MBVNENFNBVNU Hm Tmssochlrm nfuhos sn elbsofnrm lroaobmrom fn hm rnaoõb mgmzõboem, mubqun ernen fn clrgm sohvnstrn nb ub írnm qun m`mrem probeopmhgnbtn fnsfn nh blrtn fn Uufmgïroem, tlfl nh Tnrû jmstm nh blrtn fn Mranbtobm y Tmrmaumy. Nb Tmrmaumy, flbfn rneo`n nh blg`rn nb aumrmbç fn g`urueuyí, nstíb mfmptmfms m rnaçgnbns gís l gnbls trlpoemhns. M hl hmral fnh soahl ZOZ hms vmronfmfns vmronfmfns fn utohofmf ams amstrlbõgoem trlbõgoem sn obtrlfuknrlb elb ïxotl nb Jmwío, Mustrmhom y ltrms oshms fnh Tmeçcoel sur. Hms elbfoeolbns ehogítoems cmvlrm`hns joeonrlb qun hm phmbtm sn mfmptmrm rípofmgnbtn9 so `onb nb Jmwío hm nxphltmeoõb elgnreomh bl tuvl vnrfmfnrl ogpuhsl jmstm gnfomfls fnh soahl ZZ, hm phmbtm nrm crneunbtn nb nstmfl sohvnstrn fnsfn jmeçm fïemfms. Nh ïxotl elgnreomh fn hm prlfueeoõb fn gmrmeuyí, msç elgl nh vmhlr lrbmgnbtmh fn hms chlrns, obeotõ m Inbom y m ^ambfm m obtnbtmr su euhtovl nb hls mýls =?>49 mprlxogmfmgnbtn mh gosgl tongpl sn obtrlfukl hm phmbtmeoõb elgnreomh m Uufícroem. Bl ns snaurl so cunrlb nstms vmronfmfns l hms euhtovmfms nb Mustrmhom hms qun sn obtrlfuknrlb nb hm Obfom m trmvïs fn Uro Hmbim, flbfn jly sn euhtovm fn gmbnrm prnflgobmbtngnbtn flgïstoem. Nh euhtovl fn hm pmsolbmrom sn jm nxtnbfofl m bugnrlsms oshms fnh Emro`n, Osrmnh, nh mrejopoïhmal gmhmyl y hm Tlhobnsom. Hm pmsolbmrom (Tmssochlrm nfuhos) ns ubm phmbtm trnpmflrm, prlpom fn Uufmgïroem y Enbtrlmgïroem9 nspneçcoemgnbtn, sn elbsofnrm bmtovm fn hm Mgmzlbçm fn Tnrû, Elhlg`om, Neumflr, Snbnzunhm, @rmsoh, Tmrmaumy, @lhovom y fnh blrtn fn Mranbtobm. Tnrtnbnen mh aïbnrl Tmssochlrm Tmssochlrm y su crutl elgnsto`hn, elgnsto`hn, fn elhlr mgmrohhl l pûrpurm, pûrpurm, ns nh gmrmeuy gmrmeuyí, í, (fnh tupç gmrm iuym, "crutl qun sn utohozm" l "mhognbtl nb hm emhm`mzm"). Nh crutl ns elbleofl elb fostobtls blg`rns nb nh elbtobnbtn mgnroembl y hls pmçsns jospmbljm`hmbtns, jospmbljm`hmbtns, snaûb nh pmçs. Tlr nkngphl; nb Tmrmaumy y blrtn fn Mranbtobm ns hhmgmfm G`urueuyí G`urueuyí (nb aumrm aumrmbç; bç; G`uruiukm), nb Tunrtl Poel ssn n hn hhmgm pmrejm, nb Snbnzunhm pmrejotm y nb Pnpû`hoem Flgoboembm ejoblhm. SOVMGOBMU FN HM GMPME^_Í
Nstm crutm ns ubm `unbm cunbtn fn prlvotmgobm M, votmgobm E y gobnrmhns elgl pltmsol, cõsclrl y gmabnsol. Hm votmgobm M ns nsnbeomh pmrm hm ponh, nh em`nhhl, hms guelsms, hls junsls, hm vosoõb y nh sostngm obgublhõaoel. Hm votmgobm E cmvlrnen hm m`slreoõb fnh jonrrl y ns `ísoem nb hm clrgmeoõb fn junsls, ahõ`uhls rlkls, elhíanbl y fonbtns, plr hl qun nh gmrmeuyí sn punfn elg`obmr elb hls eçtroels elgl clrgm pmrm l`tnbnr nstm votmgobm TPLTONFMFNU B^VPOEOLBMHNU Hms prlponfmfns mhognbtoeoms sn nbeunbtrmb nb nh crutl, nh eumh sn punfn elgnr crnsel. Vmg`oïb sn utohozm nb hm obfustrom mhognbtmrom mho gnbtmrom pmrm hm nhm`lrmeoõb fn kuals, hoelr l gnrgnhmfms. gnrgnhmfms. Ns ub vmhlrmfl obarnfonb obarnfonbtn tn pmrm hm prnpmrmeoõb fn gnrgnhmfms, smhsms y jnhmfls. ^bm plreoõb fn =44 armgls fn puhpm fn gmrmeuyí mplrtm; 5 00armgls armglsfn fnTrltnçbms emr`ljofrmtls =44 Iemh. 1 m =4 armgls fn co`rm 0>,3 ga. fn votmgobm E =4% fn hm obanstm fomrom rnelgnbfmfm fn jonrrl. 56: ga. fn pltmsol Marnamr gmrmeuyí m tu fontm fontm tn pnrgotorí foscrutmr hls soauonbtns ` `nbncoeols; nbncoeols;
Trltnan hm ponh, nh em`nhhl, hm vostm y nh sostngm obgublhõaoel. Myufm m `mkmr fn pnsl pnsl plr su `mkl mplrtn em emhõroel, hõroel, co`rm y snbsmeoõb fn smeonfmf mplrtmfm plr hms sngohhms.
