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HJHAW HD AHIE_IBKX Waord j aorj6 J prdsdetd prdsdetd aorj é hispaeioicizjhj pdcj dquipd dCiv ras ras d sdus hivdrsas pjrgdiras, gam a aofdtiva hd aldrdgdr gaetdöha pjrj usa pjrgijc pjrgijc dm pdsqui pdsquisjs sjs d dstuhas jgjhæmigas, odm gama a simpcds tdstd hj qujcihjhd hj aorj, gam a m dxgcusiva hd gamprj luturj. É dxprdssjm dxprdssjmdetd detd praioihj d tatjcmdetd rdpuhíjvdc j vdehj, jcubudc, au qujisqudr usa gamdrgijc ha prdsdetd gaetdöha.
Waord e÷s6 A dCivras d sdus pjrgdiras hispaeioicizjm gaetdöha hd hamieia puociga d prapridhjhd ietdcdgtujc hd larmj tatjcmdetd brjtuitj, par jgrdhitjr qud a gaekdgimdeta d j dhugjâça hdvdm sdr jgdssívdis d civrds j tahj d qujcqudr pdssaj. \agæ \agæ pahd degaetrjr mjis aorjs dm eassa sitd6 dCivras.
Gama passa gaetriouir1 \agæ pahd jfuhjr gaetriouieha hd vêrijs mjedirjs, devijeha civras pjrj bdetd pastjr Devid um civra 0) Au jiehj pahdeha jfuhjr ejegdirjmdetd j pjbjr gusta hd sdrvihards d aorjs qud gamprjmas pjrj pastjr, ljâj umj hajâça jqui 6) 6) "Zujeha a mueha dstivdr ueiha ej ousgj ha gaekdgimdeta, d eça mjis cutjeha par hiekdira d
pahdr,, detça eassj sagidhjhd pahdr sagidhjhd pahdrê dem dem dvacuir j um eava eívdc."
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Hjhas Ietdrejgiaejis hd Gjtjcabjâça ej ^uocigjâça (GI^) (Gïmjrj Orjsicdirj ha Civra, W^ W^,, Orjsic)
Odrdgz`di, Xjmês Mdetds mjquijvécigjs 6 j psigacabij hj mjeipucjâça / X Xjmês jmês Odrdgz`di 0 trjhuâça hd _deje Mjrquds Oirra. ‗ ^dtr÷pacis, _F 6 \azds, ?>:9. Xítuca aribiejc6 Mjgkijvdccijeism 6 tkd psygkacaby psygkacaby al mjeipucjtiae. Oiociabrjj. IWOE 92;-;4-7?> ?4> ^dtr÷pa ^dtr÷pacis, cis, _F www.vazds.gam.or Orjsic Xahas Xahas as hirditas rdsdrvjhas. Edekumj pj pjrtd rtd hdstj aorj pahdrê sdr rdprahuzihj rdprahuzihj au trjesmitihj par qujcqudr larmj d/au qujisqudr mdias (dcdtrøeiga au mdgïeiga, iegcuieha latag÷pij d brjvjâça) au jrquivjhj dm qujcqudr sistdmj au ojega hd hjhas sdm pdrmissça dsgritj hj dhitarj. GAEWDCKA DHIXA_IJC Hirdtar Bjrgij Bicodrta Baeâjcvds Dhitards Jcied has Wjetas Gjredira Dhrije Fasué ^jsiei Mjricjg Carjied Acdei`i Rdchdr Cjegidri Mjrgkiei Gaesdckdiras Lrjegisga Marês Cuhaviga Bjrmus X Xd daojcha Kdihdm Kdihdmjee jee \acedy F. Odr`deorag` Wdgrdtêria dxdgutiva Faça Ojtistj @rdugk QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQ Dhitarjâça6 Mjrij hj Gaegdiâça O. hd Wausj Hijbrjmjâça6 Wkdicjehrd Hdsdev. Brêga _dvisça brêgj6 Eictae Orjz hj _agkj / Eivjcha W. Mdedzds Gjpj6 Hdsibe hj dhiâça aribiejc, jhjptjhj par _jljdc Eigacjdvs`y
IWOE 92;-;4-7?>, rdtareau pjrj gjsj triueljetd. Dcd sd tareau umj burj papucjr0 parém, a pava tjmoém a tdmij qujeha muitas hd sdus jtas tdrrívdis vidrjm î cuz6 dcd jlabau a jutar hd um pjedta ea _ia Xiord, jtirau gaetrj cjhrôds hdsjrmjhas j sjebud-lria, gartau larj j cíebuj hd um kamdm qud zamojvj hdcd d, dm sdbuihj, dcd mdsma dsljqudau a mjriha hd suj pr÷prij irmç Cugrégij, qud mjc
tiekj saordviviha ja jtjqud has jssjssieas qud Gésjr tiekj jrmjha pauga jetds. Gésjr sd tareau um bavdrejetd rmd d hd sjebud-lria dequjeta huqud hj _amjekj. Eigacju Mjquijvdc, qud vivdu ej gartd ha huqud par jcbum tdmpa, tamau-a gama um dxdmpca hd príegipd odm-sugdhiha, ej bjrjetij hd sdus ietdrdssds d vaetjhds iehdpdehdetdmdetd ha prdâa j sdr pjba (dmoarj pastdriarmdetd dcd tdekj sd cjmdetjha par tdr ihdjcizjha j ejturdzj luehjmdetjcmdetd mjcibej ha príegipd). Eça kê hövihjs hd qud Gésjr eça kdsitau ja usjr tahas as mdias passívdis pjrj bjekjr d mjetdr a pahdr. Agjsiaejcmdetd, dcd pdrhajvj brjgiasjmdetd sdus jetibas jhvdrsêrias, gama ea gjsa has Irmças Arsiei, j qudm dcd prdpjrau um suetuasa ojequdtd, jgampjekjeha-as jté as sdus jpasdetas paugapar hdpais hdixê-cas Gaelarmd saziekas, hdixê-cas sdrdm d, martas sdus hd jssjssieas. Mjquijvdc, Gésjr lai um oam fuiz ha pava d jgrdhitjvj qud qujcqudr um pahdrij sdr jcigijha pdca prdâa gdrta. Zujeha sdetij qud pahdrij gaejr ea jpaia papucjr, eça kdsitjvj dm usjr qujcqudr mdia hispaeívdc hd suj prdldræegij, sjodeha qud eiebuém irij oisoickatjr saord a gjsa hd um gjrhdjc ahijha au um gamjehjetd mdrgdeêria jlabjha ea ria. Zujeha, par autra cjha, pdrgdoij qud sdus jetibas jpaijhards vactjvjm-sd gaetrj dcd, dmpdekjvj-sd pjrj mjeipucê-cas, pramdssjs. qudr par mdia hd cisaefjs, qudr par mdia hd Wuj gjrrdirj gamdâau j hdgciejr dm :4>7, qujeha Jcdxjehrd \I, sdu pji, ljcdgdu (pravjvdcmdetd hd devdedejmdeta). Tm ieimiba furjha has O÷rbijs, Föcia II, jsgdehdu ja traea d arhdeau qud Gésjr, j qudm ljctjvj jpaia pacítiga d ejegdira ejqudcd hjha tdmpa, lassd prdsa d johigjssd hd sujs tdrrjs, títucas d pastas. Wdeha privjha hd riqudzjs, tdrrjs d ciodrhjhd, dcd pahd tdr degaetrjha jcbumj sjtisljâça ea ljta hd jcbues bavdrejetds tdrdm hisputjha par dcd6 eça mdeas ha qud træs príegipds
hdsdfjvjm debjfê-ca gama um gamjehjetd micitjr. Dcd eça pahd dsgjpjr jté :4>2 hurjetd a Gdrga hd \ijejP:]. Ea detjeta, dcd eça pahd hdsgjesjr dm pjz mdsma jp÷s j martd6 dm primdira cubjr, dcd lai qudimjha ej ibrdfj cagjc, mjs a iehibejha jrgdoispa arhdeau qud suj tumoj lassd qudorjhj d qud sdus assas, pastdriarmdetd rdjcagjhas ej detrjhj priegipjc ha tdmpca dm :984, lassdm detdrrjhas ja cjha hj dstrjhj. Brdbar MjgBrdbar6 a vibjristj Ejsgiha ej Dsg÷gij dm :2;, d jprdsdetau dm Caehrds umj ejrrjtivj saord umj ickj gkjmjhj ^ayjis, qud dcd tiekj hdsgaodrta pr÷xima hj Jmérigj Gdetrjc d aehd luehau um bavdrea jpravjha pdcj gkdj triojc cagjc. Jpdsjr hd j ickj eça dxistir hd ljta, dcd laredgdu hdsgriâôds vívihjs hd suj pasiâça bdabrêgj d gaehiâôds hdmabrêgjs. Dcd rdpartau qud dcj hispuekj hd umj êrdj hd 7?.8>>`m¿ d qud um pjgíga pava iehíbdej cagjc kjoitjvj j ickj, fuetjmdetd gam paugas jssdetjhards oritïeigas. Jgrdsgdetau qud j ickj hispuekj hd jmpcas rdgursas miedrjis jiehj eça dxpcarjhas0 autrassim, Brdbar jrmau qud dcd, ej gaehiâça hd bavdrejha, tiekj ietrahuziha cdis, iestituiu a jpjrjta hd Dstjha d rdgrutau um dxérgita. dx érgita. Dcd jpdejs tiekj vijfjha pjrj Caehrds ea ietuita hd
rdgrutjr mjis jssdetjhards d pjrjTmj gacdtjr visjeha a prassdbuimdeta has trjojckas. vdzhiekdira qud detrjr eas
mdrgjhas suc-jmdrigjea d gdetra-jmdrigjea drj umj tjrdlj qujsd impassívdc pjrj j eaordzj iebcdsj d jas mdrgjhards hj épagj, dcds gjrjm êvihas pjrj dxpcarjr j apartueihjhd aldrtjhj par umj ickj aehd pahdrijm sd dstjodcdgdr d, pastdriarmdetd, cjeâjr eavjs gaequistjs. J Iebcjtdrrj hj hégjhj hd :;?> tjmoém gjmpa ihdjc a dmprddehimdeta hd cjrbj aldrdgij dsgjcj hdum MjgBrdbar sao pjrj autras jspdgtas6 Ejpacdça tiekj siha hdrratjha, j pjz lai gdcdorjhj ej Durapj d j dgaeamij oritïeigj aosdrvjvj um grdsgimdeta sdm prdgdhdetds. Dm sumj, as sjcêrias grdsgijm dequjeta a gusta hd vihj himieuíj. MjgBrdbar tjmoém sd gacagau ejs oajs brjâjs hj jctj gcjssd, ja jrmjr qud drj ejhj mdeas ha qud um hdsgdehdetd hd _ao _ay d qud dstjvj gampramdtiha dm sdrvir a Impéria Oritïeiga, qud issa sibeigjssd dxpar suj pr÷prij vihj ja risgamdsma pdrmjedetd. Dcd dstjodcdgdu um dsgrit÷ria dm Caehrds gam a öeiga prap÷sita hd tdr umj rdprdsdetjâça dstrjebdirj hd ^ayjis, d edbagiau vêrijs jtriouiâôds d títucas pjrj qujcqudr um qud gaesihdrjssd impartjetd gaevdegdr. Jhdmjis, dcd tjmoém puocigau um buij hd vijbdes hj ickj gam 74> pêbiejs, sao um psduhøeima, ea qujc dcd ielarmau, detrd autras jssuetas, qud j ickj hispuekj hd dearmds miejs hd aura d prjtj. Dcd jté mdsma imprimiu h÷cjrds hd ^ayjis ej Dsg÷gij, qud dcd tragjvj um oam prdâajtépjba pdcas jvdeturdiras hispastas par j sdbuir vijbdm j Jmérigj Gdetrjc. Ea detjeta, a edb÷gia jpdejs gamdâau j ardsgdr qujeha dcd gamdâau j vdehdr gjhj mdtra qujhrjha hj ickj imjbieêrij. Jcém hissa, dcd pdbau um dmpréstima hd ?>>.>>> ciorjs dm eamd ha bavdrea hj ickj (trjtj-sd hd umj gaesihdrêvdc samj jiehj kafd, mjs drj umj qujetij hd hiekdira iegaegdoívdc ejqudcj épagj). Jcbues tjmoém larjm jbrjgijhas gam pasiâôds hd cihdrjeâj ea bavdrea d autrjs jctjs jutarihjhds hj ickj. Tm brupa hd ojequdiras, hautards d jhvabjhas rumjrjm pjrj j Jmérigj Gdetrjc, ea ietuita hd
tamjr passd hd sujs rdmuedrjâôds. Dcds rdgrutjrjm jssdetjhards ja paeta hd degkdr hais ejvias, qud jcgjeâjrjm a Mjr ha Gjriod ea ieígia hd :;?7 gam ?4> patdegijis prapridtêrias hd miejs d tdrrjs qud ejturjcmdetd ljckjrjm pjrj degaetrjr j tdrrj pramdtihj. Tmj rdodciça dstaurau, d dpihdmijs d grisds hd lamd hizimjrjm as jssdetjhards, qud hdsdspdrjhjmdetd ousgjrjm a _di Lrdhdriga Jubusta I d sdu pava ej sdcvj. Zujeha dvdetujcmdetd um ejvia oritïeiga jprumau sdu ruma edstd sdetiha, tamau-as j oarha d cdvau-as pjrj Odcizd, jpdejs 4> has ?4> vijfjetds jiehj dstjvjm vivas. Jssim, js eatígijs rjpihjmdetd gkdbjrjm jté Caehrds, d autras giega ejvias hd MjgBrdbar, qud dstjvjm jpraximjhjmdetd ej mdtjhd ha gjmieka, larjm larâjhas j rdtarejr pdcj rdjc dsqujhrj oritïeigj. Jpdejs edssd mamdeta as –hdsgaorihards” rdmjedsgdetds pdrgdodrjm qud tiekjm siha vítimjs hd um vibjristj. Muitas hdcds hdgihirjm gamdtdr suigíhia gama umj larmj hd dsgjpjr hj vdrbaekj d hj pdrhj hd tahjs js sujs riqudzjs ja jpastjrdm dm umj jvdeturj. A dsgïehjca jcâau jas géus, mjs j ousgj par MjgBrdbar mastrau-sd vç6 dcd fê dstjvj muita histjetd gam a hiekdira. Muhau-sd pjrj j Lrjeâj, aehd jprdsdetau suj ejrrjtivj mjis umj vdz dequjeta cjeâjvj gaetieujmdetd buijs hd vijbdm d jrtibas. Xahjvij, a Dstjha Lrjegæs suspditau hd umj tdrrj pjrj j qujc dhözijs hd gihjhças prdtdehijm ir, sacigitjeha pjssjpartds jutarizjâôds hd iebrdssa, mdsma qud j dxistæegij hdssj rdbiça eça lassd ha gaekdgimdeta hd edekumj jutarihjhd agijc. Dm dssæegij, MjgBrdbar tiekj siha odm-sugdhiha dm debjejr pdssajs hurjetd :: jeas. Dm :;79, qujeha dvdetujcmdetd pdrgdodu qud js gaisjs dstjvjm gjhj vdz mjis pdribasjs, dcd lubiu pjrj j \dedzudcj, aehd lai-ckd autarbjhj j gihjhjeij. Dcd marrdu dm Gjrjgjs jas 4; jeas hd ihjhd. Ibejz Xrdoitsgk6 a gjmjcdça
Xrdoitsgk ejsgdu dm ^j`sP7] dm :;29, pravieha hd umj Xrdoitsgk rigj ljmícij mdrgjetic. _dgdodu umj dxgdcdetd dhugjâça d ljcjvj muitjs cíebujs. Jas :; jeas dcd muhau-sd pjrj Ouhjpdstd d gjiu hd jmards par umj jtriz, d fê sd prdpjrjvj pjrj dmojrgjr dm umj gjrrdirj hd jtar. Ea detjeta, sdu pji drj gaetrj sdus pcjeas d deviau-a umj vdz mjis pjrj vdr a mueha. Hjci dm hijetd dcd ieigiau umj vihj hd jvdeturdira qud suosdqudetdmdetd hdu vêrijs vactjs. Dcd muhjvj sdu eamd gam lrdquæegij, jcém hd suj ihdetihjhd d jté mdsma suj pdrsaejcihjhd0 dcd tiekj bdeuiejmdetd um gjrêtdr hd gjmjcdça. Jpdsjr hd tdr ejsgiha dm umj ljmícij fuhij, tareau-sd um mdmora hj Ibrdfj ^rdsoitdrijej jas :9 jeas hd ihjhd d rdgdodu a eamd ojtismjc hd Xim÷tda. ^augas jeas hdpais, dcd hdixau as prdsoitdrijeas jp÷s umj parpar jssuetas ejegdiras d iebrdssau ej Ibrdfj hj hisputj Iebcjtdrrj um sjcêria hd ?4 h÷cjrds mdesjis. Xrjojckau gama um pjhrd pjraquijc par um gurta dspjâa hd tdmpa, mjs gau civrd dm hdeitiva ha –eieka hd rjtas dm @det” ‗ gama dcd hdsgrdvdu a cubjr6 dcd –lubiu” pjrj Caehrds gam suj ljmícij d, tdeha gama aofdtiva pjvimdetjr a gjmieka pjrj suj praspdgtivj gjrrdirj pacítigj, muhau sdu eamd pjrj Xrdoitsgk, par sdr mjis lêgic hd cdmorjr jas iebcdsds, jcém hd tdr jhigiaejha a saordeamd Ciegace. Detrau dm muitas pjrtihas pacítigas d mavimdetas, d ojtjckau ojstjetd jté jcgjeâjr umj jctj pasiâça dm gjhj um hdcds. Wujs kjoicihjhds rdt÷rigjs d pdrspigêgij larjm pdrgdoihjs par Riestae Gkurgkicc, jssim gama autras eat÷rias kamdes hjqudcd tdmpa, qud mjis hd umj vdz jpaijrjm sujs jmoiâôds pacítigjs. Dm :9>2, Xrdoitsgk sd muhau pjrj j Oécbigj, aehd jssumiu a hisljrgd hd um pdsquisjhar dmprdbjha dm um –dsgrit÷ria hd pdsquisjs”, dstuhjeha js gaehiâôds misdrêvdis hj gcjssd apdrêrij. Detrdmdetds, tuha cdvj j grdr qud dcd jbiu gama jbdetd ha Wdrviâa Wdgrdtaieudetds, Oritïeiga hd Ietdcibæegij par um 7 jeas. Jpaijha par jmibas
dcd ieigiau umj dmprdsj muita cugrjtivj, qud ckd pdrmitiu vivdr umj vihj cuxuasj aehd qudr qud dstivdssd. Dcd ueiu-sd ja sdrviâa hd ietdcibæegij hj maejrquij justra-köebjrj, situjâça qud gkdbau ja gaekdgimdeta hd suj gaetrjpjrtd oritïeigj. Hjci dm hijetd, Xrdoitsgk jbiu gama um jbdetd hupca sdrviâasvivdu hd ietdcibæegij oritïeiga d bdrmïeiga, d, hd tjchas mjedirj, ej Bjcígij, _amæeij, Kacjehj d, eavjmdetd, ej Iebcjtdrrj. ^jrj ljzdr mjis hiekdira, dcd larfau j jssiejturj hd um jetiba jmiba dm um títuca hd iehdeizjâça par dmpréstima. J lrjuhd lai hdsgaodrtj, mjs a gjsa eça lai rdcjtjha par ietdrvdeâça ha Wdrviâa hd Ietdcibæegij. Dm vdz hissa, dcd aotdvd um trjojcka ea dsgrit÷ria hd gdesurj ha Mieistéria Oritïeiga hj Hdldsj. Dssd lai a trjojcka ea qujc dcd hdsdevacvdu a pcjea jp÷s pjrj um gjpturjr j lratj bdrmïeigj. A pcjea lai hdsjpravjha gaesdcka hd Gkurgkicc, d, hjci dm hijetd, Xrdoitsgk-Ciegace pjssau j dspijr pjrj as bdrmïeigas. Zujeha js gaisjs sd tarejrjm muita pdribasjs, dcd vijfau jas Dstjhas Teihas, aehd ieigijcmdetd debjfau-sd dm ljzdr hiekdira. Dcd gaetrjtau um dhitar jmdrigjea pjrj dsgrdvdr um civra (qud lai pastdriarmdetd puocigjha sao a títuca –rdvdcjâôds hd um dspiça ietdrejgiaejc”). ^ar rdquisiâça ha bavdrea oritïeiga, dcd lai prdsa dm Eavj Yar` d, dm sdbuihj, lai sdetdegijha d gumpriu 7 jeas hd prisça ej Iebcjtdrrj. ^astdriarmdetd, lai odedgijha pdca gjas sagijc hj ^rimdirj BudrrjdcdMuehijc ej Jcdmjekj, Xgkdgascavêquij X gkdgascavêquij d Kuebrij, d jcgjeâau um dxgdcdetd pjhrça hd vihj jpdsjr hd sujs jvdeturjs pacítigjs. Ea ieígia hj hégjhj hd :9?>, dcd fê dstjvj rdsihieha ej Gkiej, jpjrdetdmdetd gama um devijha ha Wdrviâa hd Ietdcibæegij Jmdrigjea. Dcd aldrdgdu sdus sdrviâas ja Bdedrjc Ru ^dilu, qud drj ej épagj a mjis impartjetd jcijha has iebcdsds. Xrdoitsgk lai pjrj \dedzj gam um pjssjpartd ej gaehiâça hd cíhdr hj hdcdbjâça ha Bdedrjc Ru,köebjra ea ietuita hd edbagijr d gaegcuir as jgarhas
gam js hdcdbjâôds bdrmïeigjs. Ja cjha hd Ru, j lartuej hd Xrdoitsgk X rdoitsgk hdgcieau qujeha a jpaia ejegdira bdrmïeigajustríjga eça sjgrjmdetau a jgarha qud dcd tiekj gaegcuíha. Wdetieha a hdgcíeia hd suj ieuæegij, dcd detrau dm gaetjta gam as sdrviâas hd ietdcibæegij fjpaeæs d oritïeiga d pravjvdcmdetd hdu jssistæegij jas sdekards hj budrrj jpaijhas pdca Fjpça d pdcj Brç-Ordtjekj pjrj hdrratjr Ru ^dilu. Fê ea m hd suj vihj, Xrdoitsgk sd tareau um maebd ouhistj sao a eamd Gkja @ueb. Dcd jiehj tiekj dssd eamd d pdrsaejcihjhd qujeha marrdu ea Fjpça, jas .>>> h÷cjrds pjrj qud sdu jmjha lassd tirjha ha gjmieka. Detrdmdetds, sdu mjriha jiehj dstjvj tdetjeha
rdgupdrjr a rdcjgiaejmdeta, surprddehdeha @imodrcy ea hij has ejmarjhas gam umj vijbdm dx÷tigj, qud aldrdgij um m hd sdmjej mjasa gamoiejha gam umj pdâj hd jssjssiejta mistdriasa. Gaelarmd a derdha ha faba, a gkjmpjekd ha eaiva tiekj siha devdedejha. @imodrcy gau iespirjhj pdca faba devdedeau j odoihj sdu laba mjriha, qud a mjtau. ^jrj dgaorir sdus trjâas, dcj hd jtdau ja qujrta ha katdc, garrdeha d gkarjeha qud sdu qujrta dstjvj dm gkjmjs. J pacígij degaetrau a garpa ha kamdm jetds qud j gdej ha grimd qudimjssd jté js giezjs. Zujeha j dspasj lai ielarmjhj ha gjsa, dcj gkarau kistdrigjmdetd d gau tatjcmdetd gkjtdjhj. Dcj gaetau jas pacigijis qud Wtdvd tiekj odoiha muita jqudcj eaitd d qud dcds tivdrjm umj oribj, hd larmj qud dcj hdixau a qujrta. Ieigijcmdetd j pacígij eça tiekj rjzôds pjrj huvihjr hj ejrrjtivj. Xahjvij, eas hijs sdbuietds, vdrigau-sd qud kjvij jpdejs umj qujetihjhd pdqudej hd êcgaac ea sjebud hd Wtdvd, d edekum trjâa hd iejcjâça hd lumjâj lai degaetrjha. Zujeha um has jmibas hd @imodrcy gaetau jas pacigijis qud dcj tiekj pcjeas pjrj tdrmiejr a gjsjmdeta hurjetd um tdmpa, d qud dcj jté mdsma dcjoarau pcjeas pjrj civrjr-sd ha mjriha, j pacígij pravihdegiau j suj prisça. Caba gau gcjra qud @imodrcy tjmoém kjvij prdpjrjha autrjs larmjs pjrj sd civrjr ha mjriha. ^auga jetds, dcj tiekj pdrsujhiha sdu mjriha j haorjr a vjcar hd sdu sdbura hd vihj0 j pacígij tjmoém hdsgaoriu qud dcj dstjvj tdeha um gjsa gam um kamdm :> jeas mjis favdm ha qud dcj. Autras jmibas hd @imodrcy tjmoém tdstdmuekjrjm gaetrj dcj, a qud j pravagau j iesuctê-cas hurjmdetd, jcém hd ljzdr bdstas aosgdeas hirdgiaejhas j dcds ej gartd. A föri tdvd j imprdssça qud j muckdr sd sdetiu –saordgjrrdbjhj” pdcas ritas ha hiv÷rgia d, dm vdz hissa, dcj prdldriu gjr civrd ha mjriha. J gartd sdetdegiau @imodrcy î prisça par 7> jeas.
P:].. \ijej é umj cagjcihjhd dm Ejvjrrj, ea earhdstd hj Dspjekj PE.X PE.X.]. .]. P:] P?] P?].. _aodrt _ay MjgBrdbar (: jeas, prdldriu jojehaejr a pasta d rdtareau pjrj suj rdsihæegij pr÷ximj. Ea detjeta, dcd gaetieuau j sdr rdbucjrmdetd gaevihjha pdcas bavdrejetds hj Itêcij, qud pdhijm sdus gaesdckas d ihdijs hibejs hd eatj pjrj rdjcizjrdm sdus saekas hd pahdr pahdr.. Detrd autras, dcd ieigijcmdetd laredgdu gaesdckas ötdis jas O÷rbijs d Gésjr O÷rbij. Wdm samorj hd hövihjs, a gjrêtdr ha cka icdbítima ha ^jpj Jcdxjehrd \I degjetau Mjquijvdc. Gésjr lai um grudc, parém orickjetd gamjehjetd micitjr. Wdu hdsdfa hd ueigjr j Itêcij tareau-sd a aofdtiva primdira hd Mjquijvdc. ^ravjvdcmdetd Gésjr O÷rbij aldrdgdu a mahdca hd bavdrejetd ihdjc pjrj Mjquijvdc, gaelarmd lai hdsgrita dm sdu mjis eatêvdc trjojcka, A príegipd. A trjojcka vdrsj saord j cihdrjeâj pacítigj, j aotdeâça d j mjeutdeâça ha pahdr, jssim gama hjs rdcjâôds detrd a bavdrejetd d sdus söhitas. Mjquijvdc subdrd qud js jâôds dxdgutjhjs gam ojsd eas ietdrdssds ha Dstjha sça bavdrejhjs pdcj prjtigjoicihjhd, uticihjhd d rjgiaejcihjhd, sdeha, hd gdrta maha, iehdpdehdetd hj rjzça étigj. Xjc jtivihjhd eça dstê rdcjgiaejhj gam j fustiâj (qud é a hdvdr hj gartd), edm gam j oaehjhd (qud é a hamíeia hj rdcibiça) d, par m, tjmoém eça dstê rdcjgiaejhj gam j odcdzj (qud é a aofdta hjs jrtds). Mjquijvdc lai um kamdm vdrhjhdirjmdetd rdejsgdetistj6 jcém hd dstuhas saord j pacítigj, j giæegij micitjr d j hipcamjgij, dcd dsgrdvdu trjojckas kist÷rigas (saord a Impéria _amjea d Lcardeâj) d jté mdsma desjiau j padsij d prasj dm itjcijea, um hildrdegijc dm um tdmpa dm qud j mjiarij has jutards dsgrdvij dm cjtim. Dcd tjmoém dsgrdvdu pdâjs, detrd js qujis mjis eatêvdc é j pravj gaméhij . J pdâj mjehrêbarj tdm hdmaestrjha sduj vibar hijetd hj ha Jtdmpa, umj vdz qud
jiehj é degdejhj pdca mueha jlarj. Jté mdsma dm suj pr÷prij épagj, Mjquijvdc tareau-sd umj burj odm gaekdgihj ejs vihjs ietdcdgtujc d pacítigj itjcijej, jiehj qud tdekj marriha sazieka dm suj rdsihæegij jas 4; jeas hd ihjhd.
As pdsquisjhards jmdrigjeas _igkjrh Gkristid d Lcardegd Bdis larjm as primdiras j jpraximjr a mjquijvdcisma hj pdrspdgtivj psigac÷bigj, hdsgrdvdeha-a gama um trjâa hd pdrsaejcihjhd, au sdfj, gama umj jtituhd pjrj gam a mueha d gama um gampartjmdeta. Dm primdira cubjr, dcds rdgaekdgdrjm qud a mjquijvdcisma eça é umj gjrjgtdrístigj jpdejs hd cíhdrds0 dm sdbueha cubjr, dcj eça impcigj umj pdrsaejcihjhd jutaritêrij0 tdrgdira, dcj eça hdvd sdr cdmorjhj gama um mdra ldeømdea psigapjtac÷biga. ^dca gaetrêria6 tahjs js pdssajs arhieêrijs pahdm dxioir gdrta eívdc hd pdesjmdeta mjquijvéciga. Gjhj iehivíhua, iehdpdehdetdmdetd hd sdu jmoidetd sagijc d agupjâça, é mjis au mdeas prapdesa j hissimucjr d debjejr as hdmjis hijetd hd gdrtjs girguestïegijs. As hais jutards puocigjrjm um civra dm :92> (Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism PDstuhas saord a mjquijvdcisma]) ea qujc jprdsdetjrjm um qujetitjtiva brjehd hd dstuhas dmpírigas d gaegditas td÷rigas. Dssd vacumd jiehj é tamjha gama um trjojcka grugijcmdetd impartjetd ea gjmpa, d é usjha par pdsquisjhards gam umj dspégid hd paeta hd pjrtihj (oaxgaetdmparïedas :.?). Gkristid, Bdis d suj bdrjâça hd psig÷cabas hdciedau a pdrc hd pdrsaejcihjhd hdeamiejha gama mjquijvéciga. Dcd iegcui dssdegijcmdetd giega gjrjgtdrístigjs priegipjis6 mjeipucjâça, jmarjcihjhd, gieisma, lridzj dmagiaejc d ljctj hd dmpjtij. Dcds mdrdgdm umj hisgussça mjis hdtjckjhj, d, par gaetj hissa, e÷s irdmas eas ojsdjr tjmoém ejs mjis rdgdetds pdsquisjs ha tdmj.
Oax :.? Xdstd Mjgk-I\
A tdstd gaesistd dm ?> itdes. Mdtjhd hdcds sça jrmjâôds edbjtivjs jhatjhjs hj aorj aribiejc hd Mjquijvdc, dequjeta autras :> itdes sça jrmjâôds pasitivjs jhigiaejhjs pdcas jutards. As rdspaehdetds ha qudstiaeêria degaetrjm sdtd eömdras jojixa hd gjhj jrmjâça. Dcds sça iestruíhas mjrgjr a qud eömdra qud iehigj suj gaegarhïegij gam gjhj umj hdcjs (hdj mjedirj : impcigj –hisgarhj gampcdtjmdetd” d 2 –gaegarhj gampcdtjmdetd”). As itdes hd paetujâça rdvdrsj sça6 7, 8, , ::, :8, :< d :2. :) Euegj hibj j eiebuém j vdrhjhdirj rjzça hd vagæ tdr ldita jcba, j mdeas qud sdfj ötic ljzæ-ca. ?) J mdckar mjedirj hd cihjr gam js pdssajs é hizdr j dcjs a qud dcjs qudrdm auvir. 7) Tm iehivíhua hdvd jhatjr umj jâça jpdejs qujeha dstê gdrta hd qud dcj é marjcmdetd garrdtj. 8) J mjiarij hjs pdssajs é ojsigjmdetd oaj d bdetic. 4) É mjis qudqujeha tahjs jpjrdgdr js pdssajs tæm umj ljixj hd vígia, d qudsdbura dcd irê jssumir sd mastrjr umj gkjegd. ) Zujeha vagæ pdhd j jcbuém pjrj ljzdr jcba par vagæ, é mdckar hjr js rjzôds rdjis pjrj qud sdfj ldita ha qud ja aldrdgdr rjzôds qud tæm mjis pdsa. ::) J mjiarij hjs pdssajs sdbud sujs vihjs ea mueha hd larmj cimpj d marjc. :?) Zujcqudr pdssaj qud gaed pcdejmdetd dm autrj pdssaj dstê dm ousgj hd praocdmjs. :7) J mjiar hildrdeâj detrd j mjiarij has grimieasas d js hdmjis pdssajs é qud as grimieasas sça dstöpihas a sugidetd pjrj sdrdm pdbas. :8) J mjiarij has kamdes é garjfasj. :4) É pruhdetd dcabijr pdssajs impartjetds. :) J mjiarij has kamdes dsqudgd mjis ljgicmdetd j martd hd sdu pji ha qud j pdrhj hd suj prapridhjhd.
: Mjeipucjâça Dm primdira cubjr d jgimj hd tuha, as mjquijvécigas sça mjeipucjhards6 dcds usjm, cuhiorijm d prdfuhigjm as autras. Wdmprd tamjm d jté mdsma ousgjm j apartueihjhd hd sd odedgijrdm debjejeha as autras (WTXXAE & @DABK, ?>>>). Wça jctjmdetd iesdesívdis, dbaístjs d mjcévacas dm sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas, d eça é surprddehdetd qud as cíhdrds pjrdâjmd tdr tiha dlditas prdfuhigijis saord amjquijvécigas sugdssa ej gjrrdirj ea odm-dstjr hd sdus dmprdbjhas (\ACMD_0 @AGK & BÜ_IXV, ?>:>9). Dstd t÷piga sdrê hisgutiha dm hdtjckds ea gjpítuca 8. Tm sdbrdha ha sugdssa has mjquijvécigas dstê ejs hivdrsjs têtigjs qud dcds usjm pjrj cuhiorijr as autras. Dm um dxpdrimdeta ieigijc hd psigacabij sagijc, iehivíhuas gampcdtjrjm umj sérid hd tjrdljs (dcds tiekjm qud degaetrjr burjs dsgaehihjs dm umj imjbdm), dequjeta um iehivíhua rdspaesêvdc pdcj dxpdriæegij mdesurjvj a tdmpa edgdssêria pjrj gampcdtê-cjs (BDIW0 GK_IWXID & EDCWAE, :92>). Ea detjeta, as iehivíhuas tdmparjrijmdetd jssumijm a pjpdc ha rdspaesêvdc pdcj dxpdriæegij d jprdsdetjvjm jas pr÷ximas pjrtigipjetds a mdsma tdstd qud dcds tiekjm gampcdtjha pauga jetds. Zujeha um iehivíhua tdrmiejvj, a rdspaesêvdc pdca dxpdrimdeta viekj d pdhijdstivdssd j dcds qud tdetjssdm ej jtrjpjckjr autrahistrjieha iehivíhua qud jiehj trjojckjeha tjrdlj, sdfj suj jtdeâça, sdfj gaeluehieha suj mdetd, a qud pravjvdcmdetd pahdrij jtrjsjr j gaegcusça hj tjrdlj. ^arém, gampdtij jas iehivíhuas hdgihir hd qujis mdias dcds cjeâjrijm mça pjrj prahuzir j pdrturojâça. ^artjeta, dcds dstjvjm prjtigjmdetd civrds pjrj dmprdbjr qujcqudr têtigj, truqud au jtivihjhd gjpjz hd prahuzir a dldita hdsdfjha. As pjrtigipjetds jgrdhitjvjm qud a aofdtiva ha dxpdrimdeta drj dstuhjr a dldita ha pahdr hjs rdcjâôds ietdrpdssajis qujeta î rdgampdesj pueiâça.dm A víhda gampartjmdeta iehivíhuas lai aosdrvjha,d brjvjha d jeatjha has par aosdrvjhards qud sd degaetrjvjm jtrês hd um dspdckadspiça0 dm sdbuihj, as hjhas aotihas larjm dstjtistigjmdetd pragdssjhas. As rdsuctjhas rdvdcjrjm qud iehivíhuas gam as mjiards rdsuctjhas ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dmprdbjrjm umj qujetihjhd mjiar, mjis hivdrsj d tégeigjs hd ieuæegij mjis dldtivjs qujeha gampjrjhas jas hdmjis iehivíhuas. Dcds lrdqudetdmdetd ielarmjeha jas autras iehivíhuas rdbrjs ljcsjs aumdetijm, histargihjs pjrj gampcdtjr j tjrdlj. Js
mdetirjs tjmoém iegcuíjm fucbjr qudstôds iegarrdtjs gama sdeha garrdtjs d rdtdr ielarmjâôds impartjetds, jssim gama ej prapasiâça hd qudstôds d jrmjâôds irrdcdvjetds au gaelusjs. (^. dx., –j prap÷sita, qujc gjmpieb vagæ lrdqudetau ea öctima vdrça1”) Jhdmjis, dcds lrdqudetdmdetd dmprdbjrjm vêrias mdias hd debjea d histrjâça6 jssavijrjm, murmurjrjm, suspirjrjm gam lrdquæegij, ojtijm gam js gjedtjs saord j mdsj d gaestjetdmdetd rdjrrjefjvjm gaisjs saord j mdsj. Hd jgarha gam as jutards, mjquijvécigas larjm hisgdreihas eça jpdejs pdcj ietdesihjhd d lrdquæegij hj ieuæegij, mjs tjmoém ja usjr tjis tégeigjs hd larmjs larj ha gamum d ieavjharjs. Aovijmdetd, tjmoém impartjvj sjodr sao qujis girguestïegijs tégeigjs. d Bdis (:92>) subdrdmdcds træsusjvjm tipas hddssjs situjâça aehd Gkristid mjquijvécigas pravjrjm dldtivihjhd d sugdssa pjrtigucjrds ja supdrjr as hdmjis6 :) dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta íetima gam j –vítimj”0 ?) dm um jmoidetd sagijc au iestituiâça mdeas dstruturjha d mdeas rdbucjha (p. dx., dm um jmoidetd hd trjojcka) qud aldrdgd jmpcjs apartueihjhds pjrj hdsgaorir têtigjs iegamues0 7) gam pjrgdiras qud dstça josarvihas au agupjhas pdcjs sujs dmaâôds. J mjeipucjâça tdm umj gaedxça muctiljgdtjhj gam j mdetirj. As mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd mdetdm d dcds mdetdm gaeviegdetdmdetd d dldtivjmdetd (oax :.7). Tm dstuha rdgdetd prdtdehij vdrigjr j prapdesça has pjrtigipjetds j mdetir (JVIVCI dt jc., ?>::8). Gaegarhjetdmdetd, autras dstuhas hdsgaorirjm qud as mjquijvécigas dstjvjm mjis hispastas j mdetir qujeha issa jfuhjvj-as ej aotdeâça hd odedlígias (MgCDAH & BDED_DT[, ?>>;). Jssim, par dxdmpca, as mjquijvécigas, qujeha gampjrjhas gam autras iehivíhuas, gaesihdrjvjm a pjpdc ha pdrsaejbdm priegipjc hj kist÷rij j sdbuir, hd um paeta hd vistj pdssajc, gama mjis jgditêvdc d jpcigêvdc6 Wdje jgihdetjcmdetd ojtdu dm um gjrra dstjgiaejha. Gama dcd dstjvj sjieha, a prapridtêria ha vdíguca gkdbau d pdrbuetau j Wdje sd dcd viu qudm hjeigau sdu gjrra. ^jrj dvitjr pjbjr pdca hjea, Wdje mdetiu d hissd qud dcd eça ljzij ihdij hd qudm tiekj ldita issa. Dm um gdeêria ietdrjtiva d dxpdrimdetjc, iehivíhuas ieigijcmdetd gampcdtjrjm a Xdstd Mjgk-I\ d, dm sdbuihj, ielarmjrjm sdu dstjha dmagiaejc dm autra tdstd qud cistjvj pjcjvrjs d lrjsds rdcjgiaejhjs îs dmaâôds (MT_^KY, ?>:?). Jta gaetíeua, dcds tiekjm qud rdsacvdr um tdstd qud gamprddehij hdz qudstôds, d gjhj rdspastj garrdtj lai rdgampdesjhj gam umj samj dm hiekdira. Dm sdbuihj, agarrdu umj muhjeâj ea gdeêria6 jetds hd as pjrtigipjetds sdrdm ielarmjhas saord qujc drj j rdspastj garrdtj, j tdcj ha gamputjhar mastrjvj a vjcar hj rdgampdesj, d gjhj pjrtigipjetd tiekj qud ielarmjr vdrojcmdetd a vjcar ja prapaedetd ha dxpdrimdeta (qud eça pahij vdr j tdcj). A dstuha rdvdcau qud asjas iehivíhuas gamgam jctasíehigds íehigdsmjis ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, gaetrjpastas iehivíhuas ojixas, drjmqujeha mjis
prapdesas j debjejr a rdspaesêvdc pdca dxpdrimdeta ielarmjeha samjs ljcsjs ‗ ejturjcmdetd, jumdetjeha a vjcar. Jhdmjis, iehivíhuas gam íehigds mjis jctas ej Dsgjcj Mjgk sdetijm mdeas gucpj d rdmarsa. Dssd jspdgta gau rddtiha dm umj sdbuehj mdhihj hd sdu dstjha dmagiaejc, qud iehigjvj muhjeâjs iesibeigjetds, ista é, qud dcds eça sd mastrjrjm pjrtigucjrmdetd tdesas au jesiasas.
^arém, sdrij um drra pdesjr qud mjquijvécigas sça mdetirasas orjehas, gaetjeha mdetirjs a tdmpa ietdira. ^dca gaetrêria6 dcds eça gaesihdrjm mdetir gama umj têtigj gampucs÷rij au iedvitêvdc, mjs gaesihdrjm tjc jâça edgdssêrij pjrj sdr usjhj dm um mueha aehd as autras eça sça hibeas hd gaejeâj (BDIW & MAAE, :9;:). A ljta hd gaesihdrjrdm as hdmjis iehibeas hd gaejeâj hdrivj, dm primdira cubjr, mdetir hd suj qujeha pr÷prij pdrgdodm mjcdvacæegij. gama lar, dcds dsgackdm qud Wdfj j vdrhjhd eça sdrij dldtivj. Dm sumj, as mjquijvécigas tdetjm pjrdgdr siegdras, dequjeta as eça mjquijvécigas gaesihdrjm j siegdrihjhd impartjetd par si s÷.
