-9 vs. torque, 54-10 water, 18-7 wave, 31-6 wind, 31-4 Powerhouse, 18-23 ppm concentration, 67-21 gas, 67-21 Prandtl number, 1-9 (tbl), 35-2, 36-2 Prandtl’s boundary layer theory, 17-44 Preaction sprinkler system, 67-2 valve, 67-2, 67-3 Precedence relationship, 63-3 table, 63-3 Prechamber, 28-3 Precharge gas pressure, 19-7 Precipitation, 20-10 -hardened stainless steel, 47-8 (ftn) hardening, 47-8 (ftn), 47-11 (ftn), 49-9 rate, 71-9 softening, 20-21 Precipitator, electrostatic, 71-8 Precise estimate, 64-2
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Precision, 63-16, 63-18, 64-2 casting, 65-9 experiment, 11-11 Precombustion chamber, 28-3 Precursor organic, 68-21 smog, 68-20 Predetermined system, 63-15 Prefix, SI, 1-7 Preform, 65-10 Preheater air, 26-16 convection, 26-16 regenerative, 26-16 Preload bolt, 53-12 force, 53-12 Prerequisite of privity, 75-7 (ftn) Present worth, 74-5, 74-11 method, 74-14, 74-15 Press, 65-6 capacity, 65-6 fit, 53-6 forging, 65-8 hydraulic, 15-14 punch, 59-3 Pressure, 14-2, 23-5 absolute, 14-3 accumulation, 55-21 -actuated joint, 55-17 allowance, surge, 67-4 amplifier, 32-2 angle, 54-11 angle, cam, 59-12 angle, gear, 54-12 apparatus, osmotic, 14-10 at a depth, 1-3, 15-6 (ftn) at altitude, 41-2 (tbl) atmospheric, 14-3 average, 15-7 back, 25-12, 26-12 barometric, 14-3 booster, 32-2 brake mean effective, 28-3, 28-8 breaking, 55-20 burst, 19-4, 19-5, 55-20 center of, 15-4, 15-8, 15-9, 45-5 classes, ductile iron pipe, A-43 classes, iron pipe, A-42 classes, pipe, 67-4 closed system, constant, 24-8 coefficient of active lateral earth, 66-7 coefficient, wind surface, 40-6 collapsing, 53-5 (ftn) conduit, 16-5 constant, 24-2 constant throttle, 26-17 conversion, SI, A-3, A-4 cut-in, 32-2 cut-out, 32-2 cylinder, peak, 28-8 (ftn), 28-9 (ftn) Dalton’s law of partial, 23-18 design, 25-13 design, pressure vessel, 55-8 die casting, 65-9 differential, 14-3 diffuser, 41-30 drag, 17-41 drop, 19-5 -drop, endpoint, 20-22 drop, friction, 17-4 (ftn) drop, steel pipe, A-53 drop, water, steel pipe, A-53 energy, 16-2 -enthalpy diagram, 23-12 -enthalpy diagram, HFC-134a, A-83, A-102 -enthalpy diagram, R-12, A-79, A-82, A-98 -enthalpy diagram, R-22, A-101 external, 15-13 external static, 41-8 fit, stress concentration factor, 53-9
flow, 16-5 fluid, 14-2 friction, 41-8, 41-14 from gas, 15-12 gage, 14-3, 15-2 gauge, Bourdon, 15-2 grille, 41-30 head, 18-6 (ftn) hopper, 66-7 hydrostatic, 15-4 indicated mean effective, 28-3, 28-8 intensifier, 32-2 isentropic, 25-13 level, neutral, 40-6 line, 54-11 loss, cyclone, 66-14 loss, duct, 41-14, 41-17 -maintenance pump, 67-7 maximum allowable working, 55-8 mean effective, 28-8, 64-14 measurement, 15-1 -measuring devices, 15-2 meter, 14-2 (ftn) mode, variable, 26-17 multiple liquid, 15-12 new and cold, maximum allowable, 55-8 normal, 67-14 of a gas, partial, 23-18 on a dam, 15-11 on curved surface, 15-10 on plane surface, 15-6, 15-7, 15-8 opening, 55-20 operated relief valve, 67-3 operating, 55-8 operating, pressure vessel, 55-8 operation, hybrid throttle, 26-17 (ftn) operation, sliding, 26-17 orifice discharge versus static, 67-10 osmotic, 14-10 partial, 23-18 peak cylinder, 28-8 (ftn), 28-9 (ftn) peak firing, 28-8 (ftn), 28-9 (ftn) popping, 55-20 pouring, 65-9 (ftn) precharge gas, 19-7 rating, pipe, 19-4, 67-4 rating, tube, 19-4 ratio, 23-11, 28-12, 32-1, 66-7 ratio, critical, 25-4 ratio, design, 25-5 ratio, isentropic, 28-4 reduction valve, 19-3 register, 41-30 relief device, 16-12 relief valve, 17-39, 55-20 resistance, 41-8 saturation, 14-9 set-point, 55-20 setting, 55-20 stagnation, 40-6 standard temperature and, 21-2 start-to-leak, 55-20 static, 41-3, 67-14 surface, 15-6, 15-7, 15-8, 15-9, 15-10 terminal, 41-30 test, hydrostatic, 55-20 total, 16-2, 23-18, 41-3 transverse, 17-28 uniform, clutch, 54-21 unit, 14-2 (fig) vapor, 14-9, 38-2 variable throttle, 26-17 velocity, 40-6, 41-3 vessel, 55-2 vessel, allowable stress, 55-5 vessel design pressure, 55-8 vessel, effective allowable stress, 55-12 vessel, impact test, 55-7 vessel, material, 55-4 vessel, nameplate, 55-3 vessel, nozzle, 55-3 vessel operating pressure, 55-8 vessel, parts, 55-4 (fig)
vessel pipe, 55-18 vessel, radiographic inspection, 55-11 vessel, service, 55-4 vessel stamp, 55-3 (fig) vessel thickness, 55-8 vessel wall thickness, 55-3, 55-12 vessel welding, 55-9 wind, 40-6 Pressurestat, 44-1 Pressurized air-, water, 67-20 fluidized-bed combustion, 21-5 liquid, 15-13 liquid, temperature increase, 26-7 slagging combustor, 29-3 (ftn) tank, 17-18 water reactor, 30-1 Presswork, 65-6 Prestressed concrete cylinder pipe, 16-10 pipe, 16-10 Preventative maintenance, 63-10 Preventing coil icing, 43-9 (fig) Price, 63-2 (ftn) -earnings ratio, 74-36 Primary air, 26-3 airflow, zonal, 40-4 combustion chamber, 71-13 control valve, 67-3 creep, 48-16 dimension, 1-7 feedback ratio, 62-4 loop, 30-1 membrane stress, 55-6 outdoor air fraction, 40-4 stress, 55-6 unit, 1-7 Prime contractor, 75-4 cost, 74-33 gear set, 54-12 mover, 18-9 (ftn) Primer, red, 16-11 Principal axis, 50-8, 56-2 contract, 75-3 moment of inertia, 50-8 organic hazardous constituent, 71-13 stress, 51-5 view, 2-2 Principle Archimedes’, 15-14 Bayes’, 63-34 D’Alembert, 58-5 impulse-momentum, 17-33, 58-15 Le Chaˆ telier’s, 20-12 of corresponding states, 23-20 of counting, fundamental, 63-33 perpendicular line, 2-1 work-energy, 22-3, 22-4, 53-20, 54-2 Priority, ethical, 76-2 Prism, 66-5 Prismoid, 66-5 Prismoidal formula, 66-6 Privity of contract, 75-7 Probabilistic model, 63-2 problem, 74-30 Probability, 11-2 complementary, 11-4 density function, 11-4 joint, 11-3 of acceptance, 63-25 of failure, conditional, 11-9 steady-state, 63-35 success, 11-3 theory, 11-2 Probable speed of a molecule, 23-17 Probe direction-sensing, 17-27 proximity, 60-21 static pressure, 17-27
Problem, 63-12 initial value, 10-1 mixing, 10-8 three-reservoir, 17-22 Procedure indoor air quality, 40-2 Johnson, 53-3 ventilation rate, 40-2 Process absorption, 71-2 adiabatic, 24-2 adiabatic saturation, 38-10 air, 40-1 (ftn) air conditioning, 38-6 annealing, 49-9 Aston, 47-10 base exchange, 20-21 Bayer, 47-11 Bessemer, 47-3 Byers, 47-10 constant pressure, 24-2 constant temperature, 24-2 constant volume, 24-2 control, HVAC, 44-1 control, statistical, 11-16 cost accounting, 74-36 direct iron-making, 47-5 dissolved oxygen, 47-3 gasification, 29-2 Hall-Heroult, 47-11 ion exchange, 20-21 irreversibility, 24-13 irreversible, 24-3 isenthalpic, 24-2 isentropic, 24-2, 24-9 isobaric, 24-2 isochoric, 24-2 isometric, 24-2 isothermal, 24-2 L-D, 47-3 layout, 63-15 Linz-Donawitz, 47-3 lost-wax, 65-9 manufacturing, 65-1 Markov, 63-34 normalizing, 49-6 open hearth, 47-4 oxygen, 47-3 polytropic, 19-8, 24-2 puddling, 47-10 quasiequilibrium, 24-2 quasistatic, 24-2 reduced-coke, 47-5 reversible, 24-3 size reduction, 66-9 steady-flow, 32-4 steam, 29-8, 29-9 tempering, 49-6 thermodynamic, type, 24-2 throttling, 24-2, 24-3, 24-10 total heat removal, 43-7 (fig) transport, 24-2 types of, 24-2 waste, 68-2 zeolite, 20-21 Prochloraz, 68-18 Producer gas, 21-8 (ftn) risk, 11-14 Producer’s acceptance risk, 63-25 risk, 63-26 Product, 20-7 cross, 45-3 dot, 5-3 ion, 20-15 layout, 63-15 mixed triple, 5-4, 5-5 of inertia, 50-7, 56-2 scalar, 5-5 solubility, 20-16 standard, 63-15 triple cross, 5-5
I-47
triple scalar, 5-5 vector, cross, 5-4 (fig) vector, dot, 5-3 (fig) vector, triple, 5-5 Production entropy, 23-6 rate, 63-18, 63-19 standard, 63-15 Productivity, 63-20 Professional corporation, 75-2 limited liability company, 75-3 Profile, 59-12 area, 34-19 auxiliary view, 2-2 cam, 59-12 drag, 17-41 drag coefficient, 36-4 temperature, 34-6 (fig) timing belt, 54-19 (tbl) trapezoidal, cam, 59-12 (ftn) velocity, 16-8 Profit, 74-37 flow through, 75-2 margin, 74-36 Programmed evaluation and review technique, 63-5 Programming dynamic, 63-12 integer, 63-12 linear, 63-12 mathematical, 63-12 Progressive die, 65-6 Projected area diameter, 70-4 Projectile, 57-4 motion, 57-4 motion equations, 57-5 (tbl) Projection, 2-3 cabinet, 2-3 cavalier, 2-3 clinographic, 2-3 method, 74-10 Projector, 2-1 Prony brake, 28-3, 64-13 Proof alcohol, 21-8 load, bolt, 53-9, 53-13 strength, 53-9, 53-13 stress, 48-3 (ftn) test, 11-9 test interval, 11-9, 63-10 Propagation, 47-15 velocity, 73-5 Propeller fan, 41-4 shaft, 59-18 turbulence, 31-4 Proper polynomial fraction, 3-6 (ftn) subset, 11-1 Property air, A-19, A-20 alloys, A-103 atmospheric air, A-19, A-20, A-20, A-22 atmospheric air, thermal, A-124, A-125 business, 74-20 (ftn) chamber, 25-2 changes in fluids, 24-10 changes in ideal gas, 24-7 changes in solids, 24-10 changes in temperature, 23-12 class, bolt, 53-10 coal, 21-5 (tbl) compressed water, A-90, A-91 critical, 23-8, 25-5 elements, A-57 exit, 25-5 extensive, 23-4 flywheel materials, 59-5 (tbl) fuel, 21-6 fuel oil, 21-6 gas, 23-16 (tbl) gasoline, 68-10
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - P
I N D E X
I-48
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - R
intensive, 23-4 liquid-vapor mixture, 23-13 metallic, 20-2 metals, 47-1, A-103 mixtures, 23-18, 23-19 molar, 23-4 MSW, typical nationwide, 68-14 (tbl) nonmetals, A-103 nonreacting, ideal gas mixtures, 23-18, 23-19 of air, 19-8 of clutch and brake materials, 54-19 (tbl) of foodstuffs, composition, 34-5 (tbl) of foodstuffs, thermal, A-114 (tbl) of ideal gas, 23-15, 23-16 of roller chain, 59-15 (tbl) of saturated liquids, 23-13 of saturated vapors, 23-14 of solids, 23-12 of subcooled liquids, 23-12 of superheated vapor, 23-14 of timing belt materials, 54-19 (tbl) of typical spring material, 54-3 (tbl) personal, 74-20 psychrometric chart, 38-5 real, 74-20 reduced, 23-20 residential, 74-20 solids, A-103 solutions, 20-10 specific, 23-4 stagnation, 25-3 (ftn) standard steel link chain, 59-16 (tbl) static, 25-3 (ftn) table, 23-10 thermal, A-103 throat, 25-5 total, 25-2 triple point, 23-8 typical spring material, 54-4 (tbl) water, A-16, A-17 weld groups, A-153 Propiconaone, 68-18 Proportional action, 44-5 action with automatic reset, 44-5 plus integral control (PI), 44-5 plus integral plus derivative control (PID), 44-5 region, 48-3 strain, 48-3 Proportionality limit, 48-3 Proportions, law of definite, 20-5 multiple, 20-5 Propped cantilever beam, 46-1 Proprietorship single, 75-1 sole, 75-1 Propulsion, jet, 17-34 Protection area, 67-10 area, sprinkler, 67-10 freeze, 44-2 overpressure, 55-20 Protective device, hearing, 73-12 Protocol, Montreal, 33-2 Proton exchange membrane, 31-8 Prototype, 17-45 Proximate analysis, 21-2 Proximity displacement tranducer, 60-21 probe, 60-21 Pseudo -random number, 63-32 -static deflection, 60-11 Pseudocomponent, 14-16 (ftn) Pseudoplastic fluid, 14-7 psid, 14-3 Psych chart (see Psychrometric chart) Psychrometer sling, 38-10
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Psychrometric, 38-1 chart, 38-4, A-137, A-138, A-139, A-140 chart properties, 38-5 Public corporation, 75-2 dealing with, 76-3 Puddling (iron), 47-10 Puffing, 71-10 Pull allowable, 59-15 -through exchanger, floating-head, 36-12 Pulley, 45-11, 54-17 advantage, 45-11 block, mechanical advantage, 45-11 efficiency, 45-11 fixed, 45-11 foot, 66-11 free, 45-11 head, 66-11 idler, 54-17 loss factor, 45-11 variable pitch, 41-8 Pulsation damper, 18-2 stabilizer, 18-2 Pulse, 61-2 duration modulation, 41-8 shock, 60-20 -width modulation, 41-8 Pulverized-coal furnace, 26-3 Pulverizing, 66-9 Pump, 17-14, 18-2, 26-6 centrifugal, 18-2 characteristics, 18-2, 18-12 churn, 67-8 compression, 26-7 (fig) condition, line, 26-6, 26-7 drip, 26-15 efficiency, 18-9, 26-6, 26-7 efficiency, isentropic, 26-7 fire fighting, 67-7 fluid power, 19-5 head added, 17-15 heat, 33-3 homologous, 18-13 isentropic efficiency, 26-7 jockey, 67-7 life, 19-6 makeup, 67-7 mixed-flow, 18-4 (ftn) nonclog, 18-5 overall efficiency, 18-9 overload, 67-8 performance curve, 18-16 positive displacement, 19-5 power, 18-7 power factors, sludge, 18-5 power, sludge, 18-5 power vs. specific gravity, 18-5 pressure-maintenance, 67-7 rated capacity, 67-8 rated head, 67-8 sewage, 18-4 shaft loading, 18-11 shutoff, 67-8 similarity, 18-20 sludge, 18-5 velocity ratio, 18-3 vertical submersible turbine, 67-7 wastewater, 18-5 work, actual and ideal, 26-7 Pumping hydrocarbon, 18-21 other liquids, 18-20 Pumps in parallel, 18-18 in series, 18-18 PD, 18-2 Punch press, 59-3 Punching, 65-7 Punitive damages, 75-6, 75-7 Purchase order, 75-3
Pure condensing, 26-12 (ftn) humidification, 38-7 substance, phases, 23-2 tone, 73-4 translation, 58-2 PV cell, 31-4 PVC pipe, 16-9, A-36, A-37, A-38, A-39 dimensions, A-36, A-37, A-38, A-39 Pyramid, rectangular, 66-5 (fig) Pyritic sulfur, 21-4 Pyrolysis, 68-18 Pythagorean theorem, 6-2 Pe´ clet number, 1-9 (tbl)
Q Quad (unit), 22-1 Quadplex chain, 59-17 Quadrants, 6-3 signs of functions, 6-3 Quadratic equation, 3-3, 7-9 Quality, 23-9 acceptance plan, 63-25 break-even, 74-38 (fig) circle, 63-30 control, 63-22 control circle, 63-30 factor, 62-10 factor, joint, 16-10 lot, 63-25 of boiler feedwater, 20-23 Quantitative business analysis, 63-1 Quantity economic order, 74-43 ideal, 21-9 of light, 73-2 stoichiometric, 21-9 Quarter -bridge, 64-11 -wave symmetry, 9-7 (tbl) Quartile, 11-12 Quartz, 47-18 -crystal transducer, 15-2 Quasiequilibrium, 24-2 process, 24-2 Quasistatic process, 24-2 Quenching, 49-6 Queue, 63-6 Queuing theory, 63-6 Quick ratio, 74-35
R R -control chart, 11-16, 63-22 -value, 34-4 R-12 pressure-enthalpy diagram, A-79, A-82, A-98 saturated, properties, A-75, A-76, A-80, A-81, A-96, A-97 superheated, properties, A-77, A-78 R-134a (see also HFC-134a), A-83 R-22 pressure-enthalpy diagram, A-101 saturated, properties, A-99, A-100 Race bearing, 54-22 tail, 18-24 Rad, 6-1 (ftn) Radial cam, 59-12 clearance, 54-25 component, 57-9 conduction, composite cylinder, 34-9 conduction, hollow cylinder, 34-9 conduction, spherical shell, 34-12 distance, 70-3 duct system, 41-13 fan, 41-6 flow impeller, 18-4, 66-18