@nbncoeom nh cubeolbmgonbtl obtnstobmh plr su mhtl elbtnbofl nb co`rm.
Trnvonbn fostobtls topls fn eíbenr fn`ofl m su roqunzm nb mbtolxofmbtns.
Nh pltmsol myufm m rnauhmr hm prnsoõb mrtnromh.
Hms votmgobms marnamb nbnraçm, elg`mtonbfl hm cmtoam n obslgbol.
Nh jonrrl myufm m prnvnbor y gnklrmr nstmfls mbïgoels.
Nh bomeobm myufm m rnfueor nh elhnstnrlh.
TPLTONFMFNU GNFOEOBMHNU
Nh usl gnfoeobmh fnh gmrmeuyí ns elbleofl fnsfn hls tongpls gís rngltls. Hls nhngnbtls gnfoeobmhns sn nbeunbtrmb nb hms jlkms, tmhhls y eísemrm. Hms probeopmhns prlponfmfns sn fn`nb m hm prnsnbeom fn chmvlblofns qun metûmb sl`rn nh sostngm bnrvolsl elb meeoõb snfmbtn y rnhmkmbtn.
Nh nxtrmetl fn jlkms sn utohozm pmrm trmtmr obcneeolbns y nbcnrgnfmfns cn`rohns.
Hm obcusoõb fn pmrtns mïrnms elgl jlkms, tmhhls y zmreohhls tonbn prlponfmfns rnhmkmbtns, fourïtoems y mbmhaïsoems.
Hm obcusoõb fn jlkms y chlrns tonbn to nbn prlponfmfns snfmbtns snfmbtns..
K^UVOCOEMEOÕB
K^UVOCOEMEOÕB VÏEBOEM Nh prlynetl tonbn elgl cobmhofmf ernmr ubm gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí elb ub bunvl sm`lr, qun snm focnrnbtn m hls sm`lrns elbvnbeolb elbvnbeolbmhns, mhns, ym qun ns ubm lpeoõb guy smhufm`hn pmrm snr elbsugofm plr hm pl`hmeoõb, ns ubm cunbtn fn obarnsls guy nstm`hn pmrm snr elgnreomhozmfm.
K^UVOCOEMEOÕB NELBÕGOEM Nh prnsnbtn prlynetl sn nbclemrí nb anbnrmr obarnsls elb nh prlfuetl ‘Gnrgnhmfm fn Gmrmeuyí‗, qun tnbam emhofmf y ub prneol meenso`hn pmrm hm pl`hmeoõb y eu`ror hms bnensofmfns fn hls elbsugoflrns, hlarmr vnbtms mhtms pmrm msç anbnrmr gís utohofmfns.
K^UVOCOEMEOÕB ULEOMH Ltrm pmrtn cubfmgnbtmh ns nh íg`otl sleomh mh snr ub prlfuetl plpuhmr nb nh gnremfl, plfngls anbnrmr trm`mkls nstm`hns m hls eoufmfmbls y mugnbtmrmb sus obarnsls hls maroeuhtlrns fn gmrmeuyí
L@KNVOSLU L@NKVOSL ANBNPMH; Mbmhozmr hm vom`ohofmf y cmeto`ohofmf cmeto`ohofmf fn ubm hçbnm fn prl prlfueeoõb fueeoõb fn gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí m `msn fn crutm bmturmh, prnpmrmfl mrtnsmbmhgnbtn, lcrneonbfl msç mh gnremfl ubm bunvm mhtnrbmtovm, `usemgls smtoscmenr hm fngmbfm elb ubm pmrtoeopmeoõb nb nh gnremfl
L@KNVOSLU NUTNEOCOELU;
Fntnrgobmr nh elstl ubotmrol fnh prlfuetl qun vnbfnrngls
Pnmhozmr ub nstufol fn hls elstls fn gmtnrom progm n obsugls bnensmrols pmrm bunstrl prlfuetl
Fncobor nh prlensl fn hm prlfueeoõb, pmrm hm nhm`lrmeoõb fn hm gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí
Lcrnenr ub prlfuetl fn mhtm emhofmf, msç `robfmrhn rmzlbns pmrm elbsugor mh ehonbtn
L`tnbnr fmtls qun plso`ohotnb fntnrgobmr austls y prncnrnbeoms Ltrm pmrtn cubfmgnbtmh ns nh íg`otl sleomh mh snr ub prlfuetl plpuhmr nb nh gnremfl plfngls anbnrmr trm`mkls nstm`hns m hls eoufmfmbls y mugnbtmríb sus obarnsls hls maroeuhtlrns fn gmrmeuyí.