? Jmarjcihjhd As mjquijvécigas dstça iegciejhas j gampartjrdm-sd hd mjedirj jétigj0 dcds pahdm ljgicmdetd mjetdr um jljstjmdeta pdssajc hjs pdrgdpâôds marjis. Dcds sdmprd pdrsdbudm sdu pr÷pria ietdrdssd d eça sça pjrtigucjrmdetd hdtihas par praioiâôds marjis. Dcds gjm gkjtdjhas qujeha degjrjm a lrjgjssa dm vdz hj iefustiâj, ista é, qujeha eça gaesdbudm ieudegijr as autras. Dcds muitjs vdzds pravagjm as autras, tdstjeha gaetieujmdetd qujis sça as cimitds hd sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas (BTEEXKA_WHAXXI_ dt jc., ?>>?). Zujeha sdetdm lrjqudzj au cdeiæegij eas autras, dcds cjeâjm um jtjqud sdm qujcqudr kdsitjâça d dstça pjrtigucjrmdetd hispastas j qudorjr earmjs étigjs qujeha dspdrjm jcbum tipa hd bjeka mjtdrijc (RAAHCDY & JCCDE,
?>:8). Bdrjcmdetd, eça dstça ietdrdssjhas dm earmjs jtrdcjhjs gam priegípias gama j fustiâj, j rdgipragihjhd d j rdspaesjoicihjhd0 hd ljta, dcds grddm eça dstjrdm jtjhas j tjis earmjs, d, simuctjedjmdetd, jgrdhitjm qud eça sça tça hildrdetds has hdmjis, umj vdz qud as hdmjis tjmoém hdsrdspditjm as priegípias étigas, jpdsjr hd dcds, hd mjedirj kip÷gritj, jtdstjrdm a gaetrêria. Gaelarmd Gkristid d Bdis (:92>), umj hjs gjrjgtdrístigjs mjis impartjetds has mjquijvécigas é rdsistir îs dxpdgtjtivjs sagijis, eça hdixjeha qud js rdbrjs d priegípias gamueitêrias imprimjm ieuæegijs saord dcds ‗ d é dxjtjmdetd issa qud as tarej mjeipucjhards odm-sugdhihas. Tm dxpdrimdeta –gcêssiga” hj psigacabij sagijc hdmaestrj gama dcds dstça pauga prdagupjhas gam as pjhrôds étigas:92:8). Giega hdssds vjcards larjm jprdsdetjhas ea dstuha6 Hjea (gam rdcjâça j bdeticdzj, hdcigjhdzj, guihjha)0 Dqujeimihjhd (fustiâj, hirditas, jutaeamij)0 Gacdtivihjhd (cdjchjhd, pjtriatisma, jutassjgrilígia)0 Jutarihjhd (hdldræegij hijetd hd umj jutarihjhd cdbítimj d rdspdita pdcj trjhiâça)0 d ^urdzj (psigacabij ha hdsbasta d gaetjmiejâça). Jcém hd rdspaehdrdm qudstôds saord dssds vjcards, as iehivíhuas dxjmiejhas tiekjm qud dspdgigjr j qujetihjhd hd hiekdira edgdssêrij pjrj qud sd devacvdssdm dm hildrdetds jâôds vistjs gama imarjis au gaesihdrjhjs tjou. ^ar dxdmpca, dcds tiekjm qud imjbiejr umj gaehutj, tjc gama –gkutjr um gjgkarra ej gjodâj, gam larâj”. As iehivíhuas dstimjrjm suj prapdesça dm umj dsgjcj hd aita paetas. Tmj dxtrdmihjhd hj dsgjcj rdprdsdetjvj j rdspastj –Du ljrij issa par ejhj”0 j autrj dxtrdmihjhd, par suj vdz, drj –Fjmjis, par qujetij edekumj”. Js jctdrejtivjs hd rdspastj detrd js hujs dxtrdmihjhds iehigjvjm samjs dspdgígjs, ista é, :>, :>>, :.>>> au jté mdsma mjis hiekdira, impartïegij pdcj qujc as iehivíhuas gamdtdrijm as mjclditas dm qudstça. As jutards degaetrjrjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva detrd as íehigds has iehivíhuas ej Dsgjcj Mjgk d a eívdc hd impartïegij qud dcds jtriouíjm jas vjcards Hjea, Dquihjhd, Gacdtivihjhd d Jutarihjhd. Dssds rdsuctjhas larjm muita simicjrds îqudcds aotihas par psigapjtjs, mjs larjm muita hildrdetds hjqudcds jcgjeâjhas par ejrgisistjs (qud eça hdmaestrjrjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta sibeigjtiva gam qujcqudr umj hjs jtituhds marjis mdegiaejhjs). As mjquijvécigas sça ruies1 ^desjr jssim pahd sdr um dxjbdra. Tsujcmdetd dcds eça prdfuhigjm as hdmjis pdca prjzdr hd gjusjr jcbum prdfuíza d eça degaetrjm prjzdr ea salrimdeta jckdia, hildrdetdmdetd has psigapjtjs. Mjquijvécigas jbdm rjgiaejcmdetd6 dcds usjm as autras pjrj tirjr vjetjbdm hdcds dm vdz hd prdfuhigê-cas pdca prjzdr hd ljzæ-ca (jpdsjr hd, jcbumjs vdzds, dssd passj sdr a gjsa). A m fustigj as mdias (odedlígias pahdmassdr debjejr autrdm), dequjeta as mdias eça fustigjm esjcgjeâjhas (odedlígiasja eça sça aotihas hd mjedirj j debjejr autrdm). Mjquijvécigas sça jmarjis dm vdz hd imarjis. Ea detjeta, j jmarjcihjhd dm si tjmoém hdmaestrj umj jmpcj vjrijâça detrd as iehivíhuas mjquijvécigas6 jcbues hdcds eça dstça prdagupjhas, dm öctimj iestïegij, gam priegípias étigas au earmjs. Autras dstça gcjrjmdetd gidetds hj impartïegij hd pjhrôds marjis, jiehj qud eça gaesihdrdm impartjetd sdrdm bavdrejhas par dcds ej vihj gatihijej. ^ar m, jcbues sdetdm gucpj ja prdfuhigjr as autras, mjs eça vddm j rjzça hd dsgackdr eça sdrdm as vdegdhards qujeha autrjs gaehutjs étigjs tjmoém sdrvdm jpdejs gama um hisljrgd kip÷gritj pjrj sd dsgaehdr jtrês. E÷s jiehj sjodmas pauga saord js hildrdeâjs iehivihujis ea pdesjmdeta d gaehutj has mjquijvécigas, mjs js hdsgaodrtjs jcgjeâjhjs par vêrias dstuhas ‗ d tjmoém dm eassj
dxpdriæegij hd vihj gatihijej ‗ subdrdm umj brjehd hivdrsihjhd edstd brupa hd pdssajs usujcmdetd jpdcihjha gama mjquijvécigas.
7 Gieisma Î cuz hjs jrmjâôds prévijs, eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud mjquijvécigas sdfjm gjrjgtdrizjhas par um pralueha gieisma. Dcds eça jgrdhitjm ea qud as autras hizdm d eça gaesihdrjm js autrjs pdssajs dm tdrmas pasitivas (^ICGK, ?>>;). ^dca gaetrêria6 dcds gaestjetdmdetd jtrioudm trjâas edbjtivas îs pdssajs, jssumieha qud dcjs sça grijturjs kip÷gritjs, mdetirasjs d mjcévacjs. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, brupas hd iehivíhuas fabjrjm um faba ea qujc dcds tiekjm qud rjequdjr vêrijs gaisjs gaelarmd j impartïegij (_JTXKMJEE, ?>::). As mdmoras ha brupa tiekjm j apartueihjhd hd ljzdr jssagijâôds hurjetd a faba d, ejcmdetd, dcds prddegkijm um qudstiaeêria saord j pdrsaejcihjhd d j ietdcibæegij hd sdus pjrgdiras. As mjquijvécigas usujcmdetd dstimjvjm as trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd has autras gam vjcards ojixas, tjis gama Guihjha (garjâça bdetic, bdeticdzj, jmjoicihjhd), Brdbjrisma (risaeka, jmibêvdc, dxtravdrtiha) d Jodrta (eça gaevdegiaejc, pdesjmdeta jostrjta, iehivihujcistj). Wimicjrmdetd, dcds dstimjvjm j ietdcibæegij has mdmoras ha brupa gam íehigds ojixas, d fucbjvjm qud dcds hdmaestrjvjm um ojixa rdehimdeta d paugj gamueigjâça dm brupa. Tm pjhrça gdetrjc hj visça hd mueha mjquijvécigj é j hdsgaejeâj. As mjquijvécigas mjetæm umj gaestjetd suspditj dm rdcjâça jas autras, hd qudm dcds dspdrjm j iesiegdrihjhd (BDIW & GK_IWXID, :92>). Dcds jgrdhitjm qud as autras ljrijm a mdsma gam dcds jssim gama dcds ljzdm jas hdmjis, ista é, qud as autras irijm debjeê-cas ej primdirj apartueihjhd hjhj. Dm suj pr÷prij pdrspdgtivj, as
mjquijvécigas jbdm hd umj mjedirj prdvdetivj6 dcds debjejm as autras jetds qud as autras ljâjm issa gam dcds (MgICCRJIE, ?>>7). J ribar, dstj é j pdrspdgtivj ej qujc j iesdesioicihjhd é mdckar gamprddehihj6 –^ar qud du hdva sdr jtdegiasa d bdedrasa sd as autras eça sça1” Jhdmjis, dcds jgrdhitjm qud é dxjtjmdetd dssd ljcsa jutagaekdgimdeta has autras qud as ljzdm vucedrêvdis, umj vdz qud dcds eça sça tça siegdras d odedvacdetds qujeta dcds supôdm qud sça. J hisgrdpïegij suofjz ejs jtituhds hjs pdssajs d js jâôds qud js tarejm lrjgjs, d dssj lrjqudzj é hibej hd sdr dxpcarjhj pjrj aotdr vjetjbdes. ^ar autra cjha, as mjquijvécigas dstça gaevdegihas qud sça kaedstas gam dcds mdsmas, d dcds dstça gidetds hd suj ljctj hd prdagupjâça dm ljzdr jcba drrjha gam as hdmjis. Ej vdrhjhd, dssd pahd sdr a gjsa0 js grdeâjs jutadebjeasjs, tjc gama pdesjr qud dcds sça oajs pdssajs, pahdm, ej vdrhjhd, himieuir sujs gkjegds hd debjejr as autras. MgIccwjie (?>>7) subdrd qud mjquijvécigas usjm sdu gieisma pjrj grijr gdrta tipa hd hdsdquicíoria hd pahdr detrd dcds d sujs patdegijis vítimjs. Dcds eça dstça prdagupjhas sd as autras tæm pdsas ibujis dm umj u mj edbagijâça gam dcds. Dcds sd sdetdm supdriards jas autras umj vdz qud dcds dstça gaevdegihas hd hispar hd um vdrhjhdira gaekdgimdeta hjs gaehutjs has autras, hildrdetdmdetd hjs grdeâjs has autras edcds mdsmas. Dcds pdesjm qud js pdssajs sça hiribihjs mjis par larâjs dxtdrejs ha qud ietdrejs. ^ar dssj rjzça, pdssajs arhieêrijs sça iegjpjzds hd hamiejrdm sujs gaehutjs d gaetracjrdm sujs vihjs. Dstd é a paeta aehd as mjquijvécigas detrjm dm jâça d, gama autrj larâj dxtdrej, dcds jssumdm a gaetracd has pdesjmdetas d jâôds has autras. Edssd paeta, as mjquijvécigas sd gacagjm ea pjpdc hd gidetistjs sagijis iebæeuas hj vihj gatihijej, qud jgrdhitjm pijmdetd qud dcds sjodm mjis hjs pdssajs ha qud as autras iehivíhuas.
Jhdmjis, dcds vça jcém ha dsgapa tdarétiga d vactjm sdu gaekdgimdeta pjrj j prêtigj pjrj aotdr odedlígias. ^astdriarmdetd, edstd mdsma vacumd, e÷s vactjrdmas îs qudstôds hd gama dcds rdjcmdetd jcgjeâjm viscumords has pdesjmdetas d jâôds hjs pdssajs. Oax :.4 Wuspdiâça qujeta jas pdrsaejbdes hj kist÷rij
A gieisma has mjquijvécigas pjssau par pralueha dsgrutíeia dm um dxpdrimdeta (WVJOA0 FAEDW & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:4) ea qujc as iehivíhuas larjm dxpastas j kist÷rijs saord gjsas hd cabra hdciodrjha (gl. oax oaxds ds 9.? d 9.8). Xjis gjsas iegcuíjm hdedbrir jcbuém qud dstjvj dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta ramïetiga par ievdfj hdcd(j), civrjr-sd hd um iehdsdfjha, parém hdvatjha –jmiba(j)”, gjcueijr um rivjc dm umj gampdtiâça pjrj sdr a mdckar jcuea hj gcjssd dtg. Jp÷s gjhj kist÷rij, as iehivíhuas dsgrutiejhas larjm jprdsdetjhas j um gaefueta hd jrmjâôds pjrdjhjs j pjrtir hj qujc dcds tiekjm qud dsgackdr umj, gaelarmd suj ietdrprdtjâça hj kist÷rij. Wujs sdcdâôds rdvdcjrjm quça jhdqujhjmdetd dcds detdehdrjm gjhj umj hdcjs. Jcbumjs hjs jrmjâôds pjrdjhjs tiekjm gama prdagupjâça hdtdrmiejr gama as iehivíhuas dsgrutiejhas tamjvjm as pdrsaejbdes ejs kist÷rijs gama rdspaesêvdis pdcjs sujs mês jâôds, d sd dcds dstjvjm prapdesas j pdrhajr a mjeipucjhar ha cabra. ^ar dxdmpca, um pjr hd jrmjâôds rdcjgiaejvj j kist÷rij jprdsdetjhj ea oax 9.?, gaelarmd as pjrïmdtras j sdbuir6 J) –J ejmarjhj hd Jehrdw mdetiu pjrj dcd ea ietuita hd jprdsdetjr sdus jmibas sao umj cuz hdsljvarêvdc.” O) –J ejmarjhj hd Jehrdw eça prdtdehij mdetir pjrj dcd0 dcj s÷ eça cdmorjvj dxjtjmdetd a qud as jmibas hd Jehrdw hissdrjm.” Dm sumj, umj hdssjs jrmjâôds pjrdjhjs rddtd umj jtituhd siegdrj pjrj gam a pratjbaeistj (O), dequjeta j autrj jrmjâça rdprdsdetj umj visça suspditasj (J), gaequjeta jmojs passjm sdr jgditjs gama vêcihjs gaelarmd j kist÷rij jprdsdetjhj. As rdsuctjhas eça prahuzirjm edekumj surprdsj6 as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dsgackijm mjis lrdqudetdmdetd js jrmjâôds qud dxprdssjvjm umj visça suspditj has pdrsaejbdes. Dcds dstjvjm prapdesas j rdgaekdgdr j mjcdvacæegij ej gaehutj has pdrsaejbdes, rdfditjeha j passioicihjhd hd cabra eça ietdegiaejc. Mjquijvécigas rjrjmdetd vijm j gaehutj jckdij gama odedvacdetd, mdsma sd j situjâça as cdvjssd j issa. ^dca gaetrêria6 dcds jssumdm umj pasiâça gíeigj d, ej mjiarij hjs vdzds, edm mdsma gaesihdrjm j passioicihjhd hd qud as autras eça tæm ietdeâôds edbjtivjs.
8 Lridzj As mjquijvécigas sça gjrjgtdrizjhas pdcj jtituhd rdsdrvjhj, sjebud-lria d pasturj iehildrdetd. Dcds sd sdpjrjm has jspdgtas dmagiaejis hjs situjâôds, eça sd prdagupjeha gam rjgiaejc as sdetimdetas jckdias ribar, jhatjm umj pdrspdgtivj saord js gaisjsd, dj pdssajs. Dcds sça aridetjhas jas aofdtivas dm vdz hd aridetjhas îs pdssajs, lagjeha dm sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds d ibearjeha as ietdrdssds jckdias (GK_IWXID & BDIW, :92>0 KJRCDY, ?>>>;). Xdeha dm vistj dssj jpraximjâça, dcds sça hd gaetracjr umj hjhj situjâça0 dcds lagjm dm sujs mdtjs jgimj hd tuha, jejcisjm j ielarmjâça rdgém-gkdbjhj, ietdegiaejcmdetd dsgackdm apâôds d tdetjm aptjr par umj dstrjtébij gam j qujc dcds bjekjrça odedlígias. Detrdmdetds, dcds eça sd pdrmitdm sdr histrjíhas pdcj prdsdeâj has autras au par sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds. Wuj ljctj hd hövihjs, tjc gama umj gaegdetrjâça dm mdtjs pdssajis, laredgdm j dcds imdesjs vjetjbdes saord as autras qujeta ja bjeka hd odes gam mjtdrijis pasiâôds ljvarêvdis. ^ar autra cjha, iehivíhuas ojixasdíehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dstça muita mjis prdagupjhas gam suj rdhd pdssajc hd rdcjgiaejmdetas d gam js earmjs marjis, a qud as tarej sdmprd vucedrêvdis. Tsujcmdetd dcds eça dstça hispastas j jbir gaelarmd a priegípia hd qud –as es fustigjm as mdias”0 ibujcmdetd, dcds edm sdmprd dstça jtdetas pjrj js ietdeâôds has mjeipucjhards. A hdsjpdba dmagiaejc has mjquijvécigas d sdu pdesjmdeta rjgiaejc dstça odm rddtihas ea dxpdrimdeta j sdbuir (GAA^D_ & ^DXD_WAE, :9;>). Iehivíhuas dxjmiejhas
fabjrjm a muita gaekdgiha faba ea qujc dcds tiekjm qud gamoiejr cdtrjs pjrj larmjr pjcjvrjs gaelarmd rdbrjs dspdgígjs. Dcds larjm ielarmjhas tjmoém qud gjhj fabjhar hdvdrij jpastjr j mjiar qujetihjhd hd paetas passívdc. Dcds tjmoém larjm ielarmjhas qud a pcjgjr méhia dm pjrtihjs prévijs drj hd ?>;0 RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?0 JC JIE dt jc., ?>:70 FAEJWAE & @_JTWD, ?>:7). Oax :.< Tmj mdhihj hd dmpjtij6 dxgdrtas ha jut jutaqudstiaeêria aqudstiaeêria hd Ojrae-Gakde, itdm (OJ_AE-GAKDE0 _IGKCD_ & OIWJ_YJ, OIWJ_YJ, ?>>7)
As rdspaehdetds mdesurjm gjhj itdm gaelarmd a qujeta dcds gaegarhjm d hisgarhjm gam dcd. Zujtra jctdrejtivjs hd rdspastjs sça aldrdgihjs6 J) Gaegarha vddmdetdmdetd. O) Gaegarha cdvdmdetd. G) Hisgarha cdvdmdetd. H) Hisgarha vddmdetdmdetd. • Du passa ljgicmdetd hizdr sd jcbuém hdsdfj gamdâjr umj gaevdrsj. • Du lrdqudetdmdetd degaetra higuchjhds pjrj fucbjr sd jcbuém é ruhd au paciha. • Du gaesiba pdrgdodr rjpihjmdetd sd jcbuém hiz jcba qud sibeigj autrj gaisj. • Du ljgicmdetd gaesiba md gacagjr ea cubjr hjs pdssajs. • Du sau kêoic dm pdrgdodr qujeha jcbuém dm um brupa dstê sd sdetieha dstrjeka au hdsgaelartêvdc. • Du edm sdmprd gaesiba pdrgdodr qujeha jcbuém hdvd tdr sd sdetiha aldehiha gam umj aosdrvjâça. • Du ga gkjtdjha qujeha vdfa um jeimjc sdetieha har. • Du gaesiba ljgicmdetd hizdr sd jcbuém dstê ietdrdssjha au detdhijha gam a qud du dstau hizdeha. • Jmibas usujcmdetd md gaetjm saord sdus praocdmjs, pais dcds hizdm qud du sau muita gamprddesiva. • Du gaesiba sdetir sd du dstau sdeha ievjsiva, mdsma qujeha js autrjs pdssajs eça md hizdm issa. • Js autrjs pdssajs lrdqudetdmdetd hizdm qud du sau iesdesívdc, mdsma qud edm sdmprd du vdfj j rjzça. • Du gaesiba hizdr sd jcbuém dstê dsgaehdeha suj rdjc dmaâça.
Eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud mjquijvécigas dxiojm ojixas íehigds hd bdeticdzj d joedbjâça (^JJC & OD_DGV@DI, ?>>20 OD_DGV@DI & GVIOA_, ?>:8). Hjhas aotihas pdcj dsgjcj hd –gaapdrjâça” ha qudstiaeêria XGI (gl. oax 7.?) subdrdm qud dcds hdmaestrjm paugj préhispasiâça dm gaapdrjr gam autras (–É usujcmdetd tacigd pramavdr a sugdssa hd autrjs pdssajs”0 –Du basta hd imjbiejr mdus ieimibas salrdeha”0 –Du bdrjcmdetd eça basta hd pdssajs qud tæm ihdijs hildrdetds hjs miekjs”0 –^dssajs devacvihjs gamiba tæm qud jprdehdr gama ljzdr js gaisjs î miekj mjedirj”0 –Du eça jgka qud priegípias étigas au rdcibiasas saord a gdrta d a drrjha hdvjm tdr muitj ieuæegij dm hdgisôds hd edb÷gias”). J ljctj hd prdhispasiâça has mjquijvécigas dm gaapdrjr gam as autras ddm jfuhê-cas pravjvdcmdetd hdspaetjhas hd suj iejoicihjhd tdr dmpjtij pdcj har eça d privjâôds autras, prdvdeieha-as jssim hd jfuhê-cas qujeha dcds dstça gam praocdmjs. Autrjs dxpcigjâôds pahdm sdr gaesihdrjhjs vêcihjs6 eamdjhjmdetd, qud suj ljctj hd dmpjtij cdvj-as simpcdsmdetd j ibearjr j har qud dcds gjusjm au prdtdehdm gjusjr îs sujs vítimjs. Wd jcbuém eça sdetd dmaâôds edbjtivjs pdcas autras, dssj mdsmj pdssaj eça tdm rjzôds pjrj sd prdagupjr, pais larjm dssjs pdssajs qud susgitjrjm tjis dmaâôds. ^artjeta, jcimdetjr paugj rdspaesjoicihjhd dmagiaejc hijetd has autras pahd jumdetjr j dgiæegij d ljctj hd misdrig÷rhij hj mjeipucjâça. J ljctj hd dmpjtij mjquijvécigj jtrjvdssj suj vihj ietdirj. Tm dstuha pdrsgrutau j dsgackj hd gjrrdirjs d ietdrdssds prassiaejis hd dmprdbjhas jmdrigjeas gam ihjhd detrd :; d 2? jeas (FAEJWAE dt jc., ?>:8). As mjquijvécigas prdldrdm eça dsgackdr dm dspdgijc hais tipas hd agupjâça6 dcds dstjvjm mdeas iegciejhas ha qud as eça mjquijvécigas j prdldrir trjojckas ea sdtar sdrviâa sagijc (–desiejr grijeâjs j cdr”) d jqudcds qud ha rdqudrdm umj
jtituhd hd guihjha (–guihjr hd pdssajs hadetds”). Dcds tjmoém eça hdmaestrjm jtituhds edbjtivjs au pasitivjs pjrj gam autrjs agupjâôds hd gjrêtdr prêtiga, ieavjhar au trjhigiaejc. As ietdrdssds hd vagjâça has mjquijvécigas larjm simicjrmdetd rdpartjhas dm um dstuha gjejhdesd (@ARJCW@I0 \D_EAE & WGKD_MD_, ?>:2). Ea detjeta, iehdpdehdetdmdetd hd sujs jtivihjhds hd trjojcka, as dmprdbjhas dstça iesjtislditas gam j jtituhd d a gampartjmdeta has mjquijvécigas. Xjcvdz sdfj mjis impartjetd hizdr qud edm mdsma as mjquijvécigas dstça sjtislditas gam a trjojcka d a pjpdc qud dcds hdsdmpdekjm ej vihj gatihijej (JCI & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>:>). E÷s vimas jté jbarj js giega gjrjgtdrístigjs mjis impartjetds has mjquijvécigas6 mjeipucjâça, jmarjcihjhd, gieisma, lridzj d ljctj dmpjtij. Eça kêejhövihjs as autras iehivíhuas gamhd ojixas íehigds Dsgjcj qud Mjgk tjmoém passjm jprdsdetjr umj au muitjs hdssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs hd tdmpas dm tdmpas. Gaetuha, as mjquijvécigas rdprdsdetjm um pdriba jas autras parqud dcds iegarparjm tahjs js giega gjrjgtdrístigjs simuctjedjmdetd (WCJTBXKD_, ?>::). Dcds hdsdfjm dsqudgdr as autras brjâjs î lridzj mdetjc d dbaísma, gaequjeta dcds dstdfjm hdsprdagupjhas gam sdus pjhrôds marjis au gam js dmaâôds jckdijs. Dcds sça iegjpjzds hd jcimdetjr dmpjtij pdcj har has autras dequjeta gacagjm sujs pr÷prijs visôds d jmoiâôds jgimj hd qujcqudr autrj pdssaj. Dcds hdsgaejm has autras, jpdsjr hd dcds dstjrdm gaevdegihas hd qud as autras mdrdgdm sdr debjejhas. E÷s tdmas vista j jtituhd has mjquijvécigas hijetd hj vihj d hd autrjs pdssajs, sujs visôds saord j marjcihjhd d sujs hdgiæegijs sagijis. Jbarj e÷s pahdmas vactjr eassa ackjr pjrj j suj dstruturj hd pdrsaejcihjhd oêsigj. Oax :.2 Mjquijvécigas d sdxujcihjhd
J gaehutj sdxujc has mjquijvécigas laredgd um dxgdcdetd gjmpa pjrj icustrjr sujs ejturdzjs, umj vdz qud dcj rddtd tahjs js sujs gjrjgtdrístigjs típigjs. Wdus rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimas d ramïetigas aldrdgdm umj imjbdm pdgucijr hd sdus mativas pjrj tirjrdm vjetjbdm has autras0 a mdsma pahd sdr hita saord a sdu gieisma, suj jmarjcihjhd d suj ljctj hd dmpjtij. Gkristid, Bdis d sdus gacdbjs, dequjeta piaediras hj pdsquisj saord a mjquijvdcisma, hdrjm rdcjtivjmdetd paugj jtdeâça pjrj dssd jssueta. Hégjhjs hdpais, Fake MgKas`dy (?>>:) lai um has primdiras pdsquisjhards j dxpcarjr as dsticas hd gaehutj kjoitujis, dmaâôds d mativas gjrjgtdrístigas hj vihj sdxujc has mjquijvécigas. ^jrj dstd m, dcd hdsdevacvdu um tdstd qud jojrgau um jmpca dspdgtra6 dcd mdhd j jtituhd pjrj j pramisguihjhd, a eívdc hd dxgitjâça sdxujc, a eívdc hd gucpj rdcjgiaejhj î sdxujcihjhd d a eömdra hd autras ljtards mativjgiaejis d dmagiaejis. Jcém hissa, dcd prapøs qudstiaejmdetas saord as gjsas hd gampartjmdetas dspdgígas, tjis gama j épagj hj primdirj dxpdriæegij sdxujc, j qujetihjhd hd pjrgdiras ea pdríaha ha tdstd au j lrdquæegij hd mjsturojâça. Dcd hdsgaoriu qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdspaehdrjm qujsd tahjs js qudstôds hd mjedirj hildrdetd has iehivíhuas gam ojixas Js brjehds hildrdeâjs larjm degaetrjhjs ej guriasihjhd sdxujc,íehigds. dxgitjâça d pramisguihjhd6 as mjquijvécigas ousgjm, hd mjedirj pasitivj, eavjs dxpdriæegijs d hivdrsihjhd dm suj vihj sdxujc. Ja mdsma tdmpa, dcds tjmoém sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par gdrta tipa hd mjcdvacæegij, ej qujc dcds lrdqudetdmdetd ietimihjm d kumickjm sdus pjrgdiras qujeha dcds fucbjm tjis gaehutjs gama larmjs mjis dldtivjs hd sdxujcmdetd gaequistjr a(j) pjrgdira(j). Î cuz hdssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs, eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud dcds prdrjm –j sdxujcihjhd civrd” hijetd hj apâça hd aodhdgdrdm j pjhrôds marjis d cdis qud rdbucdm j sdxujcihjhd. Zujeta jas dvdetas dspdgígas hj vihj, tahas as mjquijvécigas ielarmjrjm hispar hd dxpdriæegijs sdxujis mjis ietdesjs ha qud as autras. Dcds sd cjeâjrjm ja sdxa jetds has hdmjis, tivdrjm mjis pjrgdiras sdxujis eas jeas jetdriards, dmododhjrjm sdus pjrgdiras lrdquæegij pjrj eça gaesdbuir rdcjâôds sdxujis, d jssim hijetd. Eagam detjeta, tjmoém é surprddehdetd hdsgaorir qud par as mjquijvécigas dstça iesjtislditas gam suj vihj sdxujc, sdmprd ousgjeha par jcba hildrdetd au eava. Js hildrdeâjs hd bæedra jgurjhjmdetd rddtdm j histriouiâça hj papucjâça ietdirj6 as mjquijvécigas ha sdxa mjsguciea rdpartjrjm mjis pramisguihjhd d ljetjsijs sdxujis ha qud js muckdrds mjquijvécigjs. Dstuhas suosdqudetds gcjrjmdetd gaermjrjm dssjs aosdrvjâôds. As mjquijvécigas tæm mjiar prapdesça j muhjr hd pjrgdiras lrdqudetdmdetd, qujeha gacagjhas dm apasiâça jas hdmjis, sça muita mjis iegciejhas j rdcjgiaejmdetas hd gurtj hurjâça, jcém hd debjfjrdm-sd dm rdcjâça hd gadrâça sdxujc d jousa hjqudcds ha sdxa apasta (FAEJWAE dt jc., ?>>9). Dcds hdmaestrjm ojixas eívdis hd praximihjhd, ietimihjhd d gampramdtimdeta dm rdcjâça jas sdus pjrgdiras (JCI & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>:>).
Oax :.2j Ievdetêria hj Aridetjâça Wagiassdxujc (IAW)
A rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd mjquijvdcisma d sdxujcihjhd tdm siha lrdqudetdmdetd jvjcijha pdca Ievdetêria hd Aridetjâça Wagiassdxujc, qud mdhd j prapdesça j devacvdr-sd dm rdcjgiaejmdetas gjsujis d degaetras sdxujis sdm gampramdtimdeta. Tmj hjs vdrsôds mjis rdgdetds ha ievdetêria devacvd eavd itdes, iegcuieha qudstôds d jrmjâôds hivihihjs dm træs brupas gaelarmd træs ljgdtjs hd aridetjâça sagiassdxujc (^DE@D & JWDEHAEL, ?>>;). As rdspaehdetds mdesurjm gjhj jrmjâça au pdrbuetj dm umj dsgjcj hd 9 paetas, hd jgarha gam a qujeta dcds gaegarhjm gam dcjs. :) A primdira brupa hd itdes iegcui qudstôds saord gampartjmdetas dspdgígas, ista é, j lrdquæegij ha debjfjmdeta dm degaetras sdxujis hd gurtj hurjâça. ^ar dxdmpca6 –Gam qujetas pjrgdiras hildrdetds vagæ ldz sdxa eas öctimas hazd mdsds1” ?) A sdbueha brupa hd itdes gaesistd dm træs jrmjâôds qud jvjcijm j jtituhd has rdspaehdetds qujeta îs jtituhds sagiassdxujis, ista é, sujs jtituhds hijetd hd umj sdxujcihjhd sdm gampramdtimdeta. ^ar dxdmpca6 –Wdxa sdm jmar é A@”. 7) Xræs qudstôds larmjm a tdrgdira brupa, qud jvjcij a hdsdfa sagiassdxujc. (Dstd é um tipa dspdgíga hd dstjha mativjgiaejc rdcjgiaejha j gaegditas tjis gama ietdrdssd ej sdxujcihjhd, ljetjsijs sdxujis d dxgitjâça sdxujc.) ^ar dxdmpca6 –Zuça lrdqudetdmdetd vagæ tdm ljetjsijs saord sdxa gam jcbuém gam qudm vagæ eça dstê dm umljzdr rdcjgiaejmdeta jmarasa1” J samj has pcjgjrds aotihas ejs træs ljgdtjs laredgd umj mdhihj hj jssim gkjmjhj aridetjâça sagiassdxujc bcaojc. Jctas íehigds hd rdcjgiaejmdeta ea ievdetêria IAW iehigjm j prapdesça has rdspaehdetds dm debjfjrdm-sd dm rdcjgiaejmdetas hd gurtj hurjâça (dssds rdspaehdetds larjm hdsgritas gam a tdrma sagiassdxujcihjhd sdm rdstriâça), dequjeta ojixas íehigds ej mdhihj IAW subdrdm, par suj vdz, umj prdldræegij par rdcjgiaejmdetas hd caebj hurjâça (dssds rdspaehdetds larjm hdsgritas pdca tdrma sagiassdxujcihjhd rdstritj). _dsuctjhas pdrtiedetds mastrjm qud as mjquijvécigas sça mjis prapdesas j devacvdrdm-sd dm rdcjgiaejmdetas sdxujis sdm gampramissa dmagiaejc. Wujs prdldræegijs par rdcjâôds gjsujis sça ibujcmdetd mjeildstjs dm sujs larmjs hd jbir, hdsdfas d jtituhds0
hdssd maha, eça é surprddehdetd hdsgaorir qud suj aridetjâça sagiassdxujc é tipigjmdetd sdm rdstriâça.
? Mativas d gaesdquæegijs
Ea gjpítuca :, du deumdrdi as mjis rdcdvjetds jtrioutas has mjquijvécigas, d hisguti sujs larmjs usujis hd jâça d pdesjmdeta. A prdsdetd gjpítuca dssdegijcmdetd dxpjehd dssd laga pjrj as mativas suofjgdetds qud gaehuzdm a gampartjmdeta has mjquijvécigas, jssim gama js gaesdquæegijs hjqudcd gampartjmdeta. Mjis dspdgigjmdetd, du dxjmiea jqui as ljtards mativjgiaejis qud suofjzdm îs dstrjtébijs hd mjeipucjâça, jcém hjs vjetjbdes d hdsvjetjbdes ha mjquijvdcisma ej vihj gatihijej.
: Gampartjmdeta Gampartjmdeta gaehuz gaehuziha iha pdcj rdgampdesj Ja delrdetjr d jhirdtjmdetd qudstça mativj hjquica qud mjis luehjmdetjcmdetd a gampartjmdeta mjquijvéciga, j mjiarij hd e÷s pahdrij gacagjr dm hdstjqud umj öeigj pjcjvrj6 j rdgampdesj. As mjquijvécigas sd dslarâjm pjrj sdrdm as vdegdhards hj situjâça d tæm gama aofdtiva bjekjr j mjiar mjrbdm hd cugra passívdc. Xjc jtituhd rddtd as dstuhas ojsdjhas dm fabas dxpdrimdetjis mahdcjhas gaelarmd j dxpdriæegij gatihijej. Tm tipa hd dstuha pjutj-sd ea jssim gkjmjha Faba hj \drhjhd, ea qujc as iehivíhuas jctdrejtivjmdetd jssumdm a pjpdc hd primdira d sdbueha fabjhar (gl. oax
?.:). Xahas as rdsuctjhas mastrjm qud fabjhards gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, hildrdetdmdetd hjqudcds gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj, jcgjeâjm mdckards paetujâôds ea ejc ha faba (BTEEXKA_WHAXXI_ dt jc., ?>>?0 OD_DGV@DI dt jc., ?>:7). Ja hdsgaejr hd sdus pjrgdiras dm primdira cubjr, dcds suosdqudetdmdetd aldrdgdm um vjcar rdcjtivjmdetd pdqudea qujeha jssumdm a pjpdc hd primdiras pr imdiras fabjhards. Jhdmjis, Jhdmjis, dcds eça sd sdetdm cibjhas îs rdbrjs hd rdgipragihjhd (au par pjhrôds marjis, dm bdrjc), d, partjeta, dcds tjmoém aldrtjm pdqudejs samjs hd vactj qujeha sça as sdbuehas fabjhards. Dcds eça ljzdm dxgdâô dxgdâôds ds îqudcds qud ckds aldrdgdrjm aldrtjs fustjs, au jté mdsma aldrtjs ljvarêvdis. Dstj öctimj aosdrvjâça tarej js têtigjs hd cugrjtivihjhd has mjquijvécigas pjrtigucjrmdetd sjcidetds6 jpdsjr hd dcds dstjrdm gidetds hj ietdeâça gaapdrjtivj hd sdu pjrgdira, dcds eça sd prdagupjm gam issa0 mjs jpdejs ousgjm sdu pr÷pria ietdrdssd. As mjquijvécigas jtivjmdetd ousgjm apartueihjhds hd jcgjeâjr cugras dequjeta tdetjm dvitjr situjâôds qud passjm pravjvdcmdetd privê-cas hd rdgampdesjs. Gam mjquijvécigas, j hdpdehæegij hj jctj rdgampdesj é gamoiejhj gam umj jctj prdagupjâça gam as passívdis hjeas. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, iehivíhuas fabjrjm a detça hdeamiejha Faba ha Tctimjta (gl. oax ?.:). Edstd faba, um pjrtigipjetd aldrdgd umj samj d a autra fabjhar hdgihd sd dcd irê au eça jgditê-cj. Wd a sdbueha fabjhar jgditj j samj, jmoas rdgdodm a hiekdira grdhitjha j dcds0 par autra cjha, ea gjsa hd umj rdspastj edbjtivj, edekum hdcds aotém ejhj. Hd um paeta hd vistj rjgiaejc, js pdssajs tæm um ietdrdssd dm jgditjr mdsma j mdear hjs samjs, umj vdz qud dcj é mjiar ha qud ejhj. Ea detjeta, ej prêtigj, js pdssajs usujcmdetd jbdm hd mjedirj hivdrsj6 j mjiarij hdcjs sd rdgusj j rdgdodr samjs qud sça gaesihdrjhjs iefustjmdetd ojixjs, mdsma qujeha dcjs sça privjhjs hd
qujcqudr qujetij (BIEXIW dt jc., ?>>70 KDIE_IGK dt jc., ?>>4). Oax ?.: Faba hj \drhjhd, Faba ha Tctimjta
As fabas dxpdrimdetjis jprdsdetjhas jojixa sça tipigjmdetd fabjhas par iehivíhuas sdetjhas dm cubjrds sdpjrjhas, mjs gaedgtjhas par umj rdhd hd gamputjhards. Dcds pahdm vdr js samjs aldrdgihjs par sdus pjrgdiras ej tdcj, d pahdm rdspaehdr j aldrtj (usujcmdetd dspdgigjeha autrj samj) ja usjr a tdgcjha. Issa sibeigj qud fabjhards pdrmjedgdm jeøeimas hurjetd a faba6 dcds eça tæm ielarmjâça saord j jpjræegij lísigj hd sdus pjrgdiras, ihjhd, bæedra dtg., prahuzieha um pjhrça dxpdrimdetjc jctjmdetd aofdtiva. J tdcj mastrj qudr as vjcards rdjis, qudr as paetas, qud sça suosdqudetdmdetd gaevdrtihas dm hiekdira. Dm jmoas as gjsas, as fabjhards rdjcmdetd rdgdodm js samjs hd hiekdira qud dcds bjekjm ea faba. Dssj gaehiâça jumdetj j –sdridhjhd” ha faba d tarej mjis rdjis js hdgisôds lditjs ea faba. hais fabjhards ietdrjbdm hd umj mjedirj j histriouir Faba Tctimjta6hd umj ha qujetihjhd hiekdira. A fabjhar J ljz prapastj saord gama histriouir j samj. Ista é, a –fabjhar J” pahd trjesldrir umj pjrtd ha rdgursa rdgdoiha ha dxpdrimdetjhar ja –fabjhar O”, qud pahd jgditjr au rdfditjr j histriouiâça aldrtjhj. Gjsa agarrj j jgditjâça, jmoas rdgdodm j samj gaelarmd j gaegarhïegij hj histriouiâça. Dm gjsa hd rdfdiâça, edekum hdcds bjekj ejhj. A faba gamprddehd umj rahjhj öeigj, ista é, j rdspastj ha –fabjhar O” degdrrj a faba. Dstd faba é primjrijmdetd usjha pjrj dstuhjr js gaehiâôds ejs qujis gjhj –fabjhar J” hdmaestrj bdedrasihjhd ja –fabjhar O”, jssim gama a cimitd dstjodcdgiha pdca –fabjhar O” qujeha sd rdgusj aldrdgdr samjs gaesihdrjhjs iefustjs, pueieha, jssim, a –fabjhar J”. 6 Aieígia faba (jcba devacvd hais qud tæm luehas Faba hj \drhj \drhjhd rdgursas ibujishdea gama :>fabjhards h÷cjrds). A –fabjhar J” ljzhd a primdira mavimdeta6 dcd tdm hujs jctdrejtivjs. –J” pahd dsgackdr eça gaejr dm sdu pjrgdira, d jssim eça trjesldrir edekum vjcar ja –fabjhar O”. Ea detjeta, –J” pahd, dm vdz hissa, dsgackdr gaejr dm –O” d trjesldrir umj pjrtd (au j samj ietdirj) ha hiekdira (hibjmas, 8 h÷cjrds). Ea öctima gjsa, a rdspaesêvdc pdca dxpdrimdeta haorj j samj trjesldrihj, hd mjedirj qud a –fabjhar O” eça tdrê :8, mjs :; h÷cjrds. Dm sdbuihj, gkdbj j vdz ha –fabjhar O”, qud tjmoém tdm hujs jctdrejtivjs6 dcd pahd au mjetdr j samj ietdirj, prahuzieha, jssim, umj pdrhj ja –fabjhar J”, au hdvacvdr umj pjrtd hd sdus luehas pjrj –J” (hibjmas, < h÷cjrds). Dstd é a m hd umj rahjhj öeigj. Dis um dxdmpca pjrj sumjrizjr js jctdrejtivjs gam umj trjesjâçasdus dxdmpcjr6 –J” (:> eça h÷cjrds trjesldrd ejhjWdpjrj jmoas mjetæm luehas Wd ieigijis gjhj). –J” –O”, trjesldrd 8
h÷cjrds qujeha –O”, qud, par suj vdz, ejhj aldrdgd hd vactj, detça –J” rdgdod < h÷cjrds, dequjeta –O” rdgdod :; h÷cjrds. Ea detjeta, sd –O” –hdmaestrj brjtihça” pdcj gaejeâj hd sdu pjrgdira ja hdvacvdr < h÷cjrds, hdstd maha jmoas dvdetujcmdetd rdgdodm umj samj mjiar (:? h÷cjrds gjhj) qujeha gampjrjhj ja vjcar ieigijc. A faba sdrvd pjrj dstuhjr hujs situjâôds hd tamjhj hd hdgisça d as dstjhas psigac÷bigas garrdspaehdetds6 primdira, dm qud dxtdesça –J” gaej dm sdu pjrgdira0 dm sdbueha cubjr, dm qud brju –O” dstê hispasta j prjtigjr j rdgipragihjh rdgipragihjhd. d.
As iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk gampartjrjm-sd edstd gjsa rjgiaejcmdetd6 dcds drjm mjis prapdesas j jgditjr pdqudejs aldrtjs ha qud iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej dsgjcj, qud rdgusjm aldrtjs qud gaesihdrjm iefustjs (MDYD_, :99?). Hd mjedirj jeêcabj, qujeha as iehivíhuas sça pdrbuetjhas par um –paeta hd rdsistæegij” dspdgíga, ista é, j qujetihjhd míeimj qud dcds jgditjrijm, as mjquijvécigas aptjm par eça rdgusjr jté mdsma samjs mdeards ha qud um tdrâa has luehas hispaeívdis jas sdus pjrgdiras. Dssd gampartjmdeta subdrd, par um cjha, qud as mjquijvécigas pragurjm aotdr rdgampdesjs sdm sd prdagupjrdm dm hdmjsij gam praocdmjs étigas tjis gama j iefustiâj d hdsibujchjhd. ^ar autra cjha, dcds tdetjm dvitjr j mdear hjs pdrhjs ja cjeâjr js mdeards aldrtjs. ^ar m, dcds pjrdgdm sdr gjpjzds hd gaetracjr gam mjdstrij susgitjhjs par apartueihjhds, ista é,jspardmaâôds jqudcds edbjtivjs qud aldrdgdm samjs iefustjs. J ieioiâça hd dmaâôds edbjtivjs d as pragdssas edurjis suofjgdetds sdrça hisgutihas ea gjpítuca ::. Ejturjcmdetd, j hdpdehæegij has mjquijvécigas qujeta îs rdgampdesjs vji jcém has cugras ejegdiras. Dm bdrjc, é vdrhjhdira hizdr qud sdus gampartjmdetas sça muita ieudegijhas par sdus dslarâas par bjekas. Xjis bjekas iegcudm odedlígias mjtdrijis, qud supdrjm as hdmjis d j rdputjâça detrd as mdmoras ha brupa. Dm um dstuha rdgdetd, iehivíhuas gampcdtjrjm um tdstd qud prdtdehij
jldrir j sdesioicihjhd jtrjvés hd qudstôds gama –vagæ bdrjcmdetd prdldrd jtivihjhds qud rdsuctjm dm bjekas imdhijtas1”0 –vagæ lrdqudetdmdetd dmprddehd jtivihjhds qud pjrj jcgjeâjr a jprdâa hd sdus gacdbjs, jmibas d ljmicijrds1”0 –vagæ dstê prdagupjha dm gjusjr umj oaj imprdssça eas autras1” A eívdc hd mjquijvdcisma (umj mdhihj aotihj pdcj Dsgjcj ha Xdstd Mjgk-I\) hdmaestrau um rdcjgiaejmdeta pasitiva gam dssds iehigjhards hd sdesioicihjhd dm rdcjâça î rdgampdesj6 eça kê hövihjs hd qud as mjquijvécigas rdsacutjmdetd ousgjm vdegdr d bjekjr iehdpdehdetdmdetd hjquica qud dstê dm qudstça0 qudr sdfj hiekdira, prdstíbia au pasiâça. Ea detjeta, dcds eça ousgjm jpdejs bjekjr, mjs lrdqudetdmdetd qudrdm bjekjr imdhijtjmdetd. Ea dstuha suprjmdegiaejha, iehivíhuas fabjrjm um faba P8]hd gjrtjs muita gaekdgiha (a faba hd jzjr hd Iawj) , qud é dssdegijcmdetd um mdgjeisma hd jpastjs. As fabjhards rdtirjm gjrtjs hd qujtra pickjs, umj par vdz. Gjhj fabjhar tdm gdrtj samj hd hiekdira hispaeívdc ea ieígia, d tahas sça ielarmjhas qud j mdtj hd gjhj fabjhar é gaesdbuir j mjiar samj passívdc jp÷s a hdsgjrtd hd gdm gjrtjs. Hujs hjs pickjs (J d O) jprdsdetjm mjfaritjrijmdetd gjrtjs qud aldrdgdm umj samj hd hiekdira rdcjtivjmdetd brjehd (rdgampdesj) ja fabjhar qud js virj pjrj gimj, mjs jprdsdetj tjmoém jcbumjs gjrtjs qud impôdm pdrhjs gaesihdrêvdis (pueiâça). Js gjrtjs hjs hujs autrjs pickjs (G d H) rdehdm rdgampdesjs mdeards dequjeta js samjs hd passívdis pueiâôds tjmoém sça mdeards. Js pickjs J d O pravjm-sd pauga cugrjtivjs jp÷s um caeba pdríaha, parqud dcjs devacvdm cjrbjs samjs pueitivjs qud eça sça gaetrjojcjeâjhjs pdcjs rdgampdesjs mjis jmpcjs. ^ar autra cjha, js pickjs G d H bjrjetdm um faba sdbura devacvdeha ojixa risga, ea qujc vjcards rdcjtivjmdetd ojixas pahdm sdr jcgjeâjhas. Tm rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva lai degaetrjha detrd as íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk d j
qujetihjhd hd hiekdira qud as fabjhards dvdetujcmdetd bjekjvjm. As mjquijvécigas, hildrdetdmdetd has hdmjis, dstjvjm mjis hispastas j rdtirjr gjrtjs hjs pickjs qud aldrdgdm jctjs rdgampdesjs, jiehj qud tdekjm pdrgdoiha gam a pjssjr ha tdmpa qud js sujs pdrhjs dxgdhdrijm sdus bjekas. Dcds tivdrjm umj prdldræegij par rdgampdesjs imdhijtjs, j hdspdita hjs gaesdquæegijs patdegijcmdetd edbjtivjs. Ea detjeta, é hibea hd eatj qud as mjquijvécigas eça sd hiribdm pjrj rdgampdesjs hirdtjs d imdhijtjs. A faba hd jpastjs jprdsdetjha hispôd umj qujetihjhd hd situjâôds iegdrtj d imprdvisívdc. Wao tjis gaehiâôds, as mjquijvécigas, qud tipigjmdetd ousgjm jcgjeâjr cugras, pahdm fucbjr qud eça kê rjzça pjrj fabjr um faba sdbura parqud a hdsldgka é imprdvisívdc. –Xamd qud vagæ pahd dMjgk dsqudâj a rdsta.” Fabjhards gama ojixas íehigds eça taha larjm edgdssjrijmdetd mjis dspdrtas0 dcds larjm simpcdsmdetd mdeas gaehuzihas pdcj bjeïegij ha bjeka d, partjeta, tamjrjm hdgisôds mjis pdesjhjs. Wdfj gama lar, dm muitas gjsas as mjquijvécigas sça gjpjzds hd sdrdm odm-sugdhihas tjmoém ea caeba tdrma. Jpdsjr hd dcds pdrhdrdm dm umj situjâça hd jpastj muita dspdgijc, lrdqudetdmdetd vdegdm dm situjâôds qud rdmdmarjm j vihj gatihijej. Eas gjpítucas suosdqudetds, e÷s jprdsdetjrdmas muitas dstuhas qud rdvdcjm gama j dxioicihjhd has mjquijvécigas jhjptj-sd îs girguestïegijs dm gaestjetd muhjeâj, d gama dcds hdsdevacvdm dstrjtébijs dgidetds pjrj bjrjetir a sugdssa hd caeba tdrma.
? Gaeitas ea gérdora A gampartjmdeta hiribiha pjrj j rdgampdesj (d dspdgijcmdetd a gampartjmdeta qud tdm gama aofdtiva
aotdr cugras imdhijtas d rdgampdesjs hirdtjs) iegcui jâôds jpjrdetdmdetd simpcds, parém qujsd iestietivjs6 dslarâas hd pdrsistæegij d gaejeâj pjrj jcgjeâjr as mjiards cugras îs dxpdesjs has autras. Hd ljta, é um pragdssa hd tamjhj hd hdgisôds gampcdxa, gama gaermjha par dstuhas saord as pragdssas edurjis suofjgdetds. Dm um dstuha lM_I P4] (gl. oax ?.?), iehivíhuas qud larjm gacagjhas dm umj mêquiej pjrtigipjrjm hd um faba hd gaejeâj gam um pjrgdira sdetjha ha cjha hd larj. As iehivíhuas larjm gjpjzds hd fabjr ja tdr umj tdcj iesdrihj ej pjrtd ietdrej hj mêquiej, ej qujc dcds pahdrijm vdr js aldrtjs hd sdus pjrgdiras dequjeta hdtdrmiejrijm a tjmjeka hd sujs pr÷prijs aldrtjs gam sujs mças civrds. Jetds hd cjeâjrdm umj aldrtj, iehivíhuas tiekjm paugas sdbuehas pjrj hdgihir j qujetihjhdgdrdorjc hd hiekdira aldrdgdrijm. Js muhjeâjs ej jtivihjhd qud qud tivdrjm cubjr edstj ljsd larjm brjvjhjs, pdrmitieha qud as pdsquisjhards ieldrissdm as pragdssas gabeitivas qud suofjgdetds îs tamjhjs hd hdgisôds. Tmj jtivihjhd grdsgdetd lai degaetrjhj ea g÷rtdx giebucjha jetdriar (GGJ) has iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk qud prddegkijm a pjpdc hd primdira fabjhar (OD_DGV@DI dt jc. ?>:7). Dssj êrdj ha gérdora é umj hjs mjis dstuhjhjs qujeta jas rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis, d um jmpca cdqud hd lueâôds gabeitivjs tdm siha jtriouíha j dcj. Dcj dstê devacvihj tjmoém ej tamjhj hd hdgisôds ojsdjhj dm rdgampdesjs gama ea pragdssjmdeta hd dstímucas eavas d eça jutamêtigas (DX@IE0 DBED_ & @JCIWG, ?>::0 RDWXAE, ?>::). Dcj é odm gaekdgihj par maeitarjr d dcimiejr gaeitas qud dmdrbdm j pjrtir hd vêrijs êrdjs ha gérdora (m÷hucas). Dcj maeitarj rdspastjs dm gaeita qud dmdrbdm hurjetd pragdssjmdetas hd ielarmjâôds d siejis, d sd js jâôds dmprddehihjs rdqudrdm um gaetracd gabeitiva pastdriar (_ICCIEB dt jc., ?>>?0 HTCDOAKE dt jc., ?>>9). A GGJ pjrdgd dstjr dspdgijcmdetd devacviha ea
jgdssa ja hdsdmpdeka edbjtiva, qud é gacagjha dm usa gama um jcdrtj hd risga hurjetd as pcjeas hd jâôds luturjs (H_DIWOJGK & LIWGKD_, ?>:?). Î cuz hdssjs lueâôds, j jtivihjhd grdsgdetd ea GGJ has iehivíhuas gamdxpdrimdetjm jctas íehigds ej Mjgk subdrd qud as mjquijvécigas umDsgjcj ietdesa gaeita ej tamjhj hd hdgisôds hurjetd a Faba hj Gaejeâj. Hdsgaejeha hd sdus pjrgdiras, dcds trjesldrdm pdqudejs samjs qujeha sça as primdiras fabjhards au qujeha sça as sdbuehas. ^arém, dcds dstça pravjvdcmdetd gidetds hj viacjâça hjs earmjs hd rdgipragihjhd, qud pahdm sd mastrjr hdsvjetjfasjs dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta rdgípraga hd caeba tdrma. Xjc mdhihj prahuz um gaeita detrd sujs mdtjs hd gurta prjza (debjejr as autras ea –traga”) d ietdrdssds hd caeba prjza (bjekjr mjis dm umj pjrgdrij hj dstêvdc), a qud pravjvdcmdetd gjusau (d gjusj) a jumdeta jtivihjhd ha GGJ ea mamdeta hj tamjhj hd hdgisça. Oax ?.? Imjbdm gdrdorjc
Tm brjehd jvjeâa ej eduragiæegij lai a hdsdevacvimdeta hjs tégeigjs hd imjbdm. Dcjs pdrmitdm j aosdrvjâça hd êrdjs ha gérdora rdspaesêvdis par lueâôds d jeamjcijs dspdgígjs. Xjis tégeigjs sibeigjm umj ieavjâça rdvacugiaeêrij6 imjbdes hd muhjeâjs ejs jtivihjhds ha gérdora kumjea pdrmitdm aosdrvjâôds hirdtjs hd dvdetas edurjis. Kafd, a dxjmd hd rdssaeïegij par imjbdm é j tégeigj hd hd imjbdm gdrdorjc mjis usjhj ej eduragiæegij d eas pragdhimdetas hijbe÷stigas méhigas. J tégeigj dstê ojsigjmdetd ojsdjhj dm mdhir js muhjeâjs ej girgucjâça ha sjebud ea gérdora, au, mjis prdgisjmdetd, muhjeâjs ej qujetihjhd hd axibæeia prdsa î kdmabcaoiej ea sjebud. Xjis Xjis muhjeâjs aldrdgdm ielarmjâôds hj jtivihjhd mdtjo÷cigj hjs êrdjs ha gérdora dstuhjhjs qud, par suj vdz, iehigjm j ietdesihjhd hj jtivihjhd edurjc edssjs êrdjs. J tégeigj pdrmitd gcjrigjr qujis lueâôds dstça devacvihjs ejs vjrijhjs êrdjs ha gérdora. Ieigijcmdetd, j tégeigj lai usjhj priegipjcmdetd pjrj cagjcizjr êrdjs ha gérdora devacvihjs dm vêrijs lueâôds oêsigjs gama, par dxdmpca, j visça gacarihj. Wuosdqudetdmdetd, pragdhimdetas dxpdrimdetjis sastigjhas larjm hdsdevacvihas pjrj dxpcarjr as rdcjgiaejmdetas detrd as hildrdetds tipas hd dstímucas d rdspastjs edurjis. autrapar dxdmpca, hdtdrmiejhjs qujis êrdjs ha gérdora sça Dm jtivjhjs imjbdeslarjm gam
dstímucas jmdjâjhards (p. dx., um rasta rjivasa) qujeha gampjrjhjs gam imjbdes edutrjs. ^ravjvdcmdetd j jpcigjâça hd tégeigjs hd imjbdm gdrdorjc mjis gamum iegcui dxpdrimdetas qud gampjrjm iehivíhuas au brupas, visjeha rdvdcjr sujs hildrdeâjs qujeta ja eívdc hd dvdetas edurjis. Xjis dxpdrimdetas tæm laredgiha, par dxdmpca, umj gamprddesça muita mjiar hjs gjsas lueâôds gdrdorjis pjrtigucjrds, au j ljctj hjs hd tjis lueâôds, gama eas hj paord kjoicihjhd hd mdetjcizjâça pdssajs gam jutisma, ista é, a paord hdsdmpdeka pjrj gamprddehdr as dstjhas mdetjis has autras. Dstuhas luegiaejis hd rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj tjmoém tæm siha gaehuzihas gam mjquijvécigas. Dssds dstuhas usujcmdetd devacvdm iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, au sdfj, jqudcds qud jcgjeâjm íehigds hd hdsvia pjhrça pjrj jcém ha vjcar hd gaetracd (usujcmdetd :>>) dm jmojs js hirdâôds (jpraximjhjmdetd, íehigds jgimj hd ::4 d jojixa hd ;4). Dm bdrjc, a primdira brupa é larmjha par típigas mjquijvécigas, dequjeta a öctima é gampasta par jctruístjs típigas. Ea pjhrça dxpdrimdetjc has dstuhas, as iehivíhuas dstjvjm sao a dsgrutíeia hj mêquiej hd lM_I dequjeta pjrtigipjvjm hd um faba ha tipa –hicdmj sagijc” gam um pjrgdira. A pragdhimdeta dxpdrimdetjc lai um tjeta gampcigjha, pdrljzdeha detrd 8> j 4> rahjhjs, iegcuieha ljsds hd tamjhj hd hdgisça hd < j ; sdbuehas, jssim gama ljsds hd lddhojg` hd hd :> j :4 sdbuehas, qujeha a ojcjeâa ha mamdeta has fabjhards lai jprdsdetjha. Js mdhihjs hd jtivihjhds mdetjis hj ljsd hd tamjhj hd hdgisça larjm brjvjhjs, au sdfj, qujeha as fabjhards sdcdgiaejvjm j samj j sdr trjesldrihj jas sdus pjrgdiras gama a primdira pjssa au gama j rdspastj jas pjssas prévias hd sdus pjrgdiras. A pragdhimdeta dxpdrimdetjc rdqudrij um tatjc hd 8> j mieutas par iehivíhua.
Dssj dxpcigjâça é jpjrdetdmdetd garraoarjhj pdca tdmpa hd rdjâça aotiha0 umj garrdcjâça pasitivj lai degaetrjhj detrd j jtivihjhd GGJ has mjquijvécigas d sdu tdmpa hd rdjâça (a cjpsa detrd j pdrgdpâça hj aldrtj ha pjrgdira d a jta hd prdssiaejr a oatça hd rdspastj). Dstd lai prdgisjmdetd a rdsuctjha dspdrjha6 jssumieha qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dxpdrimdetjrijm um gaeita mjis ietdesa detrd sdus mativas hildrdetds qujeha gaetrjpastas jas iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds, pahdrijm prdgisjr hd tdmpa pjrj prdpjrjr umj dcds hdgisça jhdqujhj d mjis pragdssjr umj
ielarmjâça rdcdvjetd. Ieldrieha rdtraspdgtivjmdetd, umj rdjâça pracaebjhj hd tdmpa pahd iehigjr a gaeita delrdetjha pdcas mjquijvécigas gam um hicdmj qud gjusj um rdtjrhjmdeta hj rdspastj ÷timj.
Oax ?.7 G÷rtdx jetdriar giebucjha
É impartjetd eatjr qud a dmprdba hjs tégeigjs hd imjbdm gdrdorjis eça tdm suostituíha as dxpdrimdetas psigac÷bigas –trjhigiaejis”0 gam dldita, dcds rdprdsdetjm as mdsmas pragdssas dm eívdis hildrdetds. \êrias dstuhas j pjrtir hd qudstiaeêrias, dxpdrimdetas hj psigacabij sagijc d autras métahas sça usjhas pjrj ieldrir pragdhimdetas gampartjmdetjis, himdesôds hj pdrsaejcihjhd d rdspastjs matarjs. Ea detjeta, dcds eça pahdm mjpdjr as pragdssas
edurjis suofjgdetds qud sça dxpcarjhas par dstuhas pjutjhas dm lM_I qud, simuctjedjmdetd, eça sd prdagupjm gam a rdsuctjha gampartjmdetjc aosdrvêvdc. Jpdejs j ietdbrjâça has hais eívdis pahd laredgdr um detdehimdeta gampcdxa d gamprddesiva has ldeømdeas dm qudstça. Js pdsquisjs saord a mjquijvdcisma jpdejs gamdâjrjm dstd pragdssa hd ietdbrjâça. ^rimdira, js himdesôds hd pdrsaejcihjhd mjis impartjetds has mjquijvécigas, j sjodr, pjhrôds gampartjmdetjis d pragdssas hd tamjhj hd hdgisça, larjm rdvdcjhjs, d jpdejs jp÷s issa, prjtigjmdetd hurjetd as öctimas 4 jeas, qud ievdstibjâôds gam imjbdes gdrdorjis d tamjhjs hd hdgisça tæm tamjha cubjr. J pdsquisj luturj saord a mjquijvdcisma jiehj irê rdqudrdr vêrias pragdhimdetas mdtahac÷bigas hd eívdis hildrdetds.
7 Mativjâça ietríesdgj ietríesdgj d dxtríesdgj A gampartjmdeta aridetjha pjrj j rdgampdesj dstê ietimjmdetd cibjha î rdbucjâça hj edgdssihjhd d ja gampartjmdeta aridetjha par mdtj, ista é, jas ljtards mativjgiaejis. ^dsquisjs mastrjm qud a gampartjmdeta has mjquijvécigas aridetjhas pjrj j rdgampdesj é mjfaritjrijmdetd mativjha par ljtards dxtdreas (LDK_ dt jc., & ^JTCKTW, ?>>9). J mativjâça dxtríesdgj é a:99?0 tdrmaFAEDW usjha ej citdrjturj pjrj ljzdr rdldræegij jas dstímucas rdcjgiaejhas ja dmprddehimdeta hd mdtjs tjebívdis au rdgampdesjs, jssim gama jas dstímucas qud sdrvdm pjrj dvitjr pdribas d hjeas. ^ar autra cjha, a tdrma mativjâça ietríesdgj gaord dstímucas ietdreas, au sdfj, a prjzdr hj jtivihjhd, a ietdrdssd d a dslarâa par hdsdevacvimdeta. Dstuhas subdrdm qud mjquijvécigas sça tipigjmdetd hiribihas mativjhards sujs jâôds sça mdias hd aotdr par bjekas dxtdreas dxtríesdgas0 (hiekdira, pahdr, ieuæegij). Fake
MgKas`dy (:999) usau vêrias tdstds qud rdvdcjm hildrdetds ljtards mativjgiaejis gaesihdrjhas hd vjcar pjrj pdssajs gam hildrdetds íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. Tm tdstd hd qujtra itdes lagjha ej impartïegij hd pdrsdbuir mdtjs6 sugdssa mjtdrijc, gamueigjâça, jmar-pr÷pria d cjâas ljmicijrds. As rdspaehdetds dstimjrjm j impartïegij suofdtivj hdssjs mdtjs dm dsgjcjs hd 9 paetas. A mjquijvdcisma lai pasitivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam sugdssa mjtdrijc, dequjeta lai edbjtivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam tahas as ljtards mativjhards ietríesdgas (gamuekça, cjâas ljmicijrds, jmar-pr÷pria). Iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dstça rmdmdetd gaevdegihas qud girguestïegijs dxtdrejs tæm umj ieuæegij mjiar saord suj vihj ha qud as hirdgiaejmdetas ietdreas. Issa pravjvdcmdetd sd hdvd ja lartd sdetimdeta hd jcidejâça dm sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas pdssajis, umj vdz qud dcds jgrdhitjm vivdr dm isacjmdeta d qud suj vihj sdfj dssdegijcmdetd hdspravihj hd sdetiha. Autra ljtar mativjgiaejc dstê rdcjgiaejha î ousgj iehivihujc dm apasiâça jas ietdrdssds gamueitêrias. Tm dstuha rdgdetd (FAEJWAE dt jc., ?>:8) pdrgdodu qud a mjquijvdcisma lai pasitivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam umj aridetjâça hd vjcar iehivihujcistj (deljtizjeha j jutaeamij, iehdpdehæegij d gampdtiâça) dequjeta edbjtivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejhj gam vjcards gacdtivistjs (suociekjeha j cdjchjhd pjrj gam j gamueihjhd). Dssj hdsgaodrtj garraoarj gam j imjbdm subdrihj pdcas dstuhas prdvijmdetd jprdsdetjhas hd psigacabij sagijc6 as mjquijvécigas sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par umj sagijoicihjhd jgdetujhjmdetd ojixj0 qujeha gampjrjhas jas autras, dcds sça mdeas kêodis dm ir jcém ha pr÷pria ietdrdssd d hdmaestrjr suj prdagupjâça pjrj gam as hdmjis. Waord issa, a rdpdrt÷ria mjquijvéciga mastrj gdrtj hujcihjhd. ^ar um cjha, dcds jgrdhitjm qud sça dsgrjvas hjs girguestïegijs0 um tipa hd ljtjcisma ej mdhihjdcds dm sça qud gjrjgtdrizjhas jgrdhitjm qud par a rdsuctjha hd
sujs jâôds hdpdehd hj gkjegd, girguestïegijs au ha gampartjmdeta has autras (gl. oax ?.8). Ea detjeta, par autra cjha, dcds eça dstça prdagupjhas gam j visça has autras, d dcds bujrhjm j si pr÷prias ha devacvimdeta dmagiaejc dm rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis íetimas (MgICCRJIE, ?>>7). Oax ?.8 ^drspdgtivj hd tdmpa d ljtjcisma
Dm um dstuha puocigjha rdgdetdmdetd, pdsquisjhards ievdstibjrjm j pdrspdgtivj hd tdmpa has mjquijvécigas ‗ tjc gama hd psigapjtjs d ejrgisistjs (OI_@JW & GWJXKA, ?>:4). Js pdrspdgtivjs hd tdmpa hjs pdssajs sça paetas hd vistj suofdtivas, au sdfj, js larmjs d gjmiekas gam qud dcds dxpdrimdetjm as dvdetas saord sdu pjssjha, prdsdetd d lutura praspdgtiva. J pdrgdpâça hd tdmpa suofdtivj é lartdmdetd ieudegijhj pdcj gamprddesça has dvdetas hj vihj, jssim gama pdcj larmj hd jtriouir sibeigjha j dcds. usjrjm Hd mjedirj j jgdssjr js pdrspdgtivjs hd tdmpa, as pdsquisjhards um jutarrdcjta hd 4< itdes hdsdevacviha par Oayh d Vimojrha. As rdspaehdetds dstimjvjm gjhj itdm dm umj dsgjcj hd 4 paetas j pjrtir ha qujeta dcds gaegarhjvjm au hisgarhjvjm hdcd. A gaestruta mdhiha pdcj dsgjcj dstê ojsdjha ej supasiâça hd qud kê brjehds hildrdeâjs ejs larmjs pdcjs qujis js pdssajs aridetjm j si pr÷prijs qujeha tamjm hdgisôds d dm rdcjâça ja pjssjha, prdsdetd au lutura. Dssjs hildrdeâjs larjm sartdjhjs sao giega gjtdbarijs. As kdhaeistjs ha prdsdetd jspirjm sjtisljâôds imdhijtjs, jssumdm risgas, ousgjm par dstímucas dxgitjetds d ibearjm js gaesdquæegijs luturjs (–Du sau vjrriha pdcj dxgitjâça ha mamdeta”). As ljtjcistjs ha prdsdetd jgrdhitjm ea hdstiea d ej prdhdstiejâça has dvdetas hj vihj (–Mdu gjmieka hd vihj é gaetracjha par larâjs qud du eça passa ieudegijr”). pdssajs pasitivjs dm jhatjm umj pdrspdgtivjJseastêcbigj d sdetimdetjc rdcjâça ja pjssjha saord as dvdetas ha pjssjha (–Mdm÷rijs ldcizds has oaes tdmpas hdspaetjm rjpihjmdetd dm miekj mdetd”). ^ar autra cjha, edbjtivistjs dm rdcjâça ja pjssjha prdldrdm lagjr dm ljckjs d jzjrds prévias (–Du tdeka miekj gatj hd jousa d rdfdiâça ea pjssjha”). ^ar m, js pdssajs aridetjhjs pjrj a lutura dstjodcdgdm mdtjs d pcjeas qud pdrsdbudm d tdetjm rdjcizjr gam dslarâas pdrsistdetds (–Du passa rdsistir î tdetjâça qujeha sdi qud kê um trjojcka j sdr ldita”). As pdsquisjhards hdsgaorirjm qud a mjquijvdcisma dstjvj pasitivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam js pdrspdgtivjs prdsdetd-ljtjcistj au edbjtivistj qujeta ja pjssjha (rdsuctjhas simicjrds larjm jcgjeâjhas tjmoém par psigapjtjs). J aridetjâça prdsdetd-ljtjcistj é gamprddesívdc j pjrtir hjs hdsgaodrtjs jetdriarmdetd mdegiaejhjs6 as mjquijvécigas tdehdm j pdesjr qud sujs vihjs sça bavdrejhjs pdca
hdstiea dm vdz hdcds mdsmas. Wujs prdldræegijs dstça ej pdrspdgtivj ha pdssimisma dm rdcjâça ja pjssjha, ista é, dm sujs tdehæegijs hd rdgaorjrdm mês mdm÷rijs dm vdz hd oajs ha pjssjha, iegciejâça pravjvdcmdetd rdcjgiaejhj gam sujs dxpdriæegijs ieljetis edbjtivjs. Gama a gjpítuca :> hisgutirê dm hdtjckds, ea mamdeta ojstj jrmjr qud umj ielïegij mjquijvécigj é gjrjgtdrizjhj par um prapargiaejcmdetd ojixa eívdc hd guihjha pjrdetjc. Zujeha jhuctas, as mjquijvécigas rdgaorjm j ljctj hd rdbrjs gcjrjs d hd cjâas ljmicijrds dstêvdis. ^assivdcmdetd dssd jmoidetd ieljetic pravagj sujs suosdqudetds iejoicihjhds hd cibjrdm-sd jas autras, jssim gama ja lrjgjssa ja tdetjrdm jprdehdr js earmjs hd gaapdrjâça. A qud pjrdgd gdrta é qud sujs pdrspdgtivjs hd tdmpa sça lartdmdetd ieudegijhjs pdcjs samorjs d ljetjsmjs ha pjssjha.
Hd ljta, mjquijvécigas sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par gdrta tipa hd hirdgiaejmdeta ietdrea qud as cdvj j debjejr as autras d aotdr cugras. A ljtjcisma subdrd, simuctjedjmdetd, pjssivihjhd d rdsibejâça6 –e÷s samas oriequdhas ejs mças ha hdstiea, sdm gkjegds hd ietdrldrirmas edcd”. ^jrj rdsacvdr dssj gaetrjhiâça, é vêciha rdtamjr j jtituhd gíeigj d hdsgaejhj dm rdcjâça jas autras has mjquijvécigas. Dcds jgrdhitjm qud aotdr vjetjbdm has autras é iedvitêvdc, hd mjedirj j eça salrdrdm hdsvjetjbdm has autras. Zujeta j issa, a gampartjmdeta mjquijvéciga é mativjha pdcj edgdssihjhd hd dvitjr sdr dxpcarjha dm vdz hd jcgjeâjr mdtjs iehdpdehdetds. Dm sumj, dssjs pdssajs sça simuctjedjmdetd pjssivihjhd d jtivihjhd, rdsibejâça dgjrjgtdrizjhjs aridetjâça pjrjpdcj js mdtjs. Dcds sd dslarâjm pjrj dxpcarjr tahjs js situjâôds0 j taha tdmpa dcds sd gaesihdrjm gama oriequdhas hjs girguestïegijs. Dcds jgrdhitjm qud sujs sartds dstça ejs mças has autras, qud ljzdm dsqudmjs gaetrj dcds0 partjeta, sujs öeigjs gkjegds devacvdm jhijetjr j jâça jckdij. Dssj rdjcihjhd tjmoém é vdrhjhdirj dm autra jspdgta simicjr. ^ar um cjha, dcds eça dstça pjrtigucjrmdetd prdagupjhas gam js earmjs sagijis, d dcds rdsistdm îs dxpdgtjtivjs gamueitêrijs. Xjc jspdgta lai subdriha par
dstuhas qud hdmaestrjrjm gama as mjquijvécigas debjejm jqudcds qud jgrdhitjm edcds d gjusjm pdrhjs îqudcds qud aldrdgdm gaapdrjâça (D[CIEED dt jc., :92>0 OD_DGV@DI0 WVJOA & GVIOA_, ?>:4). ^ar autra cjha, dcds sd prdagupjm gam js apieiôds has autras, tdetjeha gjusjr umj oaj imprdssça pjrj aotdrdm j odedvacæegij jckdij. Dssj qudstça lai gcjrjmdetd hdmaestrjhj dm um dxpdrimdeta, rdvdcjeha qud, dequjeta as mjquijvécigas tæm mê vaetjhd hd jfuhjr js autrjs pdssajs qud delrdetjm praocdmjs qujeha mdmoras gjmjrjhjs ha brupa eça dstça prdsdetds, dcds aldrtjm haejtivas hd gjrihjhd qujeha sjodm qud pravjvdcmdetd as hdmjis dstça gidetds hd sujs jtivihjhds (OD_DGV@DI0 OI_@JW & @D_D@DW, ?>:>0 gl. gjp. :>). eça tdetjm par si prahuzir umj imprdssça ljvarêvdc6 as Dcds hdmjis lrdqudetdmdetd gaesihdrjm as mjquijvécigas ietdcibdetds, dequjeta js pdsquisjs tæm mastrjha gcjrjmdetd qud j ietdcibæegij bdrjc has mjquijvécigas eça dxgdhd j méhij (RICWAE dt jc., :99>:). As eça mjquijvécigas passivdcmdetd fucbjm as mjquijvécigas gama oaes cíhdrds hd um brupa parqud dcds pahdm dmprdbjr j mdsmj dstrjtébij gaetrj brupas rivjis, tjc gama gaetrj mdmoras ha pr÷pria brupa6 dcds rdgaekdgdm pcdejmdetd sdus ietdrdssds0 dcds dstça hdsprdagupjhas gam as pdesjmdetas d sdetimdetas mjis praluehas has autras0 d dcds ousgjm apartueihjhds hd jcgjeâjr as mjiards bjekas passívdis. Wd dcds jcgjeâjm a pahdr, sdus ietdrdssds pdssajis lrdqudetdmdetd tarejm-sd mdsgcjhas gam ietdrdssds gacdtivas ha brupa, umj vdz qud dm muitas gjsas dcds pahdm rdjcizjr j primdirj mdtj jtrjvés hj öctimj. ^artjeta, é hd sdu pr÷pria ietdrdssd pratdbdr a brupa d cdvjetjr-sd gaetrj as autras brupas. Edstds gjsas, js pdssajs prdsumivdcmdetd tacdrjm a gampartjmdeta
mjquijvéciga has mdmoras ha brupa d jté mdsma as gacagjm dm jctjs pasiâôds, ej dspdrjeâj ha gampjrtickjmdeta has odedlígias jcgjeâjhas ejs gampdtiâôds ietdrbrupas. Jssim, jcbuém pahdrij cdvjetjr j qudstça6 qudm tirj vjetjbdm hd qudm1
8 Dstrjtébij As mjquijvécigas edm sdmprd debjejm, d as jctruístjs edm sdmprd jfuhjm. ^ahdrij sdr um drra pdesjr qud gdrtas trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd d ljtards mativjgiaejis gaesistdetdmdetd d gaestjetdmdetd cdvjm js pdssajs j jbirdm hd gdrtjs mjedirjs. Eiebuém sd tarej a dxpcarjhar hd autra jcbuém umj vdz d pjrj sdmprd parqud tdm gjrjgtdrístigjs mjquijvécigjs. J dxpcarjâça tjmoém rdqudr gdrtjs gaehiâôds jmoidetjis. A gaetdxta sagijc tdm umj impartïegij primêrij, ista é, qudm dstê jssagijha j qudm, a qud jcbuém sjod au pdesj saord as hdmjis, qujis js gkjegds hd um cabra odm-sugdhiha, quça brjehd é a risga hd dxpasiâça, d jssim dm hijetd. É j ietdrjâça detrd j pdrsaejcihjhd d as ljtards situjgiaejis qud ieudegijm j ietdeâça d as sugdssas ha debjea. Gaelarmd dstj ciekj hd pdesjmdeta, as mjquijvécigas dstça mjis pré-hispastas d hdsdfasas hd trjir d debjejr as hdmjis qujeha dcds jcgjeâjm um odedlígia pdssajc par jbir jssim. Issa rdqudr qud as odedlígias hj mjeipucjâça dxgdhjm sdus gustas. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, a mjquijvdcisma é hdpdehdetd ha gaetdxta. Dcd é odeéga qujeha jcbuém6 :) dvitj sdr hdtdgtjha gam sugdssa0 ?) eça sdrê pueiha par debjejr0 7) gaelarmj-sd îs earmjs d dxpdgtjtivjs gamueitêrijs qujeha js gaehiâôds pjrj dxpcarjr as hdmjis eça sça hjhjs.
_jgiagiejeha rdtrajtivjmdetd, as mjquijvécigas jpdejs debjejm as autras qujeha js girguestïegijs hd debjea d mjeipucjâça sça cugrjtivjs. Tm mjrgjhar hj dstrjtébij mjquijvécigj hd tamjhj hd hdgisôds é j gaetíeuj pdsjbdm hjs gaehiâôds situjgiaejis. Dm um dxpdrimdeta hd psigacabij sagijc primdva, iehivíhuas gampcdtjrjm tjrdljs dm pjrds (OABJ_X dt jc., :92>). Gjhj pjr iegcuíj um iehivíhua sao jvjcijâça, qud drj ielarmjha qud a dstuha tiekj gama aofdtiva rdvdcjr sd j gaapdrjâça detrd pdssajs gam pdrsaejcihjhds simicjrds au hildrdetds pahdrijm ljzdr umj dquipd dldtivj d odm-sugdhihj. J autrj pdssaj dm gjhj pjr drj um gaeldhdrjha ha dxpdrimdetjhar, qud tiekj rdgdoiha iestruâôds hdtjckjhjs prdvijmdetd saord a qud ljzdr. As iehivíhuas larjm ielarmjhas saord sdu pjrgdira caba Ea detjeta, ielarmjâôds hildrdetdsDmlarjm hjhjsea dmieígia. hujs gaehiâôds hivdrsjs ha dxpdrimdeta. umj gaehiâça, as iehivíhuas larjm ielarmjhas qud sdus pjrgdiras drjm simicjrds j dcds dm hivdrsas jspdgtas, dequjeta, ja mdsma tdmpa, dssds pjrgdiras drjm pdssajs impapucjrds qud tiekjm jcgjeâjhas íehigds jojixa hj méhij dm tdstds psigac÷bigas mieistrjhas jetdriarmdetd. Ej autrj gaehiâça, as iehivíhuas larjm ielarmjhas qud sdus pjrgdiras drjm hildrdetds hdcds ej mjiarij has jspdgtas, gaequjeta lassdm papucjrds jas ackas has hdmjis, jcgjeâjeha jcta prdstíbia d trjâas ljvarêvdis. Xuha X uha issa lai sdbuiha par tjrdljs ejs qujis as iehivíhuas drjm cdvjhas j dsgackdr ietdrprdtjâôds jctdrejtivjs hd kist÷rijs ietribjetds. Js tjrdljs hjvjm jas iehivíhuas muitjs gaisjs pjrj pdesjr. Jp÷s tdrmiejr j primdirj tjrdlj, a dxpdrimdetjhar tiekj umj cibjâça tdcdløeigj –eça dspdrjhj” ej sjcj ja cjha d hdixjvj a dspjâa gam prdssj. Jssim, a gaeldhdrjha gamdâjvj j suspirjr, bdmdr d dvdetujcmdetd subdrir ja sdu pjrgdira (a rdjc sufdita ha dxpdrimdeta) qud dcds hdssdm umj ackjhj ea gjhdrea ha
dxpdrimdetjhar, qud tiekj siha hdixjha jodrta saord j mdsj hijetd hdcds. A dxpdrimdeta rdvdcau qud j rdspastj hd iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk hijetd hdssj subdstça hdpdehd hj situjâça. Dcds rdfditjvjm prdvijmdetd rdgdodrjm umj jvjcijâçaj subdstça edbjtivj qujeha ha sdu pjrgdira, dequjeta dcds eça hdmaestrjvjm tjc rdcutïegij pjrj trjpjgdjr qujeha dcds jgrdhitjvjm qud sdu pjrgdira drj umj pdssaj papucjr qud bazjvj hd jcta prdstíbia d hispuekj hd umj pdrsaejcihjhd jtrjtivj. J dxpcigjâça has jutards lai qud as mjquijvécigas tiekjm rdgdoiha gdrta tipa hd fustigjtivj pjrj sdus jtas drrjhas ej öctimj situjâça, umj vdz qud dcds pahdrijm sd odedgijr hj gacjoarjâça gam umj pdssaj rdgaekdgihj d jpaijhj pdcj gamueihjhd. Au sdfj, dcdsvdz eçaqud, ojsdijm hdgisôds dm gaesihdrjâôds étigjs (umj edstdsujs gjsa, dcds pahdrijm gaegarhjr gam j trjpjâj dm jmojs js situjâôds au dm edekumj hdcjs). Dcds arj trjpjgdjvjm, arj edbjvjm j trjpjâj gaelarmd as r÷tucas hdsgritivas hjhas j dcds pdcas dxpdrimdetjhards. ^ar autra cjha, j hdgisça has iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds Mjgk saord trjpjgdjr eça dstjvj rdcjgiaejhj gam a r÷tuca hd sdus pjrgdiras. Dcds larjm ieudegijhas pdca devacvimdeta pdssajc gam dcds d pdcas sdetimdetas pdssajis hd sdus pjrgdiras, girguestïegijs hdsdevacvihjs ej ietdrjâça hirdtj detrd dcds. Dssjs hdsgaodrtjs dstça jciekjhjs gam autras rdsuctjhas, subdrieha qud mjquijvécigas usjm mjis lrdqudetdmdetd subdstôds gabeitivjs rjgiaejis hurjetd j rdsacuâça hd praocdmjs, dequjeta eça mjquijvécigas gaejm, par suj vdz, dm sujs dmaâôds (GK_IWXID & BDIW, :92>).
4 Js hdsvjetjbdes Jté jqui, a cditar pahd tdr larmjha um j imprdssça qud hd as mjquijvécigas kjoicmdetd mjeaorjm jmpca cdqud
situjâôds, dgidetdmdetd debjejm sdus gampjekdiras kumjeas d, hd larmj odm-sugdhihj, prahuzdm bjekas mjtdrijis d sagijis. Dequjeta issa é lrdqudetdmdetd vdrhjhdira, dstd é jpdejs um cjha hj madhj, d as mjquijvécigas sça lrdqudetdmdetd gaehdejhas j pjbjr a prdâa. Dssd lai a aofdta hd um dstuha ea qujc pdhirjm j kamdes d muckdrds jmdrigjeas pjrj cdr umj kist÷rij d prafdtjrdm-sd edcj (RICWAE0 EDJ_ & MICCD_, :99;). J kist÷rij jprdsdetj træs eêulrjbas favdes qud dstça dm umj ickj hdsdrtj (pjrj simpcigjr, tahas dcds sça au kamdes au muckdrds). Jetds ha ejulrêbia, dcds tiekjm sd gaekdgiha jpdejs j oarha d eça tiekjm t iekjm qujcqudr gaetjta jetdriar. jetdriar. Dcds jbirjm hd mjedirj j dgaeamizjr gamihj d êbuj sugidetds pjrj træs hijs. Gjhjumj iehivíhua tdvddm qudprimdirj dsgrdvdr, j pdhiha ha dxpdrimdetjhar, ejrrjtivj pdssaj has dvdetas qud dcds dspdrjvjm tdr agarriha ej ickj eas hijs sdbuietds. Dspdrjvj-sd qud as iehivíhuas dsgrdvdssdm primjrijmdetd saord a hdsdevacvimdeta hd sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas imjbieêrias gam as autras hais saordvivdetds. Dcds tiekjm 4> mieutas pjrj dsgrdvdr j kist÷rij, d detça dcds gampcdtjrjm a Xdstd Mjgk-I\. Lai pdhiha qud autras iehivíhuas (gama cditards au fuízds) cdssdm hujs íehigd kist÷rijs umj dsgritj umpar iehivíhua gam ojixa ej gjhj6 Dsgjcj Mjgk, d par autrj autra iehivíhua gam jcta íehigd, d detça dcds hdvdrijm iehigjr, pjutjhas dm gritérias hivdrsas, quça hispastas dcds dstjvjm j rdcjgiaejr-sd gam a jutar hd gjhj kist÷rij (gl. oax ?.4). É hibea hd eatj qud as fuízds eça gaekdgijm as íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk has jutards. Jhdmjis, dcds tiekjm qud hdsgrdvdr a pdrsaejbdm priegipjc (jutards) hjs kist÷rijs gam jtrioutas edbjtivas au pasitivas qud dcds sdcdgiaejvjm hd umj cistj. ^ar m, dcds larjm tjmoém rdqudrihas pjrja gampcdtjr a Xdstd Mjgk-I\, mjsvdz dcdshd tiekjm qud dstimjr pdrsaejbdm priegipjc dm dcds
pr÷prias. Au sdfj, dcds hdvdrijm hdsgrdvdr as pdrsaejbdes priegipjis hd jgarha gam quça dbaístjs, mjeipucjhards d dxpcarjhards gjhj um hdcds drj, dm vdz hd dcds mdsmas. Ista é, dcds larjm iequirihas j hdsgrdvdr as pdrsaejbdes priegipjis gaelarmd a quça dbaístjs, mjeipucjhards d dxpcarjhards gjhj um drj hd jgarha gam sdu paeta hd vistj. Oax ?.4 Dxgdrtas ha dstuha rdcjtjha par Ricsae, Edjr d Miccdr (:99;)
I ‗ Ej rdjcihjhd, quça hispasta vagæ dstjrij j detrjr eas sdbuietds rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis au situjâôds gam a jutar (pdrsaejbdm priegipjc) hj kist÷rij1 Iehiqud suj pré-hispasiâça dm umj dsgjcj hd -7 (josacutjmdetd sdm vaetjhd) jté +7 (josacutjmdetd hdsdfasa). :) ^jrgdira dm um pdqudea edb÷gia ?) Hivihir um jpjrtjmdeta 7) Gaehdetd (jcbuém gam qudm vagæ gampjrtickj praocdmjs d sdbrdhas) 8) Mdmora hd um timd hd hdojtd 4) Dmprdbjhar (jcbuém qud supdrvisiaej sdu trjojcka) ). Ista é, as mjquijvécigas sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par gdrta tipa hd pdesjmdeta dstrjtébiga qud primjrijmdetd pdrtdegd î jhjptjâça dxívdc d îs muhjeâjs has jmoidetds sagijis. Ea detjeta, jiehj vdrhjhdira qud mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd pjbjm a é prdâa pdcj mjeipucjâça, d eça rjra tarejm-sd isacjhas, dspdgijcmdetd dm umj gamueihjhd muita ueihj, tjis gama umj gampjekij hd jmibas, umj gamueihjhd hd trjojcka au um gcuod dspartiva.