flow turbine, 18-22, 18-23 force, helical gear, 54-13 interference, 53-6 load, equivalent, 54-23 load, equivalent design, 54-23 strain, 53-6 tip fan, 41-6 velocity, 57-9 Radian, 6-1 hyperbolic, 6-5 Radiant heat transfer coefficient, 37-4 superheater, 26-13 Radiation, 34-2 absorbed dose, 6-1 (ftn) conservation law, 37-1 emissivity, A-136 heat transfer, net, 37-3 Kirchhoff’s law, 37-1 loss, 21-16 nocturnal, 37-7 reciprocity theorem for, 37-4 solar, 37-7 thermal, 37-1 with reflection, 37-4 Radiator effectiveness, 34-17 efficiency, 34-17 ideal, 37-1 Radical, 20-4 Radiographic inspection, 55-11 pressure vessel, 55-11 Radiography, 48-12 Radioisotope thermoelectric generator, 31-9 Radius -to-diameter ratio, 41-19 centerline, 41-19 critical, 34-11 critical, insulation, 34-11 etching, 65-6 geometric mean, 59-4 hydraulic, 16-5 hydraulic, hopper, 66-7 of gyration, 50-6, 53-2, 56-2, A-147 of gyration, least, 50-6 throat, 41-19 Radix, 12-1 Radon, 68-19 Rail power, 44-6 supply, 44-6 Raimondi and Boyd method, 54-26 Rain, acid, 68-5 Rainwater runoff, 68-19 highway, 68-19 Rake angle, 65-2 Ram, hydraulic, 15-14, 19-8 Ramp unit, 61-2 Random error, 64-2 number, 63-32 number, complementary, 63-32 number, generator, 63-32 number technique, complementary, 63-33 Range, 11-13, 26-11, 39-2 comfort, 40-6 cooling, 39-2 error limits, 64-7 explosive, 67-21 flammable, 67-21 stress, 52-6 throttling, 44-5 water, 39-2 Rank column, 4-5 (ftn) matrix, 4-5 percentile, 11-12 row, 4-5 (ftn) Rankine cycle, 27-3 cycle, with regeneration, 27-6
I-49
air-to-cloth, 71-5 amplitude, 60-11, 60-19 aspect, 17-40 aspect, duct, 41-17 aspect, particle, 70-5 back work, 29-5 benefit-cost, 74-16 beta, 17-29 chip thickness, 65-2 circulation, 29-8 coil sensible heat, 43-7 common, 3-11 compression, 28-2, 28-5, 28-11, 28-12, 32-4 compression, isentropic, 28-4 contact, 54-11 corona current, 71-9 corona power, 71-9 critical, 25-4 critical back pressure, 25-12 critical density, 25-4 critical pressure, 25-4 critical temperature, 25-4 current, 74-35 cut-off, 28-11, 28-12 damping, 60-9 design pressure, 25-5 dimension, 67-4 eccentricity, bearing, 54-25 effective sensible heat, 38-7 elongation, 70-5 endurance, 48-9 energy efficiency, 22-6 (ftn), 33-3, 43-2 error, 62-4 fatigue, 48-9 feedback, 62-4 filter, 71-5 first critical pressure, 25-13 fuel-air, 28-3 gear, 59-6, 59-16 grand sensible heat, 38-7, 43-7 gross air-to-cloth, 71-5 humidity, 38-2 induction, 41-30 isentropic compression, 28-4 isentropic pressure, 28-4 lead, worm, 54-15 length, 17-45 lever, 60-8 liquid-gas, venturi scrubber, 71-21 loading, 66-8 material-air, 66-8 mesh, 59-6 modular, 51-20 net air-to-cloth, 71-5 nitrogen-oxygen, 21-8 of compression, 32-4 (ftn) of concentration, 39-3 of exceedance, 11-12 of perimeter lengths, 70-6 of specific heat, 15-13, 25-4 of specific heats, 23-8 of transformation, 72-6 Palmgren-Miner cycle, 52-8 Poisson’s, 48-4 power-to-heat, 29-9 pressure, 23-11, 28-12, 32-1, 66-7 pressure, isentropic, 28-4 price-earnings, 74-36 primary feedback, 62-4 radius-to-diameter, 41-19 room sensible heat, 43-6, 43-8 room sensible heat ratio, 38-7 saturation, 38-2 seasonal energy efficiency, 43-5 second critical pressure, 25-13 sensible heat, 38-7, 43-6 sensible heat ratio, coil, 38-7 sensible-total, 38-7 slenderness, 53-3 speed, 59-6, 59-16 spray, 38-10 standard dimension, 67-4
cycle, with reheat, 27-5 cycle, with superheat, 27-4 scale, 23-5 Ranking alternatives, 74-17 Raoult’s law, 14-16 Rapper, 71-8 Rare earth, 20-4 Rarefaction shock wave, 25-13 Rasouli and Williams model, 25-15 Rat-holing, 66-6 Ratcheting, 55-7 thermal stress, 55-7 Rate arithmetic growth, 3-11 average annual growth, 3-11 bleed, 26-8 constant growth, 3-11 creep, 48-16 cut-off, 62-10 exponential growth, 74-4 extraction, 26-8 failure, 63-9 growth, 3-11 heat, 26-5, 27-2 heat generation, 34-16 heat release, 71-15 hopper discharge, 66-7 linear growth, 3-11 metal removal, 65-3 nominal interest, 74-28 of change, 8-1 of cooling, 49-6 of quenching, 49-6 of reaction, 20-13 of return, 74-4, 74-12, 74-14, 74-17 of return, external, 74-12 of return, internal, 74-12 of return method, 74-17 of return, minimum attractive, 74-16 of shear formation, 14-6, 14-7 of strain, 14-6 per annum, 74-28 plant heat, 26-5 precipitation, 71-9 procedure, ventilation, 40-2 production, 63-18, 63-19 reaction, 20-13 recharge, 68-12 sedimentation, 70-3 shear, 14-6, 17-14 specific air, 66-8 spring, 53-20, 54-2 station, 26-5, 27-2 steam, 26-16 superelevation, 58-8 thermal capacity, 36-20 water, 26-16 Rated capacity, pump, 67-8 head, pump, 67-8 life, 19-6 value, motor, 72-13 value, pump, 18-16 Rating basic life, 54-23 basic static load, 54-23 continuous duty, 28-4 dynamic load, 54-23 factor, 39-2 intermittent, 28-4 life, bearing, 54-23 load rating, 54-23 net, 21-17 noise reduction, 73-12 point, fan, 41-9 (ftn) pressure, 19-4 pressure, pipe, 67-4 table, fan, 41-8 waviness spacing, 2-4 waviness width, 2-4 Ratio actuating signal, 62-4 air-fuel, 21-9, 28-3
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - R
I N D E X
I-50
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - R
stress, 66-7 test, 3-12 third critical pressure, 25-13 throw, 41-30 train, 59-6 turndown, 26-3, 26-14 velocity, 59-6, 59-16 velocity, gear, 54-11 volume, 23-11 Rational function, 62-3 number, 3-1 Rationalization, 3-8 Ray, 6-1 (ftn) Rayl unit, 73-6 Rayleigh equation, 60-16 (ftn) flow, 25-20 flow factors, A-108 line, 25-20 number, 35-3 -Ritz equation, 60-16 (ftn) Rayleigh’s method, 60-8 Reactance, 72-5 capacitive, 72-6 fluid, 19-12 Reactant, 20-7 limiting, 20-8 Reaction, 45-7, 49-3 (tbl) chemical, 20-7 combustion, 21-9 determinate, 45-8 dynamic, 58-5 (ftn) endothermic, 20-18 enthalpy of, 20-17, 20-18 equilibrium, types of, 49-3 (tbl) eutectic, 49-3 exothermic, 20-18 ideal, combustion, 21-9 (tbl) kinetics, 20-13 order, 20-13 rate, 20-13 rate constant, 20-13, 71-7 rate, zero order, 20-13 reversible, 20-12 site, 47-15 speed of, 20-13 stoichiometric, 20-8 turbine, 18-22, 18-23, 26-8 velocity, 20-13 Reactive metal, 47-13 power, 72-7 substance, 68-2 Reactor advanced boiling water, 30-2 advanced light water, 30-2 advanced water-cooled, 30-2 beltline, 30-2 boiling water, 30-2 breeder, 30-1 (ftn) light-water, 30-1 liquid metal fast breeder, 30-1 moderated, 30-1 nuclear, 30-1 pressurized water, 30-1 reformer, 31-7 safe integral, 30-2 simplified boiling water, 30-2 tank, 71-7 Reagent, 65-6 Real body, 37-1 fluid, 14-2 gas, 23-2, 23-20 gas, equation of state, 23-20 losses, 72-17, 72-18 machine, 22-6 number, 3-1 power, 72-7 transition, 63-34 Rebound, 58-17 angle, 58-17
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
height, 58-17 test, 48-14 velocity, 58-17 Receipt, 74-3 Receivable average age, 74-35 turnover, 74-35 Receiver reflux pool-boiling, 31-3 (ftn) tank, 32-2 Recharge rate, 68-12 Reciprocating compressor, 32-1, 32-2 pump, 18-2 Reciprocity theorem for radiation, 37-4 Recirculating air bypass, 43-6 (fig) atmosphere, closed, 40-11 Recirculation air, 39-1 flue gas, 71-10 of cleaned air, 40-11 Recovery, 48-3 closed-loop, 71-4 depreciation, 74-26 leachate, 68-13 method, capital, 74-15, 74-16 open-loop, 71-4 solvent, 71-3, 71-4 stage, 49-8 Recrystallization, 49-8 stage, 49-8, 49-9 temperature, 49-8 Rectangular coordinate system, 7-3 duct, 41-17 fin, finite, 34-19 form, 3-7 form, vector, 5-2 hyperbola, 7-12 moment of inertia, 50-3 pyramid, 66-6 (fig) rosette, 64-12 Rectified sinusoid, 72-5 Rectifier, 33-8 Rectilinear system, 57-2 Rectum, latus, 7-10, 7-11 Recuperative heat exchanger, 36-10 (ftn) heater, 26-16 Recuperator, 33-8 Recurrent state, 63-35 Recycle air, 39-1 Recycling plastics, 68-18 Red hardness, 47-6 (ftn), 65-4 mud, 47-11 primer, 16-11 Redesign cycle, 26-17 Reduced -coke process, 47-5 equation, 10-1 plan, 63-26 properties, 23-20 -standard plan, 63-20 variable, 23-20 Reducible state, 63-35 Reducing flame, 65-12 trunk system, 41-13 Reduction in area, 48-6 linear equation, 3-7 noise, 73-11 Redundancy, 63-9 degree of, 46-1 reliability, 11-9 Redundant member, 45-7, 45-13 system, 11-9 view, 2-2 Reference duration, 73-12
inertial frame of, 57-10 temperature, 64-6 value, 62-13 Reflectance, 73-3 Reflected, regularly, 73-4 Reflection angle, 73-4 diffuse, 73-4 light, 73-4 radiation with, 37-4 specular, 73-4 Reflex angle, 6-1 Reflux pool-boiling receiver, 31-3 (ftn) Reformer, 31-7 reactor, 31-7 Reforming internal fuel, 31-8 Reformulated gasoline, 21-7 Refracted light, 73-4 Refractoriness, 65-8 Refractory ash, 21-3 material, 37-4 metal, 47-13 Refrigerant, 33-2 12 (also see R-12), A-75 line, 33-10 Refrigeration, 33-1 capacity, 33-3 cycle, air, 33-6 cycle, Carnot, 33-3, 33-4 cycle, heat-activated, 33-7 cycle, heat-driven, 33-7 effect, 33-3 load, 43-1 (ftn) ton, 1-7, 33-3 Refroidissement, 49-4 (ftn) Refuse, 21-4 -derived fuel, 21-4, 71-15 Refutas equation, 14-16 Regain, static, 41-19 Regenerating solution, 20-22 Regeneration, 20-22 effectiveness, 29-7 Rankine cycle, 27-6 Regenerative air preheater, 26-16 cycle, 27-6 heat exchanger, 36-10 (ftn) Regenerator, 28-12 (ftn), 28-13 (ftn), 29-6 efficiency, 29-7 Regime flow, 25-12 subsonic flow, 14-15 (ftn) Region elastic, 48-3 feasible, 63-13 null, 7-3 proportional, 48-3 transition, 16-7 void, 7-3 Register, 41-29 pressure, 41-30 Regression linear, 11-16 nonlinear curves, 11-17 Regula falsi method, 13-2 (ftn) Regular function, 8-1 lay, 53-22, 66-3 Regularly reflected, 73-4 Regulating system, 62-13 Regulation of turbines, 26-16, 26-17 speed, 72-12 voltage, 72-12 Regulator, 62-13 -lubricator, filter-, 19-8 Reheat, 43-9 control, 44-1 cycle, 27-5 factor, 27-6 multiple, 26-14 Rankine cycle, 27-5
single-stage, 30-2 temperature, 26-14 turbine, 26-9 Reheater, 26-13 moisture separator, 30-1 Reid vapor pressure, 68-10 Reinforced concrete pipe, 16-10 Reinforcement integral, 55-16 limit of, 55-17 opening, 55-14 Rejectable quality level, 63-26 Rejector, heat, 28-12 Related angle, 6-1 functions of, 6-3 Relations Maxwell, 24-6 thermodynamic, basic, 24-6 Relationship, Gerber parabolic, 52-7 Relative abundance, 20-2 acceleration, 57-10 atomic weight, 20-2 bonus, 63-21 dispersion, 11-13 earnings, 63-20, 63-21 efficiency, 28-3 fraction, 74-31 humidity, 38-2 importance, 74-31 motion, 57-10 paddle velocity, 66-18 permittivity, 71-9 position, 57-10 risk, 74-35 roughness, 17-5 stability, 62-11 time, 34-5 velocity, 57-10 velocity difference, 17-35 Relay, 44-1 logic, 44-6 logic, Boolean, 44-6 logic diagram, 44-6 Release valve, air, 16-12 Reliability, 11-9, 63-9, 64-2 experiment, 11-12 parallel, 11-9 serial, 11-9 Reliable measurement, 64-2 Relief angle, 65-2 device, pressure, 16-12 drain, 68-12 valve, 16-12 valve, safety, 16-12 Relieving capacity, 55-21 Reloading curve, 48-7 Reluctance, 64-4 (ftn) Remainder method, 12-1 Remedial maintenance, 63-10 (ftn) Remediation, 68-20 Removal efficiency, biofilter, 71-7 efficiency, cyclone, 66-14 efficiency, ESP, 71-9 odor, 40-7 of heat, ventilation, 40-8 Renewable energy source, 31-1 Renewal, 63-11, 74-14 (ftn) Repair, mean time to, 63-9 Repayment loan, 74-4 Rephosphorized steel, 47-5, 47-6 Replacement, 20-7, 63-11 /retirement analysis, 74-4 sampling with, 11-3 sampling without, 11-3 study, 74-18 Report, environmental impact, 68-3 Repose, angle of, 58-6, 66-5 Repowering, 26-8 (ftn), 29-10 Representation number, 12-1
Required head thickness, 55-13 (tbl) wall thickness of cylindrical shell, 55-12 (tbl) Reradiation, 37-4 Research and development cost, 74-33 octane number, 21-7 Reserve cold, 26-16 hot, 26-16 spinning, 26-16 Reservoir, 24-11 heat, 24-11 high-temperature, 24-11 liquid-dominated, 31-7 low-temperature, 24-11 modeling, 61-7 multiple, 17-22 sink, 24-11 source, 24-11 thermal, 33-1 (ftn) three, 17-22 vapor-dominated, 31-6 Reset, proportional action with automatic, 44-5 Residence time, particle, 70-3, 71-9 Residual fuel oil, 21-6 gas, 32-3 value, 74-16 Resilience, 48-7 modulus of, 48-7, 52-4 Resilient material, 48-7 Resin ion exchange, 20-22 Resistance (see also type), 34-4 Atkinson, 41-32 baghouse, 71-5 coefficient, Euler, 66-14 contact, 34-7 (ftn) electrical, 72-2 electrical bridge, 64-9 electrical contact, 34-7 (ftn) electrical, flow, 61-7 electrical motion, 14-2 electrical, rolling, 58-8 electrical shear, 14-1 electrical temperature detector, 64-5 electrical thermal, 34-4 electrical thermal, coefficient of, 64-6 flow, 71-5 fluid, 19-9 hydraulic, 19-9 hydraulic, power, 19-9 knock, 21-6 pitting, gear, 54-14 pneumatic, 19-9 pressure, 41-8 specific, 71-5 thermal, 34-13, 42-2 (ftn) thermometer, 64-5 total, 42-2 unit, 42-2 Resisting moment, 51-8 (ftn) shear, 51-8 (ftn) Resistivity electrical, 64-6, 72-2 particle, 71-9 Resistor, 61-8, 72-2, 72-3, 72-5 variable, 64-3 Resolution, 3-6 of frequency analysis, 9-8 Resonance, 60-11 fluid system, 19-12 Resonant frequency, panel, 73-11 Resource-recovery plant, 71-14 Respirable fraction, 68-9 Respiration, heat of foodstuffs, 34-4 Response, 61-1 20 kHz, 73-6 curve, 73-6
I-51
dynamic, 51-8, 54-8 equation, 62-14 flat, 73-6 forced, 62-1, 62-2 frequency, 62-2 (ftn), 62-10, 62-11 function, 61-1 homogeneous, 62-1 initial condition, 62-1 linear, 73-6 natural, 62-1 sinusoidal, 62-2 static, 51-8 steady-state, 62-2 time, 62-2 (ftn) total, 62-2 transient, 62-2 unforced, 62-1 unit step, 62-2 unweighted, 73-6 variable, 61-2 Restitution, coefficient of, 58-17 Restricted orifice, 67-5 Resulfurized steel, 47-5, 47-6 Result highly significant, 11-14 Kutta-Joukowsky, 17-41 significant, 11-14 Resultant acceleration, 57-8, 57-14 force, equivalent, 45-4 shear, 53-17 vector, 5-2, 5-3 Resuperheater, 26-13 Retainer ball bearing, 54-22 fee, 75-5 Retard chamber, 67-5 Retentivity, 71-3 Retirement analysis, 74-4 Retort, 26-3 stoking, 26-3 Retrofitting, 26-17 Return air fan, 41-31 air system, 41-21, 41-31 external rate of, 74-12 internal rate of, 74-12 minimum attractive rate of, 74-16 on investment, 74-11, 74-14, 74-36 rate of, 74-4, 74-12, 74-14 Revenue, 74-34 Reverberant field, 73-6 room, 73-6 Reverberatory furnace, 47-10 Reverse -bias, 64-5 (ftn) -flow cyclone, 66-12 -flow cyclone separator, 66-12 transfer function, 62-4 Reversed effective force, 58-5 (ftn) Reversible adiabatic, isentropic, closed system, 24-9 adiabatic process, 24-9 process, 24-3 reaction, 20-12, 20-13 reaction kinetics, 20-13 Reverted gear set, 59-5 and compound gears, 59-6 (fig) Revolution surface of, 9-5, 50-3 (fig) volume of, 9-5, 50-3 (fig) Reyn, 54-24 Reynolds number, 1-9 (tbl), 16-7, 35-3, 36-2 condensation, 35-9 critical, 16-7, 36-3 factor, 17-14 film, 35-9 mixing, 66-18 similarity, 17-46 Rheogram, 14-7 Rheopectic fluid, 14-7 Rheostat, 72-2