FNUMPPLHHL FNH VNGM GNVLFLHLAOM GNVLFLU _ VNEBOEMU ^VOHO[MFLU GÏVLFL OBF^EVOSL ns mqunh gïtlfl qun l`tnbfrngls elbehusolbns anbnrmhns m pmrtor suplsoeolbns pmrtoeuhmrns, nb nstn gïtlfl sn punfnb fostobauor eumtrls pmsls nsnbeomhns. Hm l`snrvmeoõb fnh prlynetl Hm ehmsocoemeoõb y nstufol fn nstn prlynetl Hm fnrovmeoõb obfuetovm (qun pmrtn fn hls jnejls y pnrgotn hhnamr h hnamr m ubm anbnrmhozmeoõb) HM ELBVPMUVMEOÕB. Ngphnmgls nstn gïtlfl plr qun l`snrvmgls y l`tnbngls prlplsoeolbns anbnrmhns. VNEBOEMU Nb nstn prlynetl utohozmgls hms soauonbtns tïeboems;
NBE^NUVM; ^tohozmgls nstm tïeboem pmrm rnelpohmr y mbmhozmr hm obclrgmeoõb. NBVPNSOUVMU; Ngphnmgls nstm tïeboem pmrm qun nh nbtrnvostmfl rnsplbfm bunstrms prnaubtms clrguhmfms l ubm mprlxogmeoõb m hl qun ponbsm, sonbtn. NUV^FOL TPNHOGOBMP VNEBOEL Hm crutm fnh gmrmeuyí ns ubm `mym lvmh l rnflbfm, fn nbtrn 6 y =4 eg fn foígntrl, co`rlsm y kualsm, rneu`onrtm fn ubm eísemrm arunsm, enrlsm, fnhoemfm n obelgnsto`hn. Hm puhpm elbtonbn bugnrlsms sngohhms pnqunýms. Nh elhlr prnsnbtm armbfns focnrnbeoms nbtrn vmronfmfns9 hm gís crneunbtn nb hls pmçsns fn lroanb ns mgmrohhm, l`tnbofm fn hm vmronfmf. Cobmhgnbtn, hm gnrgnhmfm mrtnsmbmh fnpnbfnrí fnh prlensl fn nhm`lrmeoõb, fnpnbfonbfl fn hm vmronfmf fn hm crutm, ym qun sn fosplbn fn fostobtms vmronfmfns nb nh gnremfl eruenýl. Emfm ubm prnsnbtm focnrnbtns emrmetnrçstoems elgl snr; meofms, fuhens, msç tmg`oïb emfm vmronfmf fn puhpms focnrnbtns fnpnbfonbfl fn sus anbïtoems. TPLENUL FN HM NHM@LPMEOLB FN GNPGNHMFM FN GMPME^_M PNENTEOLB FN GMVNPOM TPOGM
UNHNEEOLBMFL
HMSMFL
TNHMFL
VPL[MFL
GMENPMEOLB
ELEEOLB
NUVNPOHO[MEOLB
NBSMUMFL
NBCPOMFL
NVO]^NVMFL
MHGMENBMFL _ PNCPOANPMFL
PNENTEOLB FN HM CP^VM Nb nstm ntmpm fnh prlynetl m rnmhozmr sn nbemramrí fn l`tnbnr hm crutm. UNHNEEOÕB ^bm vnz rneo`ofm hm gmtnrom progm, sn fn`n snpmrmr tlfm hm crutm qun sn nbeunbtrn vnrfn, elb gmfurnz obmfneumfm, crutm qun nstn alhpnmfm y sçbtlgms fn putrncmeeoõb, ym qun nh sm`lr fn hm gnrgnhmfm fnpnbfnrí fn hm elrrnetm snhneeoõb fn hm crutm. Ns prncnro`hn utohozmr crutm qun sn nbeunbtrn nb nstmfl pobtõb, ns fneor, qun bl nstïb vnrfns bo tmgplel guy gmfurms. Tlr ûhtogl, sn snpmrmríb hms crutms snhneeolbmfm snhneeolbmfms. s. HMSMFL Hm crutm snhneeolbmfm pmrm utohozmr sn hm sugnran nb maum ehlrmfm (5 altms plr hotrl) y sn hm fnkm rnplsmr furmbtn 54 gobutls, fnspuïs hm crutm fn`n snr hmvmfm elb m`ubfmbtn maum pltm`hn. TNHMFL
Nh pnhmfl fn hm crutm sn hl nhm`lrm gmbumhgnbtn utohozmbfl euejohhls plr hm clrgm cçsoem fn hm crutm, cr utm, tnbonbfl euofmfl pmrm bl snpmrmr fngmsomfm puhpm elb hm emsemrm. VPL[MFL Cobmhozmbfl nh pnhmfl fn hm crutm, sn prlenfn m elrtmrhm nb trlzls fn oaumh tmgmýl rntormbfl hm puhpm elb hms sngohhms. Hls utnbsohols ngphnmfls fn`nb snr fn menrl oblxofm`hn y nh gmtnromh fn hms tm`hms fn poemr fn phístoel, ym qun nstls snríb sugnraofls nb nh maum ehlrmfm pmrm amrmbtozmr su nstnrohozmeoõb. GMENPMEOLB ^bm vnz hms crutms nstïb trlenmfms, nstms sn gnzehmb elb nh nxtrmetl fn stnvom , nh mzûemr glrnbm y fngís mfotovls nb ub rneoponbtn r neoponbtn fn phístoel . Un eonrrm nh rneoponbtn jnrgïtoemgnbtn y sn fnkm rnplsmr plr > jlrms pmrm qun hm crutm fnsprnbfm sus kuals bmturmhns. ELEEOLB Nb ubm lhhm sn vonrtn hm crutm trlenmfm y rnplsmfm pmrm qun snm emhnbtmfm jmstm qun jonrvm, fnspuïs sn `mkm mh cunal gçbogl, gmbtnbonbfl hm nvlhueoõb sumvn, pnrl elbtmstn y rnvlhvonbfl elbstmbtngnbtn jmstm l`tnbnr hm elbsostnbeom mfneumfm, furmbtn mprlxogmfmgnbtn ubm jlrm. Gonbtrms sn emhonbtm hm gnrgnhmfm, sn fn`n nstnrohozmr hls crmsels fn vofrol qun sn ngphnmrmb pmrm nbvmsmrhm, ym qun nstn prlensl sn hl fn`n rnmhozmr nb emhonbtn. NUVNPOHO[MEOLB Nstn prlensl elbsostn nb hmvmr hls crmsels fn vofrol elb m`ubfmbtn maum y fntnranbtn, nbkumamrhls elrrnetmgnbtn elrrnetmgnbtn y jmenrhls jnrvor m ubm tngpnrmturm fn :4´ m ?>´ E, furmbtn 34 gobutls, cobmhgnbtn sn hls fnkm snemr nb nh jlrbl sob fnkmrhls nbcromr, sn hls elhlem `lem m`mkl sl`rn ubm rnkohhm. NBSMUMFL ^bm vnz qun hls crmsels jmb sofl prnvomgnbtn snemfls nb nh jlrbl y nstmfl mub emhonbtns, sn rntormb pmrm nbvmsmr hm gnrgnhmfm gonbtrms nstm emhonbtn, fnkmbfl ub enbtçgntrl fn nspmeol ho`rn. Nstn prlenfogonbtl gobogozm hm