< Wugdssa au au iesugdssa sagijc1 Js aosdrvjâôds suprjmdegiaejhjs cdvjetjm j qudstça hd quça odm-sugdhihas as mjquijvécigas sça dm vêrijs êrdjs hj vihj sagijc. Ista é, js qudstôds birjm dm tarea hj dgiæegij qud dcds jcgjeâjm ej vihj gatihijej dm vdz hd gama dcds rdjbdm dm gaehiâôds hd cjoarjt÷ria au gama dcds dstimjm itdes hd qudstiaeêrias. Dcds pahdm sdr trjzihas ja laga eça gama aofdtas hd dstuha, mjs gama pdssajs ha hij j hij qud gaehuzdm sujs vihjs, trjojckas d edb÷gias. Zujeta j dssds jspdgtas, é prêtiga dstuhjr js vjriêvdis sagijis qud rdprdsdetjm mdhihjs rdcjtivjmdetd gaeêvdis d prahuzdm gampjrjâôds mjis au mdeas jgurjhjs, tjis gama a stjtus agupjgiaejc d as rdehimdetas.
Tmj mdtj-jeêcisd jojrgau hjhas iegcuíhas dm hivdrsas dstuhas prévias hd vêrias pjísds d brupas sagijis saord j pdrlarmjegd hd trjojcka hd iehivíhuas gam hildrdetds paetujâôds eas tdstds Mjgk (A’OAYCD dt jc., ?>:7). As hjhas aotihas hd um tatjc hd 87.>>> iehivíhuas iegcuíjm ?84 jmastrjs iehdpdehdetds. J jeêcisd hdsgaoriu qud mjquijvécigas, qujeha gampjrjhas jas hdmjis iehivíhuas, tæm umj rdehj méhij mjis ojixj dequjeta dcds dstjvjm mjis lrdqudetdmdetd debjfjhas dm um tipa hd gampartjmdeta –hdsvijetd” ea jmoidetd hd trjojcka. Jssim, par dxdmpca, dcds ljctjvjm mjis ja trjojcka sdm pdrmissça d rdgdoijm mjis rdgcjmjâôds saord sdus gampartjmdetas. ^ar autra cjha, as mjquijvécigas tdetjvjm prahuzir umj oaj imprdssça hijetd has autras ea jmoidetd hd trjojcka. Dcds ousgjvjm jcgjeâjr js mjiards rdgampdesjs passívdis (jumdetas sjcjrijis, pramaâôds dtg.) d, pjrj tjeta, lrdqudetdmdetd tdetjvjm hdsdevacvdr rdcjâôds íetimjs gam gacdbjs. Hautrj lditj, dcds eça pahijm edbjr suj pr÷prij ejturdzj, d sdus dmprdbjhards pdrgdoijm mjis gdha au mjis tjrhd qud dcds bdrjvjm tdesôds dm tarea hd si par gaetj hd suj hissimucjâça, mdetirjs d ietribjs. Dcds ljzijm issa ej dspdrjeâj hd jumdetas d bjekas, mjs j dxpasiâça hd sdus pcjeas muitjs vdzds mjcabrjvjm sujs ietdeâôds. Gaesihdrjeha tahas dssds dcdmdetas, dcdshd trjojcka gcjrjmdetd pjrdgijm sdr mjcsugdhihas dm dspjâas gamueitêrias. Xahjvij, X ahjvij, autras dstuhas subdrdm qud, dm gdrtas gjsas, iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jcgjeâjvjm sjcêrias mjiards, stjtus agupjgiaejis mjiards d pasiâôds mjis jctjs ha qud iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds. Dm pjrtd, issa pahd tdr agarriha par suj jspirjâça pdca sugdssa d ieuæegij, qud pahdm bjrjetir a grdsgimdeta mjtdrijc d a gaetracd saord as autras. Ea detjeta, issa tjmoém cdvj î tdehæegij hd qud as autras gaerjm j dcds jtrioutas qud sça bdrjcmdetd jssagijhas gam um oam cíhdr, ista é,
gjrismj d kjoicihjhds qud pahdm sdr usjhas j ljvar ha brupa (FAEDW & ^JTCKTW, ?>>9). Dm um dstuha köebjra, as íehigds hj Dsgjcj Mjgk hjs pdssajs qud trjojckjvjm dm hildrdetds pasiâôds larjm gampjrjhas (WÊ_@ÊEY & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:7). As jutards pdrgdodrjm qud as priegipjis cíhdrds tiekjm as mjiards eívdis hd mjquijvdcisma, dequjeta jhmieistrjhards mdhijeas d cíhdrds hd dquipd jtiebirjm ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk-I\. Dssd rdcjgiaejmdeta drj mjis eatêvdc dm gampjekijs gam um pjssjha hd jpdejs paugas jeas, qujeha gampjrjhjs gam autrjs dstjodcdgihjs kê muita tdmpa. Dssj hdsgaodrtj prdsumivdcmdetd rddtd qud gampjekijs muctiejgiaejis gam umj caebj trjfdt÷rij apdrjm dm gaehiâôds odm arbjeizjhjs d gaetracjhjs, dequjeta gampjekijs köebjrjs favdes, hujs öctimjs hégjhjs,dcjoarjha au sdfj, jp÷s a dstjodcdgihjs gacjpsa ha ejs sagijcisma, eça tiekjm pcdejmdetd js rdbrjs hd jhmieistrjâça dldtivj d gaapdrjâça. As piaediras has dstuhas ha mjquijvdcisma fê tiekjm rdvdcjha issa (GK_IWXID & BDIW, :92>). Dssj dxpcigjâça é jpaijhj par dstuhas qud jpaetjm gama as mjquijvécigas pasitivjmdetd prdldrdm arbjeizjâôds aehd eça prdvjcdgdm pjpéis d rdbucjâôds hdeihjs, d aehd as dvdetas eça sça gaetracjhas hd pdrta (BJOCD0 KACCAE & HJEBDCCA, :99?). Hijetd hd tjis gaehiâôds, dcds pahdm sdetir qud tæm mjis ciodrhjhd hd dsgackj d qud pahdm ousgjr sdus dmprddehimdetas sdm risgas sérias hd pueiâça. Jhdmjis, dcds tæm mjis apartueihjhds hd impravisjr, ista é, hd dmprdbjr dstrjtébijs iehivihujis hd debjea. Tm dstuha jcdmça tjmoém rdvdcau qud, dm gampjekijs mdeas arbjeizjhjs ha paeta hd vistj hd iestruâôds earmjtivjs supdriards, iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdgdodm hujs vdzds mjis ha qud as luegiaeêrias gam ojixas íehigds0 issa tjmoém sd jpcigj jas dmprdbjhas hdetra ha mdsma brupa dtêria (WKTCXV, :997). A vdcka
scabje pdrmjedgd vdrhjhdira6 jcbumjs pdssajs bastjm hd pdsgjr dm êbujs pdribasjs.
P8] P8].. A faba hd jzjr hd Iawj (tkd Iawj bjmocieb tjs` ) é umj tjrdlj psigac÷bigj hdsdevacvihj pjrj simucjr j tamjhj hd hdgisôds ej vihj rdjc. Dcj lai hdsdevacvihj par ievdstibjhards hj Teivdrsihjhd hd Iawj, rjzça pdcj qujc a faba lai ojtizjha jssim. Dcd é jmpcjmdetd uticizjha pjrj ievdstibjr j gabeiâça d j dmaâça has pjrtigipjetds PE.X PE.X.]. .]. P4]. A lM_I (Luegtiaejc Mjbedtig _dssaejegd Imjbieb, trjhuziha gama –imjbdm P4]. par rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj luegiaejc”) é umj tégeigj pjrj a usa hd imjbdes par rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj qud pdrmitd vdrigjr vjrijâôds ea uxa sjebuíeda gaelarmd js jtivihjhds edurjis has iehivíhuas suomdtihas ja dxjmd PE.X.]. PE.X.].
7 ^drsaejcihjhd
Muitas dspdgijcistjs gaesihdrjm a mjquijvdcisma gama um gaefueta hd trjâas dspdgígas hd pdrsaejcihjhd qud sça pdr sd mjis au mdeas gjrjgtdrístigas j gjhj gaehiâça psigac÷bigj iehivihujc (^JTCKTW & RICCIJMW, ?>>?). Ejturjcmdetd, gjhj iehivíhua hispôdpdcjs hd umj gaestituiâça psigac÷bigj gampcdxj gjrjgtdrizjhj ietdrjâôds detrd vêrias trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd. Jcbues psig÷cabas hdsdevacvdrjm tipacabijs qud hdsgrdvdm vêrias hdssds trjâas psigac÷bigas gama gampaedetds dstêvdis d rdjis hj arbjeizjâça psigac÷bigj. ^ar dxdmpca, gjhj iehivíhua mastrj gdrta eívdc hd dxtravdrsça qud dstê rdcjgiaejhj gam j sagijoicihjhd d impucsivihjhd (DYWDEG@, :92>). Dxtravdrtihas tdehdm j bazjr hd ietdrjâôds kumjejs d vivdm hd larmj muita jtivj d ietdesj. Dcds sça hamiejetds, impdtuasas, atimistjs d ljcjetds gampjrjhas gam autrjs pdssajs. ^ar autra cjha,qujeha ietravdrtihas sça mjis quidtas d ietraspdgtivas0 dcds dvitjm dstjr ej gampjekij hd muitjs pdssajs, d sça prapdesas î jesidhjhd. Ejturjcmdetd, dssds hais –prat÷tipas” sça dxtrdmas hd umj himdesça gaetíeuj sdbmdetjhj par trdmdehjs vjrijâôds ietdrmdhiêrijs. É bdrjcmdetd jgdita qud as trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd sça gaetieujmdetd histriouíhas ej papucjâça, d js pdssajs mastrjm umj jmpcj vjridhjhd hdssds trjâas.
Ejs öctimjs hégjhjs, a Mahdca Oib Livd tareau-sd hamiejetd ej ^sigacabij (HIBMJE, :99>). Edstd mahdca, j dstruturj oêsigj hj pdrsaejcihjhd gamprddehd giega trjâas supdriards (gkjmjhas hd ljtards priegipjis au himdesôds) qud hdtdrmiejm, dm dssæegij, gjhj gaestituiâça psigac÷bigj iehivihujc. Tm hdssds ljtards é j suprjmdegiaejhj dxtravdrsça. Autra ljtar é j jbrjhjoicihjhd, qud gamprddehd vêrias eívdis hd simpjtij, jpaia dmagiaejc, guihjha d jctruísma, jcém hd sujs gaetrjpjrtds edbjtivjs. A ljtar hj gaesgiæegij dstê cibjha î rdspaesjoicihjhd, dmprddehimdeta mativjgiaejc, pdrsistæegij d gampartjmdeta aridetjha pjrj j mdtj. A ljtar hd iestjoicihjhd dmagiaejc au dmativihjhd (au eduratigisma dm umj tdrmieacabij jctdrejtivj) rdldrd-sd î larmj gama js pdssajs dmagiaejcmdetd jmoidetjis, tjis gamardjbdm dstímucas edbjtivas (p. jas dx.,dlditas dm umj situjâça dstrdssjetd), qud ljzdm jcbumjs pdssajs gjrdm zjebjhjs rjpihjmdetd dequjeta mjetæm-sd gjcmjs d, dm autrjs girguestïegijs, hça rdspastjs ojcjegdjhjs. Liejcmdetd, j lrjequdzj î dxpdriæegij au jodrturj ietdcdgtujc iegcui a imjbiejtiva, j grijtivihjhd, a ietdrdssd d j rjpihdz hd josarâça. Js gjrjgtdrístigjs mjis impartjetds has giega ljtards, ista é, as jhfdtivas pdcas qujis dcds sça hdsgritas, sça jprdsdetjhjs ea oax 7.:. Xjmoém é hibea hd eatj edstj gurtj ietrahuâça qud gjhj Xjmoém ljtar priegipjc pahd sdr hivihiha dm hivdrsas suoljtards qud hdsgrdvdm gaetdöhas hd pdrsaejcihjhd dspdgígas au gaegrdtas. ^ar dxdmpca, um suoljtar hd dxtravdrsça é j sdesjâça au ousgj pdcj eavihjhd, qud ljz rdldræegij î prdhispasiâça j ousgjr par eavjs, ietdesjs, vjrijhjs d passivdcmdetd pauga usujis dxpdriæegijs.
Oax 7.: Mahdca Oib Livd
Js dsgjcjs jhfdtivjs oipacjrds d ueipacjrds gjrjgtdrizjm as giega priegipjis ljtards hj pdrsaejcihjhd (GJ_\D_ & WGKDID_, :99;). Dsgjcjs ueipacjrds hdsgrdvdm as gaetdöhas au –tdmj” hd gjhj ljtar, dequjeta dsgjcjs oipacjrds dspdgigjm as dxtrdmas has trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd dm gjhj ljtar. Ejturjcmdetd, js dsgjcjs hdeihjs par dssds dxtrdmas jorjebdm muitas eívdis ietdrmdhiêrias0 as trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd hdmaestrjm papucjâça. um jmpca cdqud hd vjrijâça iehivihujc dm umj hjhj
Dsgjcjs oipacjrds
Dsgjcjs ueipacjrds
Jrrafjha ‗ tímiha Jssdrtiva ‗ gampcjgdetd Jutagaejetd ‗ irrdsacuta Ljcjetd ‗ gjcjha
Wagijoicihjhd Lrjega Deérbiga Ldciz
Dspaetïeda ‗ ieioiha
_dsdrvjha
Jmibêvdc ‗ eça jmibêvdc Gjcarasa ‗ lria Bdetic ‗ iehdcigjha ^aciha ‗ ruhd Jmêvdc ‗ irjsgívdc
Ievdfasa Jtdegiasa Mjcévaca Wdesívdc Zudixasa
Gaesgiæegij
Gjutdcasa ‗ juhjgiasa Wéria ‗ lrívaca _dspaesêvdc ‗ irrdspaesêvdc Mdtigucasa ‗ hdsguihjha Hicibdetd ‗ prdbuiâasa
^rêtiga ^drsistdetd ^ruhdetd Guihjhasa Dxtrjvjbjetd
Dmativihjhd
Edrvasa ‗ dstêvdc Jesiasa ‗ gjcma Hdstdmpdrjha ‗ impdrturoêvdc _dcjxjha ‗ tdesa
^rdagupjha Edrvasa Xímiha X Xdesa desa
Lrjequdzj
Imjbiejtiva ‗ eça
Ietdcibdetd
Ljtar
Dxtravdrsça
Jbrjhjoicihj hd
imjbiejtiva Ietdcdgtujc ‗ eça ietdcdgtujc Wastigjha ‗ eça sastigjha Eça guriasa ‗ guriasa Eça grijtiva ‗ grijtiva
Jbuâjha Imjbiejtiva \drojc Aribiejc
Jcbumjs pdssajs sdetdm prjzdr dm situjâôds qud aldrtjm eavjs d dxgitjetds dxpdriæegijs, dequjeta pasitivjmdetd dvitjm situjâôds gatihijejs qud gaesihdrjm detdhijetds. Hd larmj gaetrjstjetd, autras gjm gcjrjmdetd jesiasas gam a pauga usujc, a eça dspdrjha d dstímucas ietdesas. ^dsquisjs tæm rdgdetdmdetd rdvdcjha qud dssjs rdjâôds rdcjâôds íetimjs gam êrdjs ha gérdora jtrdcjhjsjprdsdetjm gam j eaâça hd rdgampdesj. Jhdmjis, dlditas bdeétigas suofjgdetds î ousgj par sdesjâôds d ja jta hd dvitjr gampartjmdetas tjmoém tæm siha rdvdcjhas (^CAMIE (^CAMI E dt jc., ?>>4).
: J pdrsaejcihjhd pdrsaejcihjhd has mjquijvécigas mjquijvécigas Hd jgarha gam j ietrahuâça, j qudstça dm laga é sd as mjquijvécigas tæm trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd gjrjgtdrístigas d, sd dcds tæm hd ljta, gama hildrdm has hdmjis edssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs. J rdspastj pjrj j primdirj qudstça é hdeitivjmdetd –sim”0 gaelarmd dstuhas gaehuzihas dm hildrdetds pjísds, as rdsuctjhas jcgjeâjhas mastrjm um pjhrça um tjeta ueivdrsjc. Dssds dstuhas degaetrjrjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j jbrjhjoicihjhd. _dcjt÷rias hd iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk larjm gampjrjhas jas rdcjt÷rias hd iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj (FJGAORIXV & DBJE, ?>>>?0 DBJE0 GKJE & WKA_XD_, ?>:8)0 eça lai surprddehdetd eatjr qud
mjquijvécigas tipigjmdetd usjm as autras gama mdias pjrj jtiebirdm sujs mdtjs, bdrjcmdetd hdsgrdvdeha as hdmjis dm tdrmas edbjtivas d lrdqudetdmdetd hdmaestrjeha mjcdvacæegij hijetd has hdmjis. Hd mjedirj edbjtiva jeêcabj,detrd autras dstuhas rdvdcjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta mjquijvdcisma d a priegipjc ljtar hj gaesgiæegij (FJGAORIXV & DBJE, ?>>>? dtg.). Eavjmdetd, eça é umj surprdsj, umj vdz qud as mjquijvécigas sça eat÷rias, detrd autrjs gaisjs, pdcj jusæegij hd sdesjâça hd rdspaesjoicihjhd, pdca gieisma d, par m, pdcj paugj prdagupjâça gam impcigjâôds marjis hd sujs jâôds. Wimuctjedjmdetd, jcbues dstuhas degaetrjrjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta pasitiva detrd eduratigisma (iestjoicihjhd dmagiaejc) d mjquijvdcisma (FJGAORIXV & DBJE, ?>>:8). Ljctj jas mjquijvécigas, tjc gama e÷s vimas, jodrturj jas autras d dcds jprdsdetjm íehigds ojixas hd dmpjtij, jcém hd eça mjeildstjrdm guihjha d prdstdzj pjrj gam as hdmjis. Dstça mjis prapdesas dm gaegarhjr gam jrmjâôds ha Xdstd IXG ha tipa –du eça tdeka pjgiæegij gam pdssajs qud eça jgditjm miekjs larmjs hd vdr js gaisjs”0 –priegípias gama fustiâj d kaedstihjhd tæm paugj impartïegij dm jcbues jspdgtas hd miekj vihj”0 –mdmoras hj dquipd rjrjmdetd rdgdodm suj fustj pjrtd”0 –du sieta prjzdr ja vdr mdus ieimibas salrdrdm”0 –du sieta prjzdr ja aotdr viebjeâj hjs pdssajs qud md ldrirjm”0 –é hilígic tacdrjr pdssajs qud sça hildrdetds hd mim”. Xuha X uha cdvj j grdr qud as iehivíhuas mjquijvécigas ha dstuha mdegiaejha eça jpdejs gampcdtjrjm a Xdstd IXG, mjs tjmoém tamjrjm hdgisôds dm umj situjâça hd hicdmj
sagijc. Gcjrjmdetd, dcds pjrtigipjrjm ha Faba has Odes ^öocigas, ea qujc dcds tiekjm j apartueihjhd hd odedgijrdm-sd hj odedvacæegij d gaejeâj jckdij (gl. oax :>.7). Ej mjiarij has gjsas, dcds maeapacizjvjm brjehds qujetihjhds hd hiekdira trjesldrihjs pjrj js gaetjs ha brupa d hdixjvjm a faba gam as mjiards cugras (GVIOA_ & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:?). Ejturjcmdetd, j ojixj gaapdrjtivihjhd has mjquijvécigas eça é surprddehdetd d dstê dm ciekj gam jqudcds dstuhas prdvijmdetd mdegiaejhas, qud as jprdsdetjrjm gam umj prdagupjâça dmpêtigj pdqudej d umj jtituhd jctjmdetd mjeipucjharj. Oax 7.? Tmj gurtj hdsgriâça has priegipjis ljtards ha IXG
I ‗ Ljtards tdmpdrjmdetjis :) Ousgj par eavihjhds ‗ jtivjâça gampartjmdetjc, ieigijtivj, guriasihjhd. Mjiards paetujhards6 impucsiva, hdsdfasa hd dxpcarjr eavas jmoidetds, irritêvdc, irrdsacuta, iegaesistdetd, hdsarhdira, iegaetracêvdc, ljgicmdetd prapdesa ja téhia. Ojixas paetujhards6 eça jtrjíha par eavihjhds, hdsdfasa hd sd agupjr gam as hdtjckds, pdesj muita jetds hd tamjr umj hdgisça, ríbiha, arbjeizjha, pdrsistdetd. ?) Dvitjr a hjea ‗ ieioiâça gampartjmdetjc, dvjsça pjssivj, jvdrsça jas dstímucas edbjtivas. Mjiards paetujhards 6 gjutdcasa, tímiha, prdagupjha, tdesa, ieioiha, ljgicmdetd dxjusta. Ojixas paetujhards6 hdsprdagupjha, hdsieioiha, jutagaejetd, rdcjxjha, atimistj, deérbiga, sagiêvdc. 7) Hdpdehdetds hj rdgampdesj ‗ hdpdehæegij hj jpravjâça has autras, sdesioicihjhd, jpdba sagijc. Mjiards paetujhards6 sdesívdc j dstímucas rdgaekdgimdeta. Ojixas paetujhards6 hdscibjha sagijcmdetd, prêtiga.
sagijis
d
8) ^drsistæegij ‗ aridetjâça par mdtj, hicibæegij, jmoiâça.
hicibdetd, Mjiards paetujhards6 pdrldggiaeistj, praeta pjrj j jâça.
dslarâjha,
jmoigiasa,
Ojixas paetujhards6 agiasa, edbcibdetd, ljgicmdetd hdsistd hjs mdtjs.
II ‗ Ljtards hd gjrêtdr :) Jutahirdgiaejmdeta ‗ j kjoicihjhd hd sdbuir js rdbrjs d jhjptjr-sd. Mjiards vihj gampaetujhards prap÷sita. 6 rdspaesêvdc, gaeêvdc, dgidetd, cdvj umj Ojixas paetujhards6 jutahirdgiaeêvdc.
irrdspaesêvdc,
jutajgditjâça
d
?) Gaapdrjtivihjhd ‗ jgditjâça has autras, dmpjtij, gaesgiæegij. Mjiards paetujhards6 juxicijhar, misdrigarhiasa, tacdrjetd, dmpêtiga. Ojixas paetujhards6 sdm hdspraviha hd gaesgiæegij.
devacvimdeta
sagijc,
dbaístj,
7) Jutatrjesgdehæegij ‗ ihdetigjâça gam umj larâj g÷smigj iehdpdehdetd ha iehivihujc Mjiards paetujhards6 pjgidetd, grijtiva, sêoia, dspiritujc. Ojixas paetujhards6 impjgidetd, jmj j si mdsma, ljctj hd kumichjhd.
Hd mjedirj impartjetd, autra jgkjha ietdrdssjetd lai tjmoém aotiha edssd dstuha. Ea ejc ha dxpdrimdeta, as iehivíhuas tiekjm qud hdsgrdvdr d aldrtjr umj rjzça pjrj sdu gampartjmdeta jetdriar, ista é, j dstrjtébij qud dcds usjrjm hd ea gaetdöha faba. As tdxtas rdsuctjetds larjm jejcisjhas dm tdrmas par mdia hd um saltwjrd hdsdevacviha pjrj tjis prap÷sitas (GVIOA_0 \IEGVD & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:8). J jeêcisd lagau primjrijmdetd ej agarræegij hd vdroas qud hdsgrdvijm dstjhas gabeitivas, dmaâôds d ietdegiaejcihjhd. As rdsuctjhas rdvdcjrjm qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk usjrjm hd larmj mdeas lrdqudetd js larmjs vdrojis hj primdirj pdssaj ha pcurjc (p. dx., e÷s pdesjmas/dspdrjmas/jpravjmas) qujeha gampjrjhas gam iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds. Jhdmjis, dcds usjrjm mdeas pjcjvrjs qud iehigjvjm dmaâôds (p.rdsuctjhas dx., mdha, dxgitjâça, jcdbrij). Gaelarmd as jutards, dssds iehigjm qud
as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk tæm um sdesa hd aridetjâça hd brupa d pdrtdegimdeta mjis lrjgas qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds Mjgk, qud dstça muita mjis prapdesas j vjcarizjr tjis cjâas detrd as mdmoras ha brupa. \actjeha jas trjâas h hd d pdrsaejcihjhd mdhihas pdca IX IXG, G, j ljctj au ja mdeas um eívdc iesibeigjetd hd priegípias marjis lai iehigjha pdcjs ojixjs paetujâôds has mjquijvécigas eas tdrmas ha jutahirdgiaejmdeta d jutatrjesgdehæegij (OD_DGV@DI & GVIOA_, ?>:8). Dssds rdsuctjhas gaermjm qud dcds sça iegjpjzds hd ir jcém hd sdu pr÷pria dba, d qud sd mjetæm ea gdetra ha ueivdrsa. Dcds eça sd sdetdm aoribjhas j jgditjr rdbrjs sagijis sd issa lar gaetrêria jas sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds, d tjmoém eça sd sdetdm prdagupjhas ja prdfuhigjrdm as autras. Jcém hissa, sujs jctjs paetujâôds ea qudsita pdrsistæegij subdrdm qud dcds pdrmjedetdmdetd tdetjm sd mjetdr jtiedetds îs pr÷prijs hdgisôds, qud sça ojsdjhjs dm gaesihdrjâôds rjgiaejis. Ea Faba has Odes ^öocigas, par dxdmpca, dcds gaesistdetdmdetd trjesldrijm js mdeards samjs pjrj j gaetj ha brupa ha qud as hdmjis j gjhj rahjhj d, gama rdsuctjha, dcds gacdtjvjm mjis hiekdira pjrj js sujs gaetjs iehivihujis. Dcds eça larjm gaevdegihas j jbir hd larmj hildrdetd edssj mjeaorj pdrsistdetd, mdsma hijetd hj passioicihjhd hd qud dcds puhdssdm pdrhdr j odedvacæegij has mdmoras ha brupa, umj vdz qud sdus gampartjmdetas dbaístjs mjis gdha au mjis tjrhd sd mastrjssdm ÷ovias. Dssd rdsuctjha dstê dstritjmdetd rdcjgiaejha gam j paetujâça rdcjtivjmdetd ojixj has mjquijvécigas ea ljtar hj hdpdehæegij hj rdgampdesj, qud mdhd j sdesioicihjhd hj jpravjâça d a rdgaekdgimdeta rdgdoihas pdcj gamueihjhd gama umj laetd luehjmdetjc hd rdgampdesj, dm vdz hj sdesjâça hd rdgampdesj mjtdrijc imdhijtj. ^jrjeça umgaetj. mjquijvéciga, j jpravjâça has autras jpjrdetdmdetd
7 Ousgj par sdesjâôds, impucsivihjhd, impucsivihjhd, tamjhj hd risga As mjquijvécigas paetujm jcta ea ljtar ousgj par eavihjhd ha suprjmdegiaejha Xdstd IXG. Issa sibeigj, gaelarmd j hdeiâça hd Gcaeiebdr, qud dcds sça impucsivas d prapdesas j tamjrdm j ieigijtivj, jcém hd dxpcarjrdm eavas jmoidetds, par um cjha, dequjeta par autra sça irritêvdis, hdsgaetracjhas d ljgicmdetd gjm detdhijhas. Dssj hdsgriâça dm si rddtd qud j ousgj par eavihjhds é umj gjtdbarij psigac÷bigj imdesjmdetd gampcdxj d kdtdrabæedj. ^ahd-sd ousgjr eavihjhd ea trjojcka, dm dspartds dxtrdmas au jté mdsma ea sdxa. sdxa. Jhdmjis, j ousgj par eavihjhd dstê ietimjmdetd jssagijhj gam gaegditas tjis gama j ousgj par sdesjâôds, impucsivihjhd au tamjhj hd risga. As gaetdöhas hdssjs gjtdbarijs dm pjrtd saordpôdm-sd, dequjeta gjhj gjtdbarij hispôd hd um gaetdöha öeiga qud js histiebud hjs hdmjis. Xjcvdz X jcvdz j ousgj par sdesjâôds sdfj a gaegdita mjis ietimjmdetd jssagijha gam j ousgj par eavihjhd. A tdrma lai guekjha par Mjrvie Vug`drmje (:998), qud a uticizau pjrj ljzdr rdldræegij î praetihça pjrj eavas d pauga usujis dstímucas, jssim gama j vaetjhd hd ousgjr dxgitjâça, hdsja hd jvdeturj. As êvihas jvdeturj,auistadxpdriæegijs é, jqudcds qud jcgjeâjm jctas íehigds par ej Dsgjcj hd Ousgj par Wdesjâôds hd Vug`drmje (DOW) sça um tipa hd kdhaeistjs qud pragurj a prjzdr ja degjrjr girguestïegijs vjrijhjs, eavjs d passivdcmdetd jrrisgjhjs. ^ar autra cjha, iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds sdmprd prdldrdm pdrmjedgdr ea jmoidetd kjoitujc d dvitjr dvdetas iedspdrjhas. As êvihas par jvdeturjs pjrdgdm prdgisjr hd um gaestjetd eívdc hd dxgitjâça, qud dstê rdcjgiaejha ja iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd gdrdorjc. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, tjis pdssajs prdgisjm hd mjisd dstímucas qud autrjs pjrj sdetirdm-sd gaelartêvdis rdjcizjrdmhatjrdljs hd larmj
atimizjhj. Dssd gaelarta ietdrea pahd sdr jcgjeâjha hd hivdrsjs mjedirjs, gama ej prêtigj hd dspartds, vijfjeha au rdjcizjeha tjrdljs jrrisgjhjs (p. dx., ouebdd fumpieb), detrd autrjs. As mjquijvécigas sça tjmoém gjrjgtdrizjhas pdca íehigd jgimj hj méhij ej ousgj par sdesjâôds (G_YVDC0 G_AWID_ & RDOWXD_, ?>:70 CIEXAE & ^ARD_, ?>:7). Issa impcigj, par um cjha, qud dcds degaetrjm eavas dstímucas, situjâôds d rivjis pasitivjmdetd hdsjjhards. ^ar autra cjha, issa subdrd qud j ousgj par eavihjhd pahd dstjr rdcjgiaejhj gam j tamjhj hd risga. Vug`drmje tjmoém gaesihdrau j tamjhj hd risga gama um gampaedetd dssdegijc ej ousgj par sdesjâôds (ousgj par eavihjhd). ^artjeta, eça é jgihdetjc qud j Dsgjcj hd Ousgj par Wdesjâôds hdsdevacvihj par dcd d j mjiar pjrtd hd sujs vdrsôds rdvisjhjs iegcudm muitas itdes dspdgigjmdetd rdcjgiaejhas gam j tamjhj hd risga (gl. oax 7.7). \êrias dstuhas hdsgaorirjm qud jqudcds qud paetujm jcta edssj dsgjcj ‗ bdrjcmdetd bastjm hd jpastjr, hiribir rêpiha ‗ prdldrdm dspartds dxgitjetds qud devacvdm risga, tæm umj iegciejâça pjrj dsgackdr agupjâôds pdribasjs, sça mjis lrdqudetdmdetd debjfjhas dm sdxa gjsujc, jcém hd jprdsdetjrdm mjiar prapdesça ja usa hd hrabjs au gaesuma hd êcgaac (VTG@D_MJE, :998). Oax 7.7 \drsça rdsumihj hd umj hjs Dsgjcjs hd Ousgj par Wdesjâôds hd Vug`drmje (itdes sdcdgiaejhas)
^dhd-sd jas iehivíhuas qud dsgackjm umj hjs hujs jrmjâôds jctdrejtivjs qud mdckar a(j) hdsgrdvdm. J) Du bastjrij hd um dmprdba qud rdqudrdssd muitjs vijbdes. O) Du bastjrij hd um dmprdba dm jpdejs umj cagjcizjâça. J) Du ga detdhijha ja vdr js mdsmjs pdssajs hd sdmprd. O) Du basta hj ljmicijrihjhd gaelartêvdc has jmibas ha hij j hij.
J) Dvdetujcmdetd du basta hd ljzdr gaisjs qud sça um pauga jssustjharjs. O) Tmj pdssaj sdesívdc dvitj jtivihjhds qud sça pdribasjs. J) Du bastjrij hd tdetjr pucjr hd pjrjqudhjs. O) Du euegj tdetjrij pucjr hd um jviça, gam au sdm pjrjqudhjs. J) Du detra ej êbuj bdcjhj brjhujcmdetd, hjeha tdmpa pjrj qud du md jgastumd j dcj. O) Du basta hd mdrbuckjr au pucjr hirdta ea agdjea au ej êbuj bdcjhj. J) Du prdra pdssajs qud sça dmagiaejcmdetd dxprdssivjs dm vdz hjqudcjs qud sça um pauga iestêvdis. O) Du prdra pdssajs qud sça gjcmjs d jté mdsma tdmpdrjhjs. J) Js pdssajs qud hiribdm hdvdm tdr jcbum tipa hd edgdssihjhd iegaesgidetd hd matagigcdtjs ldrir dcjs mdsmjs. O) Du bastjrij hd hiribir au sdr cdvjha dm umj matagigcdtj.
Jcbuém pahdrij supar qud mjquijvécigas sça bdeuíeas tamjhards hd risga. Ejturjcmdetd, issa é pjrgijcmdetd vdrhjhdira. Dcds sça prapdesas j aotdr umj rdgampdesj imdhijtj mdsma sd jrrisgjm um sugdssa lutura par jbirdm jssim. Ea gjpítuca jetdriar e÷s jprdsdetjmas um dxpdrimdeta qud rdvdcaujsgama mjquijvécigas dm um faba hd jpastjs, gjrtjsasqud aldrdgijm jssjgjvjm, mjiards rdgampdesjs, mdsma qujeha pdrgdoijm, gam a pjssjr ha tdmpa, qud tjc dstrjtébij iegarrij dm um hdsprapargiaejc jcta risga hd pdrhdr tuha. E÷s tjmoém sjodmas qud as mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd viacjm js earmjs, qud dstça ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejhjs gam j tamjhj hd risga. Ej dspdrjeâj hd aotdr cugras, dcds sd rdgusjm j jssumir js earmjs hd gaapdrjâça au rdgipragihjhd, d, gaesdqudetdmdetd, jssumdm a risga hd as sdus pjrgdiras hdixjrdm hd gaejr edcds au jté mdsma jojehaeê-cas (RICWAE dt jc., :99;0 BTEEXKA_WHAXXI_ dt jc., ?>>?).
Eça aostjetd, as mjquijvécigas eça pahdm sdr gaesihdrjhas gama típigas tamjhards hd risga. Edekum rdcjgiaejmdeta lai degaetrjha detrd as íehigds hj Dsgjcj Mjgk d as eívdis hd gaesuma hd êcgaac, a usa hd hrabjs d a tjojbisma (FAEJWAE0 @ADEIB & XAWX, ?>:>). Muitas dstuhas subdrdm qud mjquijvécigas pasitivjmdetd dvitjrjm debjejr as autras dm girguestïegijs qud devacvdssdm jcta risga hd dxpasiâça (GAA^D_ & ^DXD_WAE, :9;>0 OD_DGV@DI0 OI_@JW & @D_D@DW, ?>:>). Autrjs vdzds, dcds jbdm gama dstrjtdbistjs pruhdetds, qud tdetjm sd prdvdeir hd pdrhdr cugras prdvijmdetd aotihas. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, iehivíhuas fabjrjm um faba hd jpastjs ea qujc a vacumd hd rdgampdesj drj mjetiha pdca fabjhar qud bjekjvj, dequjeta, dm gjsa hd pdrhj, j samj drj hdhuzihj has luehas haautra pr÷xima d eçafabjhar hd sduspahdrij pr÷prias (hdcd au hdcj). ^ar cjha,fabjhar, dssd öctima pueir a fabjhar jetdriar, hd mjedirj qud dcd pahdrij pdrhdr taha a sdu hiekdira. A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud as mjquijvécigas fabjvjm hd larmj gjutdcasj, d eça pdrhijm muita hiekdira hijetd hj jmdjâj impastj pdcas pjrgdiras prdfuhigjhas (FAEDW, ?>:8). Dcds tamjrjm umj hdgisça dstrjtébigj6 eça jssumijm risgas hdsedgdssêrias qud pahdrijm tæ-cas cjeâjha dm rdsuctjhas edbjtivas ea sjcha ejc. ^ar autra cjha, psigapjtjs eça gcíeigas hdmaestrjrjm umj iedxioicihjhd eat÷rij hurjetd a faba6 dcds pdrmjedgdrjm jpastjeha d pdrhdrjm sdu hiekdira. Xjeta X jeta j ousgj par sdesjâôds qujeta j tamjhj hd risga dstça rdcjgiaejhjs gam j impucsivihjhd, qud pahd sdr hdsgritj pdcas tdrmas hd tamjhj hd hdgisça rêpihj, rdspastj iestjetïedj, dspaetjedihjhd, detusijsma d basta pdcj jvdeturj. J hildrdeâj detrd j impucsivihjhd d js autrjs hujs gjtdbarijs psigac÷bigjs é qud j primdirj ljz rdldræegij î praetihça ietdrej pjrj jbir sdm dspdgigjr sdu gaetdöha au aofdta, sdesjâça hd lagjr dm eavas d risgas, gamapastj laga jdm situjâôds pdribasjs. Dssddstímucas gjmpa hd
pdsquisj tjmoém laredgd hdsgaodrtjs gaetrjhit÷rijs pjrj as mjquijvécigas. Jcbues has dstuhas qud dmprdbjm vêrias qudstiaeêrias degaetrjrjm garrdcjâôds pasitivjs detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j impucsivihjhd (MgKAW@DY, ?>>:0 G_YWDC0 G_ YWDC0 G_AWID_ & RDOWXD_, ?>:7). Issa é passívdc parqud mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd (mjs edm sdmprd) jbdm gaelarmd a priegípia ha –primdira bacpd”6 dcds imdhijtjmdetd tamjm vjetjbdm hj vucedrjoicihjhd hd sdus pjrgdiras d jtjgjm j primdirj apartueihjhd qud sd mjeildstj. ^arém, autras dstuhas eça degaetrjrjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta sibeigjtiva detrd as eívdis hd mjquijvdcisma d j impucsivihjhd. Muitjs jeêcisds has mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj rdvdcjm qud gdrtjs larmjs hd impucsivihjhd dstjvjm rdcjgiaejhjs gam a ejrgisisma d psigapjtij, mjs eça gam a mjquijvdcisma (FAEDW & ^JTCKTW, ?>::0 MJCDWVJ & AWXJWVDRW@I, ?>:8). Aovijmdetd, as hais brupas tæm um gaefueta hd gjrjgtdrístigjs gamues6 hdsrdspdita îs earmjs étigjs, aotdeâça hd odedlígias ja debjejr as autras, gieisma, sjebud-lria. As mjquijvécigas hdmaestrjrjm umj jctj jetissagijoicihjhd gaelarmd umj mdhihj prapastj par um jutarrdcjt÷ria hd 99 itdes (^HZ-8), hildrdetdmdetd hjqudcds gam ojixas íehigds ea Xdstd Mjgk-I\ (MgKAW@DY, ?>>:). Dm um dstuha rdgdetdmdetd gaehuziha ej Iebcjtdrrj, iehivíhuas sdcdgiaejhas rjehamigjmdetd larjm pdrbuetjhas saordau qujetjs vdzds dcds dstivdrjm dm jtas viacdetas aldesivas hurjetd as öctimasdevacvihas :? mdsds (^JICIEB0 OAAE & DBJE, ?>:8). Dcds rdgdodrjm qudstôds tjis gama –vagæ jtirau jcba dm jcbuém qud lassd gjpjz hd mjgkugê-ca1”0 –vagæ puxau, jbjrrau au dmpurrau jcbuém hurjetd umj hisgussça1”0 –vagæ jtiebiu jcbuém gam um pueka au aofdta1” Eça é surprddehdetd qud jqudcds gam jctas íehigds hd psigapjtij pravjrjm-sd mjis viacdetas gaelarmd a jutarrdcjt÷ria. Ea detjeta, é surprddehdetd qud dcds larjm imdhijtjmdetd sdbuihas pdcas mjquijvécigas (gam umj mdhihj ea pcjgjr hj viacæegij pauga ieldriar ja brupa jetdriar). Xrjtj-sd Xrjtj-sd hd umj ielarmjâça qud gjusj dstrjekdzj parqud as mjquijvécigas sça gaekdgihas pdcj ljcj mjesj, ietdcibæegij d par ietribjr js pdssajs, jcém hd prdldrirdm debjejr sujs vítimjs gam sjbjgihjhd d pjcjvrjs, dcds tjmoém eça dstça muita histjetds hj viacæegij jodrtj. A ljta hd qud dcds sça rdjcmdetd iegciejhas j dmprdbjr j viacæegij lísigj pahd passivdcmdetd sdr um rddxa hd suj mjcdvacæegij d prdgaegdita, umj pjrtd hd sdu gjrêtdr. Tsujcmdetdqud dcdslarmjm eça pdesjm easietdbrjc autras
dequjeta iehivíhuas gam sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds d hdsdfas, mjs gama aofdtas impdssajis hd mjeipucjâça. Dssdegijcmdetd, dcds vddm sujs vítimjs patdegijis gama rdprdsdetjâôds hd um tipa hd gaisj sdm ljgd, d qud dssd tipa pjrtigucjr hdtdrmiej j mjedirj qud dcds dsgackdm pjrj mjeipucjr d debjejr j vítimj dm umj hjhj girguestïegij. Du suspdita, jiehj qud sdm qujcqudr dxpdriæegij dmpírigj gampravjhj, qud as mjquijvécigas rdgarrdm î viacæegij qujeha sdus mavimdetas têtigas ljckjm. Xjc jâça pahd sdr a rddxa hj lrustrjâça gjusjhj pdcj ljckj au ja sdrdm dxpastas, a qud dvdetujcmdetd gaehuz î viacæegij. É tjmoém passívdc, ea detjeta, qud dcds sdfjm aridetjhas ja sugdssa d î rdgampdesj hd tjc mjedirj qud dsgackdm gamdtdr j viacæegij dm vdz hd hdsistirdm hd sdus pcjeas d rdsibejrdm-sd hd dxpcarjr as autras. Autrj passívdc dxpcigjâça é qud j ousgj par sdesjâôds d ejturdzj impucsivj cdvd-as j gamdtdr jtas hd viacæegij, saordtuha ea gjsa dm qud dcds ljckjm ea dxdrgígia ha jutagaetracd. Dssj ihdij é jpaijhj par um dstuha ea qujc um rdcjgiaejmdeta pr÷xima lai degaetrjha detrd íehigds Mjgk d j prapdesça j jbrdhir lísigj d vdrojcmdetd (MgHAEJCH0 HAEDCCJE & EJ\J__DXD, ?>:?). As mjquijvécigas gaegarhjm gam jrmjâôds gama –hd vdz dm qujeha du eça passa gaetracjr j vaetjhd hd ojtdr dm jcbuém” au –Du eça gaesiba jrbumdetjr qujeha umj pdssaj hisgarhj hd mim”. Aovijmdetd, jpdejs pdsquisjs luturjs pahdm gaermjr au edbjr dssjs dxpcigjâôds jctdrejtivjs pjrj j gaehutj viacdetj mjquijvécigj. Oax 7.4 Mjquijvdcisma d kumar jbrdssiva
Jp÷s um primdira ackjr, a kumar eça dstê rdcjgiaejha gam a gampartjmdeta jetissagijc d jbrdssça. Ea detjeta, issa é jpdejs jpjrdetd. Muitjs hisgipciejs gama j Dtacabij, j Dteabrjj d j ^sigacabij Wagijc tæm jpaetjha qud gaetdöha pijhjs, tirjhjs kumarjhjs d risjhjs lrdqudetdmdetd trjesmitdm d sibeigjha jbrdssivas (DIOCDIODWLDCHX, :9;9). Tmj dsgjcj hd jutarrdcjt÷ria rdgdetdmdetd
hdsdevacvihj (Zudstiaeêria hd dsticas hd kumar) eça jpdejs mdesurj j gamprddesça d a usa ha kumar, mjs tjmoém laredgd um gartd prdgisa ea sistdmj hd gjtdbarijs (MJ_XIE dt jc., ?>:?). Dm um eívdc primêria, a kumar pasitiva d a edbjtiva sça histiebuihas pdcjs rdspdgtivjs dsgjcjs, d jp÷s dcjs jmojs sça hivihihjs pjrj autrjs himdesôds. As jutards hdedm a kumar pasitiva pdcj gaehiâça hd qud tahjs js pjrtds devacvihjs usa ha kumar qud gjtdbarij, eiebuém éj prdfuhigjha sd (p. odedgijm dx., ja sdr pdca rihigucjrizjha). Hdetra dhdstj dsgjcj hd kumar jcijtiva mdhd j vaetjhd qud jcbuém tdm pjrj gamueigjr gaetdöhas kumarístigas, gaetjeha pijhjs d pravagjeha as autras, gam a aofdtiva hd detrdtdr as hdmjis (p. dx., –du basta hd ljzdr js pdssajs rirdm”). J dsgjcj ha kumar jutaietdesigjâça, qud é ibujcmdetd pasitivj, mdesurj j jtituhd hd jcbuém qujeta ja kumar. Issa iegcui um ackjr kumarjha saord j vihj, j kjoicihjhd hd degaetrjr jspdgtas kumarístigas hd situjâôds gatihijejs d usa ha kumar gama um mdia hd g÷pij (p. dx., –miekj pdrspdgtivj kumarjhj saord j vihj md prdsdrvj hd gjr gkjtdjha au hdprimiha gam js gaisjs”). ^ar autra cjha, a kumar edbjtiva sdmprd prdfuhigj jcbuém ja rdhuzir suj jutadstimj. Dssj gjtdbarij iegcui a kumar jbrdssiva, qud sdrvd pjrj gritigjr as autras rihigucjrizjâça, zamojrij) au rjgistj gama dum mdia par hd jmdjâjr(sjrgjsma, au aldehdr, gama eas gjsas ha kumar sdxistj, dxdmpca (–sd jcbuém gamdtd um drra, du irdi lrdqudetdmdetd pravagêca(j) saord issa). ^ar m, a kumar gaetrjprahugdetd é tjmoém um tipa hd kumar edbjtiva mjeildsta ej jutagrítigj d jutahdprdgijâça gam a prap÷sita hd detrdtdr as autras (p. dx., –du lrdqudetdmdetd tdeta ljzdr js pdssajs bastjrdm hd mim au md jgditjrdm, priegipjcmdetd ja hizdr jcba debrjâjha saord js miekjs pr÷prijs lrjqudzjs, mjegjhjs au ljctjs”). Tmj dquipd hd pdsquisj gjejhdesd usau dstd qudstiaeêria dm um dstuha qud hdsgaoriu qud a mjquijvdcisma lai jpdejs garrdcjgiaejha gam a kumar edbjtiva, d j garrdcjâça degaetrjhj lai pasitivj (\DWDC@J dt jc., ?>:>). Issa sibeigj qud as mjquijvécigas prdldrdm gaetjr pijhjs d jrmjâôds debrjâjhjs qud prdfuhigjm, hdbrjhjm au hdprdgijm as autras. (^. dx., –sd j dstupihdz td ljz grdsgdr, jbarj vagæ pahd cjmodr j cuj sdetjha!”) Dssd dstica hd kumar, qud gamueigj gam j ljctj hd dmpjtij, lrdqudetdmdetd tarej-sd um mdia hd dxdrgdr gaetracd saord as autras d, gaesdqudetdmdetd, pahd gaetriouir pjrj j gaegrdtizjâça hd mdtjs pdssajis. Hd mjedirj ietdrdssjetd, as mjquijvécigas tjmoém tæm paetujâôds mjis jctjs qud j méhij ej dsgjcj hd kumar gaetrjprahugdetd. Issa passivdcmdetd pahd sdr dxpcigjha par suj ietdeâça hd mastrjr umj imjbdm edbjtivj d pdssimistj has autras ja hdbrjhjr j si pr÷pria6 –du sau rihíguca, parém hd larmj jcbumj hildrdetd hd vagæ”. As mjquijvécigas, hildrdetdmdetd has psigapjtjs d ejrgisistjs, eça edgdssjrijmdetd gacagjm jgimj has hdmjis. Dm vdz hissa, dcds pdesjm qud tahassdsça mdetirasas d kip÷gritjs, iegcuieha dcds mdsmas. ^arém, dcds tjmoém pdesjm qud, dmoarj dstdfjm gidetds hd sdu
vdrhjhdira du, as autras jcimdetjm icusôds saord dcds mdsmas d pdesjm qud sça mdckards ha qud rdjcmdetd sça. Xjc jspdgta pdrmitd qud as mjquijvécigas jgrdhitdm, hd larmj gaejetd d rdsacutj, qud j mdetirj é j mdckar mjedirj hd debjejr as autras.