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - R
I N D E X
I-52
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - S
Rich-quench-lean combustion, 29-3 Right angle, 6-1 circular cone formula, A-9 circular cylinder, A-9 distributive law, 4-4 -hand bit, 12-3 -hand rule, 5-4, 45-3 triangle, 6-2 Righting moment, 15-16 Rigid body, 57-1, 58-10 body motion, 58-2 truss, 45-12 Rigidity, 51-2, 51-3 modulus, 48-8 Rim, flywheel, 59-4, 59-5 (fig) Rimmed steel, 47-5 Ring flange, 55-17 gear, 59-6 permutation, 11-2 piezometer, 15-2 (ftn) rotating, 59-3 slip, 64-8 (ftn) stiffness, 16-11 Ringelmann scale, 21-12 Rise, 26-11, 41-30 in temperature, 22-4 time, 62-2 Riser, 26-4, 65-8, 67-7 base, 67-19 dry, 67-5 pressure, hydraulic, 67-19 system, 67-7 Risk, 11-14, 63-25 alpha, 11-14 analysis, 74-44 assessment, 63-27 beta, 11-15 consumer, 11-15 -free investment, 74-11 producer, 11-14 Rivet, 53-10 rms value, 72-5 Roadway banking, 58-8 Rocket, 58-19 Rockwell A scale, 48-13 B scale, 48-13 C scale, 48-13 hardness test, 48-13 Rod, slider, 57-14 Rohsenow equation, 14-11 Roll (verb), 15-17 (ftn), 58-2 forming, 65-13 Roller bearing, 54-22 chain, 59-15 (fig) chain drive, 59-16 chain properties, 59-15 (tbl) chain properties, standard, 59-15 (tbl) lifter, 59-12 support, 45-7 Rolling friction, coefficient of, 58-8 resistance, 58-8 resistance, coefficient of, 58-8 Rooftop unit, 41-3 Room anechoic, 73-6 clean, 40-11 constant, 73-10 reverberant, 73-6 sensible heat ratio, 38-7, 43-6, 43-8 technology, clean, 40-11 transfer function, 43-3 Root, 3-3, 13-1 double, 3-3 extraneous, 3-4 finding, 13-1
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
-locus diagram, 62-12 -mean-square speed, 23-17 -mean-square value, 11-12, 72-5 Rope, 45-11 haulage, 66-2 hoisting, extra flexible, 66-2 structural, 66-3 transmission, 66-2 wire, 66-2, 66-3 Roping, 66-4 Rosette, strain gauge, 64-8 Rotameter, 17-27 Rotary action pump, 18-2, 18-3 actuator, 19-8 (ftn) feeder, 66-8 positive-displacement compressor, 32-1 (ftn) Rotating body, 59-3 (fig) compressor, 32-1 disk, 59-3 fluid, 59-4 fluid mass, 59-4 hub, 59-4 machine, electrical, 72-12 member, velocity, power, and torque, 54-10 ring, 59-3 solid disk, 59-3 Rotation, 57-7 about a fixed axis, 58-2 axis of, 58-2 free, 60-5 of axis, 50-7 of fluid mass, 15-19 pipe bundle, 71-19 Rotational particle motion, 57-7 symmetry, 7-4 system modeling, 61-5 Rotor concentrator, 71-4 cross-wind horizontal-axis, 31-4 (ftn) Darrieus, 31-4 Davonius, 31-4 (ftn) flywheel, 59-5 head-on, 31-4 horizontal-axis, 31-4 motor, 72-14 vertical-axis, 31-4 wind-axis, 31-4 Rough-pipe flow, 17-5 Roughness coefficient, 17-8 height, 2-4 height index, 2-4 relative, 17-5 sampling length, 2-4 specific, 17-5 (tbl), A-48 weight, 2-4 width, 2-4 width cutoff, 2-4 Roundness, 70-5 Wadell’s, 70-5 Routh criterion, 62-12 table, 62-12 Roving, 47-20 (ftn) Row canonical form, 4-2 equivalent, 4-2 equivalent matrix, 4-2 matrix, 4-1 operation, elementary, 4-2 rank, 4-5 (ftn) -reduced echelon form, 4-2 -reduced echelon matrix, 4-1 RSHR, 43-6, 43-8 Rth-order difference, 3-10 Rubbish, 21-4 Rule, 76-1 2-inch, 41-22
80%, 72-9 Amagat-Luduc’s, 23-18 Cramer’s, 3-7, 4-7 cumulative usage factor, 52-8 derived from, 68-3 Gibbs, 23-19 Gibbs phase, 49-3 L’Hoˆ pital’s, 3-9 Le Chaˆ telier’s mixing, 67-21 level, 38-5 lever, 49-2 Miner’s, 52-8 mixture, 68-3 octave, 60-19 of professional conduct, 76-1 of signs, Descartes’, 3-4 right-hand, 5-4, 45-3 Simpson’s, 7-2 six nines, 71-13 statutory, 76-1 trapezoidal, 7-1 Rules, SI system, 1-5 Run-of -mine coal, 21-5 -the-nut method, 53-13 Runaway speed, 17-36 Rung, ladder, 44-6 Runner, turbine, 18-21 Runoff, 68-19 Runout duct, 41-13 Rupture angle of, 48-8 disk, 55-20 Mohr’s theory of, 48-8 strength, 48-16
S s -chart, 63-22 -glass, 47-20 -plane, 62-8 S corporation, 75-3 S-N curve, 48-9 S & T heat exchanger, 36-10 Sabin, 73-10 area, 73-10 Sacrificial anode, 20-18 Saddle point, 7-2 SAE grade, 54-24 hydraulic fluid, 19-3 Safe integral reactor, 30-2 spring stress, 54-4 Safeguard, machine, 63-31 Safety factor of, 52-1 margin of, 52-1 relief valve, 16-12, 55-20 risk assessment, 63-27 valve, 16-12 valve, full-lift, 16-12 valve, high-lift, 16-12 valve, low-lift, 16-12 Sal soda, 65-4 Salary plus fee, 75-5 Salinity, 20-9 Salometer scale, 14-5 (ftn) Salt crevice, 20-23 Salvage value, 74-18 Sample, 11-3 space, event, 11-3 standard deviation, 11-13 (ftn) variance, 11-13 whole air, 70-1 Sampler air, 70-3 air, collection efficiency, 70-4 centrifugal air, 70-3 cyclone, 70-3 Sampling, 11-2 emissions, 70-1
plan, single, A-158 points, traverse, 70-2 (fig) stratified, 63-32 with replacement, 11-3 without replacement, 11-3 work, 63-18 Sand blasting, 65-13 core, 65-8 dry, 65-8 filter bed, 68-20 green, 65-8 molding, 65-8 Sandwiched plane, 34-7 SAP alloy, 47-18 Sathes heat exchanger, 36-10 Satisfier, 63-29 Saturated air, 38-2 hydrocarbon, 21-2 liquid, 23-2 liquid line, 23-3 liquid properties, 23-13 polymer, 47-15 properties, A-96, A-97 R-12 properties, A-75, A-76, A-80, A-81, A-96, A-97 R-22 properties, A-99, A-100 solution, 20-10 steam properties, A-62, A-63, A-64, A-84, A-85, A-86 vapor, 23-2 vapor line, 23-3 vapor properties, 23-14 water, thermal properties, A-122, A-123 Saturation concentration (gas in liquid), 20-9 degree of, 38-2 efficiency, 38-10 polymer, 47-15 pressure, 14-9 process, adiabatic, 38-10 ratio, 38-2 table, using, 23-10 temperature, 23-4 values of dissolved oxygen in water, A-58 venturi feeder, 66-8 Sauter’s diameter, 70-5 Saybolt Seconds Furol (SSF), 14-6 Seconds Universal (SSU), 14-6 (ftn), 18-2 (ftn) seconds universal, conversions, 19-2 (ftn) universal viscosity, 54-24 viscometer, 14-6 (ftn) Scalar, 5-1 matrix, 4-1 multiplication, 4-4 product, triple, 5-5 Scale, 20-21 (ftn), 54-2 absolute temperature, 23-4, 23-5 API, 14-5 Baume´ , 14-5 Kelvin, 23-5 model, 17-45 Mohs, 48-13 parameter, 11-8 phon, 73-9 Rankine, 23-5 Ringelmann, 21-12 Rockwell A, 48-13 Rockwell B, 48-13 Rockwell C, 48-13 sone, 73-9 spring, 53-20, 64-14 Scaling, 26-13, 36-17 constant, 71-6 (tbl) laws, 18-20 Scavenging, 28-2 oxygen, 20-23 SCFM, 41-2 Schedule, pipe, 16-9, 16-10, 67-6 Schedule-40 pipe, 16-10 (ftn)
Schmidt number, 1-9 (tbl) Scleroscopic hardness test, 48-14 Scratch hardness test, 48-13 Screen, 66-15 Screening, pea coal, 21-5 Screw and screw jacks, power, 59-1, 59-2 conveyor, 66-7 feeder, 66-7 lead, 59-2 overhauling, 59-2 power, 59-2 self-locking, 59-2 with collar, 59-2 (fig) Screwed fitting, 17-12 (ftn) Scroll compressor, 33-8 pump, 33-8 Scrubber, 40-11, 71-2 atomizing, 71-20 venturi, 71-20 wet, 71-2 Scrubbing, 71-20 advanced, 21-5 chemical, 71-20 dry, 71-20 semi-dry, 71-20 SDCFM, 41-2 SDOF system, 60-2, 61-2 SDR, 67-4 Seal, 71-18 class, 41-22 double, 71-18 material, 19-3 (ftn) mechanical, 71-18 single, 71-18 tandem, 71-18 Seam, 55-2 (ftn) girth, 55-8 (ftn) welded, 55-2 (ftn) Seamless pipe, 65-13 (fig) shell, 55-3 steel boiler tubing dimensions, A-47 Seasonal cooling energy, 43-5 energy efficiency ratio, 43-2, 43-5 Secant bulk modulus, 14-14 formula, 53-4 hyperbolic, 6-5 method, 13-2 (ftn) modulus, 48-4 Second acceleration, 59-12 area moment, 50-4 back pressure ratio, 25-13 critical pressure ratio, 25-13 critical shaft speed, 60-17 derivative, 8-1 law of cosines, 6-6 law of thermodynamics, 23-7 (ftn), 24-12 moment of a function, 9-6 moment of the area, 50-4 -order differential equation, 10-1 -order homogeneous, 10-3 -order linear, 10-3 Secondary air, 26-3 combustion chamber, 71-13 creep, 48-16 loop, 30-1 stress, 55-6 Section, 2-4 conic, 7-8, 7-9 cross, 2-4 (ftn) dangerous, 51-11 drawing, 2-3 method of, 45-15 modulus, 50-7, 51-11 Sectioning, cut, 2-4 Sector, A-7 Sedimentation rate, 70-3
I-53
Seebeck coefficient, 31-9 effect, 64-7 Seed, random number, 63-32 SEER, 43-2 Segmental baffle, 36-12 Segmented chip, 65-1 Selective catalytic reduction, 68-15, 71-21 leaching, 20-19 noncatalytic reduction, 71-22 surface coating, 31-2 Selectivity classification, 66-15 Selenide, cadmium, 64-5 Self -aligning bearing, 54-22 -energizing brake, 54-18 -limiting stress, 55-6 -locking brake, 54-18 -locking screw, 59-2 -regulating heat tape, 34-21 -regulating plan, 63-21 Semi -dry scrubbing, 71-20 -infinite solid, 34-14 -killed steel, 47-5 -variable cost, 74-32 Semimajor distance, 7-11 Semiminor distance, 7-11 Semipermeable membrane, 14-10 Semivertex angle, 25-12 Sending unit, 64-3 (ftn) Sense, 5-1 Sensible cooling, 38-8 heat, 23-8, 40-8 heat factor, 38-7, 43-6 heat ratio, 38-7, 43-6 heat ratio, coil, 38-7 heat ratio, effective, 38-7 heat ratio, grand, 38-7 heat ratio, room, 38-7 heating, 38-8 -total ratio, 38-7 Sensitivity, 11-12, 62-5, 64-2 analysis, 63-13, 74-44 fatigue notch, 48-10 Sensitization, 47-9 Sensor, 44-1, 64-3 vibration, 60-21 Separable, first-order, 10-2, 10-3 Separation factor, 71-8 force, bevel gear, 54-15 force, helical gear, 54-13 mesh, 66-14 of terms, 9-3 sprinkler, 67-11 Separator air cyclone, 66-12 ball bearing, 54-22 cyclone, 66-12 gas cyclone, 66-12 inertial, 68-9, 71-7 moisture, 30-1 vortex, 66-12 Sequence, 3-10 arithmetic, 3-11 convergent, 3-10 divergent, 3-10 geometric, 3-11 harmonic, 3-11 p-, 3-11 standard, 3-11 Sequential combustion, 29-2 Serial reliability, 11-9 system, 11-9 Series, 3-11 arithmetic, 3-12 circuit, electrical, 72-3 expansion, 8-8 finite, 3-11
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - S
I N D E X
I-54
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - S
Fourier, 9-6 galvanic, 20-18 (tbl) geometric, 3-12 harmonic, 3-12 hydrocarbon, 21-2 infinite, 3-11, 74-7 Maclaurin, 8-8 methane, 21-2 naphthalene, 21-2 of alternating sign, 3-13 olefin, 21-2 paraffin, 21-2 pipe, 17-20 power, 8-8 pumps in, 18-18 spring, 53-20 Taylor’s, 8-8 Serpentine belt, 54-17 Server, 63-6, 63-7 Service application, pressure vessel, 55-3 factor, 42-4, 58-7 (ftn), 72-13 factor, chain drive, 59-17 factor, gear drive, 54-12 factor, motor, 18-10 factor, V-belt, 54-17 life, 74-20 life, chain drive, 59-17 load, 53-2 pressure vessel, 55-3 Servomechanism, 62-13 Set, 11-1 associative law, 11-2 commutative law, 11-2 complement, 11-1 complement law, 11-1, 11-2 de Morgan’s law, 11-2 disjoint, 11-1 distributive law, 11-2 element, 11-1 gear, 54-11 idempotent law, 11-1 identity law, 11-1 intersection, 11-1 laws, 11-1 leaf, 54-9 member, 11-1 null, 11-1 permanent, 48-3 point, 20-22, 44-2 -point pressure, 55-20 simple gear, 59-5 solar gear, 59-7 star gear, 59-7 union, 11-1 universal, 11-1 worm gear, 54-15 Setback, thermostat, 42-7 Setting, 26-4 pressure, 55-20 Settleable solid, 71-25 Settling time, 44-2, 62-2 velocity, 17-43, 70-3 Severability, 75-4 Sewage pump, 18-4 Sewer pipe concrete dimensions, A-40, A-41 dimensions and weights, A-40, A-41 PVC dimensions, A-37, A-38, A-39 Shading coefficient, 43-4 factor, 31-2 Shadow tower, 31-4, 31-5 Shaft critical speed, 66-19 critical speed, second, 60-17 design, 53-14 drive, 59-18 fundamental speed, 60-16 loading, pump, 18-11 propeller, 59-18 stepped, 60-5
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
twist, 48-8, 53-14 vibration, 60-15, 60-16 work, 24-5, 26-9 Shakedown, 55-7 Shaker table, 60-21 Shape basic, 50-1, 50-4 factor, 34-21, 70-3, 70-5 factor, black body, 37-2, 37-4 (fig) factor, gray body, 37-3 mensuration, A-7 modal, 60-19 of a fluid, 14-1 pile, 66-6 (fig) Shaving wheel fan, 41-6 Shear, 51-8 angle, 65-2 beam load cell, 64-13 center, 53-17 center, thin-wall section, 53-17 diagram, 51-8 flow, 53-16 force of action, 53-17 formation, rate of, 14-6, 14-7 horizontal, 51-10 modulus, 48-8 (tbl), 51-2, 53-14 modulus of elasticity, 48-8 one-way, 51-8 (ftn) panel, 46-12 rate, 14-6, 17-14 resistance, 14-1 resisting, 51-8 (ftn) resultant, 53-17 single-double, 53-11 strain, 48-8 strength, 48-8 stress, 51-2 stress, beam, 51-10 stress, fluid, 14-6, 17-14 stress theory maximum, 52-3 velocity, 65-2 wind, 31-5 Shearing, 65-6 operation, 65-6 Sheave, 45-11 wire rope, 66-3 Shedding vortex, 41-31 Sheet metal gauges, 41-13 Shelf, 49-2 Shell, 36-10, 55-3 -and-tube heat exchanger, 36-10 (ftn) efficiency of welded joint in, 55-11 (tbl) fluid, 36-10 required wall thickness of cylindrical, 55-12 (tbl) seamless, 55-3 spherical, radial conduction, 34-12 torsion, 53-15 -type element, 55-3 Shells, method of, volume, 9-6 Shelter factor, 40-6 Sheltering coefficient, 40-6 Sheradizing, 65-14 Sherwood number, 1-9 (tbl) Shewhart control chart, 63-22 Shield, 63-31 Shielded metal arc welding, 65-12 Shift, 63-23 Shock, 60-20 angle, 25-11 factor, normal, 25-10 impulse, 60-20 pulse, 60-20 table, normal, 25-10 transmission, 60-20 transmitted, 60-20 treatment, 26-13 wave, 25-9 wave factors, normal, A-106 wave, normal, 25-9 wave, oblique, 25-11 wave, oblique compression, 25-13 wave, weak, 25-11
Shoe, brake, 54-19 Shore hardness test, 48-14 Short circuit, electrical, 72-2 -term exposure limit, 40-10 -term transaction, 74-3 ton, 1-7 Shot-peening, 49-10, 54-3 Shotting, 47-11 Shrink fit, 53-6 Shunt balance bridge, 64-9 (ftn) Shutoff point, pump, 18-16 pump, 67-8 service valve, 16-12 SI base units, 1-5 (tbl) conversion factor, A-3 derived units, 1-6 prefix, 1-7 system rules, 1-5 units, 1-5 Siamesed chain, 59-15 Sick building syndrome, 68-5 Side friction factor, 58-8 Siderite, 47-2 (ftn) Sidewall sprinkler, 67-9 Sideways friction, 58-8 Sieder-Tate, 36-5 correlation, 36-5 equation, 36-6 Siemens, 72-2 Sieve, 66-15 diameter, 70-4, 70-5 Sieving, 66-15 Sigma chart, 11-16, 63-22 factor, centrifuge, 70-4 phase (steel), 47-8 (ftn) Sign alternating, series of, 3-13 convention, thermal, 24-4 convention, thermodynamic, 27-1 of the function, 6-3 Signal analyzer, 9-8 error, 62-4 input, 62-3 output, 62-3 Signature analysis, 9-8 (ftn) Significance level, 11-14 Significant bit, least, 12-1 bit, most, 12-1 digit, 3-1, 12-1 digit, least, 12-1 digit, most, 12-1 results, 11-14 results, highly, 11-14 Silica, 47-18 Siliceous-gel zeolite, 20-21 Silicon bronze, 47-13 Silo (see also Hopper), 66-7 Silver point, 64-6 (ftn) Similar triangle, 6-2 Similarity, 17-45 dynamic, 17-45 fan, 41-10 geometric, 17-45 geometric, mixer, 66-17 law, pump, 18-20 mechanical, 17-45 partial, 17-47 Simple cycle, 29-5 epicyclic gear set, 59-6 (fig) gear set, 59-5 harmonic motion, 60-2 interest, 74-11, 74-40 pipe culvert, 17-19 (fig) support, 45-7 Simplex chain, 59-17