prnsnbeom fn `metnroms, mfngís `nbncoeom m hm elbsnrvmeoõb nh prlfuetl gmbtnboïbflhl nb `unb nstmfl furmbtn ub hmpsl mprlxogmfmgnbtn fn 3 gnsns sob myufm fn elbsnrvmbtns quçgoels. Ns ogplrtmbtn rnemhemr qun hm gnrgnhmfm bubem fn`n fnkmrsn nbcromr nb hm lhhm. ^bm vnz qun hls crmsels nstïb snhhmfls elb hm gnrgnhmfm nb su obtnrolr, sn melbsnkm bunvmgnbtn bunvmgnbtn jnrvorhls sugnraofls nb ubm lhhm plr =4 gobutls gís, nstl nstoguhm ub snhhmfl nb su obtnrolr. Elb nstn prlenfogonbtl plfngls elbsnrvmr nh prlfuetl vmrols gnsns nb ub huamr lseurl y snel. NBCPOMFL Un fn`n nbcromr nh prlfuetl rípofmgnbtn ym qun hm nxplsoeoõb m mhtms tngpnrmturm furmbtn ub tongpl prlhlbamfl punfn mhtnrmr hm elgplsoeoõb fnh prlfuetl. Nb nstn prlensl sn sugnranb hls crmsels nb maum crçm elb hm cobmhofmf fn rnfueor hm tngpnrmturm fn hm gnrgnhmfm y qun sn anbnrn vmeçl nb nh crmsel, metovmbfl nh snhhl fn snaurofmf fn hm tmpm. Ns ogplrtmbtn rnemhemr qun furmbtn hm prognrm ntmpm fnh nbcromgonbtl sn prlfuen nh snhhmfl nbtrn hm tmpm y nh nbvmsn gonbtrms sn vm ernmbfl nh vmeçl, nh eumh rnprnsnbtm nh elgplbnbtn gís ogplrtmbtn pmrm hm elbsnrvmeoõb fnh prlfuetl. NVO]^NVMFL Un fn`n elhlemr ubm ntoquntm mh crmsel, elb hm gmrem, obclrgmeoõb butroeolbmh y fn prlfueeoõb y fngís obclrgmeoõb l`hoamtlrom plr hny. Ns ogplrtmbtn ntoquntmr fn`ofmgnbtn nh prlfuetl cobmh nhm`lrmfl, ym qun nstl lcrnen obclrgmeoõb y snaurofmf mh elbsugoflr. MHGMENBMGONBVL _ PNCPOANPMEOLB Hls crmsels sn mhgmenbmríb nb ub elbanhmflr, nb ub mg`onbtn vnbtohmfl elb `mkl bovnh fn jugnfmf y sngolseurl. ^bm vnz mhgmenbmfl, nh prlfuetl bl fn`nrí glvnrsn plr 06 jlrms soauonbtns, ym qun nb nh hmpsl fn tongpl sn elgphntm nh prlensl fn anhocoemeolb. Un fn`n fn tnbnr nb eunbtm qun nh huamr flbfn mhgmenbmrm hm crutm y hm gnrgnhmfm, fn`n snr crnsel y mfngís nstmr
prltnaofl elbtrm hm prnsnbeom fn rlnflrns y mbogmhns pmrm nvotmr hm elbtmgobmeoõb fnh prlfuetl. TPLENUL FN HM NHM@LPMEOLB FN HM GNPGNHMFM FN GMPME^_M OBAPNFONBVNU;
544 armgls fn puhpm fn gmrmeuyí
= · tmzms fn maum
044 armgls fn mzûemr
= euejmrmfotm fn nsnbeom fn vmobohhm
TPLENFOGONBVL; Tmrtor hms gmrmeuyís plr hm gotmf y nxtrmn tlfl su obtnrolr, elhlemr hm puhpm nb ubm emenrlhm, marnamr nh mzûemr y maum, gnzehmr tlfl guy `onb pmrm l`tnbnr hm puhpm fn hm crutm, hhnvmr m cunal gnfol furmbtn 5> gobutls, rnglvonbfl fn vnz nb eumbfl, jmstm l`tnbnr ub mhgç`mr sumvn, hunal fn nsn tongpl rntormr, r ntormr, fnkmr tngphmr ub plel y pmsmr hm gnzehm plr ub elhmflr pmrm nxtrmnr hms sngohhms vlhvnr m elhlemr hm gnzehm nb hm emenrlhm, kubtl elb hm nsnbeom, eleobmr m cunal `mkl furmbtn => gobutls gís, songprn rnglvonbfl, eumbfl mhemben nh pubtl gnrgnhmfm, mpmamr nh cunal Pnhhnbmr elb hm gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí tmrrls fn vofrol nstnrohozmfls, fmrhls vunhtm m hls tmrrls y fnkmr nbcromr, aumrfmr nb huamr crnsel y snel, ubm vnz m`onrtl, rnsnrvmr nb hm bnvnrm pmrm foscrutmr furmbtn ubls fçms TPLENUL HLAOEL;
Msnaurmrbls qun hm crutm nstí hogpom, pmrtor y nxtrmnr tlfl fn su su obtnrolr
Snrtnr gnzehm, marnamr mzûemr y maum
Elenr m cunal hnbtl
Glvnr elbstmbtngnbtn
Unpmrmr hms sngohhms
Slhvnr m plbnr m cunal
Pntormr fnh cunal
Nbvmsmr gnrgnhmfm
Aumrfmr nb huamr crnsel y snel Mhgmenbmr prlfueeoõb prlfueeoõb
ELUVLU GMVNPOMH FN VPM@MKL TPLF^EVLU
EMBVOFMF
TPNE. ^BOV
VLVMH
Lhhms Eleobm (jlrbl) Amrrmcm Jnhmfnrm Euejohhl Gnsm Uohhm Euejmrm armbfn fn pmhl @mýmflr
= = = = 5 = 6 = 0
5> =>44 044 =>44 =4 =44 54 : =4
5> =>44 044 =>44 54 =44 =04 : 04
ELUVL VLVMH
561:
FNUNG@LHULU TMPM GMVNPOM TPOGM N OBU^GLU TPLF^EVLU
EMBVOFMF
TPNE. ^BOV
VLVMH
Gmrmeuyí
0> iohls
>
=0>
Mzûemr glrnbm
=4 iohls
>
>4
Nbvmsn
>44
5.>4
=1>4
Ntoquntm
>44
4.54
=>4
?.>4
041>
VLVMHN
N]^OTL FN UNA^POFMF FNVMHHN
EMBVOFMF
TPNEOL ^BOV
VLVMH
Alrrms fn eleobm
5
5
?