Autra dstuha eça jpdejs lagjha saord jqudcds debjfjhas dm gampartjmdetas jetissagijis, mjs tjmoém saord sujs vítimjs. Favdes dmprdbjhas gjejhdesds larjm pdrbuetjhas saord j lrdquæegij ha ouccyieb ea jmoidetd hd trjojcka (CIEXAE & ^ARD_, ?>:7). Edstd gjsa, as pdsquisjhards eça lagjrjm primjrijmdetd ej viacæegij lísigj, mjs dm um jmpca dspdgtra gampartjmdetjc iegcuieha hivdrsas jtas jetissagijis qud jorjebijm hj ietimihjâça d ha jousa dmagiaejc jté j viacæegij orutjc. A qudstiaeêria edstd dstuha iegcuiu gam hivdrsas itdes gama –kumickjr auusjha rihigucjrizjr dm gaedxça a trjojcka” au –arhdejr j ljzdr um trjojcka jojixa ha eívdc hd gampdtæegij”. Lai pdhiha jas iehivíhuas qud iehigjssdm quça lrdqudetdmdetd dcds tiekjm sd devacviha dm tjis jtas hurjetd as öctimas sdis mdsds, sdfj gama pdrpdtrjhards au gama jcvas. A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds hd mjquijvdcisma (jssim gama jqudcds gam jctas eívdis hd ejrgisisma au psigapjtij, i. é, mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj) mjis lrdqudetdmdetd gamdtdrjm viacæegij gaetrj sdus gacdbjs ha qud as autras iehivíhuas, gaequjeta dcds tjmoém lassdm jcvas mjis lrdqudetds hd jtas viacdetas. Xamjeha X amjeha tahas as træs brupas hj Xríjhd Edbrj dm gaesihdrjâça, 8:,2% has jcvas rdpartjrjm qud dcds prjtigjrjm ouccyieb gaetrj jcbuém ja mdeas umj vdz par sdmjej, d vigd-vdrsj6 ;9,2% has pdrpdtrjhards lrdqudetdmdetd tarejrjm-sd jcvas hd viacæegij. Xuha cdvj j grdr qud jmoas as brupas sça prapdesas j devacvdr-sd dm dvdetas edbjtivas. ^dssajs gam gdrtas tipas hd pdrsaejcihjhd lrdqudetdmdetd gampartjm-sd hd mjedirj j pravagjr as autras qud, par suj vdz, rdspaehdm gam
viacæegij. ^ar dxdmpca, tdm siha lrdqudetdmdetd aosdrvjha qud supdriards dm um jmoidetd hd trjojcka lrdqudetdmdetd jbdm jbrdssivjmdetd gam jqudcds qud viacjm js earmjs (p. dx., pdrmjedgdr larj ha trjojcka par muitjs karjs). Jhdmjis, pjrdgd qud pdrpdtrjhards d jcvas hdssds jmoidetds hd trjojcka viacdetas passudm trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd sdmdckjetds. A gampartjmdeta mjquijvéciga é gjtdbarizjha par rdjâôds rjivasjs, kasticihjhd, jbrdssça vdrojc d prapdesça pjrj j tamjhj hd risga dm jmoas as pjpéis. Xahjs dssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs ljzdm hdcds mjis jhdqujhas, qudr pjrj sd tarejrdm jousjhards, qudr pjrj sd tarejrdm vítimjs.
4 ^drsaejcihjhd oarhdrcied Fake MgKas`dy subdrd qud as mjquijvécigas dxiodm umj sérid hd praocdmjs hd pdrsaejcihjhd (:994). Wujs hdsgaodrtjs rdvdcjrjm qud jpdsjr hd dcds hdmaestrjrdm sietamjs hd muitjs hdsarhdes mdetjis (jetissagijcihjhd, pjrjeaij, dsquizatipij), é pravjvdcmdetd j pdrsaejcihjhd oarhdrcied, detrd as trjâas jprdsdetjhas, j mjis gjrjgtdrístigj hdcds. Dssj aosdrvjâça lai sufditj j um mieugiasa dxjmd dm um dstuha hd Jehrês Cêeb, ea qujc a jutar usau um qudstiaeêria hd 47 itdes (Ievdetêria hd ^drsaejcihjhd Oarhdrcied, I^O) pjrj jgdssjr as sietamjs hd hdsarhdm hd pdrsaejcihjhd (CÊEB, ?>:4). J hdsarhdm hd pdrsaejcihjhd oarhdrcied é jctjmdetd prdvjcdetd, jldtjeha detrd ?-7% hj papucjâça. Iehivíhuas gam dssj gaehiâça gampartjm-sd hd mjedirj imprdvisívdc d gj÷tigj0 dcds lrdqudetdmdetd hdmaestrjm dmaâôds ietdesjs d ljzdm gdejs, dequjeta, dm autras mamdetas, rdgujm d agjsiaejcmdetd mdrbuckjm dm umj pjssivihjhd gampcdtj. Dcds sça qujsd sdmprd gaetieujmdetd jesiasas d muita lrdqudetdmdetd rdjbdm gam dxtrdmj dmaâça. Bdrjcmdetd, dcds tæm higuchjhds pjrj gaetracjr sujs dmaâôds,
lrdqudetdmdetd odirjeha as cimitds ha gampartjmdeta étiga, d eça é iegamum qud detrdm dm gaeita gam j cdi. Wdus rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis sça tjmoém gjrjgtdrizjhas par dvdetas dxtrdmas d imprdvisívdis6 dcds sça ibujcmdetd gjpjzds hd jmjr d ahijr jté situjâôds dxtrdmjs, d dssds sdetimdetas sça lrdqudetdmdetd hirdgiaejhas pjrj j mdsmj pdssaj. A dstuha degaetrau umj garrdcjâça lartd detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j hdsarhdm hd pdrsaejcihjhd oarhdrcied dm træs gjmpas hildrdetds jvjcijhas par træs suodsgjcjs ha ievdetêria. Tmj hdssjs suodsgjcjs é j –hilusça hd ihdetihjhd”, ej qujc a iehivíhua pdrgdod j si pr÷pria gama umj detihjhd sdm larmj, sdm cimitds d ueihjhd (–du sieta gama sd du dstivdssd hdsietdbrjeha”). Ejturjcmdetd, dstd dstjha jgjrrdtj muitjs gaesdquæegijs edbjtivjs ej vihj has iehivíhuas, gama a sdetimdeta hd vjzia ietdriar, hd ieldriarihjhd au a jousa hd hrabjs. Ea detjeta, é passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas ‗ detrd as qujis dstd dstjha é muita mjis típiga ha qud detrd as eça mjquijvécigas ‗ sdfjm kêodis dm dmprdbjr j iehdtdrmiejâça d j pcjstigihjhd hd suj pdrsaejcihjhd pjrj sdrvirdm îs sujs jâôds. Eamdjhjmdetd, um has eögcdas ha sugdssa has mjquijvécigas é j dxioicihjhd gampartjmdetjc, ista é, j kjoicihjhd qud dcds tæm dm rjpihjmdetd jhjptjrdm-sd îs girguestïegijs dm gaestjetd muhjeâj (gl. gjp. ;). A iehivíhua mjquijvéciga pahd tjmoém sdr hdsgrita gama gdrta tipa hd gjmjcdça sagijc, qud jssumd ljgds hildrdetds dm hildrdetds rdcjgiaejmdetas qud dcds trjtjm hd larmj edbcibdetd d impdssajc. Autra gjmpa impartjetd aehd j rdcjâça detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j hdsarhdm hd pdrsaejcihjhd oarhdrcied sd mjeildstj é –a mdha hd lusça” ‗ a tdmar hd dstjr ietimjmdetd cibjha j autrjs pdssajs dmagiaejcmdetd (–sd um rdcjgiaejmdeta tarej-sd íetima, du md sieta degurrjcjha”). ^ar um cjha, issa pravagj j sacihça d j pdrhj
ha jpaia sagijc, dequjeta, par autra cjha, issa pahd jfuhjr a mjquijvéciga j mjetdr j histïegij dmagiaejc. Dcds tjmoém sça kêodis pjrj histjegijrdm-sd hj jtmasldrj dmagiaejc hj situjâça, jcém hd paehdrjrdm lrijmdetd js têtigjs qud pahdm sdr gacagjhjs dm prêtigj. Xjmjekj rdjâça lrij pahd sdrvir î mjeipucjâça d cabra, umj vdz qud j dxpcarjâça dgidetd has autras eça é pdrturojhj pdca sdetimdeta hd jrrdpdehimdeta, gucpj au bdedrasihjhd (dm hdtjckds, gl. gjp. 4). ^assivdcmdetd j mdsmj lueâça é prddegkihj pdcas jssim gkjmjhas mdgjeismas primitivas hd hdldsj, qud larmjm a tdrgdira gjmpa qud ietdrgaedgtj j pdrsaejcihjhd oarhdrcied d as mjquijvécigas. Dssj lueâça sdrvd pjrj prdvdeir a iehivíhua hd rdgaekdgdr d rdjcizjr dxpdriæegijs qud jmdjâjm suj jutadstimj, cdvjeha î jesidhjhd d jeböstij (–pdssajs pjrdgdm pjrj mim”). mdgjeismas hd hdldsj sçakastis ojsdjhas ejquicaMuitas qud gaekdgdmas gama gcivjbdm, aehd a iehivíhua hivihd sdus jmoidetds sagijis dm hais brupas apastas, iegcuieha js pdssajs –oajs” d –ruies”. Dcds gaejm ea primdira dequjeta hdmaestrjm hdsgaejeâj, prdgjuâça d lrdqudetdmdetd hdsprdza pdca sdbueha. É passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas usdm sdus mdgjeismas hd hdldsj gama um mdia pjrj hdsdevacvdrdm um rdcjgiaejmdeta impdssajc gam sujs vítimjs, jssim gama pjrj prdvdei-cas hd degjrjr js gaesdquæegijs dmagiaejis hj situjâça. As mjquijvécigas mjis pravjvdcmdetd hdmaestrjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta mjis íetima gam j psigapjtij, gaesihdrjeha a dsgapa hjs hdsarhdes mdetjis, hd mjedirj qud a mjquijvdcisma é usujcmdetd rdldriha gama umj larmj eça gcíeigj hd psigapjtij. Dssd öctima jspdgta sdrê hisgutiha ea pr÷xima gjpítuca, qud trjtj saord j Xríjhd Edbrj.
8 Xríjhd X ríjhd Edbrj
Dm :99>, lai cdvjetjhj j ihdij hd qud a mjquijvdcisma pahd sdr umj pjrtd hj pdrsaejcihjhd gampcdxj rdcjgiaejhj ja cjha edbjtiva hj gaestituiâça hj psigacabij kumjej. Jcbues pdsquisjhards trjâjrjm j mjcdvacæegij d a mjc kumjeas hj jssim gkjmjhj pdrsaejcihjhd Xríjhd Edbrj, qud jorjebd as trjâas ha mjquijvdcisma, ejrgisisma d psigapjtij (^JTCKTW & RICCIJMW, ?>>?0 LT_EKJM0 _IGKJ_HW & ^JTCKTW, ?>:7). Dssds jutards eça edbjm qud gjhj um hdssds træs tipas hd pdrsaejcihjhd tdm um pdrc öeiga, mjs dcds jrbumdetjm qud umj jpraximjâça mjis jgurjhj hdvdrij ietdbrê-cas dm um öeiga gaestrugta. Dcds prapusdrjm qud e÷s pahdmas jcgjeâjr um viscumord mjis pralueha hj lrjbicihjhd kumjej sd eas jpraximjrmas d jejcisjrmas dssds trjâas jtrjvés hj pdrspdgtivj jmpcj hj Xríjhd Edbrj, dm vdz hd dxjmieê-cas ej rdcjâça hd trjâas Xríjhd iehivihujis hd pdrsaejcihjhd. As jutards eça jrbumdetjm qud j Xríjhd Edbrj au qujcqudr um hd sdus mdmoras edgdssjrijmdetd hdsgrdvdm pdrsaejcihjhds pjtac÷bigjs. Gama e÷s vimas, a mjquijvdcisma eça é gaesihdrjha umj hdsarhdm mdetjc, pasiâça tjmoém rddtihj pdca ljta hd qud as mjquijvécigas bdrjcmdetd eça sça trjtjhas gama pjgidetds dm umj prêtigj gcíeigj. ^ar autra cjha, a ejrgisisma d j psigapjtij hispôdm hd larmjs pjtac÷bigjs, umj vdz qud sdus eívdis mjis dxtrdmas rdqudrdm ietdrvdeâôds psigac÷bigj d psiquiêtrigj gama hdsarhdes mdetjis hijbeastigjhjs. Ea detjeta, as tipas –mdeas
brjvds” ha ejrgisisma d psigapjtij pdrmjedgdm hdetra ha jrga hd gampartjmdetas eça gcíeigas ej papucjâça earmjc. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, j Xríjhd Edbrj iegcui a mjquijvdcisma, jssim gama larmjs eça gcíeigjs hd ejrgisisma d psigapjtij. É iequdstiaeêvdc dssjsjiehj sça dxprdssôds mjcdvacdetds ejturdzj kumjej0qud parém, jssim dcjs larmjm pjrtd hj vihj gatihijej. Jqudcds qud jprdsdetjm tjis gampartjmdetas eça dstça mdetjcmdetd hadetds0 sujs pdrsaejcihjhds eça sça pjtac÷bigjs d muita mdeas jearmjis. Jgimj hd tuha, dcjs sça pdssajs ha hij j hij, mdsma qujeha prahuzdm muitas praocdmjs pjrj as hdmjis (d pjrj dcjs mdsmjs).
: Ejrgisisma d psigapjtij A ejrgisisma é usujcmdetd jssagijha gam eaâôds gama prdsueâça, vjihjhd, arbucka d dbaísma. Dssdegijcmdetd, dcd é hdeiha pdcj jharjâça hd si mdsma, um sdetimdeta hd brjehiasihjhd d umj grøeigj edgdssihjhd hd jrmjâça. Tm ejrgisistj é jutagdetrjha d jharj j si mdsma0 dcds sd gaesihdrjm gama öeigas d gaetieujmdetd salrdm gam j ljctj hd hdvihj jtdeâça d rdspdita. Wça jrrabjetds, gampcjgdetds d jprdsdetjm umj jpjrdetdmdetd jctíssimj jutagaejeâj qud lrdqudetdmdetd sdrvd, parém, pjrj sdcjr suj iesjtisljâça gam dcds mdsmas. Dcds jgrdhitjm qud tæm privicébias dspdgijis d sdetdm dxtrdmj ievdfj pdca sugdssa jckdia. Wça dxtrdmjmdetd dbaístjs d dstça gaevdegihas hd qud tahas dstça jci pjrj sdrvir sdus ietdrdssds. Dcds sça iegjpjzds hd prdagupjrdm-sd gam js edgdssihjhds d sdetimdetas has hdmjis, dmoarj sdfjm, ej mjiarij hjs vdzds, gjpjzds hd sdetir prdagupjâôds dmpêtigjs d lrdqudetdmdetd dxiodm gucpj. Wdus rdcjgiaejmdetas gam as autras sça supdrgijis d dcds prdgisjm hd autrjs pdssajs jpdejs pjrj sdrvi-cas, rdspditê-cas d rdgaekdgæ-cas. Jp÷s um gurta pdríaha hd tdmpa, sça jté mdsma gjpjzds hd jbir hd
mjedirj pdrsujsivj hd larmj j rdgdodr a rdgaekdgimdeta jckdia. Gaelarmd j prdldræegij hj pdssaj ejrgisistj hd sdr supdriar d suj prapdesça hd hamiejr js hdmjis, umj garrdcjâça pasitivj lai degaetrjhj detrd a ejrgisisma d a eívdc hd tdstastdraej, a karmøeia rdcjgiaejha gam j hamieïegij (^CJXXKDIGKD_, (^CJXXKDIGKD_, ?>:::7). Tm dstuha usjeha ljtards hd jeêcisd rdvdcau qud j mjeipucjâça d j iesdesioicihjhd sça edgdssêrij d sugidetdmdetd as gampaedetds hd umj pdrsaejcihjhd mjcévacj (FAEDW & LIBTD_DHA, ?>:7). Ejs öctimjs hégjhjs, dstuhas qud usjrjm umj jmpcj vjridhjhd hd qudstiaeêrias d tdstds tæm dstjodcdgiha um rdcjgiaejmdeta mjis au mdeas pr÷xima detrd js mdhihjs hd mjquijvdcisma, ejrgisisma d psigapjtij. A rdcjgiaejmdeta mjis pr÷xima lai degaetrjha detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j psigapjtij, a qud eça é surprddehdetd,
umj vdz qud jmoas dstça jssagijhas gam um paord sdesa hd rdspaesjoicihjhd d pauga gampramissa gam j marjc (^JTCKTW & RICCIJMW, ?>>?0 RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?). Jhdmjis, dssd rdcjgiaejmdeta é mdhijha par umj lartd ieuæegij bdeétigj0 gam bæmdasd degaetrau umj saordpasiâça detrduma dstuha mjquijvdcisma j psigapjtij (\D_EAE dt jc., ?>>;). A mjquijvdcisma hdmaestrj umj garrdcjâça pjrtigucjrmdetd lartd gam j psigapjtij primêrij, d a gadgidetd pahd jté mdsma dxgdhdr >,2 (JCI & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>:>), jpdsjr hd dcd pdrmjedgdr, ej mjiarij has gjsas, ej ljixj detrd >,4 d >,>?0 FJGAORIXV & DBJE, ?>>:70 \D_EAE dt jc., ?>>;). Tmj gjrjgtdrístigj gamum has træs mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj é a ojixa eívdc hd jbrjhjoicihjhd. Dstd jspdgta gj rddtiha dm gjrjgtdrístigjs tjis gama sdr dspdrta, jutaritêria, dbaístj, jroitrêria, ríbiha, tdimasa, impjgidetd, ietacdrjetd, rmd, jbrdssiva d praocdmêtiga. Eça jpdejs as mjquijvécigas, mjs tjmoém as ejrgisistjs d psigapjtjs hdmaestrjm um ojixa eívdc hd dmpjtij dmagiaejc, ista é, dcds tæm umj kjoicihjhd rdcjtivjmdetd paord pjrj pdrgdodrdm as sdetimdetas d js edgdssihjhds has autras (RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?). Dcds tjmoém sd saordpôdm, dm sdu rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva, gam j dmpjtij gabeitivj (RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?0 FAEJWAE & @_JTWD, ?>:7), a qud ljz rdldræegij î gamprddesça has dstjhas dmagiaejis has autras0 issa dstê gcjrjmdetd rdcjgiaejha gam j kjoicihjhd cdr mdetds (gl. gjp. ;gam d 9).um Xahas as mdmoras hj Xríjhd hd Edbrj sça jssagijhas ojixa eívdc hd
jutagaetracd devacviha dm hivdrsas gampartjmdetas, hd tdehæegijs jetissagijis jté j prdldræegij par rdcjgiaejmdetas hd gurtj hurjâça (LT_EKJM0 _IGKJ_HW & ^JTCKTW, ?>:7). A ejrgisisma d j psigapjtij sça ietimjmdetd cibjhasEdbrj, î dxtravdrsça, d tahas as træs mdmoras hj Xríjhd iegcuieha a mjquijvdcisma, sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par umj jctj ousgj par sdesjâôds, jcijhj gam umj lartd aridetjâça dm hirdâça jas dstímucas eavas d eça usujis (G_YWDC0 G_AWID_ & RDOWXD_, ?>:7). Liejcmdetd, tahas as træs mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj prdhamiejetdmdetd iegcudm kamdes. Oax 8.7 Mjquijvdcisma d psigapjtij primêrij
É surprddehdetd qudprimêrij. a mjquijvdcisma dstdfjé mjis ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejha î psigapjtij Dssj ielarmjâça iedspdrjhj, pais j psigapjtij é gaesihdrjhj gama j ljgdtj –mjis edbrj” hj Xríjhd Edbrj (^JICIEB0 OAAE & DBJE, ?>:8), a qud é um sieøeima ha mjc edssd gaetdxta. As psigapjtjs primêrias eça sça jpdejs jqudcds qud eça sdetdm rdmarsa d sça mjcévacas, mjs jqudcds pasitivjmdetd gruéis d impidhasas. Dcds eça sdetdm rdmarsa au gucpj. ^ar autra cjha, as mjquijvécigas sça muita mjis –kumichds” d pjgígas, gama gau gcjra jtrjvés has gjpítucas jetdriards. Dcds rjrjmdetd sça cdvjhas j dmprdbjr j viacæegij, umj vdz qud prdldrdm kumickjr as autras0 jhdmjis, dcds sça mdstrds ha debjea. D mjis, dcds eça ldrdm as autras par prjzdr, mjs pjrj aotdr jcba. Ja tamjr dssjs hildrdeâjs dssdegijis dm gaetj, j rdcjâça íetimj detrd mdhihjs hd mjquijvdcisma d psigapjtij gcjmjm par umj dxpcigjâça. Issa sd hdvd pravjvdcmdetd î psigapjtij, umj vdz qud psigapjtjs tæm muitjs gjrjgtdrístigjs dm gamum gam as mjquijvécigas6 jmoas mjeipucjm as autras, pdesjm rjgiaejcmdetd d prdviedm-sd hd sdrdm jldtjhas par sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds. Jcbuém pahdrij hizdr qud a mjquijvdcisma é a –eívdc oêsiga” hj psigapjtij, d qud dstj é j aribdm ha rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd jmoas. Gaetuha, psigapjtjs hdsdevacvdm gjrjgtdrístigjs jhigiaejis saord dssj luehjâça qud as hildrdegijm lartdmdetd has mjquijvécigas, gama gj gcjra ja gaesihdrjr sdus gampartjmdetas. Dcds sça pdssajs jetissagijis, viacdetjs d gruéis, qud bastjm hd ldrir as autras. Dssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs pdrtdegdm jpdejs j paugas mjquijvécigas. Dstuhas luturas tdrça qud gcjrigjr dssjs vdrdhjs dm hdsdevacvimdeta d dlditas pjrdetjis qud gjejcizjm sdus gampartjmdetas jhuctas saord hildrdetds pdrgursas.
7 Hildrdeâjs Gama dssjs hdsgaodrtjs hdvdm sdr ietdrprdtjhjs1 ^ar um cjha, as træs mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj jtujcmdetd tæm pdrs hd pdrsaejcihjhds qud sd saordpôdm, tjc gama muitas trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd dm gamum. ^ar autra cjha, kê hildrdeâjs luehjmdetjis qud tjmoém jpjrdgdm, a qud qudstiaej um ackjr muita dstrita au jté mdsma um usa dxgcusiva hj Xríjhd Edbrj gama um dequjhrjmdeta ueigjha pjrj gamprddehdr dssds træs gampaedetds. Dssdegijcmdetd, a Mahdca Oib Livd (gl. oax 7.:) tdm jpdejs umj öeigj himdesça qud hdmaestrj um rdcjgiaejmdeta lartdmdetd edbjtiva gam tahas as træs gampaedetds hj Xríjhd Edbrj, j sjodr, j jbrjhjoicihjhd (^JTCKTW & RICCIJMW, ?>>?). Zujeta jas autras qujtra ljtards priegipjis hd pdrsaejcihjhd, as mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj eça jprdsdetjm qujcqudr gaesistæegij. A ejrgisisma d a mjquijvdcisma hildrdm tjeta detrd si qud edekum autra trjâa hd pdrsaejcihjhd jcém hj jbrjhjoicihjhd pahd sdr rdcjgiaejha. Jcbuém pahdrij dspdrjr qud a mjquijvdcisma dstivdssd ietimjmdetd gaedgtjha gam j psigapjtij ea gaestrugta hj pdrsaejcihjhd, mjs muitas dstuhas tæm rdvdcjha hildrdeâjs detrd dcds qujeta î dxtravdrsça d dstjoicihjhd dmagiaejc (^JTCKTW & RICCIJMW, ?>>?0 _JTXKMJEE, ?>::0 \D_EAE dt jc., ?>>;). Jhdmjis, umj hildrdeâj ibujcmdetd eat÷rij detrd mjquijvdcisma d psigapjtij é qud a öctima dstê mjis prapdesa î jesidhjhd (JC JIE dt jc., ?>:7). Gama lai prdvijmdetd hisgutiha, as mjquijvécigas usujcmdetd eça hdmaestrjm umj brjehd impucsivihjhd, jpdsjr hd as dstuhas edssd gjmpa tdrdm jcgjeâjha rdsuctjhas um tjeta qujeta gaetrjhit÷rias. ^ar autra cjha, as psigapjtjs sça gcjrjmdetd muita impucsivas, gam dspdgijc hdstjqud pjrj j impucsivihjhd hisluegiaejc qud iegcudm ?>::). ljctj hd jtdeâça d j ousgj pdca risga (FAEDWjas & ^JTCKTW, As psigapjtjs, simicjrmdetd
mjquijvécigas, sça mdetirasas iegurêvdis, dequjeta as ejrgisistjs eça a sça6 edekum rdcjgiaejmdeta lai degaetrjha detrd a eívdc hd ejrgisisma, j lrdquæegij hjs mdetirjs d a eömdra hd pdssajs cuhiorijhjs (FAEJWAE dt jc., ?>:8). js Dmpdssajs bdrjc, ejrgisistjs gampjrjhas mjquijvécigas d psigapjtjs, sçajas gaesihdrjhjs mdeas mjcévacjs, umj vdz qud dcjs hdmaestrjm um gjrêtdr sagijcmdetd mjis pasitiva d umj jcdbrij jutarrdldrihj mjis jctj (DBJE0 GKJE & WKA_XD_, ?>:80 @ARJCW@I0 \D_EAE & WGKD_MD_, ?>:2). Hildrdeâjs simicjrds larjm degaetrjhjs ea tagjetd î jetissagijoicihjhd d îs tamjhjs hd risga. Gama jprdsdetjha ea gjpítuca jetdriar, as mjquijvécigas sça jpdejs préhispastas j jssumir um risga mahdrjha, hd maha j jcgjeâjr um bjeka imdhijta, umj gaesdquæegij hd suj aridetjâça dstrjtébij hd caeba prjza. Dssd eça é a gjsa has psigapjtjs0 dcds pdrsdbudm as bjekas j qujcqudr gusta, mdsma qujeha issa pravagj umj pueiâça. Dcds eça sd gaetracjm qujeta ja faba d, gama rdsuctjha, dcds pdrhdm muita hdviha î pueiâça qud iegarrdm (FAEDW, ?>:8). Xjmjekj iesdesioicihjhd hijetd hj pueiâça é jpdejs umj hjs mjeildstjâôds hd iedxioicihjhd gjrjgtdrizjhj pdcas psigapjtjs. A autra trjâa rdcjgiaejha é j jbrdssça, tjmoém gjrjgtdrístigj hd psigapjtjs6 dcds lrdqudetdmdetd jssjctjm as autras d dstça praetas pjrj imdhijtjmdetd sd viebjr hd qujcqudr hjea qud tdekjm salriha (LT_EKJM0 _IGKJ_H & ^JTCKTW, ?>:70 FAEDW & ^JTCKTW, ?>:>0 ^JICIEB0 OAAE & DBJE, ?>:8). Dmoarj as mjquijvécigas tjmoém gamdtjm jtas jetissagijis, dcds pdrmjedgdm muita jtrês has psigapjtjs ej orutjcihjhd d grudchjhd, a qud pravjvdcmdetd tdm aribdm ej ljctj hd gaetracd has impucsas hd jbrdssivihjhd. Ja ackjr js hildrdeâjs mjis pradmiedetds detrd as hais brupas, jcbuém pravjvdcmdetd irij jpaetjr j qujsd tatjc d josacutj ljctj hd ej rdmarsa d gucpj eas psigapjtjs. As mjquijvécigas dstça, mjiarij
hjs vdzds, hdsprdagupjhas gam as sdetimdetas has autras, mjs dcds eça dxiodm dssd tipa hd ljctj hd misdrig÷rhij qud é tça gjrjgtdrístigj ej larmj gama as psigapjtjs sd rdcjgiaejm gam as autras. Eça é par jgjsa qud as psigapjtjs gjm étigas muita gama jtrês fustiâj has hais autras brupas ea tagjetd j vjcards d jctruísma (FAEJWAE dt jc., ?>:4). Tmj hildrdeâj jhigiaejc impartjetd é qud tjeta psigapjtjs qujeta ejrgisistjs jtdstjm suj pr÷prij brjehdzj d supdriarihjhd, dequjeta as mjquijvécigas sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par jcbum tipa hd rdjcisma. Dcds eça sd gacagjm sao umj cuz mjis ljvarêvdc0 pdca gaetrêria, dcds pdesjm qud sça tça dbaístjs d kip÷gritjs qujeta as autras. Hildrdeâjs dssdegijis larjm degaetrjhjs dm um dstuha rdgdetd qujeta ja hamíeia hjs dstrjtébijs hd saordvivæegij (OI_@ÊW0 BÊGW & GWJXK×, ?>::80 @ARJCW@I0 \D_EAE & WGKD_MD_, ?>:2). Dm vdz hj Xríjhd Edbrj, dcds prapusdrjm j Híjhd Edbrj (mjquijvdcisma d psigapjtij), d um ejrgisisma rdcjgiaejha, parém sdpjrjha. Dssd gaegdita dstê ojsdjha dm hdsgaodrtjs dmpírigjs qud hdmaestrjm j mjiarij has gampartjmdetas prassagijis sça lartdmdetd d edbjtivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejhas gam a mjquijvdcisma d j psigapjtij, mjs eça gam a ejrgisisma, dmoarj a öctima tdekj, hd larmj ÷ovij, jcbumjs gaeatjâôds edbjtivjs (p. dx., j ojixj jbrjhjoicihjhd). Jiehj qud sd tdekj deljtizjha j lartd jssagijâça detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j psigapjtij, d tjmoém qud a ejrgisisma sdfj gaesihdrjha gama um tdrgdira gjrêtdr hd pdrsaejcihjhd, jpdsjr hd lrjgjmdetd gaedgtjha jas öctimas hais, muitas dstuhas hdsgrdvdm autrj imjbdm. Tmj pdsquisj pacaedsj ievdstibau a rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd j Xríjhd X ríjhd Edbrj d a mjtdrijcisma, ista é, j tdehæegij hd gacagjr j passd mjtdrijc dm umj pasiâça muita jctj hdetra hj kidrjrquij iehivihujc hd vjcards (^ICGK & B×_EI@-HT_AWD, ?>:::7 dtg.). Tmj jeêcisd hdtjckjhj hdssj dstruturj oêsigj mastrj qud dcj gamprddehd hais gampaedetds mjiards. Tm hdcds é j iesdesioicihjhd, qud dssdegijcmdetd sibeigj j ljctj hd prdagupjâça par d dmpjtij qujeta jas autras. A autra gampaedetd é j mjeipucjâça ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejhj gam j mdetirj, j hdprdgijâça jckdij d, muita lrdqudetdmdetd, dbaísma sdm rdmarsa. Zujeha jmojs js gjrjgtdrístigjs sça iegarparjhjs dm um iehivíhua, a rdsuctjha é umj –pdrsaejcihjhd edbrj”. ^jrj jcém hdssds pjhrôds gamues, ea detjeta, tahas as træs mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj jprdsdetjm trjâas dspdgígas qud dstça pjutjhas dm umj dstruturj oêsigj. As mjquijvécigas sça primjrijmdetd gjrjgtdrizjhas par um pcjedfjmdeta dstrjtébiga, as psigapjtjs pdcj dxtrdmj jetissagijcihjhd, d as ejrgisistjs, par m, pdcj hispasiâça dbagæetrigj pjrj gam j vihj. Du pdesa qud a mjquijvdcisma, par um cjha, tdm trjâas oêsigas dm gamum gam autras mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj. ^ar autra cjha, dcd tjmoém hdmaestrj pjhrôds dspdgígas au típigas, tjis gama um maha rjgiaejc hd pdesjr, js tamjhjs hd hdgisôds dxívdis, d as gêcgucas ha tipa
gusta/odedlígia qujeta î sjíhj gampartjmdetjc. J pjrtir hdssj pdrspdgtivj, a gaegdita hd Xríjhd Edbrj tdm, ea mdu paeta hd vistj, um pahdr dxpcigjtiva delrjqudgiha. Dcd eça laredgd umj himdesça hj pdrsaejcihjhd histietj d ueigjhj qud pahd sdrvir pjrj ^dca prdhizdr larmjs dspdgígjsumj ha gampartjmdeta kumjea. gaetrêria6 dcd rdprdsdetj dstruturj vjbj has træs gampaedetds jtujcmdetd prdsdetds, mjs eça gaestitui um öeiga d sdpjrjha trjâa hd pdrsaejcihjhd. J Xríjhd Edbrj é mjis ötic pjrj as prap÷sitas hd hdsgriâça d gjtdbarizjâça ej mdhihj dm qud dcj aldrdgd um dequjhrjmdeta ea qujc js mjiards gjrjgtdrístigjs hj mjcdvacæegij d ha mjc kumjea pahdm sdr ietdbrjhjs. Gaetuha, dstd é jpdejs um dequjhrjmdeta jmpca d lrjgjmdetd ietdbrjha, qud eça pahd hd larmj jcbumj suostituir dxpcigjâôds saord a mjquijvdcisma, j psigapjtij djs a ejrgisisma gama detihjhds histietjs.