method, 63-12 pump, 18-2 Simplified boiling water reactor, 30-2 Simply supported, 45-7 Simpson’s rule, 7-2 Simulated equilibrium, 58-5 (ftn) Simulation, 63-32 Monte Carlo, 63-32 Simultaneous equations linear, 3-6, 3-7 matrix, 4-6 solving, 3-7 Sine coversed, 6-4 flipped, 6-4 function, integral, 9-8 hyperbolic, 6-4 law of, 6-5, 6-6 versed, 6-4 Single acceptance plan, 63-25 -acting engine, 28-2 -acting pump, 18-2 -acting valve, 19-3 butt, 53-11 (ftn) cyclone, 71-7 cyclone, double-vortex (inertial separator), 71-7 (fig) degree of freedom, 60-2 degree of freedom system, 60-2, 61-2 -duct system, 44-1 -effect evaporator, 26-15 interlock preaction system, 67-2 -pass heat exchanger, 36-10 payment cash flow, 74-3 payment present worth factor, 74-5 -point calibration, 64-2 proprietorship, 75-1 sampling plan, A-158 seal, 71-18 shear, 53-11 -stage compression, 32-3 -stage evaporator, 26-15 stage pump, 18-4 -stage reheat, 30-2 -stage turbine expansion, 26-9 (fig) suction pump, 18-4 -zone ventilation, 40-3 Singular matrix, 4-1, 4-5 point, 8-1, 8-3 (ftn) Singularity, 4-5 function, 61-3 Sink, 33-1 (ftn) energy, 17-15, 24-11 reservoir, 24-11 Sinking fund, 74-7 factor, 74-7 method, 74-22 Sintered carbide, 47-18, 65-4 Sintering, 47-18 (ftn), 65-11 Sinusoidal response, decaying, 62-9 test, vibration, 60-21 Siphon, 17-20 air valve, 16-14 Six nines rule, 71-13 Size critical particle, 66-14 cut-, 66-14, 71-8 cut-, cyclone, 66-14 cut-point, 70-3 dust, conventions, 68-9 equiprobable, 66-14 motor, 18-10, 19-6 reduction process, 66-9 Sizer particle, 70-4 Sizing bolt, 65-7 furnace, 42-5 Skelp, 65-13 Skew symmetric matrix, 4-2
Skewness, 11-14 Fisher’s, 11-14 Pearson’s, 11-14 SKF bearing, 54-22 Skin friction, 17-5 (ftn), 17-41 friction coefficient, 17-5 (ftn), 36-4 (ftn) friction loss, 17-4 (ftn) Slab, 42-3 edge coefficient, 42-3 ground, 42-3 wrought iron, 47-11 (ftn) Slack time, 63-3 Slag, 21-3, 29-2, 47-2 Slagging, 29-8 Slender column, 53-2 Slenderness ratio, 53-3 Slider rod, 57-14 assembly, 57-14 Sliding, 58-11 factor of safety, 15-11 plate viscometer test, 14-6 pressure operation, 26-17 vector, 5-1 (ftn) Sling psychrometer, 38-10 Slip, 18-10 ammonia, 71-21 (ftn) casting, 65-11 electrical, 72-14 pump, 18-3 ring, 64-8 (ftn) Slipping, 58-11 Slope, 7-5, 8-1 -intercept form, 7-5 Slow-closing valve, 17-39 Sludge, 68-2 (ftn) conditioner, 20-24 critical velocity, 18-5, 18-6 incineration, 71-17 pump, 18-5 pump power factors, 18-5 Slug, 1-3, A-3, A-4 Slurry, friction loss, 17-11 Slush ice, 23-2 Small angle approximation, 6-3 Smallest epicyclic gear, 59-8 (tbl) SMAW, 65-12 Smear metal, 65-5 Smelting, 47-11 Smith forging, 65-7 line, 52-7 (ftn) Smog, 68-20 photochemical, 68-20 precursor, 68-20 Smoke, 21-12, 68-20 damper, 41-24 opacity, 68-20 spot number, 21-12, 68-20 Smoking ventilation, 40-5 Smoothing coefficient, 74-42 Snagging, 65-5 Snapback recording, 63-16 (ftn) SO2 control, 21-5 Soderberg line, 52-6 Sodium-sulfur battery, 31-11 Soft material, 48-1 pipe, 67-3 Softening point, Vicat, 48-12 precipitation, 20-21 Softwood, 47-17 Soil incineration, 71-17 washing, 71-22 Solar cell, 31-4 collector, 31-2 constant, 31-1, 37-7 cooling load, 43-3 cooling load factor, 43-3 energy, 31-2
I-55
energy generating systems, 31-3 gear set, 59-7 power cycle, 31-3 radiation, 37-7 system, active, 31-2 system, passive, 31-2 (ftn) Soldered link-and-lever automatic sprinkler, 67-9 (fig) link-and-lever sprinkler, 67-9 Soldering, 65-12 Sole proprietorship, 75-1 Solenoid, 44-1 Solid, 23-2 angle, 6-6 briquetting bulk, 66-9 equilibrium, 23-3 height, 54-6 oxide fuel cell, 31-8 polymer fuel cell, 31-8 properties, 23-12 property changes in, 24-10 semi-infinite, 34-14 settleable, 71-25 -solution alloy, 49-1 suspension, 66-18 waste, 68-2 Solidity, 70-6 Solids, A-156 loading, 66-17 normal conductivity, A-110 properties, A-103 thermal properties, A-111, A-112 Solidus line, 49-1 Solubility, 71-23 coefficient, 20-9 product, 20-16 Solute, 14-10 (ftn), 20-10 Solution, 14-10, 20-10, 49-3 Blasius, 36-4 buffer, 20-12 complementary, 10-3, 60-10 heat treament, 49-9 neutral, 20-11, 20-12 of gases in liquid, 20-9 particular, 10-3, 60-10 Pohlhausen, 36-4 properties of, 20-10 saturated, 20-10 trivial, 3-7 (ftn) Solutions, 20-10 Solvation, 20-10 Solvency, 74-35 Solvent, 14-10, 20-10 recovery, 71-3, 71-4 Sommerfeld number, 54-26 Sone, 73-9 scale, 73-9 Sonic boom, 14-15 flow, orifice, 19-10 throat, 25-5 (ftn) velocity, 14-14, 25-4, 25-5, 73-5 Sorbent injection, 71-22 duct, 21-5 furnace, 21-5 Sound, 73-4 abatement, 73-11 absorption coefficient, 73-9 band, 73-7 directivity, 73-7 field, 73-6 impedance, 73-6 intensity, 73-4 meter, 73-6 physiological basis, 73-4 power level, 73-7 pressure level, 73-7 reduction index, 73-11 speed of, 14-14, 25-4, 25-5 (ftn), 73-5 transmission class, 73-10
P P I
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INDEX - S
I N D E X
I-56
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - S
velocity, 73-5 wave, 73-5 wave, longitudinal, 73-5 Source, 33-1 (ftn) domestic heat, 42-4 energy, 17-15 internal heat, 43-4 reservoir, 24-11 -term model, 25-15 Space action, 63-34 air, 42-2 characteristic length, 41-30 conditions, adjacent, 42-2 heating, 29-9, 33-3 mechanics, 58-21 permittivity of free, 71-9 state, 63-34 storage, 67-2 Spacing, molecule, 14-2, 23-20 Span, 17-40 Sparging, 71-22 Spark ignition engine, 28-2 SPC, 11-16, 63-22 Special cases polynomial, 3-4 conditions, 46-1 cutting energy, 65-3 damages, 75-7 triangle, 6-2 Species, target, 64-3 Specific acoustic impedance, 73-6 air rate, 66-8 area, 70-6 capacity, 31-10 collection area, 71-9 cutting energy, 65-3 energy, 16-1, 16-9, 22-1, 59-3 energy, battery, 31-10 energy, flywheel, 59-3 energy, total, 16-2 (ftn) enthalpy, 23-4 feed characteristic, 71-12 -fuel consumption, 28-3 gas constant, 23-15 gravity, 14-4 heat, 22-4, 23-7, 34-4 heat, foodstuffs, 34-4 heat, gas, 21-2 heat loaded, 36-14 (ftn) heat, molar, 22-4, 23-7 heat of ideal gas, 23-16 heat of respiration, 34-4 heat, polytropic, 24-2 heat, ratio of, 15-13, 23-8 heat, real gas, 23-21 humidity, 38-2 identification, 74-37 impulse, 25-9 internal energy, 23-5 kinetic energy, 16-1, 16-2 leakage, 43-4 performance, 75-4, 75-6 power, 59-3 power, battery, 31-10 power, flywheel, 59-3 property, 23-4 resistance, 71-5 roughness, 17-5 (tbl), A-48 roughness, duct, 41-14 (ftn) roughness, pipe, A-48 speed, 18-12 speed, fan, 41-6 speed, suction, 18-16 speed, turbine, 18-21, 18-23 surface area, 70-6 volume, 14-4, 14-5, 23-5 weight, 14-5 Specification limit, 63-22 Specifications, pipe, 16-10 Specimen, 48-2 test, 48-2 (ftn)
P P I
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R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Spectrum analysis, 9-8 analyzer, 9-8 noise, 73-9 Specular reflection, 73-4 Speed (see also type), 57-3 balanced, 58-8 compression wave, 17-38 control, compressor, 32-2 control, constant, 62-13 control, motor, 72-15 control, turbine, 26-17 correlation, just-suspended, 66-17 critical, 60-16 critical, shaft, 66-19 cutting, 65-2, 65-3 (tbl) factor, 54-14 fundamental, shaft, 60-16 just-suspended, 66-17 linear, 22-2 (ftn) most probable, 23-17 normal, 58-8 of a jet, 17-17 of a molecule, 23-17 of a molecule, mean, 23-17 of efflux, 17-17 of reaction, 20-13 of sound, 14-14, 25-4, 25-5 (ftn), 73-5 ratio, 59-6 ratio, chain, 59-16 regulation, 72-12 relationship, gears with fixed centers, 59-11 root-mean-square, 23-17 runaway, 17-36 specific, 18-12 specific, fan, 41-6 specific, turbine, 18-23 surge wave, 17-38 synchronous, 18-10, 72-14 tip, 18-4 variable, fan drive, 41-7 work, 22-2 Sphere, 7-12 critical insulation radius, 34-11 formula, A-9 unit, 6-6 Spherical coordinate system, 7-3 (fig), 7-3 (tbl) defect, 6-6 drop, 10-10 excess, 6-6 segment, A-9 shell, conduction, 34-12 shell, radial conduction, 34-12 tank, 34-11, 53-6 triangle, 6-6 trigonometry, 6-6 Sphericity, 17-43, 70-5 Spheroidize-annealing, 49-9 Spheroidizing, 49-9 Spider, 59-6 gear, 59-6 Spill hazardous, 68-20 oil, 68-17 Spinel, 47-18 Spinning reserve, 26-16 Spiral compressor, 33-8 duct, 41-13 duct, steel, typical collapse pressure of, 41-14 (fig) Spitzglass formula, 17-10 Splined coupling, 59-18 joint, 59-18 Split shaft, turbine, 29-1 Splitter damper, 41-24 Spool-type valve, 19-3 Spot humidification, 40-7 radiographic inspection, 55-11
Spray chamber, 38-10 (ftn) method, water, 40-7 ratio, 38-10 tower, 71-2, 71-23 Spraying metal, 65-14 Spread, 41-30 Spring, 53-20, 54-2 -back, 65-7 buckling, 54-7 (tbl) buckling of helical compression, 54-7 clock, 54-9 (ftn) compression, 54-6 constant, 51-3, 53-20, 54-2 constant, combinations, 53-20 constant, torsional, 60-5 deflection curves for extension, 54-8 (fig) design, 54-2 dynamic response, 54-8 effect of end treatment on helical compression, 54-5 (fig) end treatment of helical compression, 54-6 (fig) energy, 22-3 extension, 54-8 fatigue loading, 54-4 flat, 54-9 flat coil, 54-9 (ftn) helical compression, 54-5 (fig) helical compression, design, 54-6 helical compression, dynamic response, 54-8 helical extension, 54-8 helical, high temperature, 54-8 helical torsion, 54-9 (fig) ideal, 53-20, 54-2 in parallel, 53-21 in series, 53-20 index, 53-20 (ftn), 54-2 (ftn), 54-5 leaf, 54-9 material, 54-3, 54-4 (tbl) material properties, 54-4 (tbl) nested, 54-6 perfect, 54-2 pitch, 54-6 point of stress concentration in extension, 54-9 (fig) power, 54-9 (ftn) rate, 53-20, 54-2 rate equation, 54-5 scale, 53-20, 64-14 stiffness, 53-20, 54-2 stress, allowable, 54-4 torsion, 54-9 Sprinkler, 67-9 abbreviation, 67-7 characteristics, 67-9 density, 67-11 discharge characteristics, 67-10 (tbl) discharge coefficient, 67-9 distance between, 67-11 distribution pattern from ceiling sprinkler, 67-9 (fig) friction loss, 67-12 fusible-link, 67-9 head, 67-9 minor loss, 67-13 normal pressure, 67-14 pendant, 67-9 protection area, 67-10 separation, 67-11 sidewall, 67-9 soldered link-and-lever, 67-9 soldered link-and-lever, automatic, 67-9 (fig) system, 67-7 system design, 67-14 system, double interlock preaction, 67-3 system, dry pipe, 67-2 system, non-interlock preaction, 67-2 system, preaction, 67-2 system, single interlock preaction, 67-2 system types, 67-2
system, wet pipe, 67-2 upright, 67-9 velocity pressure, 67-13 Sprocket, 54-17, 59-15, 59-16 gear, 59-15 pinion, 59-16 size factor, chain drive, 59-17 wheel, 59-16 Sprue hole, 65-8 Spur gear, 54-10 gear, clearance, 54-10 gear, involute, 54-10 gear, pitch circle velocity, 54-10 gear strength, 54-13 gear terminology, 54-10 (fig) SQC, 63-22 Square matrix, 4-2 Squirrel cage fan, 41-6 rotor, 72-15 SSF, 14-6 (ftn) SSU, 14-6 (ftn), 18-2 (ftn) Stability, 15-16, 58-2, 64-2 constant, 20-15 criterion, Hurwitz, 62-12 criterion, Nyquist’s, 62-13 experiment, 11-12 relative, 62-11 Stabilization, 68-20 Stable equilibrium, 58-2 system, 62-11 Stack dew point, 68-4 effect, 21-17, 40-6 effect head, 21-18 friction, 21-19 fuel cell, 31-8 gas (see also Flue gas), 21-12, 68-4 (ftn) Stage, 59-5, 63-33 compression, 32-1 gear, 59-5 grain growth, 49-9 pump, 18-4 recovery, 49-8 recrystallization, 49-8, 49-9 Staged -air burner, 71-22 combustion, 71-22 lean combustion, 29-2 Staging module, digital-to-analog, 44-5 module, digital-to-proportional, 44-5 optimum, 32-7 Stagnation energy, 16-4 point, 16-5 pressure, 40-6 property, 25-2, 25-3 (ftn) tube, 16-5 Stainless steel, 47-6, 47-8 characteristics, 47-8 (tbl) composition, 47-8 (tbl) duplex, 47-9 types, 20-19 (ftn) Stall angle, 17-40 -limited, WECS, 31-5 Stamp, pressure vessel, 55-3 (tbl) Standard, 63-19 abbreviations for sprinkler diagram, 67-7 (tbl) atmosphere, international, A-109 atmosphere, SI, A-3, A-4 atmospheric pressure, 14-3 bonus, 63-20 cash flow factor, A-169 circuit breaker, 72-9 condition, 14-4 (ftn), 21-2, 41-2 conditions, gaseous fuels, 21-2 contract, 75-5 cost, 63-15, 74-36
cubic feet per minute, 41-2 cubic foot, 21-2 cyclone, 66-12 data, 63-17 deviation, 11-13 deviation of the sample, 11-13 (ftn) dimension ratio, 67-4 enthalpies of formation, 20-17 (tbl) error, 11-13 error of the mean, 11-14 fire protection pump curve, 67-8 form, 7-9 gravity, 1-2 -hour plan, 63-20 motor, 72-12 normal curve, area under, A-12 normal deviate, 11-12 normal table, 11-6 normal value, 11-6, 11-12, 11-15 normal variable, 11-12 normal variate, 11-12 of care, 75-6 (ftn), 75-7 orthographic view, 2-2 plate thickness, 55-12 (tbl) polynomial form, 3-3 sequence, 3-11 state, chemical, 20-17 steel link chain properties, 59-16 (tbl) temperature and pressure, 14-4, 21-2 time, 63-15 ventilation, 40-2 Standardized entropy, 23-6 reactor, 30-2 Standards, pipe, 16-10 Standpipe, 67-5 system, 67-5 system, class I, 67-5 system, class II, 67-5 system, class III, 67-5 Stanton number, 1-9 (tbl), 36-2 Star gear set, 59-7 Start-to-leak pressure, 55-20 Stat, 44-1 freeze, 44-2 State absorbing, 63-35 closed set, 63-35 equation, 23-14, 62-14 ergodic, 63-35 law of corresponding, 23-20 model, 62-14 oxidation, 20-4 principle of corresponding, 23-20 recurrent, 63-35 space, 63-34 standard, chemical, 20-17 thermodynamic, 23-2, 23-4 variable, 61-2, 63-33, 63-34 Static balance, 56-2, 60-18 deflection, 60-2 discharge head, 18-6 efficiency, 41-7 energy, 16-2 (ftn), 22-3 equilibrium, 15-16, 45-6 (ftn) friction, 58-5 friction, angle of, 58-6 head, 18-6 load rating, basic, 54-23 loading, 54-4, 54-5 pressure, 41-3, 67-14 pressure, external, 41-8 pressure probe, 17-27 pressure tube, 15-2 property, 25-3, 25-3 (ftn) regain, 41-19 regain method, 41-27 response, 51-8 suction head, 18-6 Statical moment, 50-3, 51-10