Fnhmbtmhns
5
=4
54
@mr`okl
6
0
:
Aumbtns
6
5
=0
VLVMH
>?
GMVNPOMH FN HOGTON[M FNVMHHN
EMBVOFMF
TPNEOL ^BOV
VLVMH
@mhfns
=
:
:
Nsplbkm
0
=.>4
5
Hmvm vmkohhms
=
=4
=4
Vlmhhms fn gmbl Men
0 =
> =4
=4 =4
Mheljlh
=
=0
=0
Ehlrl
=
0>
0>
Algm fn trmpnmr
=
:
:
Vrmpl fn posl
=
>
>
Nsel`m
=
=4
=4
VLVMH
=4=
OBU^GLU FNVMHHN
GNU
Huz
>4
Maum
>4
Ams
00
ELUVLU COKL FNVMHHN Gmtnromh fn trm`mkl
EMBVOFMF TPNEOL ^BOVMPOL @U VLVMH @U 561: 561: Ahl`mh
Nquopl fn snaurofmf
Ahl`mh
>?
>?
Gmtnromh fn hogponzm
ahl`mh
=4=
=4=
VLVMH
535:
ELUVLU SMPOM@HNU GMVNPOMHNU
EMBVOFMF
TPNEOL ^BOV
VLVMH @U
Gmrmeuyí
3 iohls
@U 04
=04
Mzûemr glrnbm
0.64 iohls
>
=0
Nbvmsn
06
5.>4
:6
Ntoquntm
06 VLVMH
4.54
1.04
0:.:4
005.04
FNVNPGOBMEOLB FNH TPNEOL FN SNBVM ELUVL FN TPLF^EEOLB TMPM 06 NZTPNUMFL NB @s ^BOFMFNU FN GNPGNHMFM Elstls fornetls
005.04
Embtofmf prlfueofm
06
Elstl ubotmrol
?.54
Trneol fn vnbtm ubotmrol
=0
Ambmbeom plr ubofmf
0.14
prlfuetl
embtofmf
elstl fn
e.g.
u.t.
prlfueeoõb
prneol fn
prneol tl tltmh
vnbtm
tltmh embtofmf prlfueofm
Gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí
ELUVL FN GMBL FN L@PM Uunhfls 0=00/54foms/6jlrms7 6.6 jlrms. >@s Vongpl fn nhm`lrmeoõb fnh prlfuetl 5 jlrms Vltmh elstl gmbl fn l`rm ns 03 `s pmrm nhm`lrmr 544 ngpmbmfms ELUVL FN OBU^GLU Maum (34`s nh gns/54foms) 70`s mh fçm Ams (54`s gns/04 fçms) Vltmh, elstl fn obsugl 34`s mh gns. ^VOHOFMF TLP JLPM (Trneol fn vnbtm x embfmf) elstl7 (>x51)-=447:> ^VOHOFMF TLP FOM (^hofmf nb ubm jlrm x 0 jlrms fn trm`mkl)7 (:>x0)7=14 ^VOHOFMF TLP GNU (^hofmf fn ub fçm x 03 fçms) 7>0x0376604
TLHOVOEMU FN HM GOEPLNGTPNUM Elgl goerlngprnsm qun slgls mplstmgls plr nh snauogonbtl fn hls erotnrols ïtoels obtnrïs.fn elgplrtmgonbtl nstm`hneofls, crnbtn m hls focnrnbtns arupls fn Foabms elbfoeolbns fn trm`mkl pmrm hls ngphnmfls. Pnspntl plr hls meunrfls pmetmfls elb ehonbtns y prlvnnflrns. Pnspntmgls y euofmgls nh gnfol mg`onbtn. Nhm`lrmgls bunstrl prlfuetl elb ub mhtl bovnh fn emhofmf y ub nstroetl eugphogonbtl fn hls rnquosotls fn snaurofmf mhognbtmrom. Un fn`nrí gmbnkmr prneols meenso`hns pmrm nh elbsugoflr. TPOBEOTOL FN HM GOEPLNGTPNUM
EMHOFMF; Ns ub elgprlgosl elb hls elbsugoflrns fnsfn tlfls hls fnpmrtmgnbtls fn hm goerlngprnsm nspneomhgnbtn nh fn prlfueeoõb. ELGTNVOVOSOFMF; Bunstrl elgprlgosl probeopmh ns `robfmr ubm lcnrtm elb emhofmf nb nh snrvoeol. UNPSOEOL; Ns bnensmrol `usemr songprn hm gíxogm smtoscmeeoõb fnh ehonbtn. ELG^BOEMEOÕB ELB NH ELBU^GOFLP; Vnbngls nh elgprlgosl fn gmbtnbnr ubm elguboemeoõb rnsplbsm`hn y com`hn elb nh elbsugoflr.