4 Hdsdevacvimdeta, sagijcizjâça, kist÷rij hd vihj
Gama jcbumjs pdssajs sd tarejm mjquijvécigjs1 Zud dvdetas agarrdm dm suj vihj qud js tarejm dbaístjs, mjeipucjharjs d debjejharjsdcjspjrj gammjquijvécigjs, js hdmjis pdssajs1 Au, jctdrejtivjmdetd, ejsgdm au sdfj, dstj gaehutj dbaístj dstê prdsgritj dm sdus bdeds1
: Bdeétigj ^augas dstuhas tæm sd hdhigjha î kdrdhitjridhjhd ha mjquijvdcisma. ^kicip \dreae d gacdbjs (?>>;) gampjrjrjm bæmdas ihæetigas d lrjtdreas gaelarmd sujs paetujâôds ea Xdstd X dstd Mjgk-I\ Mjgk-I\.. As jutards hdsgaorirjm qud a mjquijvdcisma jprdsdetj umj kdrdhitjridhjhd rdcjtivjmdetd ojixj (>,7:), a qud sibeigj qud jpdejs 7:% hj vjrijâça iehivihujc ej Dsgjcj Mjgk pahd sdr dxpcigjhj par ljtards bdeétigas, dequjeta ,,49 ea ejrgisisma. Jiehj jssim, ljtards bdeétigas tjmoém gaetrioudm pjrj a mjquijvdcisma, gama um dstuha rdgdetd rdvdcau jtrjvés hj jeêcisd hjshdsgaoriu macégucjs (MAEXJB dt jc., ?>:4). A dstuha qud bdeétigjs um gdrta
tipa hd bded rdgdptar hj hapjmiej é lrdqudetdmdetd partjha par iehivíhuas qud jcgjeâjm paetujâôds muita jctjs ea Xdstd Mjgk. J hapjmiej é gaekdgihj par sdu impartjetd pjpdc ea pragdssjmdeta d prdhiâça hd dvdetas pasitivas, prjzdrasas dpjrtigucjr rdgampdesjhards, jpdsjr hd edekum gaekdgimdeta dstjr hispaeívdc qujeta jas mdgjeismas siac÷bigas d psigac÷bigas qud ljzdm j mdhijâça detrd dssd dldita bdeétiga d a mjquijvdcisma. Oax 4.: Dstuhas hd bæmdas d kdrdhitjridhjhd
Tm dxjmd ha pjearjmj bdeétiga ha trjâa gampartjmdetjc au mdetjc dxibd dlditas jmoidetjis d kdrdhitêrias saord a lde÷tipa iehivihujc j sdr sdpjrjha. Dssj sdpjrjâça é umj joarhjbdm rdcjtivjmdetd gamum d jgditj pjrj a gampartjmdeta jeimjc0 jcbuém pahdrij gitjr j dehabjmij, par dxdmpca. Ea detjeta, a dsgapa tjis dxpdrimdetas dm kumjeas é jctjmdetd rdstrita par hd ÷ovijs gaesihdrjâôds étigjs. Wdfj gama lar, é passívdc degaetrjr mjedirjs étigjs d jgditêvdis pjrj jejcisjr ljtards bdeétigas ea gampartjmdeta kumjea. Tmj larmj é a dstuha gampjrjtiva hd bæmdas. É hd gaekdgimdeta bdrjc qud kê hais tipas hd bæmdas6 as ihæetigas (maeazib÷tigas au MV), au sdfj, bæmdas qud gjrrdbjm a mdsma pjhrça bdeétiga, dequjeta as lrjtdreas (hizib÷tigas au HV) sça as bæmdas qud jpdejs gjrrdbjm 4>% hj gjrbj bdeétigj ha(j) autra(j) irmça(ç). Wd as bæmdas ihæetigas sça, qujeha gampjrjhas jas bæmdas lrjtdreas, partjhards hd brjehds sdmdckjeâjs gampartjmdetjc d mdetjc, jcém hd gjrjgtdrístigjs hd pdrsaejcihjhd, detça j jctj garrdcjâça pahd sdr dxpcigjhj pdcj ieuæegij bdeétigj. Wd, par dxdmpca, um dstuha hd gjpjgihjhd hd rdspastj dmagiaejc gdetdejs bæmdas aotivdssd umj garrdcjâça méhigj devacvdeha hd >,4 pjrj bæmdashd ihæetigas dequjeta a vjcar hd >,? lassd jcgjeâjha pjrj bæmdas lrjtdreas, hdstd maha sdrij umj gaegcusça odm luehjmdetjhj supar qud j brjehd sdmdckjeâj detrd bæmdas ihæetigas tdekj aribdm, ja mdeas pjrgijcmdetd, dm sdus bde÷tipas ihæetigas (^CAMIE dt jc., ?>>4). Dstuhas gam bæmdas, pjrj jcém has dstuhas hd pdssajs jhatjhjs, pdrmitdm qud as pdsquisjhards dstimdm j kdrdhitjridhjhd hd um hjha gampartjmdeta jtrjvés hd gêcgucas dspdgígas. Ea dxdmpca suprjmdegiaejha, j kdrdhitjridhjhd hj gjpjgihjhd hd rdspastj dmagiaejc é hd jpraximjhjmdetd >, j :, d j praparâça hdmaestrj j dxtdesça ej qujc j vjrijâça iehivihujc ea trjâa dstuhjha pahd sdr trjâjhj qujeta jas ljtards bdeétigas. ^ar dxdmpca, sd j praparâça hd kdrdhitjridhjhd hd >,44 é jcgjeâjhj pjrj j
ietdcibæegij dm bdrjc, issa subdrd qud 44% hj vjrijâça iehivihujc degaetrjhj ejs paetujâôds hd ZI dm hdtdrmiejhj papucjâça hdvd-sd j ljtards bdeétigas (dequjeta 84% garrdspaehdm j dlditas jmoidetjis). Dmoarj tjis gêcgucas laredâjm umj imjbdm gaeêvdc hd um eívdc hd ieuæegij bdeétigj, dcds hdvdm sdr usjhas gam gjutdcj. Bdedtigistjs kumjeas gaegarhjm qud j ieuæegij bdeétigj saord a gampartjmdeta d pdesjmdeta kumjeas eça hdvd sdr detdehihj eas tdrmas hd um hdtdrmieisma ríbiha. Hautrj lditj, as bdeds gjejcizjm a gampartjmdeta6 dcds bdrjm dstruturjs sdesarijis, mdgjeismas edurjis d gjmiekas hd hdsdevacvimdeta qud prahuzdm gdrtas tipas hd pdrsaejcihjhd d kjoicihjhds mdetjis qud mjis ljgicmdetd pahdm sd hdsdevacvdr. Ea detjeta, a jmoidetd tjmoém laredgd umj gaetriouiâça impartjetd, umj vdz qud js hispasiâôds bdeétigjs sça mjeildstjs dm gaetíeuj ietdrjâça, iegcuieha muhjeâjs eas ljtards jmoidetjis. Ejs hégjhjs rdgdetds, umj eavj hisgipciej ej pdsquisj ha gampartjmdeta kumjea, j Bdeétigj Macdgucjr, tdm jvjeâjha rjpihjmdetd. Dcj lagj ej pasiâça, lueâça d mjeildstjâça oiaquímigj hd bdeds siebucjrds iedrdetds jas gampartjmdetas dspdgígas d trjâas gabeitivas. bdeds hdsgaodrtas jté jbarj hdsdmpdekjm um impartjetd Mickjrds pjpdc ea hd hdsdevacvimdeta ha pdesjmdeta d gampartjmdeta kumjeas dm êrdjs gama j ietdcibæegij, j ousgj par eavihjhds d a jcgaacisma, pjrj eamdjr jpdejs jcbumjs hdcjs (ODEFJMIE0 DOWXDIE & ODCMJ@D_, ?>>4).
Dssjs hdsgaodrtjs cdvjm î gaegcusça hd qud as ljtards bdeétigas, mdsma qud passjm tdr gdrta pjpdc ea hdsdevacvimdeta hj larmj hd vihj d pdesjmdeta mjquijvécigas, a mjquijvdcisma é primjrijmdetd um rdsuctjha has dlditas jmoidetjis. Dstuhas jhigiaejis tjmoém tæm jpaetjha qud dssjs ieuæegijs dxtdrejs lrdqudetdmdetd væm ha jmoidetd ljmicijr, usujcmdetd ej larmj hd imprdssôds d dxpdriæegijs qud brassdirjmdetd ibujcjm a dldita hd bæmdas qud sça grijhas fuetas. J bdeétigj kumjej rdldrd-sd îs gaehiâôds ha –jmoidetd gampjrtickjha”, a qud iegcui dlditas ljmicijrds gamues, tjis gama a dstica pjrdetjc, j jtmasldrj dmagiaejc au a stjtus. Tm dstuha puocigjha kê 8> jeas jpaetau j passívdc impartïegij hj ieuæegij pjrdetjc6 j garrdcjâça pasitivj lai degaetrjhj dm íehigds Mjgk hd grijeâjs hd :? jeas hd
ihjhd d sdus pjis (@_JTX & ^_IGD, :92:8) pdhirjm qud dstuhjetds sdguehjristjs hdsgrdvdssdm sdus jmoidetds ljmicijrds. A dstuha primjrijmdetd lagau ej gadsça ljmicijr d j gamueigjâça detrd mdmoras hj ljmícij, ielarmjâôds jcgjeâjhjs gam um qudstiaejmdeta dspdgigjmdetd hdsdevacviha pdcas jutards (oax 4.?). As rdsuctjhas rdvdcjrjm qud iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk mjeildstjrjm pdrgdpâôds hildrdetds qujeta ja luegiaejmdeta hj ljmícij. As mjquijvécigas pdrgdodm sujs ljmícijs gam pauga jpdba dmagiaejc, jcém hd mjis gj÷tigjs d mdeas gadsivjs, gam umj gcjrj ljctj hd rdbrjs d cjâas dstêvdis. Dcds tjmoém gamueigjrjm rdgursas hd gamueigjâça mjis paords hdetra hj ljmícij, tjc gama mdeas sjtisljâça gam j vihj ljmicijr ljmicijr.. As jutards subdrdm qud, sao tjis girguestïegijs, grijeâjs eça pahdm hdsdevacvdr rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimasjs d tæm mdeas apartueihjhds hd prjtigjr vêrijs kjoicihjhds sagijis. Dcjs pahdm sd tarejr mjis sacitêrijs d isacjhjs dm gdrtas jmoidetds ljmicijrds, qud pahdm gampdci-cjs j hdsdevacvdr um ejrgisisma jutahdldesiva6 dcjs sd pratdbdm ja sd gacagjrdm sao umj cuz dxtrdmjmdetd pasitivj, dequjeta gaesihdrjm as autras gama eça mdrdgdhards hd suj jtdeâça. Jhdmjis, um jmoidetd ljmicijr gj÷tiga é mjis pjssívdc hd ljzdr gam qud j grijeâj eça hdsdevacvj a sdetimdeta hd qud pahd gaejr eas autras d qud j gaapdrjâça é odeégj. A gampartjmdeta pjrdetjc
imprdvisívdc pahd ljzdr gam qud js grijeâjs sietjm qud s÷ pahdm gaejr edcjs mdsmjs, a qud, par suj vdz, prdfuhigj a hdsdevacvimdeta hd um jutagaetracd earmjc. Js grijeâjs pahdm pdrgdodr j gamueigjâça jmoíbuj au debjejharj detrd as mdmoras hj ljmícij gama umj larmj hd mdetirj ievacuetêrij qud pahd sdr odeégj dm luturjs ietdrjâôds sagijis. Gaesihdrjeha tuha issa, eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud as mjquijvécigas jhuctas mastrdm paugj prdagupjâça dmpêtigj, gieisma d ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc paord. ^arém, umj ietdrprdtjâça rdvdrsj hjs hdsgaodrtjs tjmoém é hibej hd eatj6 jqudcds jhacdsgdetds qud jcgjeâjrjm jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk pahdm fucbjr sdus pjis edbjtivjmdetd. Wd dstd lar a gjsa, detça eça sça js gaehiâôds hdsvjetjfasjs ljmicijrds qud suosdqudetdmdetd ljzdm gam qud js grijeâjs hdsdevacvjm mjquijvdcismahjs gama umj larmj pdesjr, mjs j jtituhda mjquijvécigj grijeâjs qud hd js cdvj j larmjr umj imjbdm hdsljvarêvdc saord js sujs ljmícijs. Oax 4.? Jhjptjoicihjhd hj ljmícij d dsgjcj hd gads gadsça ça (L (Ljgds-I\0 jgds-I\0 itdes sdcdgiaejhas)
Lai sacigitjha jas rdspaehdetds pjrj qud iehigjssdm dm qud dxtdesça gjhj itdm drj jpcigêvdc îs sujs ljmícijs, mdhijetd j dsgackj hd umj hjs giega jctdrejtivjs hd rdspastj6 :) Eça hdsgrdvd dm ejhj eassj ljmícij0 ?) Hdsgrdvd cdvdmdetd eassj ljmícij0 7) Hd jcbumj larmj hdsgrdvd eassj ljmícij0 8) Bdrjcmdetd hdsgrdvd eassj ljmícij0 4) Hdsgrdvd odm eassj ljmícij. :) As mdmoras hj ljmícij dstça devacvihas ejs vihjs has autras. ?) Eassj ljmícij tdetj eavjs larmjs pjrj cihjr gam as praocdmjs. 7) E÷s tdmas rdcjgiaejmdetas mdckards gam pdssajs larj hj eassj ljmícij ha qud gam eassas pr÷prias ljmicijrds. 8) E÷s pjssjmas muita tdmpa fuetas. 4) Kê gaesdquæegijs ribarasjs ja qudorjr rdbrjs dm eassj ljmícij. ) As mdmoras hj ljmícij sdetdm-sd prdssiaejhas j pjssjr sdu tdmpa civrd fuetas. ::) Kê gaesdquæegijs sdvdrjs qujeha um mdmora hj ljmícij ljz jcba drrjha. :?) E÷s prdgisjmas hd mjis rdbrjs dm eassj ljmícij. :7) As mdmoras hj ljmícij jpaijm ues jas autras hurjetd tdmpas hd higuchjhd. :8) Js grijeâjs tæm jcba j hizdr qujeta î hisgipciej. :4) As mdmoras hj ljmícij sdetdm-sd mjis íetimas hd pdssajs larj hdcj ha qud hd mdmoras qud ljzdm pjrtd hdcj. :) Ej rdsacuâça hd praocdmjs, js subdstôds hjs grijeâjs sça sdbuihjs. ?:) As mdmoras hj ljmícij dstça saziekas qujeha kê um praocdmj j sdr rdsacviha. ??) As mdmoras hj ljmícij tæm paugj edgdssihjhd hd jmibas larj hj ljmícij. ?7) É hilígic qud jcbumj rdbrj sdfj muhjhj dm eassj ljmícij. ?8) Eça dstê gcjra qudm é rdspaesêvdc pdcjs gaisjs (tjrdljs haméstigjs, jtivihjhds) dm eassj ljmícij.
Aovijmdetd, pdsquisjs pastdriards sça edgdssêrijs pjrj gcjrigjr gama dssjs vjriêvdis dstça rdcjgiaejhjs. ^auquíssimas dstuhas tæm siha gaehuzihas ea gjmpa, mjs as hjhas hispaeívdis subdrdm qud j cibjâça gam um has pjis hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc-gkjvd ea hdsdevacvimdeta hj pdrsaejcihjhd mjquijvécigj. dstuha devacvdeha detrd as :< d :; jeas jvjciauTm as rdcjgiaejmdetas gamfavdes sdus
pjis jetds has :? jeas hd ihjhd, jtrjvés ha Ievdetêria hd Gampartjmdeta ^jrdetjc (AFKJ, ?>>2). Tm rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva lai degaetrjha detrd a gampartjmdeta jmarasa pjrdetjc (tjeta a gampartjmdeta ha pji qujeta hj mçd jvjcijhas sdpjrjhjmdetd) ad jgampartjmdeta aridetjâça mjquijvécigj grijeâj. Jpjrdetdmdetd, rdstritiva hj d rdpucsiva eutrd a hdsdevacvimdeta hd tdehæegijs mjeipucjharjs dm grijeâjs. Tm rdcjgiaejmdeta hd hupcj vij detrd pjis d grijeâjs passivdcmdetd suofjz dssd pragdssa6 js grijeâjs sdetdm rjivj, pais eça rdgdodm guihjhas sugidetds, dequjeta, ja mdsma tdmpa, dcjs tdmdm qud sdus pjis gaetieudm j edbcibdegiê-cjs. Hd mjedirj j qudorjr dssj jrmjhickj, js grijeâjs pahdm hdsdevacvdr um dstica gampartjmdetjc qud dstê ojsdjha dm debjejr icuhir sdus pjis, d jssim dstdehdm tjc dstrjtébij jas dhdmjis. Tm dstuha rdgdetd simicjr lagau ea rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd j dxpdriæegij hd favdes jhuctas qujeta ja guihjha pjrdetjc qud dcds rdgdodrjm ej ielïegij d sdus íehigds gaelarmd as pjrïmdtras hj Xríjhd Edbrj, iegcuieha a mjquijvdcisma (FAEJWAE0 CYAEW & ODXKDCC, ?>:8). As jutards hdssd dstuha tjmoém usjrjm umj mdhihj rdtraspdgtivj jutahdgcjrjhj6 as favdes jhuctas devacvihas ea dstuha larjm j usjr qudstôds dspdgígjs pjrj d trjtjraridetjhas ha dstica hd pjrdetjcihjhd hd sdus pjis d a rdgaorjr guihjha qud dcds rdgdodrjm hurjetd j ielïegij (jté as :< jeas hd ihjhd). Dcds usjrjm umj dsgjcj qud jorjebij hd : j 8 pjrj dstimjr jrmjâôds gama –miekj mçd pjrdgij dmagiaejcmdetd lrij gamiba”. Jhdmjis, as pjrtígipds hdssd dstuha tjmoém gampcdtjrjm umj mdhihj hd jpdba gam um jhucta pjrj dstimjr j qujcihjhd hd sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas jtujis gam as autras. Dcds jvjcijrjm sdetdeâjs gama –du gaesihdra lêgic tarejr-md dmagiaejcmdetd íetima hd jcbuém”. j ojixj qujcihjhd hd guihjha mjtdrea Aé dstuha um hasrdvdcau ljtardsqud mjis
impartjetds qud gaetrioudm pjrj j pdrsaejcihjhd mjquijvécigj. A guihjha mjtdrejc paord rdsuctj dm um jldta jhucta iesdbura, primjrijmdetd gama um dstica hd jldta gjrjgtdrizjha par um dstica hd cibjâça pjutjha ea tdmar-dsquivj (gl.sça oaxgjrjgtdrizjhjs 4.7). ^dssajs par qud umj hdmaestrjm tjc pjhrça hd jldta pdrspdgtivj jmoivjcdetd6 dcjs jesdijm par rdcjgiaejmdetas dmagiaejis mjis íetimas dequjeta, gaegamitjetdmdetd, sdetdm higuchjhds dm tarejrdm-sd íetimjs dm rdcjgiaejmdetas. Dssjs dmaâôds jmoivjcdetds lrdqudetdmdetd js cdvjm j larmjr ihdijs edbjtivjs saord as autras, a qud é umj gjrjgtdrístigj dssdegijc has mjquijvécigas. Gaesihdrjeha as jspdgtas mdegiaejhas jgimj, eça gkdbj j sdr surprddehdetd qud dstuhas usjrjm a Xdstd Mjgk –Ieljetic” (oax 4.8) ‗ au sdfj, dspdgigjmdetd hdsdevacviha pjrj grijeâjs ‗ pjrj jcgjeâjrdm gaegcusôds simicjrds. Dstuhjetds gam ihjhd detrd 9 d :7 jeas qud aotivdrjm jctjs paetujâôds eas tdstds hdmaestrjrjm gaegamitjetdmdetd ojixas íehigds hd dmpjtij, gaelarmd iehigjha pdcjs rdspastjs hd sdus praldssards dm um qudstiaeêria (WCJTBKXD_, ?>::). Wuj ljctj hd dmpjtij pahd dstjr rdcjgiaejhj gam suj paord kjoicihjhd hd cditurj hd pdesjmdetas, au sdfj, sdu hégit dm ieldrir js dmaâôds d edgdssihjhds jckdijs @D_IB, ?>:7). dstuhas subdrdm qud(WXDCCRJBDE grijeâjs gam & jctas íehigds ej Autras Dsgjcj Mjgk gam ihjhd detrd ; d :? jeas bdrjcmdetd jcimdetjm hdsgaejeâj hd autrjs pdssajs, d dcjs mdetdm gam mjis lrdquæegij ha qud j méhij. Eça tæm gaejeâj ej odedvacæegij jckdij d eça hdmaestrjm prdagupjâôds gam autrjs grijeâjs d jhuctas (WTXXAE & @DABK, ?>>>). Dssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs rdcdmorjm hd mjedirj imprdssiaejetd jqudcjs fê mdegiaejhjs has jhuctas mjquijvécigas. Ea detjeta, é passívdc qud js grijeâjs –mjquijvécigjs” ieigijcmdetd eça ousqudm debjejr d ldrir js autrjs pdssajs. Jhdmjis, js grijeâjs pahdm jté mdsma sdr
iegjpjzds hd prahuzir umj histieâça jbuhj detrd as gampartjmdetas mjeipucjhards d gaapdrjtivas (WTXXAE & @DABK, ?>>>). Oax 4.7 Dsticas hd jldta jhucta
Gaevdegiaejcmdetd, qujtra tipas hd dstica hd jldta jhucta sça eatjhas6 :) Wdbura ‗ Jhuctas gam jldta sdbura usujcmdetd gaegarhjm gam jrmjâôds gama –du eça md prdagupa dm gjr sazieka au qud as autras eça md jgditdm” au –du dstau gaelartêvdc hdpdehdeha has autras d qujeha as autras hdpdehdm hd mim”. ^dssajs hdssd tipa lrdqudetdmdetd fucbjm j si mdsmjs d sdus s dus rdcjgiaejmdetas hd mjedirj pasitivj. Dcjs dstça mjis sjtislditjs d dmagiaejcmdetd dstêvdis ha qud autras. Eça sdetdm higuchjhds gam ietimihjhd au iehdpdehæegij hijetd has hdmjis. ?) Jesiasa-prdagupjha ‗ ^dssajs dssd tipa hd jldta tdehdm gaegarhjr gam sdetdeâjs gama –du mdgam sieta hdsgaelartêvdc qujeha eçaj tdeka rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimas, mjs, dvdetujcmdetd, md prdagupa qud as autras eça md vjcarizdm tjeta qujeta du as vjcariza”. Dcjs dspdrjm jctas eívdis hd jpravjâça hd sdus pjrgdiras dequjeta hdsvjcarizjm j si pr÷prias eas rdcjgiaejmdetas. Dcjs sd tarejm mjis d mjis hdpdehdetds hd sdus pjrgdiras, a qud pjucjtiejmdetd jmpcij suj jesidhjhd. 7) Hdshdekasa-dsquiva ‗ Xjis pdssajs gaegarhjm gam jrmjâôds gama6 –é muita impartjetd pjrj mim sdetir-md iehdpdehdetd d jutassugidetd” au –du dstau gaelartêvdc gam paugas rdcjgiaejmdetas dmativas”. Dcjs lrdqudetdmdetd edbjm j edgdssihjhd hd rdcjgiaejmdetas pr÷ximas d jté mdsma vddm j si pr÷prijs gama ievucedrêvdis brjâjs î suj larmj hd vivdr sdm rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimas. Hdsdfjm j iehdpdehæegij gampcdtj, a qud tjmoém iegcui umj tdehæegij hd suprimir sdus sdetimdetas, tjc gama vdrdm j si pr÷prijs mjis pasitivjmdetd ha qud as autras. 8) Xdmdrasa-dsquiva ‗ Js pdssajs qud mjeildstjm dssd dstica hd jldta tdehdm j gaegarhjr gam js sdbuietds sdetdeâjs6 –du qudra rdcjgiaejmdetas dmagiaejis íetimas, mjs du sieta higuchjhds dm gaejr pcdejmdetd dm autrjs pdssajs” au –du jcbumjs vdzds md prdagupa dm sdr ldriha sd du md pdrmitir sdr mjis íetima has autras”. Dssds iehivíhuas mjeildstjm gdrta tipa hd jmoivjcæegij. Dcds jspirjm par rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimas dequjeta, simuctjedjmdetd, jgkjm hilígic partjr j ietimihjhd dmagiaejc, d sdetdm mdha hj ietimihjhd. Dcds eça gaejm sujs ietdeâôds jas sdus pjrgdiras, saordtuha par qudm jcimdetjm visôds Eça dxprdssjm sujs jpraprijhjmdetd d eçaedbjtivjs. dspdrjm j jldiâça hd sdus pjrgdiras.
dmaâôds
Oax 4.8 Dsgjcj Mjgk Ieljetic (itdes sdcdgiaejhas)
Dstj vdrsça hj Dsgjcj Mjgk lai hdsdevacvihj pjrj grijeâjs detrd ; d :< jeas hd ihjhd. As rdspaehdetds hdvdm iehigjr a brju hd gaegarhïegij gam gjhj itdm ja dsgackdr umj hjs jctdrejtivjs hd rdspastj j sdbuir6 : = hisgarha gampcdtjmdetd0 ? = bdrjcmdetd hisgarha0 7 = iehdgisa(j)0 8 = bdrjcmdetd gaegarha0 4 = gaegarha gampcdtjmdetd. • Euegj gaetd j eiebuém saord a qud vagæ ldz, dxgdta sd issa td jfuhjr. • J mjiarij hjs pdssajs é oaj d bdetic. • J mdckar mjedirj hd sd hjr odm gam js pdssajs é hizdr j dcjs a qud js ljz ldciz. • \agæ hdvd ljzdr jcba jpdejs qujeha tdm gdrtdzj hd qud é j gaisj gdrtj j sd ljzdr. • Gdrtjs vdzds vagæ prdgisj ldrir autrjs pdssajs pjrj gaesdbuir a qud vagæ qudr. • É mdckar hizdr j jcbuém par qud vagæ qudr j jfuhj hdcd(j) ha qud gaetjr umj oaj kist÷rij pjrj gaevdegæ-ca(j). • Tm grimieasa é jpdejs gama autrj pdssaj qujcqudr, dxgdta qud dcd(j) lai dstöpiha(j) a sugidetd pjrj sdr pdba. • J mjiarij hjs pdssajs é garjfasj. • É mjis ietdcibdetd sdr bdetic gam pdssajs impartjetds, mdsma qud vagæ eça bastd hdcjs rdjcmdetd. • Jcbumjs vdzds vagæ prdgisj trjpjgdjr um pauga pjrj gaesdbuir a qud vagæ qudr. • Euegj é gdrta gaetjr umj mdetirj. • H÷i mjis pdrhdr hiekdira ha qud um jmiba.
Jhuctas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk-I\ gaegarhjm gam jrmjâôds gama –j mdckar mjedirj hd cihjr gam pdssajs é hizdr a qud dcjs qudrdm auvir”. ^ar autra cjha, js grijeâjs gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk Ieljetic gaegarhjm gam sdetdeâjs gama –j mdckar mjedirj hd sd hjr odm gam js pdssajs é hizdr j dcjs jcba qud js ljâjm ldcizds”. Aovijmdetd, kê umj brjehd hildrdeâj detrd a
sibeigjha hjs hujs sdetdeâjs0 sdfj gama lar, é jctjmdetd pravêvdc qud j ejturdzj gíeigj d brassdirj has mjquijvécigas jhuctas tdekj rjízds hdsdevacvihjs dm umj ieuæegij iebæeuj ieljetic d tégeigjs hd debjea. Gjsa pasitiva, gama tjc hdsdevacvimdeta agarrd1 Edstd mamdeta larjm prapastjs jpdejs kip÷tdsds j dssd rdspdita. Js grijeâjs pahdm pauga j pauga hdsdevacvdr tjis tégeigjs d kjoicihjhds, ista é, jquica qud js jfuhd j sd ljvardgdr dm um jmoidetd sagijc hdsljvarêvdc, tjc gama, par dxdmpca, um jmoidetd ljmicijr iegdrta au um jldta iesdbura dm rdcjâça jas sdus pjis. ^ar dxdmpca, dcjs pahdm jprdehdr qud rdstriebir sujs rdjâôds dmagiaejis lamdetjhjs pdcj lrustrjâça d privjâça pahd pdrmitir j dcjs gaesihdrjr js girguestïegijs rjgiaejcmdetd d hd mjedirj lrij. Xjis jldtas iesdburas gam sdus pjis pahdm prahuzir j iegjpjgihjhd hd cibjâôds dmagiaejis gam js autrjs pdssajs. Wujs jtituhds lrijs d sdm dmaâça pahdm, par suj vdz, prdvdei-cjs hj ietdrejcizjâça hd earmjs rdbucjharjs hd gaapdrjâça d rdbrjs hd rdgipragihjhd. Jhdmjis, dm um jmoidetd aehd dcjs dxpdrimdetjm hdsgaejeâj mötuj d gamueigjâça jmoíbuj, pahdm jprdehdr j maeitarjr a gampartjmdeta has hdmjis hd mjedirj qud passjm imdhijtjmdetd sd jhjptjr îs dxpdgtjtivjs ha mdia. Dcjs tjmoém hdsdevacvdm umj pjixça pdcj ousgj par rdgampdesjs, d hdsdfjm aotdr gaetumjz bjekas imdhijtas dm jmoidetds hd privjâça d imprdvisioicihjhd. Ibujcmdetd, dcjs jprdehdm j ieioir sdus gampartjmdetas dspaetïedas jctruístigas d odedvacdetds hd mjedirj j dvitjr rdcjgiaejmdetas qud passjm impar hdsvjetjbdes d jeböstijs saord dcjs.
7 Hdsdevacvimdeta marjc Tm jmoidetd ljmicijr hdsvjetjfasa tjmoém tdm umj ieuæegij saord a hdsdevacvimdeta marjc hjs grijeâjs.
Ojsdjha dm um dstuha devacvdeha mjis hd huzdetas jhuctas gam bæmdas ihæetigas d lrjtdreas, Fdeeildr Gjmpodcc d sdus gacdbjs subdrirjm qud mjquijvécigas (d psigapjtjs) gjm jtrês hjs hdmjis pdssajs ja jhquirir d jpcigjr earmjs (GJM^ODCC dt jc., ?>>9). Íehigds jctas ej Dsgjcj Mjgkmarjis sça lartdmdetd garrdcjgiaejhas gam ojixas eívdis hd hdsdevacvimdeta marjc, a qud garrdspaehd jas dstêbias ? d 7 ea mahdca hd @akcodrb (oax 4.4). Js rdspastjs has iehivíhuas aotihjs dm um qudstiaeêria rdvdcjrjm qud as mjquijvécigas dstça gcjrjmdetd gaesgidetds hd sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds0 parém, eça pahdm rdgaegiciê-cas gam js dxpdgtjtivjs hd sdus brupas. Dcds sça gjpjzds hd fucbjr js impcigjâôds marjis hd umj jâça ja gaesihdrjrdm sujs gaesdquæegijs, dmoarj ljctd j dcds um sdesa gampramissa d rdspaesjoicihjhd, saordtuha qujeta hd î aosdrvïegij gaesistdetd hjs rdbrjs (dstd öctima jspdgta garrdspaehdrij ja dstêbia 8 ea mahdca hd @akcodrb). Dcds eça rdspditjm au tjcvdz eça sd prdagupjm gam a ljta hd qud pdssajs qud vivdm dm hildrdetds pjrtds ha mueha tæm visôds, hirditas d vjcards hildrdetds (dstêbia 4). A devacvimdeta hd bæmdas ea dstuha suprjmdegiaejha impcigj umj impartïegij pjrtigucjr qujeha as jutards vactjm sujs jtdeâôds îs jutards gjusjs tæm has dstjodcdgiha ojixas eívdis hdsdevacvimdeta marjc. As qudhd a hdsdevacvimdeta marjc é um rdsuctjha hj ietdrjâça gampcdxj detrd ljtards bdeétigas d jmoidetjis. Xjeta as íehigds jctas qujeta as ojixas hd hdsdevacvimdeta marjc pahdm sdr trjâjhas hd vactj î ielïegij, au sdfj, pjrj as dlditas hd um jmoidetd ljmicijr gampjrtickjha. Jssim, tuha cdvj j grdr qud priegípias pjrdetjis d j jgdssioicihjhd dmagiaejc has pjis, tjc gama js jeböstijs d gaejeâjs hdetra hj ljmícij, tæm umj ieuæegij gaesihdrêvdc dm jcbuém qud jcgjeâj um hjha dstêbiaqud hd ahdsdevacvimdeta marjc. As rdsuctjhas hdmaestrjrjm rdcjgiaejmdeta
detrd eívdis hd hdsdevacvimdeta marjc d as íehigds ha mjquijvdcisma pravém hjs imprdssôds ieljetis rdgdoihjs ej ljmícij dm vdz hd ljtards bdeétigas, qud tæm um pdqudea pjpdc edstd jssueta. Dssj hdsgaodrtj é gaesistdetd gam js aosdrvjâôds prdvijmdetd mdegiaejhjs saord j sagijcizjâça has mjquijvécigas6 a guihjha pjrdetjc hdgidetd, j gaejeâj rampihj d j gamueigjâça hdsarhdejhj pahdm lamdetjr um jmoidetd prapígia ja mjquijvdcisma. Oax 4.4 Mahdca hd @akcodrb
Cjwrdegd @akcodrb (:9?2-:9;2) lai um psig÷caba dxgdpgiaejc hd sdu tdmpa, qud dstdehdu j tdarij vibdetd ej épagj hd Fdje ^ijbdt saord a hdsdevacvimdeta gabeitiva pjrj a gjmpa ha hdsdevacvimdeta marjc. Gaelarmd a sdu mahdca, a hdsdevacvimdeta hd fucbjmdetas marjis jssumd cubjr jtrjvés hd sdis dstêbias sugdssivas0 gjhj qujc aldrdgd rdspastjs gjhj vdz mjis mjhurjs d gampcdxjs jas praocdmjs marjis. As sdis dstêbias sça as sdbuietds6 :) J gaelarmihjhd gam js rdbrjs é hiribihj pdcj aodhiæegij hijetd hd burjs hd jutarihjhd d pdca mdha hd pueiâça. Js burjs hd jutarihjhd sça aodhdgihjs iegaehigiaejcmdetd0 edekumj histieâça é lditj detrd ietdrdssds ha mdia d a pr÷pria ietdrdssd. ?) Js jâôds sça mativjhjs pdca rdgaekdgimdeta has ietdrdssds has autras d has pr÷prias ietdrdssds. J gaelarmihjhd gam js rdbrjs é impartjetd jpdejs sd dcjs dstivdrdm dm kjrmaeij gam as ietdrdssds pdssajis hd jcbuém. 7) J gaelarmihjhd gam js rdbrjs tarej-sd dssdegijc parqud dcj rdprdsdetj js dxpdgtjtivjs ha mdia (ljmícij, jmibas). Tmj impartïegij primêrij é jtriouíhj jas vjcards tjis gama gaejeâj, cdjchjhd, rdgaekdgimdeta d brjtihça. 8) Jpdsjr ha sistdmj hd mativas pdssajis, js dxpdgtjtivjs sagijis tjmoém jpjrdgdm dm hdgisôds marjis. Xjis jâôds sça hdsdfêvdis, hd mjedirj qud eça detrjm dm gaeita gam a sistdmj prdvjcdetd hd earmjs d aoribjâôds. 4) Tm pdríaha hd rdgaekdgimdeta hd priegípias, qud sça mjis impartjetds ha qud js earmjs sagijis prdvjcdetds. Xarej-sd gidetd hj hivdrsihjhd hd visôds d vjcards hjs pdssajs, jssim gama hj ejturdzj rdcjtivistj hjs rdbrjs d vjcards. \jcards luehjmdetjis (p. dx., a hirdita î vihj d ciodrhjhd) tæm priarihjhd0 parém, as iehivíhuas
pahdm civrdmdetd d hdmagrjtigjmdetd hdgihir muhjr js rdbrjs sd dcjs eça sdrvirdm mjis pjrj a odm-dstjr sagijc. >>> rujs d ?>.>>> cagjcizjâôds sdm usjr um mjpj. Gaelarmd as rdsuctjhas has dxjmds psigac÷bigas, dcds gaesdbuirjm um mdckar rdsuctjha ja rdgaorjr ielarmjâôds visujis rdcjgiaejhjs j Caehrds, dequjeta hdmaestrjrjm gjpjgihjhds mjis cimitjhjs hd jprdehizjha d mdm÷rij pjrj gdrtas tipas hd ielarmjâça visujc qud euegj tiekjm vista jetds (p. dx., rdcdmorjr burjs gampcdxjs hdpais hd jcbum tdmpa). Issa subdrd qud sdu jvjeâa hd mdm÷rij dstê rdcjgiaejha gam pragdssas gabeitivas dstrditjmdetd cibjhas d dspdgígas qud, par suj vdz, dstça ueihas ja gaekdgimdeta hd um mdia ljmicijr. Gaesihdrjeha tuha issa, as pdsquisjhards gaegcuírjm qud j dxpdrtisd, j mdm÷rij dspjgijc d a vacumd ha kipagjmpa dstça ietimjmdetd cibjhas. Jhdmjis, dcds subdrirjm qud js hildrdeâjs detrd js dstruturjs gdrdorjis has mataristjs hd têxi d has autras mataristjs hd gjrra devacvdrjm um pragdssa hd jprdehizjha hd caeba tdrma qud muhau j qujetihjhd, js gaedxôds d j rdhd hd edurøeias devacvihj ea hdsdevacvimdeta hd mjpjs mdetjis. Ea detjeta, umj dxpcigjâça jctdrejtivj hjs hdsgaodrtjs tjmoém sd mastrj6 eamdjhjmdetd, pjrdgd passívdc qud j dsgackj hj prassça hd mataristj hd têxi pahdrij, dm primdira cubjr, tdr jmpcijha j kjoicihjhd hd pragdssjr ielarmjâça dspjgijc, a qud dstê pravjvdcmdetd rdcjgiaejha gam umj mdckar gjpjgihjhd ha kipagjmpa. Hd maha j tdstjr dssj kip÷tdsd, as mdsmas jutards suosdqudetdmdetd gaehuzirjm um dstuha caebituhiejc (RAACDXX & MJBTI_D, ?>::). A gérdora hd gjhj mataristj hd têxi lai devacviha dm um dstuha qud dxjmiejvj hais jspdgtas6 primdira, qujeha dcds ieigijvjm j prdpjrjâça pjrj a dxjmd hd mataristjs hd têxi d, dm sdbuihj, muitas jeas hdpais, qujeha dcds fê tiekjm umj cigdeâj vêcihj d tiekjm trjojckjha gama mataristjs prassiaejis. A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud a vacumd hd mjtérij giezj ha kipagjmpa pastdriar tiekj jumdetjha gam a pjssjr has jeas eas mataristjs qud tiekjm pjssjha ea dxjmd, dequjeta edekumj muhjeâj hd vacumd lai degaetrjhj ejqudcds qud ljckjrjm au dm iehivíhuas-gaetracd (mataristjs eça prassiaejis). Issa
subdrd, gaelarmd as jutards, qud a jumdeta ha vacumd ha kipagjmpa
mjis pravjvdcmdetd agarrij gama um rdsuctjha hj jquisiâça ha cjyaut hj rdprdsdetjâça dspjgijc hd Caehrds. Zujeta îs gjusjs dxjtjs hdssd jumdeta hd vacumd, jpdejs dxpdrimdetas jeimjis sdrvdm gama pjrïmdtra jté dstd mamdeta. Dstuhas dm radhards d dm autras mjmíldras hdmaestrjm qud as pragdssas hd jprdehizjha dspjgijc rdsuctjm, detrd autrjs gaisjs, ea rdgrutjmdeta hd eavas edurøeias d ea jumdeta hd gaedxôds sieêptigjs d rjmas hd hdehritas ea kipagjmpa.
Dm sumj, é rjzaêvdc gaegcuir qud hildrdeâjs ej dstruturj gdrdorjc detrd brupas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdsuctjm has pragdssas hd hdsdevacvimdeta prévias machjhas pdcjs rdgarrdetds ietdrjâôds gam a mdia. Hdviha îs suprjmdegiaejhjs ieuæegijs pjrdetjis d ljmicijrds, js grijeâjs hdsdevacvdm um mueha ietdrea qud impcigj mdetir d debjejr gama mdias dgidetds pjrj jcgjeâjr mdtjs. Dcjs larfjm sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas gam a mdia sagijc hd tjc mjedirj qud dcjs pahdm usjr hd larmj odm-sugdhihj dssjs kjoicihjhds pjrj mjeipucjr js autrjs pdssajs0 dequjeta issa, sdu sugdssa pasitivjmdetd rdlarâj sujs mjedirjs hd pdesjr d sujs visôds hd mueha. A sugdssa ja debjejr jcbuém tjmoém rdlarâj tjis pragdssas gabeitivas d dmativas qud devacvdm j rdjcizjâça hd aofdtivas, tjis gama j ousgj hd rdgampdesj, j rdbucjâça dmativj, j prdhiâça ha gampartjmdeta jckdia, j ieioiâça hd rdspastjs qud higuctdm jgabeitivas mjeipucjâça d j aridetjâça hd tjrdljs. Dssds pragdssas pahdm brjhujcmdetd lartjcdgdr d eatigjr, qujeha lrdqudetdmdetd prjtigjhas ej vihj gatihijej, js ojsds edurjis qud irça, hdssd maha, hdmaestrjr pjhrôds dspdgígas hd jtivihjhds ej vihj jhuctj. Dequjeta a hdsdevacvimdeta hj pdrsaejcihjhd mjquijvécigj d a pdesjmdeta mjquijvéciga dstça dvihdetdmdetd rdcjgiaejhas ja hdsdevacvimdeta hd gdrtjs dstruturjs edurjis, pauga sjodmas saord a pragdssa dm si. A gjrêtdr mjquijvéciga pravjvdcmdetd muhj brjhujcmdetd
hj ielïegij pjrj j vihj jhuctj (a mdsma vjcd pjrj js dtjpjs
suosdqudetds). Tm dstuha hdsgaoriu um rdcjgiaejmdeta íetima detrd as íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dm grijeâjs d sujs ihjhds (WTXXAE & @DABK, ?>>>). Xuha cdvj j grdr qud, gaelarmd js grijeâjs grdsgdm, dcjs sd tarejm mjis hdsgaejhjs, pdssimistjs d mjis gíeigjs dm rdcjâça ja mdia. Ea detjeta, umj gamprddesça praluehj has mdgjeismas, j –jbdehj” d js priegipjis gjusjs hdssjs muhjeâjs rdqudrdm mjis dstuhas j sdrdm rdjcizjhas.