I-57
Statically determinate, 45-7 indeterminate, 45-7, 46-1 Statics, 45-1 indeterminate, 46-1 Station, 63-18, 65-6 rate, 26-5, 27-2 Statistic chi-squared, 11-8 log-normal, 11-8 normal, 11-6 Student’s t-, 11-7 Statistical error, terms, 64-3 process control, 11-16, 63-22 quality control, 63-22 Stator pump, 18-3 Statute, 76-1 of frauds, 75-3 (ftn) Statutory rule, 76-1 Stay reinforcing, 55-14 Steady -flow, availability function, 24-12 -flow energy equation, 24-5, 25-2, 26-9 -flow, polytropic, 24-10 -flow process, 32-4 -flow system, 24-5 -flow system, isentropic, 24-9 -flow system, throttling, 24-10 -open flow system, 24-1 -state component, 60-12 -state operation, 11-9, 37-6 -state probability, 63-35 -state response, 62-2 -state response, impulse, 62-7 -state response, sinusoid, 62-7 -state response, step, 62-7 Steam admission, 26-17 admission valve, 26-17 bleed, 26-8 drum, 26-4 dry saturated, 23-14 flow, 25-21 flow through nozzle, 25-21 friction loss, 17-9 generator, 26-4 generator, heat-recovery, 29-8 generator, nuclear, 30-1 header, 34-21 heat-recovery, 29-8 humidification, 38-11 injection, 29-2 manifold, 34-21 Mollier diagram, A-69, A-71, A-92 point, 64-6 (ftn) process, 29-8, 29-9 pump, 18-2 rate, 26-16 saturated, properties, A-62, A-63, A-64, A-84, A-85, A-86 stripping, 71-24 superheated, properties, A-67, A-68, A-89 table, 23-10 thermal properties, A-126, A-127 throttle valve, 26-17 tracing, 34-21 trap, 16-14, 34-21 trap, float, 16-14 trap, inverted bucket, 16-14 trap, thermodynamic disc, 16-14 trap, thermostatic, 16-14 turbine, 26-8 Steel, 49-5 AISI-SAE designations, 47-7 (tbl) alloying ingredient, 47-5, 47-6 (tbl) blue-center, 66-2 boiler tubing dimensions, A-47 carbon, 47-5 carbon tool, 65-4 duplexed, 47-4 eutectoid, 49-5
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INDEX - S
I N D E X
I-58
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - S
free-machining, 65-4 grade, 19-4 (ftn), 47-5 group, 47-7 hard, 49-7 hardenability, 49-7 hardness, maximum, 49-7 heat of, 47-5 high-speed, 65-4 hypereutectoid, 49-5 hypoeutectoid, 49-5 killed, 66-2 link chain, engineering, 59-15 monitor, 66-2 nondeforming, 47-7 pipe, 16-9 pipe, black, 16-10, 67-3 pipe, corrugated, 16-11 pipe dimensions, 16-10, A-29, A-30, A-31, A-32, A-33, A-34, A-35 pipe, galvanized, 16-10 pipe, plain, 16-10 pipe, pressure drop, water, A-53 pipe, water flow, 17-9, A-53 plow, 66-2 (ftn) production, 47-3 -reinforced concrete, 15-11 (ftn) rimmed, 47-5 semi-killed, 47-5 stainless, 47-6, 47-8 stainless, characteristics, 47-8 stainless, composition, 47-8 stress relief processes, 49-8 tool, 47-6 tool, type, 65-4 Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 37-2 law, 37-2 Step function, 10-6 input, 62-7 interval, frequency distribution, 11-10 reaction polymerization, 47-15 unit, 61-2 Stepped cash flow, 74-10 shaft, 60-5 Stepper motor, 62-13 (ftn) Steradian, 6-6 Stiffener beam, 51-18 Stiffness, 51-2, 51-3 bending, panel, 73-12 pipe, 16-11 ring, 16-11 spring, 53-20, 54-2 transformed, 60-8 Stilb, 73-3 (ftn) Stirling cycle, 28-12 (ftn), 28-13 (ftn) engine, 28-12 engine, kinematic, 28-13 system, 31-3 Stochastic critical path model, 63-5 model, 63-2, 63-5 Stoichiometric air, 21-9 combustion, 21-9 quantities, 21-9 reaction, 20-8 Stoichiometry, 20-8 Stoke (unit), 14-8 Stoker, 26-3 Stokes 50 number, 66-13 law, 17-42 number, 1-9 (tbl), 66-13 particle diameter, 70-3 Stoking overfeed, 26-3 retort, 26-3 underfeed, 26-3 Stone wall point, 32-8 Stopping distance, 70-3
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R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Stopwatch (usage of), 63-16 Storage energy, 31-9 pile, bulk, 66-5 space, 67-2 tank, 32-2, 69-1 tank, underground, 68-20 Stove preheater, 47-2 STP (see also Standard temperature and pressure), 14-4 air, approximate properties of, 19-8 (tbl) gaseous fuels, 21-2 Straddle, bisection method, 13-1 Straight -blade fan, 41-6 -tube boiler, 26-4 angle, 6-1 bevel gear set, 54-15 (fig) condensing, 26-12 (ftn), 27-2 condensing cycle, 26-12 (ftn) extraction, 70-2 fin, 34-19 flange, 55-5 humidification, 38-7 line, 7-4 (fig) line depreciation recovery, 74-26 line error, 53-20 (ftn), 54-2 (ftn) line method, 74-21, 74-26 Strain, 48-2, 51-2 axial, 48-4 circumferential, 53-6 creep, 48-16 cyclic, 48-9 (ftn) diametral, 53-6 elastic, 48-3 energy, 48-6, 48-7, 51-2, 51-12, 51-15, 51-17 energy theory, 52-4 engineering, 48-2 gauge, 15-2, 64-8, 64-13 hardening, 48-5 -hardening exponent, 48-5 inelastic, 48-3 lateral, 48-4 net, 64-11 physical, 48-5 plastic, 48-3 proportional, 48-3 radial, 53-6 rate of, 14-6 sensitivity factor, 64-8 shear, 48-8 theory, maximum, 52-3 thermal, 51-4 total, 48-4 true, 48-5 volumetric, 14-14 Strainer power system, 19-6 Strand (see also Tendon) chain, 59-17 structural, 66-3 Stratification, 44-2, 63-23 Stratified charge combustion, 28-2 sampling, 63-32 Stratosphere, 15-12, 15-13 (ftn) Stream coordinates, fluid, 17-18 (fig) function, 17-4 function, Lagrange, 17-4 potential function, 17-3 Streamline, 16-7 flow, 16-7 Streamtube, 16-7 Strength approximate minimum ultimate tensile, 54-4 (tbl) bearing, 54-13 bolt, pressure vessel, 55-18 breaking, 48-3 coefficient, 48-5 compressive, 48-8 creep, 48-16
design, 51-2 (ftn) design method, 53-2 endurance, 48-9, 48-10 fatigue, 48-9 fracture, 48-3 Lewis beam, 54-13 lower yield, 48-3 nominal, 53-2 proof, 53-9, 53-13 rupture, 48-16 shear, 48-8 spur gear, 54-13 tensile, 48-3 ultimate, 48-3, 53-2 vs. factors, 48-17 yield, 48-3 Stress, 48-2, 51-2 allowable, 52-1, 53-2 allowable, gear, 54-13 allowable, pressure vessel, 55-5 allowable spring, 54-4 allowable torsional stress, nonreversed fatigue, 54-5 (tbl) alternating, 52-6 alternating combined, 52-8 apparent yield, 48-7 bending, 51-11 biaxial, 64-11 circumferential, 53-4 combined, 51-5 concentration, 51-4 concentration factor, fatigue, 48-10 concentration, press-fit, 53-8, 53-9 corrosion cracking, 20-19, 47-9 critical, 17-12 cyclic, 48-9 (ftn) cylinder, thick-walled, 53-6 design, working, 53-2 direct shear, 54-5 discontinuity, 55-6 effective, 52-5 effective allowable, pressure vessel, 55-12 engineering, 48-2 equivalent, 52-6 extreme, 51-6 flexural, 51-11 general primary membrane, 55-6 hydrostatic design, 67-4 load-controlled, 55-6 local primary membrane, 55-6 longitudinal, 53-5 maximum allowable, pressure vessel, 55-5 mean, 48-9, 52-6 normal, 51-2 peak, 55-6 physical, 48-5 primary, 55-6 primary membrane, 55-6 principal, 51-5 proof, 48-3 (ftn) range, 52-6 ratio, 66-7 relaxation, 48-11 relief processes, steel, 49-8 riser, 51-5 -rupture test, 48-16 safe spring, 54-4 secondary, 55-6 self-limiting, 55-6 shear, 51-2 shear, fluid, 14-6 -strain curve, 48-2 (fig), 48-4 (fig) tangential, 53-4 theory, maximum, 52-3 true, 48-5 von Mises, 52-5 yield, 17-12, 48-3 Stresspeening, 54-3 Strict liability in tort, 75-6, 75-7 Strip backing, 55-9 die, 65-6
Stripping, 71-2 (ftn) air, 71-23 factor, 71-24 steam, 71-24 Stroke, 28-2 compression, 28-2 engine, 28-2 exhaust, 28-2 intake, 28-2 power, 28-2 Strong material, 48-1 Strouhal number, 1-9 (tbl) Structural cell, 45-12 designation, ceramic, 47-19 (tbl) discontinuity, 55-6 laminate, 47-21 rope, 66-3 steel, 47-6 steel, corrugated pipe, 16-11 strand, 66-3 Structure atomic, 20-1 body-centered tetragonal, 49-7 (ftn) -borne noise, 73-4 composite, 51-19 metastable, 47-9 Student’s t-distribution, 11-7, 63-16 (ftn), A-14 Sub-isokinetic, 70-2 (ftn) Subautogenous waste, 71-10 (ftn) Subchapter C corporation, 75-3 S corporation, 75-3 Subcontract, 75-4 Subcooled liquid, 23-2, 23-11 properties, 23-12 Subcooling condenser, hot well, 26-12 Sublimation, 23-8 (ftn), 23-9 (ftn) latent heat of, 23-8 Submarine atmosphere, 40-11 Submatrix, 4-1 Submerged fraction, 15-15 metal arc welding, 65-12 pipelines, 15-16 scraper conveyor, 68-5 Subset, 11-1 proper, 11-1 Subsonic, 14-15 flow regime, 14-15 (ftn) Substance lethal, 55-4 properties, 23-4 target, 64-3 Substitution, linear equation, 3-7 Substrate, 64-8 Success probability, 11-3 Successive trial, 11-4 Suction, 18-4 gas, 33-1 head, net positive, 18-14 head, total, 18-6 line, 33-10 specific speed, 18-16 throttling, compressor, 32-2 Sudden contraction, 17-13 enlargement, 17-12, 17-13 failure model, 63-12 Sulfate sulfur, 21-4 Sulfide, cadmium, 64-5 Sulfur, 21-3, 21-4 dioxide, 68-20 in stack gas, 68-4 low-, coal, 21-5 organic, 21-4 point, 64-6 (ftn) pyritic, 21-4 sulfate, 21-4 trioxide, 21-4, 68-4, 68-20 Sulfurous acid, 68-20
Sum -of-the-years’ digits method, 74-21, 74-26 unweighted, sound level, 73-8 Summer, 62-4 degree-days, 42-6 (ftn), 43-5 Summing point, 62-4, 62-13 Sun gear, 59-6 Sunk cost, 74-3 Super-isokinetic, 70-2 (ftn) Superaustenitic stainless steel, 47-9 Supercharger, 28-11 Supercharging, 28-11 Superconductivity, 47-18 Supercooled liquid, 47-17 Supercritical cycle, 27-7 -pressure boiler, 26-4 -pressure turbine, 26-8 Superelevation, 58-8, 58-8 (ftn) rate, 58-8 total, 58-8 Superferritic stainless steel, 47-8 Superficial velocity, 66-8 Superfinishing, 65-5, 65-14 Superheat degree of, 23-11 Rankine cycle, 27-4 table, using, 23-11 Superheated R-12 properties, A-77, A-78 steam properties, A-67, A-68, A-89 vapor, 23-2, 23-3 vapor, properties of, 23-14 Superheater, 26-13 convection, 26-13 radiant, 26-13 Superheating, 27-4 Superhigh-speed steel, 65-4 Superposed turbine, 26-8 Superposition, 51-17 forces, 45-16 method, 46-4 of cash flow, 74-10 theorem, 10-6 Supersaturated solution, 20-10 (ftn) Supersonic nozzle, design of, 25-5 travel, 14-15 Supplementary angle, 6-1 boiler, 29-11 -fired HRSG, 29-8 unit, 1-6 (tbl) Supplier, dealing with, 76-2, 76-3 Supplier’s lien, 75-5 risk, 63-26 Supply duct, 41-21 pump, fire fighting, 67-7 rail, 44-6 Support pinned, 45-7 roller, 45-7 simple, 45-7 type, 45-7 (tbl) Surcharge, 15-12 Surface absorption, 73-10 -acting agent, 68-9 (ftn) condenser, 26-11 control, 24-1 density, 73-11 durability, gear, 54-14 emissivity, A-136 extended, 34-17 faying, 20-19 finish, 2-4, 48-11 (fig) finish factor, 48-10 finishing and coating, 65-13 free, 16-5 frictionless, 45-7 hardening, 49-10
I-59
of revolution, 9-5, 50-3 (fig) pressure coefficient, wind, 40-6 runoff, 68-19 selective, 31-2 temperature, 10-10, 34-6 tension, 14-11 Surfacing, hard, 65-14 Surfactant, 68-9 Surge chamber, 17-39, 18-24 impedance, 19-12 limit, 32-8 pressure allowance, 67-4 pressure, maximum, 19-12 tank, 17-39 wave speed, 17-38 Surging, 41-9, 54-8 Surroundings, 24-1 Susceptance, 72-5 Suspended speed, just-, 66-17 Suspension, 20-10 burning, 26-3 density, 66-17 flow, 66-8 off-bottom, 66-17 on-bottom, 66-17 solids, 66-18 types, 66-17 uniform, 66-17 Suspicious event, 63-23 Sustainable development, ethics, 76-4 Swaging, 65-7 Swamee-Jain equation, 17-6 Sweating, 34-11 insulation thickness to prevent, 34-11 Swept volume, 28-2, 32-3 Swing temperature, 40-7 test, 60-21 valve, 16-12 Switch electropneumatic, 44-1 post control supervisory, 67-5 vane, 67-5 Switching fuel, 68-20 Symbol, 55-9, 55-10 (tbl) fluid power, 19-2 weld, 55-9, 55-10 (tbl) Symbols, 3-1 elements, A-57 piping, A-44 Symmetrical even, 9-7 (tbl) full-wave, 9-7 (tbl) function, 7-4 half-wave, 9-7 (tbl) matrix, 4-2 odd, 9-7 (tbl) quarter-wave, 9-7 (tbl) waveform, 9-7 (tbl) Symmetry curve, types, 7-4 half-wave, 7-4 odd, 7-4 rotational, 7-4 Synchronous belt, 54-17 capacitor, 72-17 motor, 72-17 speed, 18-10, 72-14 Syndiotactic polymer, 47-16 Syndrome, NIMBY, 68-14 Syngas, 21-8, 29-2 from tires, 68-21 Synthesis, 20-7 Synthetic gas, 21-5, 21-8, 29-2 polymer, 47-15 resin, 20-22 standard data, 63-17 System, 24-1 absolute English, 1-4 active, 62-11
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - S
I N D E X
I-60
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - T
active solar, 31-2 advanced flywheel, 59-5 advanced turbine, 29-1 (ftn) air-and-water, 44-1 all-air, 44-1 all-water, 44-1 base-8, 12-2 base-16, 12-2 bin, 26-3 binary, 12-1 boundary, 24-1 bypass factor, 43-7 capacity, 34-13 Cartesian coordinate, 7-3 central, 26-3 central receiver, 31-3 cgs, 1-4 characteristic curve, 41-8 circulating closed-loop, 67-7 class I standpipe, 67-5 class II standpipe, 67-5 class III standpipe, 67-5 closed, 24-1 collinear force, 45-6 concentric flywheel, 59-5 concurrent force, 45-6 consistent, 3-7 consistent unit, 1-2 constant-speed control, 62-13 control, 62-13 controllability, 62-14 conventional duct, 41-21 coordinate, 7-3, 57-1 coplanar force, 45-6 curve, 41-8 deluge, 67-3 dependent, 57-12 diagram, 61-3 diagram, leg, 61-3 direct-firing, 26-3 dish, 31-3 dish-engine, 31-3 distributed collector, 31-3 double interlock preaction sprinkler, 67-3 dry pipe sprinkler, 67-2 dual-duct, 44-1 dust collection, 41-32 effect, 41-9 effect factor, 41-9 engineering, 10-8 English engineering, 1-2 English gravitational, 1-3 equation, 61-2, 61-3 exhaust duct, 41-31 fire protection, 67-1 foam-water, 67-3 force-couple, 45-4 function, 62-4 gas turbine, 28-11 (ftn) gating, 65-8 general three-dimensional, 45-6 gridded, 67-6 hexadecimal, 12-2 high-performance power, 29-10 high-velocity, 41-21 hot rock, 31-7 hot water, 31-7 hot windbox, 29-10 ideal, 60-2 inconsistent, 3-7 integration, typical, 26-1 isolated, 24-2 k-out-of-n, 11-10 linear, 57-2 linear force, 45-4 loop, 67-6 loop and gridded, 67-60 low-velocity, 41-21 matrix, 62-14 metric, 1-4 mks, 1-5 ML T, 1-7 modeling, 61-1
P P I
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R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