SMHLPNU FN HM GOEPLNGTPNUM
PNUTLBUM@OHOFMF ULEOMH; Nh elgprlgosl qun gnrgnhmfm fn PNUTLBUM@OHOFMF gmrmeuyí tonbn elb hls elbsugoflrns ns amrmbtozmr hm obleuofmf fn hls prlfuetls lcrneofls.
JLBNUVOFMF; L`rmgls elb trmbspmrnbeom eugphonbfl elb hms rnsplbsm`ohofmfns rnsplbsm`ohofmf ns msoabmfms fn hls rneursls gmtnromhns y cobmbeonrls. glstrmr ubm elbfuetm nkngphmr fnbtrl y cunrm fn hm ngprnsm. PNUTNVL; Fnsmrrlhhmgls ubm elbfuetm qun elbsofnrn kustl hls fnrnejls cubfmgnbtmhns fn bunstrls sngnkmbtns y fn blsltrls gosgl. M so gosgl menptmr o eugphor eugphor hnyns, hms blrgms sleomhn sleomhnss y hms fn hm bmturmhnzm. T^BV^MHOFMF; tongpl melrfmfl.Eugphor elb hls elgprlgosl y l`hoameolbns nb nh ULHOFMPOFMF; Anbnrmr elgpmýnrosgl nb ub ehogm fn mgostmf, lcrnenr m hls fngís ub trmtl mgm`hn.
NUV^FOL FN GNPEMFL TPLF^EVL GNPGNHMFM FN GMPME^_M
Nstn prlfuetl punfn snr elbsugofl gmylrgnbtn nb nh fnsmyubl melgpmýmfl elb pmb, tlstmfms, amhhntms, fn rnhhnbl nb hms tlrtms, nte.
Hm vnbtm fn nstn prlfuetl nstí lronbtmfm nb hls gnremfls fn hm zlbm sur
fn hm eoufmf fn Umbtm Eruz Hm emrmetnrçstoem fnh tmgmýl fn gnremfl sn mbmhozmrí snaûb hls fmtls qun rnchnknb hm embtofmf fn elbsugoflrns nb hls fostobtls gnremfls fn hm zlbm sur.
Vmg`oïb sn rnmhozmrí nbeunstms pmrm fntnrgobmr hms prncnrnbeoms fnh elbsugl, sn rnmhozmrí ub nstufol fn gnremfl nb eumbtl mh prlfuetl.
FOUTLBO@OHOFMF FN VNEBLHLAOM FN GMVNPOM MPVNUMBMH Vlfls hls gmtnromhns y utnbsohols mrtnsmbmhns qun nstíb mh mhemben fnh prlynetl slb fn elstl meenso`hn, hls gmtnromhns qun sn utohozmrmb nb hm nhm`lrmeoõb y elgnreomhozmeoõb fn hm gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí cunrlb nselaofls fn meunrfl mh prlensl fn nhm`lrmeoõb fn hls gosgls. GOEPLHLEMHO[MEOÕB GOEPLHLEMHO[MEOÕ B FNH TPL_NEVL TLP T^BVL
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Nvmhumfm nb hms trns zlbms sn jm fneofofl hlemhozmr nh prlynetl nb hm zlbm Hms Mgïroems plr hm gmylr plbfnrmeoõb plbfnrmeoõb l`tnbofm l`tnbofm.. VMGMÝL Nh prnsnbtn prlynetl bl rnquonrn fn guejl empotmh y nspmeol mgphol pmrm hm nhm`lrmeoõb fn bunstrl prlfuetl fn tmh clrgm qun bunstrl prlynetl sn hlemhozmrí nb nh prlpol flgoeohol.
TPLF^EVL GMPME^_M FOUTLBO@OHOFMF FN VNEBLHLAOM FN GMVNPOM MPVNUMBMH CH^KLAPMGM FNH TPLENUL FN TPLF^EEOLB FN HM GNPGNHMFM FN GMPME^_M LPAMBO[MEOÕB FN HM NGTPNUM
1,1>
ELBEH^UOLB PNELGNBFMEOÕB
Ns ogplrtmbtn ubm elrrnetm snhneeoõb fn gmtnrom progm
Vlgmr hms gnfofms fn prnemueoõb n joaonbn furmbtn nh prlensl fn nhm`lrmeoõb fnh prlfuetl
@O@HOLAPMCOM MBNZLU SOUOÕB _ GOUOÕB FN HM NGTPNUM SOUOÕB Unr hm ngprnsm fostro`uoflrm y elgnreomhozmflrm hçfnr nb gnrgnhmfms fn gmrmeuyí qun oríb fnstobmfms mh elbsugl fn hms cmgohoms pnrumbms qun lptnb elgl hm gnklr mhtnrbmtovm m GNPGNHNM lcrneonbfl nb sus fostobtms prnsnbtmeolbns sm`lr ûboel, lhlr marmfm`hn y `nbncoeols gûhtophls qun vonbnb rnhmeolbmfls nb nh vmhlr marnamfl qun bunstrls obsugls `robfmb pmrm jmenr fn nstn prlfuetl hm gmrem nhnaofm y prncnrofm plr tlfls, prlplreolbmbfl elgl çbfoens cubfmgnbtmhns hm emhofmf nb prlfuetl y vofm mfngís fn hm emhofmf tltmh nb nh snrvoeol m hm fosplsoeoõb fn bunstrl smtoscnejl usumrol. GOUOÕB Ernmr y prlglvnr prlfuetls fn nxenhnbtn emhofmf y sm`lr. Tmrm hlarmr nstn l`kntovl hm ngprnsm utohozm hm gnklr gmtnrom progm nb nh gnremfl pnrumbl mfoeolbmh jm nstm`hneofl ubm euhturm hm`lrmh õptogm flbfn hls gong`rls fn bunstrm ngprnsm elhm`lrmb gutumgnbtn y msç lcrnenr ub prlfuetl cobmh qun smtoscmam hls rnqunrogonbtls fn bunstrls ehonbtns. =.=. Gosoõb Elgnreomhozmr ub mhognbtl smbl y nxquosotl nhm`lrmfl mrtnsmbmhgnbtn elb hls gnklrns nstíbfmrns fn emhofmf y elb ub mhtl vmhlr butroeolbmh pmrm smtoscmenr hms bnensofmfns fn bunstrls elbsugoflrns fn gnrgnhmfms nb nh gnremfl.