4 Dstrjtébijs hd kist÷rijs hd vihj Tm mahdca ojsdjha ej Xdarij hj Dvacuâça, au mjis dspdgigjmdetd ej dgacabij gampartjmdetjc, pahd jfuhjr as pdsquisjhards j aotdr viscumords jhigiaejis pjrj j sagijcizjâça mjquijvécigj. Tmj hjs prapasiâôds luehjmdetjis hj dgacabij gampartjmdetjc dvacugiaeistj subdrd qud arbjeismas vivas tæm siha sdcdgiaejhas hd tjc mjedirj qud dcds ievdstdm as rdgursas aotihas pjrj iegrdmdetjr suj rdprdsdetjâça bdeétigj dm suj pracd (gl. to. a gjp. :?). Tmj vdz qud as rdgursas sça sdmprd cimitjhas, tjeta ej qujetihjhd qujeta ejs larmjs passívdis hd uticizjâça, dxdgutjr umj jtivihjhd sdmprd rdhuz j qujetihjhd hd tdmpa d dedrbij hispaeívdis pjrj autrj jtivihjhd. ^ar dxdmpca, dxdmpca, lrdqudetdmdetd as gampartjmdetas qud ljzdm as iehivíhuas odm-sugdhihas ea jgjsjcjmdeta sça mutujmdetd dxgcusivas has gampartjmdetas qud rdsuctjm dm umj pjrdetjcihjhd odm-sugdhihj. ^artjeta, j sdcdâça ejturjc tdm ljvardgiha js dstrjtébijs qud prapigijm as arbjeismas j tamjr hdgisôds saord j ÷timj uticizjâça hd rdgursas cimitjhas (OA_BD_KALL-MTCHD_, :99?). Dssd tjmoém é a gjsa gam kumjeas6 as sistdmjs gdrdorjis hd pragdssjmdeta hd ielarmjâça sça sdesívdis îs muhjeâjs jmoidetjis d hça rdspastjs gampartjmdetjis jctdrejtivjs j hildrdetds hdsjas dgac÷bigas d sagijis. sça gjpjzds hd dstimjr gustas d odedlígias eas tdrmas Dcds hd saordvivæegij d
rdprahuâça, d hdsdevacvdm rdspastjs gampartjmdetjis qud bjrjetdm jhjptjâça ÷timj j um hjha mdia. Tm mahdca qud tdm umj impartïegij-gkjvd ej dgacabij gampartjmdetjc gau gaekdgiha gama j Xdarij hj Kist÷rij hj \ihj6 dcj prapôd qud arbjeismas vivas tæm siha sdcdgiaejhas pdcj gjpjgihjhd hd jfustjr sujs apâôds hd hdsdevacvimdeta gama rdspastj j gaehiâôds jmoidetjis hivdrsjs (RICWAE, :924). Zujeta jas kumjeas, issa sibeigj qud dxpdriæegijs jhquirihjs hurjetd a sdesívdc pdríaha ha ieígia hj vihj pahd tdr um brjehd dldita ea gursa suosdqudetd hj vihj ha iehivíhua. J jgdssioicihjhd jas rdgursas, j qujcihjhd hd jldta has pjis d j prdvisioicihjhd ha mdia sagijc hurjetd j ielïegij sça ieuæegijs grugijis pjrj as tipas hd dstrjtébijs qud jcbuém hdsdevacvd qujeha sd tarej um jhucta. Jmoidetds ljmicijrds ljvarêvdis d hdsljvarêvdis pahdm bdrjr gjmiekas hd hdsdevacvimdeta hildrdetds (ODCW@Y0 WXDIEOD_B & H_J^D_, :99:). As pdsquisjhards tæm hdsgaodrta qud dm ljmícijs aehd as rdgursas mjtdrijis sça dsgjssas d imprdvisívdis, aehd a jldta detrd grijeâjs d pjis é iesdbura d aehd as jctas eívdis hd jiâça d hd um gcimj hd privjâça dmagiaejc hamiejm, js grijeâjs hdmaestrjm umj mjturjâça jgdcdrjhj, um iegrdmdeta hj jtivihjhd sdxujc d umj prdldræegij par rdcjgiaejmdetas hd gurtj hurjâça ejieigijm jhacdsgæegij d ej vihj jhuctj. Gampjrjhjs îs hdmjis, dcjs suj vihj sdxujc d hdixjm j dsgacj mjis gdha, d mjis lrdqudetdmdetd devacvdm-sd dm gampartjmdetas eça gampcjgdetds (p. dx., vjhijbdm0 gl. gl. OD_DGV@DI & GW GWJEJ@ JEJ@Y, Y, ?>>:). Js bjratjs qud grdsgdm sao tjis girguestïegijs jcgjeâjm a primdira gigca mdestrujc detrd sdis j hdz mdsds jetds hj méhij, d hça î cuz, gjsjm-sd d hivargijm-sd mjis gdha (DCCIW & B_JOD_, ?>>>0 @IM & WMIXK, :99;). ^ar autra cjha, ejs ljmícijs aehd as rdgursas sça rdcjtivjmdetd jouehjetds, sdus mdmoras tæmpjis rdcjgiaejmdetas mjismjis dstêvdis gam as autras, d aehd as d js grijeâjs sça cibjhas dmagiaejcmdetd, js
grijeâjs jprdsdetjm umj mjturjâça sdxujc mjis cdetj, gamdâjeha j sdetir ietdrdssd pdca sdxa apasta d pdcj primdirj rdcjâça sdxujc mjis tjrhijmdetd0 dcjs mjis lrdqudetdmdetd devacvdm-sd, qujeha jhuctjs, dm rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimas gam pjrgdiras hd caeba prjza. Oax 4.2 Dstica hd vihj jctdrejtiva d dvacuâça
Dssjs dstrjtébijs hd kist÷rij hd vihj tæm rjízds dvacutivjs. Dm kumjeas, jssim gama dm autrjs dspégids, tjis prabrjmjs gampartjmdetjis larjm sdcdgiaejhas dm um pjssjha qud dxibij rdspastjs j dlditas jmoidetjis hd mjedirj jhjptjtivj, ista é, rdgursas qud juxicijvjm a iehivíhua j saordvivdr d rdprahuzir dm situjâôds dspdgígjs. Dm um mdia qud eça laredgd gaehiâôds sagijis d mjtdrijis jhdqujhjs pjrj a guihjha ieljetic (p. dx., dgaeamij dmpaordgihj, rdcjgiaejmdetas gam privjâça dmagiaejc, jusæegij hd pjis dtg.), umj dstrjtébij odeégj pjrj muckdrds lai jcgjeâjr j mjturihjhd mjis gdha,mjis eça sdr pjrtigucjrmdetd sdcdtivj qujeta jas pjrgdiras dsdxujc hjr î cuz j tjetjs grijeâjs qujeta passívdc, pjrj qud jcbumj hdcjs saordvivdssd. Ea detjeta, hijetd hd girguestïegijs mjis ljvarêvdis, a dstica hd vihj hd eassas jegdstrjis muhau hd tjc maha qud umj brjehd æeljsd lai gacagjhj eas rdcjgiaejmdetas íetimas ha pjrgdira d ea guihjha pjrdetjc ietdesa. Dcds grijvjm prapargiaejcmdetd umj qujetihjhd rdcjtivjmdetd pdqudej hd grijeâjs0 par autra cjha, dcjs tiekjm gkjegds mjiards hd sdrdm odm-sugdhihjs ej gampdtiâça par rdgursas sagijis (stjtus agupjgiaejc, riqudzj, gjsjmdeta vjetjfasa dtg.). Xdm Xdm siha deljtizjha qud tjis hildrdeâjs detrd dstrjtébijs hd kist÷rij hd vihj lamdetjm pragdssas gabeitivas histietas dm grijeâjs. Gam dldita, js dxpdriæegijs hj ielïegij tæm umj brjehd ieuæegij ejs apâôds hd hdsdevacvimdeta d eas pragdssas hd mjturjâça hd um iehivíhua, rdsuctjeha dm dsticas gampartjmdetjis pjrtigucjrds ej vihj jhuctj. Jiehj sjodmas pauga saord as pragdssas qud machjm hirdtjmdetd js dstrjtébijs hd kist÷rij hd vihj0 ista é, as pragdssas mdhijhards detrd js dxpdriæegijs prdbrdssjs d as pjhrôds gampartjmdetjis dmdrbdetds suosdqudetds. ^rdsumivdcmdetd, um pjpdc mdhijhar impartjetd é hdsdmpdekjha pdcas pragdssas hd hdsdevacvimdeta ha gérdora (dspdgijcmdetd ha caoa lraetjc), pdcjs muhjeâjs karmaejis iehuzihjs pdcj jiâça (p. dx., a jumdeta ha eívdc hd gartisac) d pdca jldta iesdbura larmjha gam umj pdssaj qud jhdetrau j ljmícij rdcjtivjmdetd tjrhd (p. dx., um pjhrjsta0 gl. gl. B_JOD_0 O_AA@W-BTEE & RJ__DE, :9940 DCCIW dt jc., :999).
Gama e÷s hisgutimas prdvijmdetd, j ielïegij ha mjquijvéciga é gjrjgtdrizjhj par jldtas iesdburas, ojixas eívdis hd guihjha pjrdetjc d gamueigjâça paord. J Xdarij hj Kist÷rij hj \ihj prdhiz qud tjis girguestïegijs ljgicitjm umj –dstrjtébij rêpihj”, au sdfj, um gjmieka hd hdsdevacvimdeta gjrjgtdrizjha par pragdssas hd mjturjâça prdgagds d rdcjgiaejmdetas gam pjrgdiras hd gurtj hurjâça. Muitas dstuhas jpaijm dssj ihdij (LIBTD_DHA dt jc., ?>>40 MgHAEJCH0 HAEDCCJ & EJ\J__DXD, ?>:?). Dssds dstuhas tæm rdvdcjha qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk-I\ dxiodm um gampartjmdeta mdeas rdstritiva qujeta ja sdxa, hildrdetdmdetd has iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj0 au sdfj, dcds sça mjis prapdesas ja sdxa sdxa gjsujc d j rdcjgiaejmdetas gam pjrgdiras sdm gampramissas. Dcds ieigijm sujs vihjs sdxujis mjis gdha, tæm mjis pjrgdiras sdxujis ha qud j méhij d jrmjm qud tæm mjis dxpdriæegijs sdxujis ha qud as autras. As rdcjgiaejmdetas mjquijvécigas hd gurtj hurjâça sça lrdqudetdmdetd jssagijhas gam j jctj qujetihjhd hd joartas dspaetïedas d as gigcas mdestrujis mjis gurtas dm muckdrds (FAEJWAE & CJ\D_XT, ?>:2). Gaesihdrjeha a jmoidetd sagijc, as mjquijvécigas gamdâjm j dxioir prdgagdmdetd vêrias gampartjmdetas, gama j ousgj par sdesjâôds, jbrdssça d jetissagijoicihjhd, priegipjcmdetd qujeha gampjrjhas jas eça mjquijvécigas. Dssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs vjrijhjs pahdm dstjr odm ietdbrjhjs ja dequjhrjmdeta hj Xdarij hj Kist÷rij hj \ihj. Ea detjeta, tuha cdvj j grdr qud dssd dequjhrjmdeta td÷riga ‗ jssim gama qujcqudr dequjhrjmdeta td÷riga ‗ tdm gdrtjs cimitjâôds. Jcbues dstuhas jejcisjrjm js jtituhds qujeta ja lutura mjeildstjhjs par mdmoras hj Xríjhd X ríjhd Edbrj, iegcuieha as mjquijvécigas. As jutards supusdrjm qud as passuihards hd umj dstrjtébij hd kist÷rij hd gam vihj asrêpihj usujcmdetd dstjrijm mdeas prdagupjhas jgaetdgimdetas luturas d rjrjmdetd
ljrijm pcjeas hd caeba prjza. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, jtituhds qujeta ja lutura larjm mdhihjs hd hujs larmjs (FAEJWAE0 @ADEIB & XAWX, ?>:>). Dm um has gjsas, lai jprdsdetjha jas iehivíhuas um hicdmj ejegdira muita î lrdetd ea lutura6 tdr :>> h÷cjrds :.>>> h÷cjrds dm um –vagæ jea. A pahd qud vagæ prdldrd1” Dmjbarj autraau gjsa, as jutards vdrigjrjm j hispasiâça has iehivíhuas dm debjfjrdm-sd dm gampartjmdetas hd tamjhj hd risga, a qud pahd dstjr ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejha îs dxpdgtjtivjs luturjs. ^jrj dstd m, lai pdrbuetjha jas iehivíhuas saord j lrdquæegij d qujetihjhd hd êcgaac iebdrihj, a usa hd hrabjs d a tjojbisma. Hildrdetdmdetd hjquica qud sd prdvij, ej mjiarij has gjsas a dstuha eça degaetrau hildrdeâjs sibeigjtivjs ejs rdspastjs detrd iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. As mjquijvécigas eça dsgackdm rdgampdesjs imdhijtjs gam mjis lrdquæegij ha qud as eça mjquijvécigas, d dcds tjmoém eça sd mastrjm mjis prapdesas j risgas dm tdrmas hd kêoitas prdfuhigijis (dxgdta par um cdvd dldita hd gaesuma hd êcgaac). Dssdegijcmdetd, issa é gaesistdetd gam j aosdrvjâça prévij saord j pdrsaejcihjhd mjquijvécigj (gjp. 7)6 as mjquijvécigas eça sça gjrjgtdrizjhas pdca risga impucsiva au pdcj tamjhj hd risga. ^ar autra cjha, j tamjhj hd risga é pjrtd hj dstruturj hd pdrsaejcihjhd has autras hais mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj. Iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds hd psigapjtij hdmaestrjm lartds tdehæegijs ja vígia, ja usa hd hrabjs, tjojga au a gaesuma hd êcgaac. A gaesuma hd êcgaac tjmoém lai pasitivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam a ejrgisisma. Eavjmdetd, dssjs hdsgaodrtjs subdrdm qud j mjedirj hd pdesjr ha mjquijvéciga eça é edgdssjrijmdetd gjrjgtdrizjhj par dstrjtébijs hd gurta prjza, edm mdsma par gdbudirj hijetd has risgas luturas. Gama lai hisgutiha dm hdtjckds, as hd mjquijvécigas prdldrdm (gl. dmprdbjr jmpcj vjridhjhd dstrjtébijs gampcdxjs gjp. ?).umj Dm
jcbumjs gaehiâôds, dcds aotæm odedlígias hd gurta prjza, gam jâôds rêpihjs d impravisjhjs, dequjeta dm autras gdeêrias tjmoém dsgackdm lrdqudetdmdetd jejcisjr js hdgisôds has autras d sujs gaesdquæegijs, ieioieha mamdetjedjmdetd sujs mativjâôds hd mjedirj j jcgjeâjr odedlígias hd caeba prjza. Xjcvdz X jcvdz tjc gampcdxihjhd gampartjmdetjc sdfj a qud prahuz rdsuctjhas gaetravdrsas dm jcbues dstuhas. Ea dstuha suprjmdegiaejha, as pdsquisjhards hdsdevacvdrjm um qudstiaeêria qud gaetiekj jrmjâôds saord as mjiards iehigjhards hjs dstrjtébijs hd kist÷rij hd vihj (FAEJWAE0 @ADEIB & XAWX, ?>:>). Wdus rdsuctjhas laredgdrjm umj imjbdm jmoíbuj0 js rdspastjs pjrj j mjiarij has vietd itdes eça rdvdcjrjm hildrdeâjs detrd iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. As mjquijvécigas ielarmjrjm, dm jcbues gjsas, qud dcds sd dslarâjvjm pjrj prdhizdr a lutura (–du passa lrdqudetdmdetd hizdr gama js gaisjs irça muhjr”), dequjeta dm autras gjsas, par suj vdz, dcds ielarmjvjm qud eça –pcjedfjvjm a lutura”. Dcds eça mjeildstjrjm a hdsdfa par hivdrsas rdcjgiaejmdetas sdxujis simuctïedas, dequjeta iehigjvjm qud eça sdetijm edgdssihjhd hd dstjrdm ietimjmdetd cibjhas gam umj pdssaj jetds hd ljzdr sdx sdxa a gam dcj. Dssjs rdspastjs gaeitivjs subdrdm qud j mjedirj hd pdesjr d a gampartjmdeta mjquijvéciga sça muita mjis gampcdxas ha qud a dstjodcdgiha pdcas dstrditas cimitds hd um hdtdrmiejha dequjhrjmdeta td÷riga. ^rdsumivdcmdetd, mahdcas öeigas aldrtjm dxpcigjâôds jpdejs pjrj jcbumjs gjrjgtdrístigjs mjquijvécigjs. Tmj ietdrprdtjâça mjis rdjcistj ha mjquijvdcisma rdqudr qud js prdhiâôds saord hdtdrmiejhjs têtigjs gampartjmdetjis dspdgígjs aosdrvêvdis sao gaehiâôds jmoidetjis dspdgígjs sdfjm tdstjhjs. Xdstds ha tipa –pjpdc d gjedtj” higicmdetd pahdm laredgdr hjhas jhdqujhas pjrj umj pcdej
gamprddesça, gaequjeta sdfjm ielarmjâôds pjutêvdis qud
hdsgrdvdm um trjâa hd pdrsaejcihjhd pjrtigucjr au umj jtituhd gampartjmdetjc. Tmj ihdij rdgarrdetd edstd civra jpaetj pjrj j gaetíeuj edgdssihjhd hd dxpdrimdetas qud laredâjm mahdcas mjis au mdeas jgurjhas has dvdetas hj vihj rdjc. mdhihjs Xjis dxpdrimdetas pahdm iegcuir, detrd autras jssuetas, hd iehigjhards psigac÷bigas hd dmaâôds, au a maeitarjmdeta hd rdspastjs edurjis pjrj vêrias gdeêrias jmoidetjis, au jiehj j jeêcisd hd hdgisôds hurjetd ietdrjâôds gam pjrgdiras, gama rdprdsdetjha eas fabas hd hicdmjs sagijis (gjp. ?, :> d ::).
< Gamueigjâça Gkristid d Bdis (:92>) jpaetjrjm, dm um hd sdus primdiras trjojckas, qud as mjquijvécigas sça pjrtigucjrmdetd odm-sugdhihas dm ietdrjâôds –gjrj j gjrj”. As jutards subdrirjm qud umj hjs mjiards gjusjs pjrj dstd sugdssa é qud dcds gaesdbudm sd histjegijr hjs ieuæegijs dmagiaejis qud dmdrbdm hurjetd j gamueigjâça pdssajc gam um pjrgdira. Ja mdsma tdmpa, as mjquijvécigas hdsderacjm taha tipa hd jrhis hd gamueigjâça pjrj jcgjeâjrdm a sugdssa. Ej mjiarij hjs vdzds, dcds usjm j gamueigjâça vdrojc pjrj mjeipucjr as autras, dequjeta tjmoém dmprdbjm lrdqudetdmdetd dxprdssôds ljgijis, ackjrds d pasturjs pjrj jcgjeâjr sujs mdtjs. Agjsiaejcmdetd, j gamueigjâça eça vdrojc has mjquijvécigas –sji pdcj gucjtrj”, dxpaeha-as.
: Mdetirjs pdrsujsivjs Gama e÷s hisgutimas ej ietrahuâça, as mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd mdetdm qujeha issa sdrvd jas sdus ietdrdssds. Hd ljta, dcds mdetdm muita pdrsujsivjmdetd0 ista é, dsgaehdm sujs vdrhjhdirjs ietdeâôds gam dgiæegij. Issa lai hdmaestrjha dm um dstuha ‗ detrd autras ‗ ea qujc a dxpdrimdetjhar gaehuziu umj gaevdrsjâça hd paugas mieutas hais pjrtigipjetds6 um hdcds vdrhjhdira aofdta hdgam dstuha, dequjeta a autra drj drj um apjrgdira ha
dxpdrimdetjhar (a pjrgdira ha iehivíhua dstuhjha). Dcds tiekjm qud gaefuetjmdetd rdsacvdr umj sérid hd tjrdljs gam higuchjhd grdsgdetd. Dequjeta issa, autras mdmoras hj dquipd hd pdsquisj dstjvjm dsgaehihas jtrês hd um dspdcka cjha öeigajcém brjvjeha j hirdâça ackjrds ha iehivíhuahdaosdrvjha, hj hurjâça ha has gaetjta visujc detrd dcd d a pjrgdira ha dxpdrimdetjhar (D[CIEED dt jc., :92>). Wuoitjmdetd, jcbuém detrj ej sjcj d hiz ja dxpdrimdetjhar qud dcd tdm umj cibjâça, d qud dcd prdgisj ir jté j autrj sjcj, aehd dstjvj a tdcdlaed. ^auga jp÷s j sjíhj ha dxpdrimdetjhar, a pjrgdira gaevihj a iehivíhua jejcisjha j ackjr a gjhdrea ha dxpdrimdetjhar, qud lai hdixjha ej sjcj, pjrj –gacjr” js sacuâôds garrdtjs d js jtivihjhds suosdqudetds. Zujeha rdtarej, a dxpdrimdetjhar gaetieuj j detrdvistj gam um tam iegrivdcmdetd impjgidetd, gdtigisma eatêvdc d jté mdsma suspdiâça, d jgusj j hupcj hd trjpjâj. Jssim, as pjrtigipjetds ha dxpdrimdeta rdgdodm hais mieutas pjrj ljzdr umj gaessça. Mdtjhd has iehivíhuas jejcisjhas jssumd j gucpj saziekj, dequjeta j autrj mdtjhd gaeldssau fuetjmdetd gam sdu pjrgdira. Ejturjcmdetd, j brjvjâça gaetieuj hurjetd j gaessça. A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud, detrd as iehivíhuas pjrtigipjetds, gampdca dspdgijc jtdeâça îqudcds qud larjm cdvjhas î trjpjâj pjrgdira ha dxpdrimdetjhar, qudm jprdsdetj jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk ldz um dslarâa prapargiaejcmdetd muita mjiar pjrj dsgaehdr a drra qujeha gampjrjhas jas iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj. Issa gau rddtiha ea dstuha, pais dcds ackjvjm pjrj caebd gam mdear lrdquæegij, au sdfj, dcds qujsd eça qudorjvjm a gaetjta visujc gam a dxpdrimdetjhar sdetjha î suj lrdetd. Dm vdz hissa, praetjmdetd hdvacvijm a ackjr ha ietdrrabjhar, tdetjeha gaevdegæ-ca hd qud dcds ejhj tiekjm j dsgaehdr. ^ar autra
cjha, iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk
lrdqudetdmdetd jojixjvjm a ackjr au hdsvijvjm sujs gjodâjs. Jhdmjis, as mjquijvécigas ljcjvjm mjis ha qud as autras hd mjedirj j hivdrbirdm j suspdiâça hdcds. _dcjtivjmdetd paugas hdcds jhmitirjm j trjpjâj. Issa subdrd qudhj dcds sça kêodis dm rdbucjr sdu gampartjmdeta dm lueâça prdsdeâj au jusæegij hd autrjs pdssajs. Ea detjeta, pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdsistissdm mjis lrdqudetdmdetd î tdetjâça hj trjpjâj ha qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. Muitas hdcds tdetjrjm jté mdsma hissujhir as pjrgdiras qujeta ja sdu gampartjmdeta jétiga. As jutards subdrdm qud as mjquijvécigas rdcutjrjm parqud eça qudrijm sdr mjeipucjhas par autrdm0 au sdfj, eça lai sdu sdesa marjc qud as prdvdeiu hj gumpcigihjhd, mjs suj jtituhd gíeigj d dbaístj qud as cdvj j eça gaetjr pjrj jcbuém sd dcds hdvdm au eça trjpjgdjr. Dm sumj, as mjquijvécigas qudrdm qud autrjs pdssajs as hdixdm hdgihir par gaetj pr÷prij. Wdfj qujc lar a gjsa, a gampartjmdeta has mjquijvécigas hdmaestrj umj hujcihjhd pdgucijr. ^ar um cjha, dcds primdira gacagjm umj lartd rdsistæegij hijetd hj tdetjtivj ha pjrgdira ha dxpdrimdetjhar hd devacvæ-cas ej trjpjâj0 par autra, hdpais hd ljzdrdm tjc dsgackj, cjeâjm mça hd tahas as dslarâas passívdis d rdsistdm rmdmdetd hijetd hjs tdetjtivjs ha ietdrrabjhar hd ljzæ-cas gaeldssjr. Issa subdrd qud as mjquijvécigas mjeaorjm js pdssajs d as ljtas gam ietdcibæegij, hd maha j pratdbdr sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds. ^arém, issa eça é tuha. As mjquijvécigas eça jpdejs mdetdm gam lrdquæegij d gam sugdssa, mjs tjmoém tæm um jutagaekdgimdeta jvjeâjha j sdu ljvar. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, as iegcuíj pdsquisjhards um jvjcid ordvd qudstiaeêria qud itdes gama usjrjm –par ljvar, a
quça oam vagæ é dm mdetir sdm sdr hdsgaodrta” (BIJMMJ_GA dt jc., ?>:7). As rdsuctjhas rdvdcjrjm qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk ielarmjrjm umj kjoicihjhd jgimj hj méhij pjrj debjejr autrjs pdssajs.saord É sjoiha qud as Ejturjcmdetd, mjquijvécigas issa eçaljz jcimdetjm icusôds dcds mdsmas. pjrtd hd suj jtituhd bdrjc dm rdcjâça îs pdssajs6 dcds pdesjm qud tahas hdsdfjm prdfuhigjr as hdmjis, mjs edm tahas tæm j garjbdm d j rdsacuâça edgdssêrijs pjrj tjeta. Edssd sdetiha, mdetir gam sugdssa é umj mjedirj dgidetd hd gjr î lrdetd has autras ej hisputj –qudm debjej qudm”. Xjmoém X jmoém é passívdc, gam dldita, qud as mjquijvécigas tamdm dcds mdsmas gama oaes mdetirasas simpcdsmdetd parqud prjtigjm dssj jrtd gam lrdquæegij. Tm surprddehdetd dstuha prévia hdsgaoriu qud as dstuhjetds ueivdrsitêrias jmdrigjeas mdetdm dm méhij qujtra vdzds par sdmjej, gaelarmd umj mdhihj jutarrdpartjhj. Eça kê um hjha qujetitjtiva saord quça lrdqudetdmdetd as mjquijvécigas mdetdm, mjs a eömdra é pravjvdcmdetd mjiar. Gaetuha, as dstuhas mjis rdgdetds gcjrjmdetd sustdetjm qud j qujetihjhd hd mdetirjs d a mjquijvdcisma dstça rdcjgiaejhas ietimjmdetd (FAEJWAE dt jc., ?>:8). Tmj vdz qud –j prêtigj ljz a mdstrd”, é passívdc hizdr qud mdetir tarej tjc ratiej mjis dgidetd gam a pjssjr ha tdmpa. Oax ljgds mjsguciejs d :> ljgds ldmieiejs pjrj prahuzir ljgds mdhijejs (prat÷tipas) (gl. KACXVMJE, ?>::). Mdtjhd has iehivíhuas rdtrjtjhas jcgjeâjvj jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, dequjeta j autrj mdtjhd aotiekj ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj. Jssim, as pdsquisjhards bdrjrjm umj ljgd méhij pjrj gjhj gaefueta hd ljgds detrd iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds. Dcds ibujcmdetd bdrjrjm kamdes d muckdrds pratatípigas gam jctas d ojixas
eívdis hd ejrgisisma d psigapjtij (gama e÷s hisgutimas
prdvijmdetd, a mjquijvdcisma é gamumdetd jssagijha gam a ejrgisisma d psigapjtij gama um has træs dcdmdetas hj Xríjhd X ríjhd Edbrj). Dssjs ljgds dmagiaejcmdetd edutrjs d mdhijejs larjm jprdsdetjhjs j iehivíhuas eça ielarmjhas, qud iestibjhas j iehigjr, dm umj dsgjcj hd > j 2, ejs dm qud larjm brju muitjs sdetdeâjs hdsgrdvijm gjhj iehivíhua latas. J pdrsaejcihjhd has mjquijvécigas lai hdeihj gama –umj pdssaj qud é mjeipucjharj pjrj a bjeka pdssajc”. Wurprddehdetdmdetd, muitas iehivíhuas jssagijrjm dssj hdeiâça gam js ljgds mdhijejs bdrjhjs j pjrtir hjs ljgds has iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk (as pjrtigipjetds eça larjm, ejturjcmdetd, jcdrtjhas qujeta j issa)0 dcds larjm ibujcmdetd kêodis dm jssagijr js ljgds ejrgisistjs gam j hdsgriâça ha ejrgisisma (–jrrabjetd, pampasa hd mjedirj vç, dbagæetriga d jssdrtiva”), d dstd tjmoém lai a gjsa gam j psigapjtij (–hdscdixjha, jetjbøeiga, jssdrtiva gam as autras, rjivasa gam as autras”). Dm sumj, as pdrs psigac÷bigas hjs pdrsaejcihjhds hj Xríjhd Edbrj, iegcuieha a mjquijvdcisma, larjm lartdmdetd garrdcjgiaejhas gam dstruturjs ljgijis. A jutar subdrd qud a mjquijvdcisma pahd devacvdr um lde÷tipa lísiga, jcém hjs gjrjgtdrístigjs psigac÷bigjs d trjâas gucturjis.
Oax >7). Wd, ea detjeta, kê rdjcmdetd tjis jtrioutas, detça é tdarigjmdetd passívdc qud dcds gjejcizdm gdrta gursa hd hdsdevacvimdeta hd pdrsaejcihjhd. É passívdc qud a iehivíhua fucbjha gam ojsd dm sdus jspdgtas lísigas gamdgd j sd gampartjr gaelarmd js dxpdgtjtivjs jckdijs d hdsdevacvj brjhujcmdetd um gjrêtdr qud, par suj vdz, gj rddtiha dm íehigds jctas ej Dsgjcj Mjgk.
8 Ielarmjeha pjhrôds gampartjmdetjis gampartjmdetjis As mjquijvécigas pahdm sdr trjíhas eça jpdejs par sujs jpjræegijs ljgijis0 dcds pahdm sdr hdtdgtjhas tjmoém par sdus dsticas gampartjmdetjis, dspdgijcmdetd dm brupas ldgkjhas ojsdjhas ea gaetjta pdssajc. Jqudcds qud rdpdtihjmdetd dstjodcdgdm gaetjtas gam mjquijvécigas brjhujcmdetd tamjm gaekdgimdeta hd sdus trjâas luehjmdetjis d jljstjm-sd hdcds. Dm um dstuha, brupas hd iehivíhuas pjrtigipjrjm hd um faba ea qujc dcds rdsacvdrjm vêrijs tjrdljs fuetas (_JTXKMJEE & @ACJ_, ?>:7). Dcds mjetivdrjm gaetjta gam as autras hurjetd a faba d sujs imprdssôds d dxpdriæegijs pdssajis pdrmitirjm qud hdsgrdvdssdm sdusissa pjrgdiras hd qudstiaeêrias, jtivihjhd. Dcds pdrbuetjhas saord dm ordvds eas larjm qujis dstimjrjm j pdrsaejcihjhd d as trjâas ietdcdgtujis has autras fabjhards. As mjquijvécigas larjm mjc-jvjcijhas dm himdesôds gama bdeticdzj, jbrjhjoicihjhd d lrjequdzj. Jcém hissa, dcds larjm jvjcijhas gama tdeha um dldita edbjtiva saord a trjojcka dm dquipd. Dm um dstuha simicjr, iehivíhuas larjm ibujcmdetd dstimucjhas j rdspaehdr paugjs qudstôds saord j jtrjtivihjhd sagijc d sdxujc hd mjquijvécigas ‗ d autras mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj (gl. _JTXKMJEE & @ACJ_, ?>:7).
As iehivíhuas pjrtigipjetds hdssd dstuha eça gaesihdrjrjm
dssjs pdssajs jbrjhêvdis, d dxgcuírjm j passioicihjhd hd debjfjrjm-sd dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta pcjtøeiga au hd caeba tdrma gam dcjs. Dcds jpdejs virjm j passioicihjhd hd rdcjgiaejmdetas hd gurtj hurjâça d eça dxgcuírjm j passioicihjhd rdcjgiaejmdeta gjsujc gam mjquijvécigas. hdDstjum ielarmjâça é pravjvdcmdetd gaesistdetd gam j ejturdzj ha gjrismj mjquijvéciga hisgutihj jetds0 muitas as gaesihdrjrjm dxgæetrigas jtrjtivas. Js hdsgriâôds prévijs subdrirjm qud as mjquijvécigas tdetjm j taha gusta prahuzir umj oaj imprdssça eas autras hdshd a ieígia, gaequjeta, par autra cjha, dcds sdfjm vucedrêvdis par gaetj hd sujs dxprdssôds ljgijis d kêoitas gampartjmdetjis, qud pahdm sça trjí-cas ej rdcjâça autrjs pdssajs. Wd as mjquijvécigas jgditas dm umgam brupa gam ojsd ej primdirj imprdssça gjusjhj, mjs dxgcuíhas hd brupas gaelarmd gjm dxpastas sdus trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd d aofdtivas, dssj situjâça hdvdrij impar umj higuchjhd jas mjquijvécigas. ^ar gaetj hissa, dcds tæm qud hisljrâjr d muhjr hd têtigjs a tdmpa taha. As mjquijvécigas sça bdeuíeas gjmjcdôds, jssumieha hivdrsjs pdrsaejcihjhds hijetd ha pöociga gaelarmd sd hdpjrjm gam hivdrsjs situjâôds. Dcds jcgjeâjm brjehds cugras dm fabas hd hicdmjs sagijis, vdz qud sdfjm a rdspaesêvdc dxpdrimdeta pdrmitdmjs qud umj as fabjhards pueihas, pdca dcds imdhijtjmdetd rdhuzdm sujs jmoiâôds cugrjtivjs d jumdetjm js samjs aldrtjhjs jas pjrgdiras, hd maha j dvitjr j pueiâça (W^IXVD_ dt jc., ?>>2). Ej mjiarij has gjsas, dcds sça iegjpjzds hd jfuhjr as autras, mjs qujeha dstça gaesgidetds hd qud dstça sdeha aosdrvjhas par autras mdmoras hj gamueihjhd, dcds praetjmdetd jpaijm jté mdsma iehivíhuas hdsgaekdgihas, pjrj mjetdr sdu prdstíbia (au suj icusça) ea brupa (OD_DGV@DI0 OI_@JW & @D_D@DW, ?>:>).
Autrj larmj hd hisljrgd eça dstê muita rdcjgiaejhj gam j ejturdzj gjmjcdøeigj has mjquijvécigas6 dcds labdm rjpihjmdetd qujeha js gaisjs gjm muita qudetds. Gaelarmd e÷s vimas jetds, j gkjegd hd sdr dxpasta jumdetj qujeha as autras pjssjm j gaekdgæ-cas hd gdrta tdmpa d, partjeta, gjm gidetds hd suj rdjc hdpais ejturdzj. Edstd gjsa, j dstrjtébij odm-sugdhihj é jljstjr-sd hj gamueihjhd dm dstjha hd jcdrtj ejqudcd mamdeta d jvjcijr autras jcvas j sdrdm dxpcarjhas. As mjquijvécigas bastjm hd pdsgjr dm êbujs turoucdetjs qujeha as autras trjespjrdgdm gaapdrjtivihjhd0 parém, dcds iestjetjedjmdetd rdtirjm-sd hj ousgj par cugras qujeha a cugra praspdgtiva eça vjcd a risga. Dstd é a gjsa qujeha, par dxdmpca, tahas as fabjhards detrjm dm umj gampdtiâça par rdgursas cimitjhas, a qud rdhuz suostjegijcmdetd a dsgapa hd jâça has mjquijvécigas (OD_DGV@DI0 WVJOA & GVIOA_, ?>:4). Wao tjis girguestïegijs, dcds cimitjm sdu dbaísma d jbujrhjm pdcjs situjâôds mjis pramissarjs.
2 Lridzj dmagiaejc dmagiaejc Hdshd a ieígia, as pdsquisjhards gaesihdrjvjm as mjquijvécigas gama rjgiaejis, lrias d hd gampartjmdeta rdsdrvjha0 dstjs sdrijm sujs gjrjgtdrístigjs luehjmdetjis. Bdis d sdus gacdbjs aosdrvjrjm sao gaehiâôds cjoarjtarijis qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dxioirjm umj jtituhd impdssajc hijetd hd sdus pjrgdiras, jljstjvjmsd hj jtmasldrj dmagiaejc has rdcjgiaejmdetas pdssajis d bdrjcmdetd mastrjvjm-sd hdsprdagupjhas gam as sdetimdetas d ietdrdssds hjs autrjs pdssajs (BDIW & CD\Y, :92>0 BDIW0 RDIEKDIMD_ & OD_BD_, :92>).
: Hdsjpdba dmagiaejc As jutards prapusdrjm qujetahdjashdgisôds dlditas hdssd hdsjpdba dmagiaejckip÷tdsds ej tamjhj rdcjgiaejhjs î mjeipucjâça. Dcds gamdâjrjm aosdrvjeha qud, dmoarj js dmaâôds ietdesjs passjm dm bdrjc prapigijr um mdckar hdsdmpdeka, dm muitas gjsas dcds ieiodm a jprdehizjha hd tjrdljs gabeitivjs devacvdeha j jeêcisd hd dstímucas gampcdxas (VJFAEG, :90 WTCCI\ WTCCI\JE JE & JCCDE, :999). Oax 2.: Dxpdrimdeta ha gaebrdssistj Edstd dxpdrimdeta jmdrigjea, as pdsquisjhards ielarmjrjm hd jetdmça jas pjrtigipjetds qud a dstuha lagjvj as jspdgtas psigac÷bigas ha pragdssa cdbiscjtiva (BDIW0 RDIEKDIMD_ & OD_BD_, :92>). Dcds pdhirjm jas iehivíhuas qud imjbiejssdm qud drjm eavas gaebrdssistjs dcditas. Wuj mdtj drj tamjr hdgisôds qud rdprdsdetjrijm js vaetjhds hd sdus dcditards d, gaesdqudetdmdetd, qud pahdrijm jfuhê-cas j jsgdehdr jté as eívdis mjis jctas ha pahdr (d passivdcmdetd jté î prdsihæegij). Dssds pjrtigipjetds tiekjm qud jrbumdetjr j ljvar d gaetrj pjutjs qud jldtjvjm js mjssjs. ^jrj dssd m, dcds rdtirjvjm giega gjrtjs qud hdsgrdvijm vêrias jssuetas0 jcbues hdcds tagjvjm praocdmjs pacítigas qud hivihijm as pjrtigipjetds ha dxpdrimdeta d, dm muitas gjsas, jté mdsma as gampdcij j tamjrdm pasiâôds gam ojsds dmagiaejis. Jcbues dxdmpcas sça j rdvabjâça hj cdbiscjâça prévij qujeta jas hirditas givis, a hdsjrmjmdeta ueicjtdrjc ha dxérgita jmdrigjea au j joaciâça hj ihjhd míeimj rdqudrihj pjrj umj gjrtdirj hd mataristj. Dcds tjmoém jbirjm hd larmj edutrj pjrj jssuetas trivijis, au sdfj, qud jtrjíjm muita mdeas jtdeâça d prdsumivdcmdetd eça prdagupjvjm as gihjhças pdssajcmdetd. Xjis pjutjs iegcuíjm, par dxdmpca, j jpravjâça hd um cíhdr pjrj a Gamitæ hd _dbrjs, j muhjeâj hd pragdhimdetas pjrj ielarmjr js jâôds ha gamitæ au j rdjcagjâça ha Hdpjrtjmdeta hd hagumdetas. J gjhj iehivíhua lai hjha gdrta tdmpa pjrj jrbumdetjr gaetrj au j ljvar has jssuetas hijetd hd –gacdbjs gaebrdssistjs”, gufa pjpdc drj hdsdmpdekjha, ejturjcmdetd, par autra brupa hd iehivíhuas. Dcds tiekjm qud trjtjr gjhj pjutj hd hujs mjedirjs6 primdira jrbumdetjvjm j ljvar hdcj d, dm sdbuihj, hd mjedirj gaetrêrij. Dcds pahijm usjr qujcqudr tipa hd lrjsd rdt÷rigj,
c÷bigj d qujcqudr mdia hd gamueigjâça qud prdldrissdm. Jp÷s gjhj
prapastj, as gacdbjs –gaebrdssistjs” dstimjvjm a gaevdegimdeta d j jgditjâça hj jrbumdetjâça dm umj dsgjcj qud ij hd : j 4. Zujeha jssuetas edutras (trivijis) larjm trjtjhas, iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jcgjeâjrjm pcjgjrds ihæetigas. Ea detjeta, j mjiar hildrdeâj lai degaetrjhj ej jvjcijâça has hisgursas saord pjutjs dmativjs6 iehivíhuas jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdgdodrjm mjis vatas ha qud as gam iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds. As mjquijvécigas larjm fucbjhas as mjis gjpjzds hdojtdhards pdcas sdus gacdbjs –gaebrdssistjs” qud eça dstjvjm gidetds, aovijmdetd, has íehigds Mjgk, au jté mdsma qud dcds tiekjm ldita tjc tdstd. ^jrdgd gcjra qud issa eça agarrdu brjâjs î ietdcibæegij mjiar has mjquijvécigas au par umj mdckar gamprddesça hj tjrdlj, umj vdz qud pjutjs edutrjs tjmoém mastrjrijm umj hildrdeâj simicjr. É mjis pravêvdc, gaequjeta edekumj qudstça rdcdvjetd tdekj siha pdrbuetjhj jas iehivíhuas, qud as mjquijvécigas jrbumdetjrjm mjis pdrsujsivjmdetd d mjis cabigjmdetd j ljvar au gaetrj j pjutj. As jutards dxpcigjrjm qud a mdckar hdsdmpdeka has mjquijvécigas lai jcgjeâjha parqud dcds sdpjrjrjm suj jrbumdetjâça rjgiaejc has dlditas pdrturojhards hjs dmaâôds. jrbumdetjrjm gam lrijgam rjgiaejcihjhd, dequjeta jtdeâça d jDcds gaegdetrjâça has iehivíhuas ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcjj Mjgk larjm lrdqudetdmdetd pdrturojhjs par ieuæegijs jldtivjs. Dssj dxpcigjâça é jpaijhj pdcj sdbuietd hdsgaodrtj6 j brjehd hildrdeâj detrd as hais brupas lai mjis degaetrjhj eas gjsas dm qud dcds jrbumdetjrjm gaelarmd sujs pasiâôds pdssajis ha qud qujeha dcds jrbumdetjvjm gaetrj dcjs. Dstj hdsgaodrtj rdlarâj gam vibar j ihdij hd qud j hdldsj hd eassjs gaevigâôds pahd pravagjr dmaâôds ietdesjs dm e÷s, d lrdqudetdmdetd mastrjmas dxgdssa hd saodroj d rjzça gcjrj ja jbir jssim.
? Gaetracd has impucsas d gamueigjâça gamueigjâça hjs dmaâôds Js pdsquisjs pastdriards pjutjrjm-sd ljrtjmdetd edssjs gaesihdrjâôds. Muitas jutards subdrirjm qud j lridzj dmagiaejc aribiej-sd hd um lartd impucsa hd gaetracd qud, dm primdira cubjr, pravagj umj jeêcisd eça dmativj hj situjâça d iehildrdeâj qujeta jas hdmjis (FAEDW & ^JTCKTW, ?>>90 ^ICGK, ?>>;). Faeds d ^juckus (?>>9, ?>::) gaesihdrjm a gaetracd hd impucsa gama jcba dssdegijc ej gjrjgtdrístigj mjquijvécigj0 j pjrtir hdcd, aribiejm-sd vêrijs
autrjs
gjrjgtdrístigjs
edgdssêrijs
qud
bjrjetdm
j
mjeipucjâça odm-sugdhihj. Au sdfj, dcds sça kêodis dm lagjr ej mdtj, jejcisjr as hjhas, sdcdgiaejr mavimdetas têtigas jctdrejtivas d dsgackdr j dstrjtébij ÷timj dm qujcqudr situjâça hjhj. J lridzj dmagiaejc (a gaetracd hd impucsa), edssd sdetiha, sdrj iehildrdeâj gaesihdrjhjqujeta umj gjrjgtdrístigj jhjptjhj, umjpahd vdz qud jas hdmjis pahd prdvdeir j jtaeij dmagiaejc hijetd hj mdtj d, par autra cjha, pahd ljgicitjr sdu jpravditjmdeta jckdia odm-sugdhiha. Jhdmjis, j ljctj hd rdspastj jldtivj qujeta jas autras rdhuz js lueâôds rdbucjt÷rijs ietdrejs gama vdrbaekj d gucpj (MgICCRJIE, ?>>7). Wd jcbuém eça hispôd hdssds sdetimdetas, higicmdetd tdrij um sdesa hd impcigjâôds marjis hjs sujs jâôds d, pastdriarmdetd, issa pjvimdetj a gjmieka pjrj umj mjeipucjâça dgidetd. Ea detjeta, js gaesihdrjâôds td÷rigjs suprjmdegiaejhjs eça tagjm eas mdgjeismas gabeitivas ha pdesjmdeta gam lridzj. É passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas eça dxpdrimdetdm dmaâôds dm josacuta1 au, jctdrejtivjmdetd, dcds sdrijm jpdejs iegjpjzds au tjcvdz rdcutjetds pjrj dxprdssê-cjs1 As dstuhas dm gursa hça rdspastjs gaetrjhit÷rijs pjrj dssjs qudstôds. Gdrtjs hdsgaodrtjs subdrdm qud as mjquijvécigas mjc ihdetigjm js dmaâôds edbjtivjs jckdijs. ^ar dxdmpca, um dstuha hdsgaoriu qud, dm gampjrjâça gam autras, as mjquijvécigas (d psigapjtjs primêrias) rdcjtjrjm mjis dmaâôds pasitivjs qujeha larjm jprdsdetjhas j imjbdes gam ljgds tristds (JCI0 JMA_IM & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>>90 RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?). Dcds passivdcmdetd tiekjm higuchjhds dm dxpdrimdetjr dmaâôds edbjtivjs0 partjeta, j har has autras eça edgdssjrijmdetd pravagjvj edcds hdprdssça au hdsgaelarta. As mdsmas dstuhas hdmaestrjrjm qud as mjquijvécigas rdspaehdm j ljgds ldcizds au edutrjs gam dmaâôds edbjtivjs. Edekumj dxpcigjâça gcjrj lai prapastj pjrj issa dm hdsgaodrtjs pastdriards, dmoarj jcbues
jutards (RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?) jpaetdm qud umj
hdsrdbucjâça lai degaetrjhj ejs jmíbhjcjs has iehivíhuas psigapjtjs, qud dstê devacvihj gam j gaarhdejâça hjs rdspastjs dmagiaejis. ^arém, autras dstuhas tæm rdvdcjha qud as mjquijvécigas dxpdrimdetjm mjis js dmaâôds edbjtivjs ha qud j méhij, dspdgijcmdetd dm situjâôds dstrdssjetds. Tm dstuha usjeha um qudstiaeêria hd hijbe÷stiga hd pdrsaejcihjhd hdsgaoriu qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk sça prapdesas j histöroias dmagiaejis d dxpcasivihjhd (MgKAW@DY, ?>>:). Tm dstuha jiehj mjis rdgdetd usjeha a ievdetêria hd pdrsaejcihjhd hd giega ljtards OLI, detrd autras rdgursas, hdsgaoriu gdrta tipa hd iestjoicihjhd dmagiaejc detrd iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj pdrhj Mjgk. haDcds dxpdrimdetjrjm mjis gkjtdjhas dmaâôds edbjtivjs, tdmpdrjmdeta d gjrjm mjis ljgicmdetd ha qud iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds Mjgk (WVIFFJ_XA & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:4). Dm bdrjc, dcds sça mjis tdetjhas par dvdetas pravagjhards hd jeböstij d gkjtdjâça. Dssjs hdsgaodrtjs subdrdm qud as mjquijvécigas, jiehj qud lrdqudetdmdetd hdsgritas gama pdssajs gam lridzj mdetjc d rjgiaejis, dxpdrimdetjm dmaâôds ietdesjs d tdesôds. Xahjvij, X ahjvij, eça é jgihdetjc qud dcds pjrdâjm, jas ackas has aosdrvjhards, gama saodroas d pdssajs hisgipciejhjs d buijhas pdcj rjzça. Dstuhas rdgdetds gcjrjmdetd subdrdm qud as mjquijvécigas dxprdssjm mjc sujs dmaâôds. Dcds mastrjm gdrtas brjus hd gaestrjebimdeta d tdetjm mjetdr sujs dxprdssôds dmagiaejis sao gaetracd dstrita (MgKAW@DY, :999). A dstuha prdvijmdetd mdegiaejha, qud usau um qudstiaeêria pjrj mdesurjr vêrias ljtards hj ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc (gl. oax ;.:), rdvdcau qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dxprdssjm mjc sujs dmaâôds dm tdrmas rdcjtivas. Dcds jejhjs jprdsdetjrjm umj iejoicihjhd pjrj laredgdr dxprdssôds d jgurjhjs
saord sdus pr÷prias sdetimdetas d impucsas dmagiaejis.