modeling, rotational, 61-5 multiple degree of freedom, 60-2, 61-2 M /M /1, 63-6 M /M /s, 63-7 non-interlock preaction sprinkler, 67-2 numbering, 3-1 observability, 62-14 octal, 12-2 of forces, 45-6 of units, 1-2 open, 24-1 order, 61-2 order of the, 62-4 parallel, 11-9 parallel force, 45-6 passive, 62-11 perfect, 60-2 performance curve, 18-16 population, 40-4 positional numbering, 12-1 power-tower, 31-3 preaction sprinkler, 67-2 rectangular coordinate, 7-3 rectilinear, 57-2 redundant, 11-9 regulating, 62-13 return air, 41-21, 41-31 riser, 67-7 serial, 11-9 single degree of freedom, 60-2, 61-2 single-duct, 44-1 single interlock preaction sprinkler, 67-2 solar energy generating, 31-3 sprinkler, 67-7 sprinkler, types, 67-2 stable, 62-11 standpipe, 67-5 steady-flow, 24-5 steady-flow, isentropic, 24-9 steady-flow, polytropic, 24-10 steady-flow, throttling, 24-10 Stirling, 31-3 supply duct, 41-21 tandem flywheel, 59-5 thermodynamic, 24-1 tree, 67-6 trough-electric, 31-3 tuned, 60-13 two-two, 26-5 type 0, 62-13 (ftn) type 1, 62-13 (ftn) type 2, 62-13 (ftn) type n, 62-13 unified numbering, alloy, 47-1, 47-2 unit, 26-3 voltage, 72-5 (ftn) water mist, 67-3 water spray, 67-3 wet pipe sprinkler, 67-2 wind energy conversion, 31-4 Systematic error, 64-2
T t-distribution, A-14 Student’s, 11-7, 63-16 T-delta rosette, 64-12 T-p diagram, 24-3 T-s diagram, 24-4, 28-4 T250 temperature, 21-3 Table air, 23-11 compressed liquid, 23-11 cumulative frequency, 11-10, 11-11 divided difference, 13-3 (ftn) factor, A-169, A-170 fan rating, 41-8 gas, 23-11 multirating, 41-8 normal shock, 25-10 of indefinite integrals, A-10 of integrals, 9-1 (ftn) periodic, 20-2
property, 23-10 Routh, 62-12 saturation, 23-10 shaker, 60-21 standard normal, 11-6 steam, 23-10 superheat, 23-11 Tableau, 63-13 Tachometer, 62-13 Tail curve, 11-7 race, 18-24 Tailwater, 18-24 depression, 18-24 Takeoff branch, 41-19 point, 62-4 Tall building, infiltration, 40-6 Tandem -center valve, 19-3 compound turbine, 26-8 flywheel system, 59-5 -pulley drive, 66-10 (ftn) seal, 71-18 Tangent bulk modulus, 14-14 hyperbolic, 6-4, 6-5 law of, 6-5 plane, 8-5 point, 7-2 Tangential, 57-9 acceleration, 57-8 force, gear, 54-12 force, helical gear, 54-13 pressure angle, 54-12 stress, 53-4 turbine, 18-21 (ftn) velocity, 18-22, 57-8 Tangible property, 74-20 (ftn) Tank above-ground storage, 69-1 compressed air, 32-2 deaerating, 26-15 discharge, 17-16, 17-17 (fig) (ftn) flash, 26-14 (ftn), 31-7 pressurized, 17-18 reactor, 71-7 receiver, 32-2 spherical, 34-11, 53-6 storage, 32-2, 69-1 surge, 17-39 thick-walled (see also Cylinder, thick-walled), 53-5 thin-walled, 53-4 time to empty, 17-19 underground, 68-20 Tap hole, 15-3 Tape, heat, 34-21 Tapered diameter changes, 17-13 hub, 55-18 -hub flange, 55-18 Tappet, 59-12 Tar coal, epoxy, 16-11 pipe coating, 16-11 Target species, 64-3 substance, 64-3 Task, 63-15 Tax bracket, 74-25 credit, 74-25 Taxation check the box, 75-3 (ftn) double, 75-2 Taylor’s equation, 65-5 formula, 8-8 series, 8-8 TD-nickel, 47-18 TDC (top-dead-center), 32-3 TDS (see also Total dissolved solids), 39-3
Technique, variance reduction, 63-32 Technology best available, 71-2 clean room, 40-11 Tedlar bag, 70-1 Teetering blade, 31-6 Teflon, 47-16 Telenomer, 47-14 TEMA, 36-11 (ftn) Temper carbon, 47-10 copper pipe, 67-3 designation, aluminum, 49-9 Temperature, 23-17 absolute, 23-4 adiabatic flame, 21-15 air, 34-6 ambient, 34-6 and pressure, normal, 21-2 approach, 36-12, 36-13 at a point, 34-8 autoignition, 21-8 bulk, 34-6, 35-4, 36-3 chip, 65-4 coarsening, 49-8 coefficient, 64-5 combustion, 21-15 constant, 24-2 constant, closed system, 24-8 continuous heat resistance, 47-16 conversion, SI, A-3, A-5 critical, 49-4, 49-7 cross, 36-13 deflection, 48-11 dew-point, 38-2 difference, equivalent, 43-3 difference logarithmic mean, 36-13 difference, terminal, 26-11, 26-15 dissociation, 21-15 dry-bulb, 38-1, 38-2, 38-6 ductile transition, 48-15 effect, 55-7 (tbl) effect, modulus of elasticity, 55-7 effect on output, 64-13 environment, 34-6 eutectic, 49-3 eutectoid, 49-4 factor, chain drive, 59-18 far-field, 34-6 fictive, 47-18 film, 35-4, 36-3 flame, 21-15 flue gas, 21-14 fracture appearance transition, 48-15 fracture transition plastic, 48-15 free-stream, 36-2 glass transition, 47-18 gradient, 34-6 hot-forging, 65-7 (tbl) ignition, 21-8 increase in liquid, 26-7 inside design, 42-2, 43-3 inversion, 24-3 local, 34-6 maximum flame, 21-15 maximum theoretical combustion, 21-15 mean bulk, 36-3 minimum design metal, 55-8 mixing, 36-3 net stack, 21-14 overshoot, 44-2 profile, 34-6 (fig) ratio, critical, 25-4 recrystallization, 49-8 reference, 64-6 reheat, 26-14 rise, 22-4 saturation, 23-4 scale, absolute, 23-4, 23-5 scales, 23-4 surface, 10-10, 34-6 swing, 40-7 T250, 21-3
throttle, 26-14 -time chart, 34-14 -time curve, 49-2 transition, 48-15 wet-bulb, 38-2 Tempered martensite, 49-7 steel, double-, 47-7 Tempering, 49-6, 49-9 Temporary hardness, 20-21 Tendency, central, 11-12 Tens complement, 12-3 Tensile force, 45-16 strength, 48-3 test, 48-2 Tension cable, 58-13 effective, belt, 66-10 force, 45-16 initial, spring, 54-8 net, 54-16 surface, 14-11 Tensor, 5-1 Teratogen, 63-27 Term differential, 9-1 general, 3-10 harmonic, 9-6 in a sequence, 3-10 Terminal box, variable air volume, 41-3 box, VAV, 41-3 point, 5-1 pressure, 41-30 temperature difference, 26-11, 26-15 unit, 41-3 value, 74-16 velocity, 17-43, 58-19, 70-3 velocity, duct, 41-30 Terminator, 47-15 Terminology gear train, 59-5 meshing gear, 54-11 (fig) spur gear, 54-10 (fig) worm and worm gear, 54-16 (fig) Terms, separation of, 9-3 Ternary compound, 20-5 Tertiary air, 26-3 compound, 20-5 creep, 48-16 Test (see also type), 60-21 Ames, 63-27 (ftn) Brinell hardness, 48-13 Charpy, 48-15 comparison, 3-12 destructive, 48-14 drop, 60-21 fatigue, 48-9 financial, 74-34, 74-35 for convergence, 3-12 hardness, 48-13, 48-14 (tbl) harmonic, vibration, 60-21 Hurwitz, 62-12 hydrostatic pressure, 55-20 hypothesis, 11-15 impact, 48-15, 55-7 isokinetic, 70-2 Jominy end-quench, 49-7 Knoop, 48-13 Meyer, 48-13 Meyer-Vickers, 48-13 Mohs, 48-13 nondestructive, 48-12, 48-14 on plastic, 48-11 power of the, 11-15 proof, 11-9 ratio, 3-12 rebound, 48-14 Rockwell hardness, 48-13 Scleroscopic hardness, 48-14 scratch hardness, 48-13
I-61
Shore hardness, 48-14 sinusoidal, vibration, 60-21 sliding plate viscometer, 14-6 specimen, 48-2 (ftn) swing, 60-21 tensile, 48-2 three-edge bearing, 16-11 torsion, 48-8 ultrasonic, 48-14 vibration, 60-21 Vickers, 48-13 Testing, boiler feedwater, 20-23 Tetrafunctionality, 47-15 Theorem, 10-6 Bayes’, 11-4 binomial, 3-3 Buckingham pi-, 1-10 buoyancy, 15-14 Cauchy-Schwartz, 5-3 central limit, 11-14 de Moivre’s, 3-8 delay, 10-6 final value, 62-7 Gibbs, 23-19 Green’s, 2-4 initial value, 62-7 Kalman’s, 62-14 (ftn) Kutta-Joukowsky, 17-41 linearity, 10-6 Nernst, 23-6 of calculus, fundamental, 9-4 of Fourier, 9-6 of Pappus, 9-5 of Pappus-Guldinus, 50-3 parallel axis, 50-4, 56-2 perpendicular axis, 50-6 Pythagorean, 6-2 reciprocity, for radiation, 37-4 superposition, 10-6 time-shifting, 10-6 transfer axis, 50-4 Varignon’s, 45-3 Theoretical horsepower, 17-15 maximum velocity, 25-2 yield, 20-8 Theory behavior, 63-29 constant energy distortion, 52-5 Coulomb-Mohr, 52-2 decision, 63-33 distortion energy, 48-8, 52-5 failure, 52-1 feedback, 62-4 kinetic gas, 23-17 Lewis beam strength, 54-13 maximum normal stress, 52-1 maximum shear stress, 48-8, 52-3 maximum strain, 52-3 net transport, 34-2 normal stress, 52-1 octahedral shear stress, 52-5 of constant energy of distortion, 52-5 of influence, 63-29 Prandtl’s boundary layer, 17-44 probability, 11-2 queuing, 63-6 strain energy, 52-4 von Mises, 48-8, 52-5 von Mises-Hencky theory, 52-5 X, 63-29 Y, 63-29 Z, 63-29 Therm (unit), 22-1, 42-1 (ftn) Thermal, 26-1 analogy, 34-6 arrest, 49-2 backflushing, 26-13 ballast, 71-13 capacitance, 34-13 capacity rates, 36-20 coefficient of expansion, 14-13 (ftn) conductance, 34-2
P P I
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INDEX - T
I N D E X
I-62
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - T
conductivity, 34-2, 34-3 (tbl), A-110 conductivity, foodstuffs, 34-3 cracking, 21-2 deflection temperature, 48-12 deformation, 51-3 desorption, 71-24, 71-25 diffusivity, 34-5 (tbl) diffusivity, foodstuffs, 34-5 (tbl) efficiency, 21-16, 24-11, 27-2 (ftn), 28-3 energy, 22-4 (ftn) entry length, 36-5 equilibrium, 23-4, 24-5, 37-1, 37-2, 37-6 expansion, coefficient, 51-4 flywheel effect, 42-5 gradient, 34-6 inertia, 42-5 lag, 42-5 NOx, 68-14 properties, A-103 properties, atmospheric air, A-124, A-125 properties, foodstuffs, A-113, A-114 properties, nonmetals, A-112 properties, saturated water, A-122, A-123 properties, solid, A-111 properties, steam, A-126, A-127 radiation, 37-1 rating, power plant, 26-1 reservoir, 33-1 (ftn) resistance, 34-4, 34-13, 42-2 (ftn) resistance, coefficient of, 64-6 strain, 51-4 stress ratcheting, 55-7 time constant, 34-13 unit, British, 23-5 Thermionic energy converter, 31-9 generator, 31-9 Thermistor, 64-5 Thermocouple, 31-9, 64-6 constants, A-160, A-161 material, 64-7 thermoelectric constants, A-160, A-161 Thermodynamic basic relations, 24-6 disc steam trap, 16-14 state, 23-2, 23-4 system, 24-1 Thermodynamics, 23-2 first law of, 24-2 (ftn) first law of, closed system, 24-4 first law of, open system, 24-5 second law of, 23-7 (ftn), 24-12 third law of, 23-6 zeroth law of, 23-4 Thermoelectric constant, 64-7, A-160, A-161 generator, 31-9 Thermometer, resistance, 64-5 Thermopile, 64-7 Thermoplastic, 47-16 adhesive, 65-13 polymer, 47-17 (tbl) Thermosetting, 47-16 adhesive, 65-13 polymer, 47-17 (tbl) Thermosiphon, 33-7 (ftn) heat pipe, 34-22, 34-23 (fig) Thermostat, 44-1 immersion, 44-2 mixing, 44-2 outside air, 44-2 setback, 42-7 setback, conservation through, 42-7 Thermostatic steam trap, 16-14 Thick-walled cylinder (tank), 53-5, 53-6 Thickness critical insulation, 34-11, 34-11 (ftn) design wall, 19-4 -diameter ratio, 41-14 (fig) economic insulation, 34-11 insulation, 34-11 minimum, 55-4 (ftn)
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
of insulation to prevent freezing, 34-11 of insulation to prevent sweating, 34-11 pressure vessel, 55-8 ratio, chip, 65-2 required head, 55-13 (tbl) standard plate, 55-12 (tbl) tooth, 54-11 Thin-walled cylinder (tank), 53-4 Third back pressure ratio, 25-13 critical pressure ratio, 25-13 derivative of motion, 59-12 law of thermodynamics, 23-6 moment about the mean, 11-14 Thixotropic fluid, 14-7 liquid, 14-7 THM, 68-21 Thompson effect, 64-7 (ftn) Thoracic fraction, 68-9 Thread Acme, 59-2 angle, 59-2 angle, helix, 53-14 half-angle, 53-14 power screw, 59-2 (fig) Threaded fitting, 17-12 (ftn) Three -dimensional mensuration, A-9 -edge bearing test, 16-11 -force member, 45-7 -moment equation, 46-5 -phase electricity, 72-10 -reservoir problem, 17-22 -way converter, 28-2 (ftn) -way valve, 19-3, 55-20 Threshold limit value, 40-10 of audibility, 73-4 of hearing, 73-7 of pain, 73-4 Throat, 25-5 effective weld, 53-14 property, 25-5 radius, 41-19 sonic, 25-5 (ftn) Throttle control, 26-17 pressure, constant, 26-17 pressure operation, hybrid, 26-17 (ftn) pressure, variable, 26-17 temperature, 26-14 valve, 26-17 (ftn) valve, boiler, 26-17 valve, turbine, 26-17 Throttling process, 24-2, 24-3, 24-10 range, 44-5 service valve, 16-12 steady-flow system, 24-10 suction, 32-2 valve, 26-13, 26-17 (ftn), 33-1 Through-variable, 61-3 Throw, 41-30 ratio, 41-30 Thrust, 25-8 bearing, 54-23 coefficient of, 25-9 force, bevel gear, 54-15 force, helical gear, 54-13 separation force, bevel gear, 54-15 Tidal power plant, 31-6 Tie bus, 44-6 line, 44-6, 49-2 TIG welding, 65-12 Tightened plan, 63-26 Tilt pouring, 65-8 Time, 63-15, 63-19 allowance, 63-16 bed residence, 71-7 characteristic, pipeline, 19-12 constant, 3-11, 62-2, 62-9
constant, thermal, 34-13 control, 63-32 cycle, 63-18, 63-19 delay, 62-2 doubling, 3-11, 74-8 e-folding, 3-11 effective, 25-9 event, 63-3 filtration, 71-6 flow, uniform, 63-32 flow, variable, 63-32 measurement unit, 63-17 mission, 11-9 normal, 63-16 periodic, 58-20 relative, 34-5 response, 62-2 (ftn), 62-6, 62-8 -series analysis, 9-8 (ftn) settling, 44-2, 62-2 -shifting theorem, 10-6 study, 63-15 -temperature chart, 34-14 -temperature curve, 49-2 -temperature-transformation curves, 49-6 to double, 74-8 -to-empty, choked flow, 25-15 to empty tank, 17-19 to triple, 74-8 tripling, 74-8 value of money, 74-5 weighted average, 40-10, 73-12 Timed two-position control, 44-5 Timing belt, 54-17 belt profile, 54-19 (tbl) chain, 54-17 Tin-plating, 65-14 Tip adiabatic, 34-18, 34-19 convective, 34-19 insulated, 34-18 speed, 18-4 Tire -derived fuel, 21-4 discarded, 68-21 tread, 47-13 (ftn) Titania, 21-3 (ftn) Toe, 54-20 dam, 15-11 Tolerance, 2-4, 62-2 pressure relief, 55-20 Ton, 1-7 cooling, 43-2 explosives, 1-7 freight, 1-7 long, 1-7, A-3, A-4 measurement, 1-7 metric, 1-7 of explosive power, 1-7 refrigeration, 1-7, 33-3, A-3, A-5 short, 1-7, A-3, A-4 Tone, pure, 73-4 Tonnage, 65-6 Tonne, 1-7 Tool carbide, 65-4 ceramic, 65-4 failure, 65-5 life, 65-4, 65-5 material, 65-4 steel, 47-6 steel carbon, 65-4 Tooth face, 54-10 flank, 54-10 gear, clearance, 54-10 land, 54-10 thickness, 54-11 Top-dead-center, 28-2, 32-3 Topping cycle, 29-9 turbine, 26-8
Torispherical head, 55-5 Torque, 45-2 and power, chain drive, 59-16 and power, drive shaft, 59-18 bolt, 53-13 brake, 28-3 braking, 54-20 coefficient, 53-13 conversion, SI, A-3, A-5 electrical motor, 72-12 engine, 28-3 hydrostatic, 15-11 meter, 64-13, 64-14 on a gate, 15-11 pump shaft, 18-11 shaft, 53-14 tube, 59-18 vs. power, 54-10 Torr, A-3, A-4 Torricelli equation, 17-17 Torricelli’s speed of efflux, 17-17 Torsion angle, 48-8, 53-14 balance, Du Nouy, 14-11 (ftn) dynamometer, 64-13 noncircular shape, 53-16 shell, 53-15 solid member, 53-16 spring, helical, 54-9 test, 48-8 Torsional axis, 53-17 center, 53-17 pendulum, 60-5 spring constant, 60-5 Tort, 75-6 action, 75-6 strict liability in, 75-6, 75-7 Tortuous-path, valve, 26-13 Torus, mensuration, A-9 Total cost, 74-33 discharge head, 18-7 dissolved solids, 39-3 efficiency, 41-6 energy, 16-2, 16-4 energy line, 17-15 equivalent temperature difference, 43-3 film coefficient, 35-12 flux method, 73-3 hardness, 20-21 head, 16-2, 18-6, 18-7 heat, 23-5, 23-8 heat removal process, 43-7 (fig) heat transfer, 34-6 heat transferred, 34-13 impulse, 25-9 pressure, 16-2, 23-18, 41-3 pressure method, 41-29 property, 25-2 quality management, 63-30 residual chlorine, 68-8 resistance, 42-2 response, 62-2 specific energy, 16-2 (ftn) strain, 48-4 suction head, 18-6, 18-7 superelevation, 58-8 Tough material, 48-1, 48-7 Toughened ceramic, 47-18 Toughening, 49-9 Toughness, 48-7, 48-14 elastic, 48-7 modulus of, 48-7 notch, 48-14, 48-15, 49-9, 55-7 test, 48-14 Tow, 47-20 (ftn) Tower cooling, 39-1 direct-condensing, 39-3 dry cooling, 39-3 fill, 39-1 (ftn) forced, draft, 39-1