=.0. Sosoõb Tmrm nh mýl 04=1 snr rnelbleofls elgl ubm ngprnsm qun lcrnen prlfuetls bmturmhns y smbls, ûboels nb hm eoufmf fn Aumymquoh, sleomhgnbtn rnsplbsm`hns y elgprlgntofls elb nh fnsmrrlhhl y elgnreomhozmeoõb fn prlfuetls fn emhofmf.
MBÍHOUOU CLFM Clrtmhnzms =. Bunstrl prlfuetl cobmh lcnrtmfl plsnn emrmetnrçstoems nspneomhns y focnrnbeomhns. 0. Tlsnngls ub prlfuetl fn mhtm emhofmf nb nh prlfuetl tnrgobmfl. 5. Bunstrm ngprnsm eunbtm elb `unb mg`onbtn hm`lrmh. 6. Tlso`ohofmf pmrm plfnr meenfnr m hls rneursls cobmbeonrls. >. Bunstrls rneursls jugmbls sn nbeunbtrmb gltovmfls y elbtnbtls. 3. Gnrgnhnm tonbn prlensls tïeboels y mfgobostrmtovls nspneomhozmfls y fn emhofmf. Lplrtubofmfns =. Metumhgnbtn nxostnb tnbfnbeoms cmvlrm`hns jmeom nh elbsugl fn prlfuetls bmturmhns, `nbncoeols y prlponfmfns qun tonbn nh prlfuetl. 0. Cunrtn plfnr mfquosotovl fnh snagnbtl gntm fntnrgobmfl plr bunstrm ngprnsm. 5. Obelrplrmeoõb fn bunvms tneblhlaçms y prlensls metumhns gnklrmrmb hm empmeofmf lpnrmtovm fn bunstrm ngprnsm. 6. Obsugls fn `mkl elstl qun pnrgotn elgpntor elb ngprnsms nstm`hneofms. >. Nstm`ohofmf gmerlnelbõgoem fnh bunstrl pmçs.
3. Gmtnrom progm furmbtn tlfl nh mýl. 1. Bl tnbngls elgpntoflrns qun lcrnzemb nh gosgl prlfuetl. Fn`ohofmfns =. Bunstrm ngprnsm ns bunvm y tonbn ubm eurvm fn nxpnronbeom elrtm. 0. Nstrmtnaoms fn gmrintoba y focusoõb fnh prlfuetl euyl elstl ns nhnvmfl. 5. Tlrtmclhol metumh fn prlfuetls plel fovnrsocoemfl. Mgnbmzms =. Elgpntnbeom marnsovm nb nh ru`rl fn gnrgnhmfms. 0. Tlso`hn emg`ol nb hm hnaoshmeoõb metumh qun rnauhm nh snetlr fn mhognbtls. 5. Mugnbtl fn prneols fn hls fovnrsls obsugls. 6. Hms ngprnsms fn hm elgpntnbeom sn nbeunbtrmb elbslhofmfms nb nh gnremfl. >. Mhtnrmeolbns ehogítoems y bmturmhns qun mcnetmb hm prlfueeoõb y fostro`ueoõb fn bunstrms gmtnroms progms. 3. Mg`onbtn plhçtoel obeonrtl fn`ofl m hms prõxogms nhneeolbns anbnrmhns 04=:. MTPLSNEJMGONBVL MTPLSNEJMGONBV L FN HLU OBU^GLU NB HM GNPG GNPGNHMFM. NHMFM. Hm cusoõb fnh fnh elbtnbofl nb anbnrmh fn hm gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí pmrm nh elbsugl jugmbl rnsuhtm =44% prlfuetovl pmrm nh euofmfl fn hm smhuf mfngís fn hm ponh, ym qun hls gûhtophls `nbncoeol nb hm uboõb hl clrtmhnen. Uo `onb ns eonrtl qun nxostn eonrtm pïrfofm fn hms prlponfmfns qun `robfm nh gmrmeuyí elgl crutm nb so nh prlensl, l fnkm fn tnbnr hm pozem fn `nbncoeols qun l`tonbn nb su bûehnl. Ns ogplrtmbtn rnsmhtmr qun hm gonh fn 3= m`nkm plr snr ub prlfuetl nb su plrenbtmkn nhnvmfl9 fuhen bl ponrfn hms eumhofmfns qun fnbtrl prlynetm fnsfn su oboeol. NBSMUN FN SOFPOL _ VMGMÝL FN CPMUEL ELGL TPNUNBVMEOLBNU. Metumhgnbtn nh gnremfl gnremfl gmbnkm ub mtrmetovl fosnýl fosnýl (ubl ms qun ltrl) nb hm prnsnbtmeoõb fn gnrgnhmfms fnh gnremfl, mfngís fn elbtmr elb tmgmýls pmrm tlfm embtofmf fn pnrslbms nb ub jlamr, ns ogplrtmbtn qun nh nbvmsn fn vofrol snaûb nstufols rnmhozmfls nb fovnrsls sotols wn`, bls fm mh vofrol elgl nh
prncnrofl plr hls elbsugls fn`ofl m hm slhofnz fnh nbvmsn, trmbspmrnbeom y rnutohozmeoõb. Unrçm rnelgnbfm`hn mbmhozmr elb nh tongpl nb nh gnremfl gís plso`hns lpeolbns fn tmgmýls, ym qun nsl plfrçm mûb gís snauor gmrembfl hm focnrnbeom. GNPGNHNM M @MUN FN GMPME^_Í, GONH FN M@NKM _ EJÇM 5>4A _ 1>4A
Pneursls lpnrmtovls Ns obfospnbsm`hn elblenr hls nquopls n obsugls qun sn rnquonrnb fornetmgnbtn nb hm nhm`lrmeoõb fn hms gnrgnhmfms, tlfls hls nhngnbtls qun punfnb obtnrvnbor nb hm emhofmf fnh prlfuetl cobmh. Un utohozmríb hls soauonbtns nquopls y gmtnromhns; =0 Nquopls; Eleobm obfustromh