indirect-condensing dry cooling, 39-3 load, 39-2 losses, 39-1 packed, 71-3, 71-23 shadow, 31-4, 31-5 spray, 71-2, 71-23 tray, 71-23 unit, 39-2 Town gas, 21-8 (ftn) Toxaphene, 68-17 Toxic air, 68-2 Toxicity dilution, 40-10 leaching characteristic, 68-2 TQM, 63-30 Tracheid, 47-17 Tracing electric heat, 34-21 heat, 34-21 steam, 34-21 Trade-in allowance, 74-18 Traditional organochlorine pesticide, 68-17 Train efficiency of the gear, 54-12 gear, 59-5 ratio, 59-6 value, 59-6, 59-7 value, epicyclic gear, 59-7 Trans mer, 47-16 Transaction, short-term, 74-3 Transcendental function circular, 6-2 derivative, 8-2 integral of, 9-1 Transducer, 15-2, 44-1, 65-6 casing, 60-21 potentiometer, 64-3 proximity displacement, 60-21 velocity, 60-21 Transfer axis theorem, 50-4 coefficient, overall heat, 34-7 conductive heat, 34-2 die, 65-6 function, 62-3 (ftn) function, closed-loop, 62-4 function, direct, 62-4 function, error, 62-4 function, feedback, 62-4 function, forward, 62-4 function, loop, 62-4 function method, 43-3 function, open-loop, 62-4 function, overall, 62-4 function, reverse, 62-4 function, transform, 62-3 (ftn) heat, 34-2, 34-6 heat, combined, 37-4 heat, film, 34-7 molding, 65-10 overall coefficient of heat, 42-2 rate, heat, 34-6 total heat, 34-6, 34-13 transient heat, 34-12, 34-14 unit, 71-24 unit, height of, 71-24 units method, 36-20 units, number, 71-21 Transferred duty, 29-8 Transform fast Fourier, 9-8 Laplace, 10-5, A-11 of the transfer function, 62-3 (ftn) Transformation coefficient of, 5-3 matrix, 5-3 Transformed stiffness, 60-8 Transformer, 72-6 Transgranular, 20-19 Transient component, 60-12 heat flow, 34-12 heat transfer, 34-12
I-63
heat transfer, graphical solution, 34-14 modulus, 34-5 response, 62-2 state, 63-35 Transition, 63-34 element, 20-4 matrix, 63-34 metal, 20-4 (ftn) real, 63-34 region, 16-7 temperature, 48-15 temperature, ductile, 48-15 temperature, glass, 47-18 virtual, 63-34 Transitional flow, 19-5 Translation, pure, 58-2 Translucent material, 73-4 Transmissibility, 60-12 linear, 60-12 Transmissible vector, 5-1 (ftn) Transmission coefficient, 73-11 continously variable (CVT), 59-5 dynamometer, 64-13 factor, 25-18 loss, 42-1, 73-11 rope, 66-2 shock, 60-20 Transmittance, 31-2 overall heat, 34-7 smoke, 68-20 Transmitted load, gear, 54-12 power vs. torque, 54-10 shock, 60-20 Transonic travel, 14-15 Transparent, 73-4 material, 73-4 Transport process, 24-2 Transportation problem, 63-12, 63-14 Transpose, 4-4, 4-5 Transverse axis, 7-11 circular pitch, 54-12, 54-13 component, 57-9 fin, 34-20 load, truss, 45-16 loading, 45-16 pitch, 36-8 pressure, 17-28 sensitivity factor, 64-9 velocity, 57-9 wave, 73-5 Trap, steam, 16-14, 34-21 float, 16-14 inverted bucket, 16-14 thermodynamic disc, 16-14 thermostatic, 16-14 Trapezoid, mensuration, A-7, A-8 Trapezoidal cam profile, 59-12 (ftn) channel conveyance factor, A-58 loading curve, 45-6 rule, 7-1 Trash, 21-4 Travel hypersonic, 14-15 supersonic, 14-15 transonic, 14-15 Traveled distance, 57-3 Traverse point, 70-2 sampling points, 70-2 (fig) Tray tower, 71-23 Tread, tire, 47-13 (ftn) Treatment all-volatile, 20-24 caustic phosphate, 20-24 leachate, 68-13 shock, 26-13 wastewater, 71-25 zero-solids, 20-24
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - T
I N D E X
I-64
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - U
Tree decision, 63-33 diagram, 63-33 system, 67-6 Trestle, 45-13 Triad, Cartesian, 5-2 Triadimenol, 68-18 Trial, 11-2 successive, 11-4 Triangle, 6-2 formula, A-7 general, 6-5 (fig) oblique, 6-5 Pascal’s, 3-3 right, 6-2 similar, 6-2 special, 6-2 spherical, 6-6 Triangular matrix, 4-2 Triaxial loading, 52-3, 52-5 Triazine, 68-17 Tridymite, 47-18 Trifunctionality, 47-15 Trigonometric form, 3-7 function, 6-2 functions in a unit circle, 6-3 (fig) identity, 6-2, 6-3, 6-4, 6-5 Trigonometry, spherical, 6-6 Trihalomethane, 68-21 Trihedral angle, 6-6 Trimetric view, 2-3 Trimmer, die, 65-8 Trimming, die, 65-9 Trioxide, sulfur, 21-4, 68-20 Triple cross product, 5-5 integral, 9-3 junction cell, 31-4 junction solar cell, 31-4 modular redundancy, 63-9 point, 49-4 point property, 23-8 product, mixed, 5-4, 5-5 scalar product, 5-5 Triplex chain, 59-17 pump, 18-2 Tripling time, 74-8, 74-9 Tripod, 45-22 (fig) Tritium, 20-2 Trivial solution, 3-7 (ftn) Tropopause, 15-13 (ftn) Troposphere, 15-13 (ftn) Trough-electric system, 31-3 True airspeed, 29-2 rake angle, 65-2 strain, 48-5 stress, 48-5 Trunk duct system, 41-13 system, reducing, 41-13 Truss, 45-12 bridge, 45-12 deflection, 51-17 determinate, 45-13 indeterminate, 46-7 pipe, 16-10 rigid, 45-12 transverse load, 45-16 types, 45-13 (fig) TTT curve, 49-6 Tube (see also Tubing), 35-7 crossflow, 36-8 fluid, 36-10 impact, 16-5 -in-tube heat exchanger, 36-10 piezometer, 15-2 pitot, 16-5, 25-22 stagnation, 16-5 static pressure, 15-2 torque, 59-18
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Tubeaxial fan, 41-4 Tubesheet feedwater heater, 26-15 Tubing Birmingham wire gage, A-132, A-133 copper, 16-9 dimensions, brass and copper, A-46 dimensions, BWG, A-47 dimensions, copper, A-45 dimensions, seamless steel boiler, A-47 dimensions, steel boiler, A-47 for fluid power, 19-4 polybutylene, 67-4 type F, 19-4 type S, 19-4 Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association, 36-11 (ftn) Tumbling, 65-14 Tuned system, 60-13 Tungsten-inert gas, 47-11 Tunnel duct, mine, 41-32 wind, 17-42 Turbine, 17-15, 26-8, 26-9 adiabatic efficiency, 26-9 advanced system, 29-5 aeroderivative combustion, 29-1 axial-flow, 18-23 back pressure, 26-8 combustion, 29-1 compound, 26-8 compound, tandem, 26-8 control, 26-16, 26-17 cross-compound, 26-8 direct coal-fueled, 29-2 efficiency, overall, 26-9 expansion, single-stage, 26-9 (fig) expansion, two-stage, 26-10 (fig) extraction, 26-9 -follow, 26-17 -follow mode, 26-17 Francis, 18-23 fuel, 29-2 gas, 29-1 heavy-duty, 29-1 high-head, 18-21 high-pressure, 26-8 impulse, 17-36, 18-21, 26-8 indirect coal-fired, 29-3 intermediate-pressure, 26-8 isentropic efficiency, 26-9 low-pressure, 26-8 meter, 17-27 power, 17-36, 18-22, 26-9 propeller, 18-23 radial-flow, 18-23 reaction, 18-23, 26-8 regulation, 26-16, 26-17 reheat, 26-9 runner, 18-21 specific speed, 18-21 split shaft, 29-1 steam, 26-8 supercritical-pressure, 26-8 superposed, 26-8 throttle valve, 26-17 topping, 26-8 type, 18-23 work, 26-9 Turboblower, 32-1 (ftn) Turbocharger, 28-11, 32-1 (ftn) Turbocompressor, 32-1 (ftn) Turbofan, 29-2 Turbojet, 29-2 Turbulence, propeller, 31-4 Turbulent flow, 16-7, 17-5 Turndown ratio, 26-3, 26-14 Turns effective number of, 66-13 ratio, 72-6 Tuye` re, 26-3, 47-2 TWA, 73-12 Twaddell scale, 14-5 (ftn)
Twist angle, 48-8, 53-14 center of, 53-17 Two -angle formula, 6-4 -dimensional cutting, 65-2 -dimensional mensuration, A-7 -dimensional space, vector in, 5-1 (fig) -force member, 45-6, 45-12 lines, angle, 7-8 -metal corrosion, 20-18 -point form, 7-5 points, distance, 7-7 -port black box, 61-1 -position control, 44-2 -stage compression, 32-7 -stage dust collectors, 41-32 -stage expansion, turbine, 26-9 -stage turbine expansion, 26-10 (fig) -step transition matrix, 63-34 -stroke cycle, 28-2 -stroke, diesel, 28-2 -tail confidence limit, 11-15 -two system, 26-5 -way catalytic converter, 28-2 (ftn) Twos complement, 12-4 Type 0 system, 62-13 (ftn) 1 system, 62-13 (ftn) 2 system, 62-13 (ftn) air conditioning system, 44-1 F, tubing, 19-4 I error, 11-14, 63-26 II error, 11-15, 63-26 n system, 62-13 (ftn) number, 3-1 of flange, 55-18 (fig) of valves, 16-13 (fig) -one chip, 65-1 S, tubing, 19-4 -three chip, 65-1 (ftn), 65-2 (ftn) -two chip, 65-1, 65-2 weld, by location, 55-10 (fig) Types of views, 2-1 suspension, 66-17 Typical characteristics, materials in advanced flywheels, 59-5 (tbl) clutch and brake design parameter, 54-20 (tbl) controls integration, 44-2 integration of power-generating elements, 26-2 (fig) journal bearing parameter, 54-25 (tbl) sprinkler system components, 67-7 (fig) system integration (power cycles), 26-1 V6 timing belt installation, 54-18 (fig)
U U -joint, 59-18 -tube heat exchanger, 36-12 -tube manometer (see also Manometer), 15-2 -waste, 68-3 U -factor, 34-7 ULPA, 40-11 Ultimate analysis, 20-6, 20-7, 21-2 CO2, 21-13 strength, 48-3, 53-2 strength design, 51-2 (ftn) Ultra-low penetration air, 40-11 Ultrafinishing, 65-5 Ultrahigh-strength steel, 47-6 Ultralow NOx burner, 71-17 Ultrasonic flowmeter, 17-28 machining, 65-6 test, 48-14 Ultrasound testing, 48-12
Ultrasupercritical boiler, 26-4 Unadjusted basis, 74-21 Unavailability, 63-9 Unbalanced force, 45-1, 58-4 Unbiased estimator, 11-12, 11-13 Unbonded strain gauge, 64-8 (ftn) Unburned fuel loss, 21-16 Uncertainty analysis, 74-44 Unconstrained motion, 58-11 Undamped forced vibration, 60-2 sinusoidal oscillation, 62-9 Underdamped, 60-9 Under-expansion, 25-13 Underfeed stoking, 26-3 Underflow, 66-15 Underground storage tank, 68-20 Undetermined coefficients, method of, 3-6, 10-4 Unfired HRSG, 29-8 Unforced response, 62-1 Unicouple, 31-9 Unified Numbering System, 47-1, 47-2 Uniform acceleration, 57-3 acceleration formulas, 57-4 (tbl) annual cost, equivalent, 74-7 attack corrosion, 20-19 flow, 16-9 gradient factor, 74-8 motion, 57-3 pressure, clutch, 54-21 series cash flow, 74-3 suspension, 66-17 time flow, 63-32 wear, clutch, 54-21 Union set, 11-1 Unit air conditioner, 33-2 air handling (AHU), 40-11, 41-3, 44-2 angstrom, A-1, A-2 base, 1-5 base-load, 26-16 blower-coil, 41-3 British thermal, 23-5 circle, 6-1 conductance, 34-7 derived, 1-6 (tbl) dynamic, 62-4 fan-coil, 41-3, 41-4 feedback, 62-4 hyperbola, 6-5 impulse, 61-2 impulse function, 10-6 load method, 51-18 make-up air, 41-3 matrix, 4-2 non-SI, 1-7 number of transfer, 71-21 open window, 73-10 operation, 26-1 package, 41-3 peaking, 26-16 primary, 1-7 ramp, 61-2 rayl, 73-6 resistance, 42-2 rooftop, 41-3 SI, 1-5 SI conversion, A-3 sphere, 6-6 step, 61-2 step function, 10-6 step response, 62-2 system, 26-3 terminal, 41-3 time measurement, 63-17 tower, 39-2 transfer, 71-24 vector, 5-2, 45-2 vector, Cartesian, 5-2 (fig) weight, 14-5
Unitary air conditioner, 33-2 equipment, 44-1 Units consistent system of, 1-2 of pressure, 14-2 of production depreciation, 74-22 SI derived, 1-5, 1-6 supplementary, 1-6 (tbl) Universal constant, Newton’s, 58-20 gas constant, 14-10, 23-14 gravitation, Newton’s, 58-20 joint, 59-18 set, 11-1 standard data, 63-17 Universe, 11-3, 24-1 Unloading curve, 48-7 Unsaturated air, 38-2 hydrocarbon, 21-2 position, 47-16 Unstable equilibrium, 58-2 Unsteady -state heat transfer, 34-12 heat transfer, 34-12 Unweighted response, 73-6 sum, 73-8 Upgrade, coal, 21-5 Upper bound, 9-4 control limit, 63-23 critical point, 49-4 explosive limit, 67-21 flammable limit, 67-21 limit, 9-4 Upright sprinkler, 67-9 Upset forming, 65-8 Uptime, 63-9 Upwind machine, 31-4 Urea, 68-15 (ftn) Usage, electrical, 72-7 Use factor, 26-16 Useful life, 74-20 work, 26-9 (ftn) UST, 68-20 Utilization coefficient of, 73-3 factor, 73-3 fuel, 29-9
V Vacuum, 14-3 extraction, 71-25 forming, 65-10 valve, 16-14 Value (see also type) alpha-, 64-5 analysis, 74-44 average (by integration), 9-4, 74-30 book, 74-23 boundary, 10-1 brake, 28-3 ceiling, 40-10 characteristic, 4-8 command, 62-13 Dulong and Petit, 23-8 effective, 72-5 engineering, 63-28, 74-44 expected, 11-8, 74-30 face, 74-29 final, 62-7 heating, 21-14 indicated, 28-3 initial, 9-4, 10-1 k-, 54-2 limiting, 3-9 market, 74-23 multiplier for C-, 67-12 (tbl) of money, time, 74-5
I-65
pace, 30-2 R-, 34-4 reference, 62-13 residual, 74-16 root-mean-square, 11-12 salvage, 74-18 standard normal, 11-6, 11-12 terminal, 74-16 threshold limit, 40-10 train, 59-6 Values instantaneous, 57-2 of z, 11-15 (tbl) Valve, 16-12, 26-13 air release, 16-12 air, siphon, 16-14 alarm check, 67-5 angle, 16-12 angle lift, 16-12 antireversal, 16-12 ball, 16-12 butterfly, 16-12 characteristics, 16-13 check, 16-12 closed-center, 19-3 combination air, 16-14 control, 19-3 cylinder-spool, 19-3 deluge, 67-3 diagram, 16-13 (tbl) double orifice air, 16-14 double-acting, 19-3 dry pipe, 67-2, 67-3 equivalent length, A-54 expansion, 33-1 fire protection (see also type), 67-3 flow coefficient, 17-13 flow factor, 19-5 four-way, 19-3 free-flow, 19-3 gate, 16-12 globe, 16-12 high-pressure-carryover, 19-3 hydraulic control, 19-3 indicating butterfly, 67-5 lift, 16-12 make-or-break, 16-14 motor-spool, 19-3 needle, 16-12 nonreverse flow, 16-12 open-center, 19-3 open-center-power-beyond, 19-3 OS&Y, 67-5 outside screw and yoke, 67-5 plug, 16-12 poppet, 28-3 (ftn) position, 19-3 post-indicating, 67-4 preaction, 67-2, 67-3 pressure operated relief, 67-3 pressure reduction, 19-3 pressure-relief, 17-39, 55-20 primary control, 67-3 relief, 16-12 safety, 16-12 safety, full-lift, 16-12 safety, high-lift, 16-12 safety, low-lift, 16-12 safety relief, 16-12, 55-20 shutoff service, 16-12 single-acting, 19-3 slow-closing, 17-39 spool-type, 19-3 steam throttle, 26-17 swing, 16-12 tandem-center, 19-3 three-way, 19-3, 55-20 throttle, 26-17 (ftn) throttling, 26-13, 26-17 (ftn), 33-1 throttling service, 16-12 tortuous-path, 26-13 types, 16-13 (fig)
P P I
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INDEX - V
I N D E X
I-66
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - V
vacuum, 16-14 Y-, 16-12 van der Waals’ equation of state, 23-20 force, 23-20 Vane, 17-35 inlet, 41-7 switch, 67-5 Vaneaxial fan, 41-6 Vapor compression cycle, 33-4 compression cycle, dry, 33-4 compression cycle, wet, 33-4 condensing, 35-7, 71-25 condensing, film, 35-7 dome, 23-3 -dominated reservoir, 31-6 /gas mixture, 23-2 incinerator, 71-17 -liquid mixture, properties of, 23-13 power cycle, 27-1 pressure, 14-9, 38-2 pressure head, 18-6 (ftn) pressure, moist air, 38-2 pressure, Reid, 68-10 properties of saturated, 23-14 properties of superheated, 23-14 saturated, 23-2 superheated, 23-2, 23-3 Vaporization, latent heat of, 23-8 Variable, 3-2 across-, 61-3 air volume box, 41-3 air volume terminal box, 41-3 -area meter, 17-27 -capacitance transducer, 64-4 chart, 63-22 cost, 74-32 dependent, 3-2 dimension of, 1-8 (tbl) effort, 19-8 flow rate, 41-7 frequency drive, 41-8 independent, 3-2 -inductance transducer, 64-4 matrix, 4-6 -pitch pulley, 41-8 pressure mode, 26-17 reduced, 23-20 -reluctance transducer, 64-4 resistor, 64-3 response, 61-2 speed fan drive, 41-7 standard normal, 11-12 state, 61-2, 63-33, 63-34 throttle pressure, 26-17 through-, 61-3 time flow, 63-32 Variance account, 74-36 burden, 74-36 reduction techniques, 63-32 sample, 11-13 Variate, standard normal, 11-12 Variation chordal velocity, 59-17 coefficient of, 11-13, 63-16 of parameters, 10-4 Varignon’s theorem, 45-3 Varying mass, 58-19 VAV box, 41-3 box, dual duct, 41-13 terminal box, 41-3 V-belt, 54-17, 58-7 VBI, 14-16 VBN, 14-16 Vector, 5-1 addition, 5-3 bound, 5-1 (ftn) Cartesian unit, 5-2 characteristic, 4-8 control, 62-14
P P I
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w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
cross product, 5-4 (fig) dot product, 5-3 (fig) equal, 5-1 equivalent, 5-1 (ftn) field, curl, 8-7 field, divergence, 8-7 fixed, 5-1 (ftn) function, 5-5 gradient, 8-5 in two-dimensional space, 5-1 (fig) inertia, 56-2, 58-5 (ftn) multiplication, 5-3 normal line, 8-6 normal to plane, 7-6 orthogonal, 5-3 output, 62-14 phasor form, 5-2 polar form, 5-2 position, 45-3 rectangular form, 5-2 resultant, 5-3 sliding, 5-1 (ftn) transmissible, 5-1 (ftn) triple product, 5-5 unit, 5-2, 45-2 Vehicle, electric, 31-10 Veil, 47-20 corporate, piercing, 75-3 Velocity, 57-3 absolute, 57-10 acoustic, 14-14, 73-5 actual filtering, 71-6 angular, 57-7 areal, 58-20 average, 16-8 bulk, 16-8 burnout, 58-19 burst, 59-4 centerline, 16-8 chain, 59-16 characteristic exhaust, 25-9 characteristic, cyclone, 66-13 chip, 65-2 coefficient, nozzle, 25-8 coefficient of, 17-17, 17-29 conversion, SI, A-3, A-5 critical, sludge, 18-5, 18-6 -dependent force, 58-18 design filtering, 71-5 difference, relative, 17-35 distribution, 16-7 drift, 71-8, 71-9 effective drift, 71-9 effective exhaust, 25-8 effective peripheral, 66-17 effective wind, 40-6 energy, 16-1 (ftn) equivalent wind, 40-6 escape, 58-21 face, 71-5 filtering, 71-5 flooding, 71-2 fluidizing, 26-3 gradient, 14-6, 17-14, 66-18 gross filtering, 71-5 head, 18-6 inlet, 66-13 jet, 17-17 maximum, fluid, 17-3 migration, 71-9 mixing, 66-18 net filtering, 71-5 net net filtering, 71-5 of approach, 16-5, 17-16, 17-17 of approach factor, 17-29 of whirl, 18-11 (ftn) paddle, relative, 66-18 pitch circle, 54-10 potential function, 17-3 power, and torque in rotating members, 54-10 pressure, 40-6, 41-3 pressure, sprinkler, 67-13
M A N U A L
profile, 16-8 propagation, 73-5 ratio, 59-6 ratio, chain, 59-16 ratio, gear, 54-11 ratio, pump, 18-3 reaction, 20-13 rebound, 58-17 -reduction method, 41-24 relative, 57-10 settling, 17-43, 70-3 shear, 65-2 sonic, 14-14, 25-4, 25-5, 73-5 superficial, 66-8 tangential, 18-22, 57-8 terminal, 17-43, 58-19, 70-3 terminal, duct, 41-30 theoretical maximum, 25-2 transducer, 60-21 variation, chain drive, 59-17 volume, 73-6 Vena contracta, 17-17, 17-30 (ftn) Venn diagram, 11-1 (fig) Ventilation, 40-1 air, 42-3 and infiltration, 43-4 dilution, 40-10 efficiency, 40-4 energy to warm, 42-1 for heat removal, 40-8 mold, 40-8 multizone, 40-4 outdoor air, 40-3 rate procedure, 40-2 standard, 40-2 zone, 40-3 Venturi discharge coefficients, 17-30 (fig) eductor, 66-8 effect, 17-29 feeder, 66-8 feeder, saturation, 66-8 meter, 17-29, 17-30 (fig) meter performance, 17-29 nozzle, 25-5 scrubber, 71-20 scrubber collection efficiency, 71-21 Vers function, 6-4 Versed cosine, 6-4 sine, 6-4 Versine, 6-4 Vertex angle, 6-1 parabola, 7-10 Vertical angle, 6-2 -axis rotor, 31-4 buckling, 51-19 plane surface, hydrostatic pressure on, 15-7 (fig) submersible turbine pump, 67-7 Vessel nozzle pressure, 55-3 pipe pressure, 55-18 pressure, 55-2 pressure, material, 55-4 pressure, parts, 55-4 (fig) pressure, radiographic inspection, 55-11 pressure, thickness, 55-8 VFD, 41-7 V-fan, 41-8 (ftn) load factor, 41-8 Vibration, 60-2 angular natural frequency, 60-3 damped, forced, 60-2 damped, free, 60-9 forced, 60-2 free, 60-2 isolation, 60-12 modal, 60-19 natural, 60-2 pick-up, 60-21
sensor, 60-21 shaft, 60-15, 60-16 thin plate, 60-17 Vibratory feeder, 66-8 Vibrometer, 60-21 VIC, 68-22 Vicat softening point, 48-12 Vickers test, 48-13 View auxiliary, 2-2 axonometric, 2-3 central, 2-1 dimetric, 2-3 factor, 37-2 frontal auxiliary, 2-2 horizontal auxiliary, 2-2 isometric, 2-3 normal, 2-1 oblique, 2-2 orthogonal, 2-1 orthographic, 2-1, 2-2 orthographic oblique, 2-3 perspective, 2-1, 2-3 plan, 2-2 planar, 2-2 principal, 2-2 profile auxiliary, 2-2 redundant, 2-2 trimetric, 2-3 types, 2-1 Virial coefficient, 23-20 equation of state, 23-20 Virtual displacement, 46-10 transition, 63-34 work, 51-18 Viscometer concentric cylinder, 14-6 (ftn) cup-and-bob, 14-6 (ftn) Saybolt, 14-6 (ftn) test, 14-6 Viscosity, 14-6 absolute, 14-6 (ftn) Bingham-plastic limiting, 17-12 blending index, 14-16 blending number, 14-16 coefficient of, 14-6 conversion, 14-8, 14-9 (tbl) conversion, SI, A-3, A-5 dynamic, 14-6 (ftn) effect on head loss, 17-11 fluid, hydraulic pump, 19-6 fuels, A-22 grade, 14-9, 54-24 grade, oil, 19-3 heat transfer fluids, A-22 hydrocarbons, A-22 index, 14-9, 19-2 (ftn) kinematic, 14-8, 16-7 limit, 54-25 lubricants, A-22 Newton’s law of, 14-6, 14-7 non-Newtonian, 17-12 of common lubricating oils, 54-24 (fig) power law, 17-12 Saybolt universal, 54-24 water, A-18 Viscous coefficient, 58-19 damping, 60-9 damping, coefficient of, 58-19 drag, 58-18 flow, 16-7 Vision, center of, 2-3 Vitrification, 47-18, 71-4, 71-25 Vitrified clay pipe, 16-9 VOC, 68-20, 68-22 Void region, 7-3 Volatile inorganic compound, 68-22 liquid, 14-10, 20-10 (ftn)
matter, 21-4 organic compound, 68-22 Volatility, 21-6, 67-20 Voltage, 61-8, 72-2 deflection, 64-10 divider, 72-4 drop, 72-3 induced, 17-27 line, 19-6 (ftn) line-to-line, 19-6 motor, 72-17 phase, 19-6 (ftn) regulation, 72-12 Voltammetric sensor, 64-3 Volume clearance, 28-2, 32-3 closed system, constant, 24-8 constant, 24-2 control, 24-1 conversion, SI, A-3, A-5 cut-off, 28-11 damper, 41-24 flow conversion, SI, A-3, A-6 mensuration, A-9 mensuration of three-dimensional, A-9 molar, 20-6 molar specific, 23-5 of a fluid, 14-1 of revolution, 9-5, 50-3 (fig) partial, 23-18 ratio, 23-11 specific, 14-4, 23-5 -surface ratio diameter, 70-5 swept, 28-2 swept, compressor, 32-3 velocity, 73-6 Volumetric analysis, 21-2 diameter, 70-4 efficiency, 28-3, 32-4 efficiency, pump, 18-3 expansion, coefficient, 35-2, 51-4 flow rate, 17-3 fraction, 21-2, 23-18 strain, 14-14 von Mises -Hencky theory, 52-5 stress, 52-5 theory, 48-8, 52-5 Vortex double, 71-7 finder, 66-15 separator, 66-12 shedding, 41-31 Vorticity, 8-7 VSR, 67-5 Vulcanization, 47-13
W Wadell’s roundness, 70-5 Wage incentive plan, 63-20 Wahl correction factor, 54-5 Waiting line, 63-6 Wake, drag, 17-41 Wall, 42-2 acceptor, 28-13 and roofs, instantaneous cooling load, 43-3 complex, 34-8 composite, 34-7 heat transfer, 42-2 post, 67-5 shear stress factor, 17-5 (ftn) thickness-diameter ratio, 41-14 (fig) thickness, pipe, 19-4 thickness, pressure vessel, 55-3, 55-12 Warming, global, 68-10 Warning limit, 63-23 Wash, wind, 31-4
I-67
Washer adiabatic air, 38-10 air, 38-10 (ftn) Washing, soil, 71-22 Waste (see also type), 68-2 autogenous, 71-10 (ftn) extrinsic, 68-2 fuel, 21-4 -heat boiler, 29-8 intrinsic, 68-2 K-, 68-3 municipal solid, 68-14, 71-14, 71-17 overautogenous, 71-10 (ftn) P-, 68-3 solid, 71-14 subautogenous, 71-10 (ftn) -to-energy facility, 71-14 U-, 68-3 Wastewater, 71-25 pump, 18-5 treatment, 71-25 Wasting, 20-24 (ftn) Water balance, post-closure, 68-12 boiling, film coefficient, 35-4 brake, 64-13 bulk modulus, 14-14 chemistry CaCO3 equivalents, A-59, A-60 chemistry equivalents, A-59, A-60 compressed, properties, A-69, A-90 deionized, 20-24 demineralized, 20-24 extinguisher, 67-20 film coefficients, 35-5 flow, steel pipes, 17-9, A-53 gas, 21-8 (ftn) hammer, 17-38 (fig) hammer factor, 19-4 hammer wave speed, 17-38 hardness, 20-21 horsepower, 17-15, 18-8 inches of, 41-3 make-up, 20-22 mist system, 67-3 -moderated reactor, 30-1 motor, 67-5 of crystallization, 20-6 of hydration, 20-6 oxygen, dissolved, A-58 pipe, Hazen-Williams, A-48 pipe, PVC dimensions, A-37, A-38, A-39 pipe, roughness, A-48 power, 18-7 pressure drop, steel pipe, A-53 properties, A-16, A-17 quality compartment, 68-19 range, 39-2 rate, 26-16 reactor, boiling, 30-2 reactor, pressure, 30-1 saturated, thermal properties, A-122, A-123 -side economizer, 43-2 softening equivalents, A-59, A-60 spray humidification, 40-7 spray method, 40-7 spray system, 67-3 supply chemistry, 20-20 -tube boiler, 26-4 tubing dimensions, copper, A-45 vapor, 68-22 viscosity, A-18 Watt, 1-5 density, 42-4 (ftn) Wave celerity, 19-12 (ftn) compression, 73-5 expansion, 25-13, 25-14 longitudinal, 73-5 Mach, 25-11 (ftn) normal shock, 25-9, 25-11 oblique compression shock, 25-13
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
INDEX - W
I N D E X
I-68
M E C H A N I C A L
E N G I N E E R I N G
INDEX - Z
oblique expansion shock, 25-13, 25-14 oblique shock, 25-11 power plant, 31-6 rarefaction shock, 25-13 shock, 25-9 sound, 73-5 speed, water hammer, 17-38 transverse, 73-5 weak shock, 25-11 Waveform Fourier, 9-7 frequency, 9-6 period, 9-6 periodic, 9-6 symmetrical, 9-7 (tbl) Wavelength, sound, 73-5 Waviness height, 2-4 spacing rating, 2-4 width rating, 2-4 Weak material, 48-1 shock wave, 25-11 Wear, uniform clutch, 54-21 Web, 50-4 crippling, 51-19 stiffener, 51-19 Weber number, 1-9 (tbl), 17-47 (ftn) similarity, 17-47 (tbl) Wedge, 58-7 angle, 65-2 pile, 66-6 (fig) Weibull, 63-9 Weight, 1-1, 1-3, 20-7, 56-1 and proportion problem, 20-8 atomic, 20-2, A-57 chemical atomic, 20-2 combining, 20-7 density, 1-3 equivalent, 20-6 formula, 20-6 fraction, 23-18 -loaded accumulator, 19-6 molecular, 20-6 roughness, 2-4 specific, 14-5 unit, 14-5 Weighted average cost, 74-31 average, time, 73-12 cost, 74-31 Weighting factor, 74-31 Weisbach equation, 17-6, 17-7 Weld as lines, A-153 bead cracking, 47-9 decay, 20-19, 47-9 examination, 55-11 fillet, 53-14 fusion, 65-11 (fig) group, A-153 group properties, A-153 slot, 6-2 symbol, 55-9, 55-10 (tbl) throat, effective, 53-14 type, 65-11 type, by location, 55-10 (fig) type, permitted, 55-10 (tbl) Welded -plate exchanger, 36-12 seam, 55-2 (ftn) Welding, 65-11, 65-12 arc, 65-12 bell, 65-13 butt, 65-13 (fig) gas, 65-11 neck flange, 55-17 pressure vessel, 55-9 Well condensate, 26-11 hot, 26-11, 26-15 injection, 71-11 Western coal, 21-5
P P I
*
w w w . p p i 2 p a s s . c o m
R E F E R E N C E
M A N U A L
Wet -bulb depression, 38-2 -bulb temperature, 38-2 compression, 33-4 condition, 58-6 pipe sprinkler system, 67-2 scrubber, 71-2 vapor compression cycle, 33-4 Wetted perimeter, 16-5, A-28 Weymouth equation, 25-18 formula, 17-10 Wheatstone bridge, 64-9 Wheel sprocket, 59-16 Whirl, velocity of, 18-11 (ftn) Whisker, 47-20 (ftn) Whistle-blowing, 76-3 (ftn) White cast iron, 47-9, 49-8 noise, 73-4 Whole air sample, 70-1 depth, 54-10 Width, 2-2 face, tooth, 54-10 pulse-, modulation, 41-8 Wind -axis machine, 31-4 -axis rotor, 31-4 energy conversion system, 31-4 farm, 31-6 infiltration, 40-6 pressure, 40-6 shear, 31-5 surface pressure coefficient, 40-6 tunnel, 17-42 velocity, effective, 40-6 velocity, equivalent, 40-6 wash, 31-4 Windage loss, 39-2, 72-18 Windowbox, 29-10 Windows, instantaneous cooling load from, 43-3, 43-4 Winfrey method, 74-16 (ftn) Wingquist bearing, 54-22 Winter degree-days, 42-6 Wire corona, 71-8 crossflow, 36-8 fiber core, 66-2 film coefficient, 35-6 independent core, 66-2 length, 54-6 rope, 66-2, 66-3 sheave, 66-3 size, AWG, 72-8 -strand core, 66-2 Wood, 47-17 as fuel, 21-4 properties, 47-17 (tbl) Work, 22-2 actual and ideal, pump, 26-7 brake, 26-9 (ftn) brake, compressor, 32-4 compressor, 32-4 done by force, 22-2 done by torque, 22-2 -energy principle, 22-3, 22-4, 53-20, 54-2 environment, 63-29 external, 22-2 factor, 63-17 (ftn) finding graphically, 24-4 flow, 22-3, 23-5, 24-6 internal, 22-2, 48-6 lost, 17-4 measurement, 63-15 methods, 63-28 net, 24-11, 26-9 (ftn) of a constant force, 22-2 (fig) p-V, 22-3, 22-4, 23-5, 24-4 performed by a force, 9-4 sampling, 63-18 shaft, 24-5, 26-9
spring, 22-2 turbine, 26-9 useful, 26-9 (ftn) virtual, 51-18 Working cold, 49-9 depth, 54-10 hot, 49-9 stress design method, 53-2 Worm, 54-15 and worm gear terminology, 54-16 (fig) drive, 54-15 gear, 54-15 gear set, 54-15 helix angle, 54-16 lead, 54-15, 54-16 lead angle, 54-16 lead ratio, 54-15 Worth future, 74-5 method, present, 74-14, 74-15 present, 74-5 Wrap cable, 66-4 Wrought iron, 47-10 Wye-connection, 72-11 Wo¨ hler curve, 48-9
X x-bar chart, 63-22 X-Y heat exchanger, 36-11 X-ray testing, 48-12
Y Y -connection, 72-5 -valve, 16-12 Yaw, 58-2 angle, 17-28 Year-end convention, 74-3 Yield, 20-8, 74-28 bond, 74-30 classification, 66-16 mass, 71-15 point, 48-3 strength, 48-3 strength, lower, 48-3 stress, 17-12, 48-3 Young’s modulus, 48-2, 51-2 Yuba Power, Greenman v., 75-7 (ftn)
Z z-values for confidence level, 11-15 Zebra mussel, 26-13 Zeolite, 20-21 process, 20-21 Zero, 3-3, 13-1, 62-8 -defect program, 63-29 diagram, pole-, 62-8 -discharge facility, 68-8 -force member, 45-14 function, 62-8 -indicating bridge, 64-9 (ftn) -length loss, 41-18 matrix, 4-2 order reaction rate, 20-13 -solids treatment, 20-24 Zeroth law of thermodynamics, 23-4 Zonal primary airflow, 40-4 Zone neutral, 41-4 occupant, 40-3 outdoor air, breathing, 40-2 outdoor airflow, 40-3 test, 63-23 ventilation, 40-3 ventilation, single-, 40-3 Zuber equation, 14-11 Zwietering constant, 66-17 criterion, 66-17
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