Elbanhmflr obfustromh
Jlrbl nhïetroel
Vnrgõgntrl foaotmh Gmtnromhns;
Vm`hms fn poemr
Lhhms
Euejohhls
Tmhntms
Euejmrms fn gnfofm
Crmsels fn vofrol
Gnsm fn trm`mkl
Nb hm coaurm mbtnrolr glstrmgls nh hlal topl fn hm ngprnsm GNPGNHNM U.M.E prolrozmbfl fnbtrl fn nhhm nh probeopmh obarnfonbtn m utohozmr, nh gmrmeuyí. Nh blg`rn prlvonbn fn hm ernmtovofmf `msmfm nb hm gnrgnhmfm elgl gís mtrmetovm. Hm ogmanb punfn rnchnkmr hl smhufm`hn qun ns nstm crutm pmrm nh euofmfl fn hm smhuf elgl nh mplrtn fn ogplrtmbtns votmgobms, nbtrn ltrms9 nh gmrmeuyí y hls obsugls msleomfls m hm nhm`lrmeoõb fn GNPGNHNM trmbsgotoríb mh elbsugoflr mtro`utls ngleolbmhns pmrm nh plstnrolr elbsugl y prncnrnbeom. Bunstrm gmrem nstí elgpunstm plr elhlrns elgl nh bmrmbkm y mgmrohhl, nstls hlarmb ubm nstoguhmeoõb gnbtmh, nb nh mgmrohhl tnbngls hm obtnhoanbeom, hms ngleolbns, obtnhnetumhofmf y nb nh emsl fnh elhlr bmrmbkm sn fntnrgobm nstoguhmbtn m hm nvlemeoõb fn hm trmbquohofmf, hm emhofnz, snaurofmf, elglfofmfns, sog`lhozm nbtusomsgl nbtusomsgl fnbtrl fnh rnchnkl fn hm gmrem `robfmbfl ubm snbsmeoõb fn mrglbçm y snrnbofmf mfngís ns sçg`lhl fn ubm vofm smbm
nb mg`ls elhlrns. Nb pû`hoel gmylrgnbtn prnconrn nh vofrol nb prlfuetls elgl hm gnrgnhmfm, nhhls obfoemb qun nstn topl fn nbvmsn hn `robfm ubm mpmronbeom gís hhmgmtovm, ub mspnetl gís joaoïboel plr hm trmbspmrnbeom prnsnbtmfm mfngís fn qun elbsnrvm gmylr tongpl y nb `unbms elbfoeolbns hm gnrgnhmfm, hls elhlrns rnprnsnbtmtovls fn hm gmrem nbtrn hms qun coaurmb nb nh gnremfl tonbn ub fostobtovl pltnbeomh. Nh fosnýl fnh nbvmsn snhneeolbmfl rnsuhtm snr obblvmflr nb focnrnbeom mh rnstl mfoeolbmbfl hm tmpm pmrm hm elbsnrvmeoõb fnh prlfuetl y fn aumrfmfl. Trnsnbtmeoõb fn hm ntoquntm Nh fosnýl fn hm ntoquntm nstí nhm`lrmfl nb `msn m hls obarnfonbtns n obsugls m utohozmr nb hm h m prnpmrmeoõb fn hm gnrgnhmfm. Un eugphnb elb hms rnahms nstm`hneofms, prnsnbtmeoõb mtrmetovm nb `msn m hls elhlrns mbtns gnbeolbmfls, tmg`oïb sn eugphn elb nh eõfoal fn `mrrms, hls gnfols nb hls qun hls elbsugoflrns plfríb snauorbls, nh tm`hnrl butroeolbmh. Trlgleoõb Emgpmým hmbzmgonbtl. Tíaobm fn Cmen`lli Un utohozmrí Cmen`lli elgl probeopmh rnf sleomh pmrm fmr m elblenr GNPGNHNM mbtn nh elbsugoflr, nstl sn rnclrzmrí elbclrgn pmsnb hm klrbmfm fn hmbzmgonbtl elb cltls, vofnls nbtrn ltrls, plr nstn gnfol sn punfn pu`hoemr tlfl hl rnhmeolbmfl elb bunstrl prlfuetl pmrm slhvnbtmr hm píaobm y tnbnr lcnrtms voanbtns.
jttp;//rnplsotlrol.usoh.nfu.pn/`ots jttp;//rnplsotlrol.usoh.nfu.pn/`otstrnmg/^UOH/:?0=/5/04=:\ trnmg/^UOH/:?0=/5/04=:\@
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GNPGNHMFM FN GMPME^_M (nbeunstm pmrm hm nhm`lrmeoõb fn gnrgnhmfm fn gmrmeuyí mrtnsmbmh) FMVLU FN OFNBVOCOEMEOLB ANBNPL CNGNBOBL
GMUE^HOBL
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03-64
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enbtrl
blrtn
ltrl
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Uo
bl
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Fomrom
sngmbmh
gnbsumh
emsumh
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bubem
Vonbfm Von bfm enr enrem embm bm
enb enbtrl trl elg elgnre nreomh omh ltrls ltrls
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Ogmanb Trnsnbtmeoõb Emhofmf Trneol Um`lr ¼M trmvïs fn quï gnfol l gnfols hn austmrçm rneo`or obclrgmeoõb fn nstn prlfuetl<
Mbubeols Tnroõfoel Elrrnl Smhhms pu`hoeotmroms Clhhntls ¼Nb quï lemsolbns elbsugn gnrgnhmfm<
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