_dsuctjhas simicjrds larjm aotihas dm dstuhas dm qud hdtdrmiejhas iehivíhuas larjm iequirihas j rdgaekdgdr d ihdetigjr js dxprdssôds ljgijis hd dstrjekas (JTWXIE dt jc., ?>>20 RJI & XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?). Ljcjeha dm tdrmas bdrjis, as sujs mjquijvécigas tæm higuchjhds tjeta dm gamueigjr dmaâôds qujeta dm gamprddehdr js dmaâôds jckdijs. Oax 2.? Jcdxitimij d mjquijvdcisma
A hégit ej dxprdssça d gamprddesça hd dmaâôds dstê rdcjgiaejha î jcdxitimij. Dssj hdsarhdm é hdmaestrjhj par pjgidetds trjtjhas gam psigatdrjpij qud sça ieêodis dm vdrojcizjr dmaâôds d jprdsdetjm higuchjhds dm ihdetigjr sdetimdetas, jssim gama ej histieâça hd vêrias dstjhas dmagiaejis qud dcds dxpdrimdetjm (WILDEAW, :927). A rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd jcdxitimij d mjquijvdcisma pjrdgdpasitivj ÷ovia d lai é jpaijha par hdsgaodrtjs dmpírigjs. Tmj garrdcjâça degaetrjhj detrd j jcdxitimij (mdhihj gam um qudstiaeêria dspdgíga hdsdevacviha pjrj tjc prap÷sita) d mjquijvdcisma (RJWXDCC & OAAXK, ?>>7j). As jutards subdrdm qud ljctj jas iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk umj gaedxça dmagiaejc jhdqujhj gam a mdia d, par gaetj hissa, dcds eça sça josacutjmdetd gjpjzds hd jgdssjr sdus pr÷prias dstjhas dmagiaejis, odm gama ihdetigjr as dstjhas dmagiaejis jckdias, au gaesdbudm ljzæ-ca jpdejs hd larmj supdrgijc. Gaesdqudetdmdetd, dcds pahdm jpdejs aosdrvjr sdu mdia eas tdrmas ha pr÷pria ietdrdssd, d tæm umj pdrspdgtivj purjmdetd aofdtivj saord as autras. Issa cdvj as mjquijvécigas j hdsdevacvdr jtituhds iestrumdetjis d pdedtrjetds qujeta jas sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas gam as autras, qud hd dcdsmaha gaesihdrjm gama j sdrdm mjeipucjhjs j jcgjeâjr sujs pdssajs pr÷prijs mdtjs. Dstjdxpcarjhjs gaegcusça d é gaesistdetd gam js hdsgaodrtjs hd um dstuha prévia qud subdrd qud pjgidetds gam jcdxitimij trjtjm as autras gama iestrumdetas au aofdtas ljgicmdetd suostituívdis, d qud dcds tæm umj supdrgijcihjhd dmativj d umj jtituhd uticitêrij qujeta jas rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis (@_YWXJC, :9;;). Dstuhas mjis rdgdetds tæm rdvdcjha um rdcjgiaejmdeta pjrtigucjrmdetd mjis íetima detrd a mjquijvdcisma d autrj gjrjgtdrístigj dssdegijc hj jcdxitimij qud dxtrjpacjm js higuchjhds dmagiaejis6 a pdesjmdeta dxtdrejmdetd aridetjha (JC JIE dt jc., ?>:70 FAEJWAE & @_JTWD @_JTWD,, ?>:7). Issa sibeigj qud as mjquijvécigas rjrjmdetd dstça prdagupjhas gam suj vihj ietdrej0 dcds eça jejcisjm sdus pr÷prias pdesjmdetas d sdetimdetas, d dcds edm mdsma gaejm
dm suj imjbiejâça. As ojixas eívdis hdssjs hujs kjoicihjhds ‗ hégit dmagiaejc d aridetjâça dxtdrej ‗ eça dstça rdcjgiaejhas, ejturjcmdetd.
Jqudcds gam higuchjhds pjrj ihdetigjr d pragdssjr sujs dmaâôds rjrjmdetd gaejm dm ieuæegijs dxtdrejs pjrj aridetjrdm-sd dm sdu mdia. Dcds hdsdevacvdm umj larmj hd pdesjmdeta gaegrdtj d c÷bigj, ej qujc js rdjâôds dmativjs higicmdetd hdsdmpdekjm qujcqudr pjpdc. Ja mdsma tdmpa, a pdesjmdeta dxtdrejmdetd aridetjha pahd sdr pjrtigucjrmdetd ötic jas mjquijvécigas6 dcds hdvatjm rdcjtivjmdetd paugas dslarâas pjrj jejcisjr sujs vihjs ietdrejs, dequjeta ousgjm muita mjis ietdesjmdetd gamprddehdr as rdcjgiaejmdetas d situjâôds dm um mdia dxtdrea. As mjquijvécigas eça mdhitjm0 dcds eça paehdrjm saord sdus pr÷prias sdetimdetas d pdesjmdetas. Issa pahd sdr vjetjfasa qujeha jâôds imdhijtjs sça edgdssêrijs. Hd ljta, as mjquijvécigas sça mdstrds hj jhjptjâça dxívdc (gl. gjp. 9) qud rjpihjmdetd rdgaekdgdm js apartueihjhds aldrtjhjs d qud, saordtuha, jbdm imdhijtjmdetd. As jutards tjmoém prapusdrjm umj dxpcigjâça jctdrejtivj, subdrieha qud é dm virtuhd ha pr÷pria ietdrdssd qud as mjquijvécigas gaelarmjm sdus gampartjmdetas îs dxpdgtjtivjs dxtdrejs, jté a paeta dm qud as autras irça jgditê-cas. Gjsa gaetrêria, dcds pahdrijm ljgicmdetd gjrqud, isacjhas dxgcuíhas brupa, a au qudsuostjegijcmdetd pahd sd pravjr ljtjc umj vdz hdssdd maha, dcdshapdrhdrijm rdhuzirijm sujs apartueihjhds hd mjeipucjr as autras. Jssim, dcds mastrjm gdrta tipa hd jcdrtj d vibicïegij hijetd ha mdia dxtdrea d dslarâjm-sd pjrj sd jhjptjr jas vjcards gampjrtickjhas ha brupa.
7 Odedlígias hj jhjptjâça É passívdc qud as hégits hisgutihas jgimj passjm tjmoém sdr vjetjfasas dm tdrmas hd cabra. J gamueigjâça dmagiaejc cimitjhj pahd ljgicitjr j mjeipucjâça odmsugdhihj, umj vdz qud dcj hdspafj a jcva patdegijc hd higjs gampartjmdetjis qud pahdrijm rdvdcjr js ietdeâôds has mjquijvécigas. A jcva eça pahd sjodr qujc é j rdjc ietdeâça hdcds d lrdqudetdmdetd edm mdsma suspditj qud j jtituhd iehildrdetd has mjquijvécigas pahd aguctjr um jtjqud patdegijc. Ea detjeta, eça sjodmas jté a mamdeta sd dssj gamueigjâça dmativj hdgidetd é ietdegiaejc. É passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas hdciodrjhjmdetd sdcdm sujs dmaâôds
qudmjedirj as mjquijvécigas hdciodrjhjmdetd sdcdmJa sujs dmaâôds hd j gaehuzir um cabra pdrldita. dxdrgitjr j
gamueigjâça dmagiaejc cimitjhj, dcds pahdm jhquirir j kjoicihjhd hd pjrdgdrdm gjcmas dm situjâôds dstrdssjetds, sdfjm qujis lardm js dmaâôds qud dcds dxpdrimdetdm. Wd dstd lar a gjsa, é passívdc qud gdrtas pragdssas ieioit÷rias tdekjm sihahas hdsdevacvihas hurjetd j dvacuâça qud ljzdm hjs mdtjs mjquijvécigas um tipa hd mdgjeisma hd jpraximjâça. Ea detjeta, um hégit gabeitiva (eça hdciodrjha), qud dstê ietdr-rdcjgiaejha gam js mativjâôds mjeipucjharjs, é ibujcmdetd passívdc. Edssd gjsa, j hislueâça au iegjpjgihjhd hd dxprdssjr dmaâôds pahd simicjrmdetd jfuhjr as mjquijvécigas j aguctjr sujs vdrhjhdirjs ietdeâôds d, jssim, dssd hégit mdetjc pahd sd tarejr um mdia pjrj qud dcds ieudegidm as autras. Tmj joarhjbdm dvacutivj praetjmdetd tjmoém sd mastrj edstd gjsa6 jiehj qud j iejoicihjhd pjrj dxprdssjr dmaâôds jhdqujhjmdetd jprdsdetd muitjs hdsvjetjbdes eas rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis, as odedlígias ha gampartjmdeta mjeipucjtiva gampdesjm pjrj dcds, d dssds hais gampaedetds dstça devacvihas gaefuetjmdetd dm um pjgatd ea gursa hj dvacuâça, gama um gampcdxa gampartjmdetjc jhjptjtiva. Dm rdcjâça îs hdsgaodrtjs dmpírigjs rdcdvjetds, umj imjbdm jmoíbuj gj dvihdetd. Jmojs js ihdijs sça jpaijhjs par rdsuctjhas dxpdrimdetjis6 hd dsgaehdr js dmaâôds lai subdriha easa jtadxpdrimdetas suprjmdegiaejhas, qud rdvdcjm gama as mjquijvécigas dgidetdmdetd hisljrâjm sujs mdetirjs d gaeviegdetdmdetd edbjm sdus jtas hd cabra (D[CIEED dt jc., :92>0 KJ__DCC & KJ_XEJBDC, :92:4). Tmj hjs priegipjis lueâôds hdssj rdbiça é ieioir rdspastjs dmagiaejis d dmprddehdr a gaetracd gabeitiva. A
HC^G dstê tipigjmdetd agupjha qujeha as iehivíhuas tamjm hdgisôds ejs qujis kê um gaeita detrd earmjs sagijis d ietdrdssds pdssajis, au qujeha iehivíhuas tamjm hdgisôds qud pahdm sdr gaetrêrijs îs sujs pr÷prijs tdehæegijs hd rdspastj (_ICCIEB dt jc., ?>>;0 WJELDY dt jc., ?>>7). Autra dstuha rdgdetd jpaij, ea detjeta, umj kip÷tdsd jctdrejtivj. As rdsuctjhas hdssd dstuha subdrdm qud as mjquijvécigas jprdsdetjm um hégit garrdetd eça jpdejs ja dxprdssjrdm sujs dmaâôds, mjs tjmoém ja ihdetigêcjs d histiebui-cjs (WVIFFJ_XA & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:4). Dcds tæm higuchjhds pjrj –dtiqudtjr” sujs dmaâôds d gamprddehdr sdus vdrhjhdiras sibeigjhas, d hdmaestrjm um péssima hdsdmpdeka pdrgdpâça hjs trjesiâôdsjhigiaejis detrd dstjhas dmagiaejis. ej Aovijmdetd, pdsquisjs sça edgdssêrijs pjrj gcjrigjr as viscumords hjs rdbucjâôds dmagiaejis detrd as mjquijvécigas.
8 Jesidhjhd J mdsmj jmoibuihjhd gjrjgtdrizj js hdsgaodrtjs saord j jesidhjhd has mjquijvécigas. J jesidhjhd é um sdetimdeta hd hdsgaelarta, iequidtjâça d prdagupjâça jetdgipjhj hijetd hd dvdetas gama hadeâjs au martd. J jesidhjhd eça é a mdsma qud a mdha, qud é umj rdspastj î jmdjâj imdhijtj rdjc au pdrgdoihj0 j jesidhjhd é, dm sumj, j dxpdgtjtivj hd umj jmdjâj luturj. Jcbues has dstuhas rdcjgiaejhas eça hdsgaorirjm qujcqudr rdcjgiaejmdeta sibeigjetd detrd a mjquijvdcisma d as jutarrdpartjhas íehigds hd jesidhjhd (p. dx., JCI0 JMA_IE & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>>9). ^ar autra cjha, autras dstuhas rdvdcjm um rdcjgiaejmdeta pasitiva detrd js hujs vjriêvdis (LDK_ dt jc., :99?0 JC JIE dt jc., ?>:7). Jpdsjr hj
gaetravérsij, tjc qudstça prahuz um pjrjhaxa6 j hdsgriâça gcêssigj hd umj pdrsaejcihjhd dmagiaejcmdetd lrij
higicmdetd é gaegiciêvdc gam j imjbdm hd um mjquijvéciga jesiasa. A pjrjhaxa pahd sdr passivdcmdetd rdsacviha ja gaesihdrjr js pdsquisjs prdvijmdetd mdegiaejhjs, qud subdrdm qud jpdsjr has mjquijvécigas hd ljta dxpdrimdetjrdm ietdesjs dmaâôds, dcds tæm higuchjhds pjrj ihdetigê-cjs d dxprdssê-cjs. Tm dstuha prdgagd hdsgaoriu qud, qujeha iehivíhuas larjm jgusjhas hd rauoa, aosdrvjhards iehdpdehdetds fucbjrjm qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk pjrdgijm mdeas histrjíhas d jesiasas ha qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj (D[CIEED dt jc., :92>). É vêciha paehdrjr qud a cabra odm-sugdhiha pahd dm pjrtd hdpdehdr hj kjoicihjhd mjquijvécigj pjrj gaetracjr as siejis visívdis hd suj jesidhjhd (BDIW & MAAE, :9;:). Wd as jtas hd mdetir d trjpjgdjr sça jgampjekjhas hd jesidhjhd ‗ d dstd é usujcmdetd a gjsa ‗, jqudcds qud sd mastrjm trjpjgdiras pdrsujsivas sça mjis kêodis pjrj gaetracjr as sietamjs aosdrvêvdis hd sdr jesiasa. Ej mdhihj dm qud as mjquijvécigas sça jesiasas, dcds pahdm dstjr gidetds hd qud dssd gampartjmdeta prahuz gaesdquæegijs edbjtivjs au qud sdus pcjeas pjrj cuhiorijr as autras pahdm gjmiekjr ej gaetrjmça hjs earmjs gamueitêrijs. Tm dstuha rdgdetd jpaij dssj ihdij (OI_@ÊW dt jc., ?>:4)6 îdcd dmprdbauista umé, qudstiaeêria qud mdhd j sdesioicihjhd jesidhjhd, as mdhas has iehivíhuas hijetd has sietamjs rdcjgiaejhas î jesidhjhd dm træs êrdjs. Tm gaefueta hd itdes devacvd mdhas hj jesidhjhd cibjhas îs sdesjâôds garparjis (p. dx., –qujeha dstau gam har hd dstømjba, du tdma dstjr sdrijmdetd hadetd”). Autras itdes sça rdcjgiaejhas gam mdhas hd hdsarbjeizjâça gabeitivj (–Du ga jssustjha qujeha sau iegjpjz hd mjetdr miekj mdetd ejs tjrdljs”). Liejcmdetd, kê itdes qud dstimjm as mdhas hjs gaesdquæegijs sagijis
edbjtivjs gaedgtjhjs î jesidhjhd ( É impartjetd pjrj mim eça pjrdgdr edrvasa”). A mjquijvdcisma é rdcjgiaejha jas
öctimas mdhas0 as mjquijvécigas pjrdgdm tdr mdha hd sdr rdfditjhas au fucbjhas mjc pdcas autras. Xuha issa pravjvdcmdetd agarrd hdviha îs sujs jmoiâôds mjeipucjharjs, gufa sugdssa pjrgijcmdetd hdpdehd hjs apieiôds d sdetimdetas jckdias. Tm cabra odm-sugdhiha iedvitjvdcmdetd rdqudr qud a jcva jgditd d gaed ea debjejhar dm jcbumj dxtdesça. \jcd eatjr qud j psigapjtij, qud dstê ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejhj gam a mjquijvdcisma hdetra hj Xríjhd Edbrj, é garrdcjgiaejhj hd mjedirj ietdesjmdetd edbjtivj qujeta îs vêrijs mdhihjs hd jesidhjhd (JCI0 JMA_IM & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>>90 ^JTCKTW & RICCIJMW, ?>>?). As psigapjtjs sça eatarijmdetd gaekdgihas par suj ljctj hd jesidhjhd, d dstj é j mjis impartjetd hildrdeâj detrd dcds dpravjvdcmdetd as mjquijvécigas.
; Ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc d dmpjtij
Gdrgj hd 8> j 4> jeas jtrês, as dstuhas hj psigacabij sagijc hdixjrjm gcjra qud as mjquijvécigas, hildrdetdmdetd hd autras tipas, drjm mdeas sdesívdis îs dxprdssôds hd gamueigjâça eça vdrojis hd sdus pjrgdiras, tjis gama js dxprdssôds ljgijis, bdstas, pasturjs d mavimdetas. Dm um dstuha ietdrdssjetd, iehivíhuas gamoiejhas dm pjrds pjrtigipjrjm hd umj tjrdlj ha tipa oacj d dspirjc (HT_@IE, :92>). Dcds usjrjm umj ldrrjmdetj qud cdmorjvj umj ojgij virjhj hd gjodâj pjrj ojixa, ej qujc umj oacj birjvj ja rdhar jtrjvés hd pjssjbdes d rjmpjs. Hujs pdssajs mavijm j ldrrjmdetj, gjhj umj sdburjeha-j hd um cjha. J mdtj ha faba drj mjetdr j oacj dm mavimdeta, prdvdeieha qud dcj sjctjssd pjrj larj d, ejcmdetd, mavæ-cj pjrj a ourjga hdsibejha. Fuetas, jmoas as iehivíhuas tdetjvjm gaetracjr a mavimdeta hj oacj, jcba qud dxibij, aovijmdetd, umj oaj gaarhdejâça matarj. Dcds tiekjm qud gjr jcdrtjs hijetd hd qujcqudr mavimdeta au siejc sutic ha gacdbj6 qujcqudr situjâça dxibij umj rêpihj rdspastj, sdm gkjegd hd gaesihdrjâça au rjgiagíeia. A dstuha rdvdcau qud iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, hildrdetdmdetd hjqudcds gam jctas íehigds edstj dsgjcj,
hjvjm rdspastjs mjis lrdqudetds d dgidetds jas mavimdetas ha pjrgdira. Dssds iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk garribijm hdsvias mjis
lrdqudetdmdetd, mavdeha j ldrrjmdetj ej hirdâça garrdtj. A jutar dxpcigau j hildrdeâj ja subdrir qud, pjrj iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, j situjâça eça devacvij sujs kjoicihjhds hd tamjhj hd hdgisça rjgiaejc, qud earmjcmdetd ljzdm hdcds odm-sugdhihas dm hildrdetds girguestïegijs. A faba rdqudrij rdjâôds dspaetïedjs d imdhijtjs, pjrj js qujis as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk mastrjvjm mjis qujcihjhds. Gaelarmd a jutar, a sdbrdha hd sdu sugdssa hditjvj rjízds ej mdckar sietaeij detrd as pjrgdiras d dm umj pdrgdpâça mjis rdejhj has mavimdetas d ietdeâôds suofjgdetds ha pjrgdira. Hd autrj lditj, js rdjâôds has mjquijvécigas larjm gjrjgtdrizjhjs par gdrta tipa hd jtituhd aofdtivj dm vdz hd umj aridetjâça ietdrpdssajc.
: A jtjcka has mjquijvécigas mjquijvécigas Dssj ietdrprdtjâça pahd sdr bdedrjcizjhj6 iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk degaetrjm mjis higuchjhds qud j méhij pjrj gamprddehdr js dmaâôds jckdijs, rdgaekdgdr as sdetimdetas au ietdeâôds rddtihjs ej pasturj d dxprdssôds ljgijis has autras, d tjmoém jprdsdetjm higuchjhds pjrj dxprdssjr d rdbucjr sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds&(JTWXIE dt jc.,?>:40 ?>>20^ICGK, RJI &?>>;0 XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?0 WVIFFJ_XA OD_DGV@DI, \AE@ dt jc., ?>:4). Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, as mjquijvécigas tæm, hd mjedirj rdcjtivj, umj ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc ojixj (ID). J ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc iegcui js kjoicihjhds rdcjgiaejhjs î gamprddesça d rdbucjâça tjeta hjs pr÷prijs dmaâôds d sdetimdetas qujeta hdssds jspdgtas mjeildstas pdcas autras. Dcj eça iegcui jpdejs j ihdetigjâça d a rdgaekdgimdeta hjs dmaâôds, mjs tjmoém j kjoicihjhd hd gaetracjr sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds, ista é, j kjoicihjhd hd
detdehdr as rdcjgiaejmdetas detrd gam eassas pdesjmdetas d jâôds. As iehivíhuas jctjsdetimdetas, ietdcibæegij
dmagiaejc sça gjpjzds hd gaesgidetdmdetd jcgjeâjr um dstjha dmagiaejc hdetra hd si jtrjvés ha qujc dcds pahdm dxpdrimdetjr a sugdssa d j sjtisljâça eas rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis. Gaesdqudetdmdetd, j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc sibeigj um gampcdxa pjgatd hd kjoicihjhds gjrjgtdrístigjs hd umj pdrsaejcihjhd, mdesurjha jtrjvés hd vêrias tdstds d qudstiaeêrias (gl. oax ;.:). Xjis mdhihjs sça usjhjs pjrj gjcgucjr a quagidetd dmagiaejc (ZD), um íehdx hjs kjoicihjhds hd jcbuém pjrj rdbucjr d gaetracjr sujs dmaâôds d devacvæ-cjs ej tamjhj hd hdgisôds. Oax ;.: Jutarrdcjt÷ria hd Wgkuttd pjrj a ttdstd dstd hd ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc
iehivíhuas sça iestruíhas j iehigjr qud jdxtdesça um has ?; As itdes jpcigjm-sd j dcds usjeha j dm dsgjcj sdbuir6 gjhj :) hisgarhj lartdmdetd0 ?) hisgarhj0 7) eça hisgarhj edm gaegarhj0 8) gaegarhj0 4) gaegarhj lartdmdetd. :) Du sdi qujeha passa ljcjr saord mdus praocdmjs pdssajis pjrj jcbuém. ?) Zujeha md hdpjra gam aostêgucas cdmora hjqudcds tdmpas pjssjhas, qujeha delrdetdi js mdsmjs higuchjhds d gama js supdrdi. 7) Du dspdra md hjr odm ej mjiarij hjs gaisjs qud du tdeta. 8) Autrjs pdssajs jgkjm lêgic gaejr dm mim. 4) Du jgka hilígic detdehdr js mdesjbdes eça vdrojis hjs pdssajs. ) Zujeha dxpdrimdeta umj dmaâça oaj, du sdi gama ljzæ-cj hurjr. ::) Du jrrjefa dvdetas qud js autrjs pdssajs bastjm. :?) Du ousga jtivihjhds qud md ljzdm ldciz. :7) Du sdi qud devia jas autras mdesjbdes eça vdrojis.
:8) Du md jprdsdeta hd tjc mjedirj qud pravaga umj oaj imprdssça eas autras.
:4) Zujeha du dstau hd oam kumar, rdsacvdr praocdmjs é lêgic pjrj mim. :) Du gumprimdeta as autras qujeha dcds ljzdm jcba odm. ?:) Du dstau gidetd hjs mdesjbdes eça vdrojis qud js autrjs pdssajs devijm. ??) Zujeha du sieta umj muhjeâj ejs dmaâôds, tdeha j prahuzir eavjs ihdijs. ?7) Zujeha degjra um hdsja, du hdsista par jgrdhitjr qud irdi ljckjr. ?8) Wdi a qud js autrjs pdssajs dstça sdetieha jpdejs ackjeha pjrj dcjs. ?4) Du jfuha autrjs pdssajs j sd sdetirdm mdckards qujeha dcjs dstça –pjrj ojixa ojixa”. ”. ? itdes gaordm hujs êrdjs jmpcjs (EJBCDX dt jc., ?>:8). Tmj hdcjs, j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc, é hivihihj dm træs himdesôds6 j dxprdssivihjhd dmagiaejc hdtdrmiej j dxjtihça ha dstjha hd gamueigjâça sagijc (–Hissdrjm qud du tdeka ackas dxprdssivas”). J sdesioicihjhd dmagiaejc dstê rdcjgiaejhj î ietdrprdtjâça hjs dmaâôds has autras (–Hizdm gam lrdquæegij qud du sau sdesívdc d gamprddesiva”). A gaetracd dmagiaejc é j mdhihj hj hdmaestrjâça hd rdbucjâça dmagiaejc (–Du sau muita oam dm mjetdr j gjcmj dxtdriar, mdsma qujeha dstau gkjtdjha gkjtdjha”). ”). Autrj êrdj jmpcj é j ietdcibæegij sagijc, qud é ibujcmdetd jvjcijhj pdcj mdsmj mdhihj j pjrtir hd træs vijs. J dxprdssivihjhd sagijc iegcui j mjedirj gama jcbuém sd dxprdssj vdrojcmdetd d debjfj as hdmjis ea hisgursa sagijc (–Zujeha gaeta umj kist÷rij, du usujcmdetd usa um maetd hd bdstas pjrj jfuhê-cas j detdehdr a paeta dm qudstça”). J sdesioicihjhd sagijc sd prdagupj gam j ietdrprdtjâça jhdqujhj hj gamueigjâça jckdij d j jpraprijâça ha gampartjmdeta sagijc (–Du bdrjcmdetd dstau prdagupjha gam j imprdssça qud pravaga eas autras”). Liejcmdetd, a gaetracd sagijc jvjcij j mjedirj gama jcbuém sd jprdsdetj d hdsdmpdekj pjpéis (–Du eça sau muita oam dm md misturjr dm ldstjs”). Ejbcdr d sdus gacdbjs hdsgaorirjm qud a mjquijvdcisma lai edbjtivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam hujs suodsgjcjs hj ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc, j sjodr, j dxprdssivihjhd dmagiaejc d j sdesioicihjhd dmagiaejc. Jcém hissa, hildrdetdmdetd has hdmjis, as mjquijvécigas hdmaestrjrjm mdeas kjoicihjhds eas træs ljtards hj ietdcibæegij sagijc.
? Ietdcibæegij mjeipucjharj Ea detjeta, jcbues jutards jpaetjrjm praocdmjs pjrj
dssjs hdsgaodrtjs (A GAEED_ & JXKAXJ, ?>:7). Dm sumj, dcds cdvjetjrjm j passioicihjhd hd qud a mjquijvdcisma d j
ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc dstça edbjtivjmdetd rdcjgiaejhas jpdejs parqud js mdhihjs lagjm qujsd dxgcusivjmdetd dm dmaâôds pasitivjs. Dcds dstjvjm prdagupjhas gam trjâas gama –bdetic”, –jmibêvdc” d –odedvacdetd”. Jssim, eça é surprddehdetd qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, ista é, jqudcds hdsdfasas hj gaapdrjâça d iegciejhas î dmpjtij, prahuzirjm paetujâôds mjis jctjs ej Dsgjcj ID. As mjquijvécigas, par autra cjha, sça mdeas prapdesas j jprdsdetjr dssds trjâas0 partjeta, eça prahuzdm jctjs paetujâôds ej Dsgjcj ID. É ÷ovia, gama as jutards paetujrjm, qud as ljtards hj pdrsaejcihjhd mdhijm a rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc. ^ar dxdmpca, jqudcds qud jcgjeâjm jctjs paetujâôds hd jbrjhjoicihjhd d jtiebdm jctas íehigds dm gjrjgtdrístigjs gama –bdetic”, –paciha”, –gamprddesiva” d –hd oaj íehacd” (gl. oax 7.:), usujcmdetd tæm umj oaj gamprddesça hd sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas pdssajis d prdagupjm-sd gam as dstjhas dmagiaejis has hdmjis. ^ar autra cjha, jqudcds qud jprdsdetjm gjrjgtdrístigjs hd pdrsaejcihjhd apastjs, ista é, jqudcds qud sça mdeas jmibêvdis d gamprddesivas, sça mjis prapdesas j debjejr d dxpcarjr as autras. Gaermjeha tjc dxpdgtjtivj, a jutar dcimieau (au gaetracau) a dldita hj jbrjhjoicihjhd d, hd ljta, ldz hdsjpjrdgdr a rdcjgiaejmdeta mjquijvdcisma d j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc. edbjtiva detrd a É jiehj mjis impartjetd hdstjgjr qud as jutards hdsdevacvdrjm umj dsgjcj ojtizjhj gama Gampdtæegij Dmagiaejc ^drgdoihj (GD^). Itdes –edutras” hdssj dsgjcj mdesurjm j kjoicihjhd garrdetd pjrj gamprddehdr d gaetracjr dmaâôds qud eça devacvdm trjâas pasitivas, tjis gama –atimisma –atimisma”, ”, –sdesa hd gamueihjhd” au –p –prapdesça rapdesça ja juxícia”. Eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud um rdcjgiaejmdeta pasitiva lai hdsgaodrta detrd dssd gaestruta jctdrejtiva hd
gampdtæegij dmagiaejc d a mjquijvdcisma, mdsma detrd jqudcds qud paetujrjm pauga ea itdm jbrjhjoicihjhd. Issa
sibeigj qud as mjquijvécigas pahdm sdr gjpjzds hd detdehdr js dmaâôds has autras, jcém hd gaetracjr sdus pr÷prias sdetimdetas dm um eívdc jcta0 tahjvij, dcds dmprdbjm dssjs kjoicihjhds dssdegijcmdetd pjrj sdrvir jas sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds. Î cuz hdssjs hdsgaodrtjs, a rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc é mdhijha par gdrta tipa hd pdrsaejcihjhd, d jqudcds qud hispôdm hdcj dstça iegciejhas j usjr sujs kjoicihjhds dmagiaejis pjrj prap÷sitas hd mjeipucjâça. Dssj aosdrvjâça é jctjmdetd gaesistdetd gam js hdsgaodrtjs hd muitas autras dstuhas qud tæm tjmoém hdmaestrjha gama as mjquijvécigas, qud bdrjcmdetd tæm kjoicihjhds mjis paords hd ID sça, j ribar, mdckards ha qud as autras dm EJBCD_ gdrtjs dt himdesôds jc., d?>>20 B_ID\D, ?>::0 jc., ?>:8). (JTWXIE Dcizjodtkdt Justie sdus gacdbjs (?>>2) hdsdevacvdrjm umj dsgjcj hd 8: itdes ojsdjhj dm hildrdetds mdhihjs hd ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc. A tdstd, qud lai eamdjha hd –Dsgjcj hd mjeipucjâça dmagiaejc”, gamprddehd itdes qud impcigjm dstrjtébijs hd gamueigjâça vactjhjs pjrj cuhiorijr as autras. Xjis dstrjtébijs dstça jmpcjmdetd sdhimdetjhjs ej gkjetjbdm dmagiaejc, ej mjeipucjâça pdcj gucpj d vêrias tipas hd têtigjs hd ieuæegij (oax ;.7). ^dhirjm qud as rdspaehdetds iehigjssdm gam j dxtdesça qujcdcds, dcdsjqudcds gaegarhjm au hisgarhjm gjhj itdm. ej Hdetrd gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk ielarmjrjm suostjegijcmdetd gam mjis lrdquæegij gama dstjvjm pré-hispastas j dmprdbjr dstrjtébijs hdstiejhjs ja debjea, gaelusça au ieuæegij has hdmjis, tdeha gama pjea hd lueha sdus pr÷prias aofdtivas. Oax ;.7 Dsgjcj hd Mjeipucjâça Dmagiaejc (itdes sdcdgiaejhas)
Du sdi gama devdrbaekjr jcbuém pjrj qud pjrd hd sd gampartjr hd hdtdrmiejhj mjedirj.
• Du sdi gama ljzdr jcbuém sd sdetir jprddesiva. • Du sdi gama fabjr umj pdssaj gaetrj j autrj. • Du passa ljzdr jcbuém sd sdetir jesiasa, hd mjedirj qud dcd irê jbir hd umj mjedirj pjrtigucjr. • Du sau qud oamdcjs dm ljâjm rdjrmjr pjrj js pdssajs hdtdrmiejhjs mjedirj mjis ljgicmdetd jquica qud du hiba.gaisjs, hd • Du jcbumjs vdzds efa hdmaestrjr mjis rjivj ha qud du rdjcmdetd tdeka, saordtuha qujeta ja gampartjmdeta hd jcbuém, hd mjedirj j iehuzi-ca j sd gampartjr hd larmj hildrdetd ea lutura. • Du passa simucjr dmaâôds gama j har pjrj ljzdr as autras sd sdetirdm gucpjhas. • Wd jcbuém ljz jcba pjrj md gkjtdjr, du jgrdhita qud é jgditêvdc ljzæ-ca sd sdetir gucpjha saord issa. • Du passa aldrdgdr pjcjvrjs hd degarjfjmdeta d rdjrmjâça j um jmiba pjrj ljzæ-ca jbir gaelarmd miekjs vaetjhds. • Zujeha jcbuém md hdixj gkjtdjha au gam rjivj, du lrdqudetdmdetd agucta mdus sdetimdetas.
Dssjs hdsgaodrtjs gaevihjm j um jmpca cdqud hd dxpcigjâôds jctdrejtivjs. Tmj hdcjs subdrd qud as mjquijvécigas jiehj eça hispôdm hd jctas íehigds hd ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc. Dcds simpcdsmdetd dmprdbjm j mjeipucjâça sdetimdetjc dm rdcjâça jas autras, gaelarmd gau rddtiha ejs rdspastjs jas itdes hj dsgjcj. Tmj dxpcigjâça mjis –lartd” pjrj j hdsgaodrtj suprjgitjhj pahd sdr qud as mjquijvécigas dxiodm, j ribar, um íehigd mjiar ha qud j méhij hd ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc gaelarmd js situjâôds dm gursa. Zujeha tæm j apartueihjhd hd debjejr as autras vdrojcmdetd au eça vdrojcmdetd, dcds imdhijtjmdetd dmprdbjm têtigjs hd mjeipucjâça dmagiaejc. Higjs dspdgígjs rdcjgiaejhjs îs apartueihjhds hd mjeipucjâça pahdm susgitjr umj rdspastj ej qujc dcds tdehdm j tirjr vjetjbdm hjs dmaâôds jckdijs ej dspdrjeâj hd um cabra odm-sugdhiha. Hautrj lditj, dm situjâôds ejs
qujis eça dxistdm gkjegds hd dxpcarjr as autras, dcds pdrmjedgdm gdbas hijetd has sdetimdetas jckdias, gama
ljtards pdrturojhards pjrj as qujis dcds eça degaetrjm usa/vjetjbdm.
7 Ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc dm situjâôds rdjcístigjs As dstuhas jté detça jprdsdetjrjm as tdstds ha tipa pjpdc d gjedtj, qud laredgdm mdhihjs hd ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc gaelarmd rdspastjs hjhjs pdcas iehivíhuas j hdtdrmiejha gaefueta hd itdes. Dssd métaha aldrdgd umj imjbdm rdcjtivjmdetd jgurjhj hj visça hd jcbuém saord sujs pr÷prijs kjoicihjhds d dxpdriæegij rdcjgiaejhjs î gamprddesça d î cihj gam js dmaâôds. Xjc ielarmjâça é impartjetd, mjs eça hd é aofdtivj umj eça vdz qud kê um risga rjzaêvdc qud asa sugidetd, rdspaehdetds sdfjm rdjcistjs ja prapar um jutafucbjmdeta. Tm qujhra mjis rdjcistj pahd sdr aotiha ja hdsgrdvdr a gampartjmdeta jckdia dm gdrtjs situjâôds0 par dstj rjzça, jcbues pdsquisjhards tæm usjha métahas qud laredgdm umj mdhihj hd hdsdmpdeka pjutjhj ej ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc (JTWXIE dt jc., ?>>20 JCI dt jc., ?>>9). Dcds tæm dstuhjha, par dxdmpca, gama js pdssajs cddm js dxprdssôds ljgijis has autras dm imjbdes au brjvjâôds dm víhda. Wacigitjrjm qud rdspaehdetds ietdrprdtjssdm as sdetimdetas dmaâôds hdmaestrjhjs dm gdrtjs dxprdssôds ljgijis d d ackjrds. Tm dstuha usau a Xdstd Muctimahjc hd _dgaekdgimdeta Dmagiaejc (XM_D), qud devacvd möctipcas rdgursas sdesarijis d aldrdgd umj mdhihj gampcdxj hd ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc. J dcds lai jprdsdetjhj umj sérid hd latabrjjs, víhdas gurtas, cmds muhas d êuhias hd hisgursa sdm dstimuca visujc0 tahas dcds dm arhdm rjehømigj. Jta gaetíeua, dcds larjm iequirihas saord js dmaâôds dxprdssjs pdcas jtards hd hildrdetds mjedirjs.
Dssd dstuha prahuziu hdsgaodrtjs simicjrds hjqudcjs aotihjs ejs pdsquisjs prévijs. Iehivíhuas gam jctjs
paetujâôds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk hdmaestrjrjm pdrlarmjegds piards ha qud iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj. Dcds larjm mdeas gjpjzds hd jssagijr js ljgds d hisgursas vistas/auvihas gam js rdspdgtivjs dmaâôds. Eavjmdetd, a dstuha gkdbau î gaegcusça hd qud j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc bcaojc has mjquijvécigas é mdear ha qud j méhij, mdsma qujeha mdesurjhj ea dmprdba hd tégeigjs sastigjhjs. Ea detjeta, dssd dstuha tjmoém tdm um jspdgta qudstiaeêvdc0 dmoarj a métaha usjha sdfj gampcdxa, a dstímuca mjtdrijc dmprdbjha pjrj js ietdrjâôds sagijis jprdsdetjvj umj mjedirj mjis dstêtigj ha qud rdjcistj. J ljgd gjpturjhj dm latabrjjs eça é j mdsmj ljgd hjs ietdeâôds rdjis, qujeha mavimdetas tjmoém visívdis0 as cêoiasasjcjrbjm-sd dm musgucjrds um sarrisa, sça um jgdea hd gjodâj, a cdvjetjr rêpiha au cdeta hd saorjegdckjs, detrd autrjs. Jcém hissa, a rdtrjta eça rdvdcj as bdstas qud jgampjekjm js dxprdssôds ljgijis6 as orjâas dstigjhas au gruzjhas, a garpa vactjha pjrj a pjrgdira au ej hirdâça gaetrêrij dtg. A aosdrvjhar eça pahd auvir js dxprdssôds dmagiaejis hj vaz qud jgampjekjm j dxpdriæegij hd sjtisljâça, tristdzj au jcdbrij, d vigd-vdrsj6 a auvietd hj brjvjâça ha êuhia dstê gampcdtjmdetd privjha ha ackjr hd qudm ljcj, umj situjâça eça rdjcistj ej mjiarij has gjsas.
Oax ;.8 Latas ha X Xdstd dstd Muctimahjc hd _dgaekdgimdeta Dmagiaejc (XM_D)
^jrj jcém hd rdtrjtas gama as jprdsdetjhas jojixa, a tdstd gaetém víhdas gurtas, cmds sicdegiasas d brjvjâôds hd vaz sicdegiasjs, sdm ihdetigjâça d sdm dstímucas visujis. Dm gjhj gjsa, as iehivíhuas tæm qud ihdetigjr js dmaâôds rddtihjs ejs imjbdes, víhdas d brjvjâôds hd êuhia.
Dstj é j rjzça pdcj qujc jcbuém pahd jrbumdetjr qud js tégeigjs dxpdrimdetjis dmprdbjhjs ej mjiarij has dstuhas prévias mahdcjrjm as rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis hd umj mjedirj um tjeta irrdjc. Hd ljta, a gjsa dcdegjha eça é muita mdckar ha qud jqudcds mjis –hieïmigas”, gam dstímucas mjtdrijis jprdsdetjhas pdca gampartjmdeta d hisgursa hd iehivíhuas aosdrvjhards (jtards) dm cmds hd gurtj hurjâça. Jté mdsma dssds mjtdrijis ljckjm ja rdgjir ea praocdmj dssdegijc, j sjodr, qud as iehivíhuas dstuhjhas prdgisjm gamprddehdr js dxprdssôds dmagiaejis has autras, sdm qud dstivdssdm jtivjmdetd devacvihas ej ietdrjâça. ^artjeta, j qudstça é a qujeta as mjquijvécigas gampartjm-sd dm qujeha um mueha hd rdcjgiaejmdetas pdssajis, ista é, dstça rdjc devacvihas dm dvdetas sagijis0 au sdfj, dm situjâôds aehd é passívdc hdtdrmiejr js larmjs qud dcds ietdrprdtjm d rdspaehdm îs dmaâôds has autras, jssim gama js larmjs gama dcds gaetracjrjm sdu pr÷pria gampartjmdeta d, gaesdqudetdmdetd, a gampartjmdeta lutura hjs autrjs pdssajs. Tm dstuha griau umj apartueihjhd hd dxjmiejr gama js pdssajs dxprdssjm, aguctjm d rdgaekdgdm dmaâôds dm umj situjâça rdjcistj (A_AWV & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:4). A
dxpdrimdeta dstjvj ojsdjha ea gaekdgiha faba hd gjrtjs Huviha, fabjha dm brupas hd træs0 gjhj qujc iegcuíj um
iehivíhua gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, um iehivíhua mdhijea d um iehivíhua gam jctas íehigds. Jcém hjs ietdrjâôds pdssajis, autrj vjetjbdm ha faba é qud as pjrtigipjetds sça gampdcihas j hdsgaejr hd sdus pjrgdiras, umj vdz qud as fabjhards vdegdhards sça jqudcds qud mdckar dsgaehdm sujs vdrhjhdirjs ietdeâôds jtrjvés hd ljcsjs jrmjâôds. Jhdmjis, a sugdssa tjmoém pahd sdr dmprddehiha par jqudcds qud sça mdckards dm ihdetigjr js tdetjtivjs hd cabra has pjrgdiras, ista é, jqudcds qud sça mjis dgidetds dm cdr as mavimdetas sutis has apaedetds, sujs dxprdssôds ljgijis, bdstas, taes d autrjs higjs eça vdrojis (oax ;.4). Oax ;.4 Huviha ‗ a faba As træs fabjhards sdetjm-sd dm umj mdsj rdhaehj, histjetds detrd si hj mdsmj mjedirj, hd mjedirj qud tahas passjm vdr as hdmjis gam js mdsmjs gaehiâôds. As pdsquisjhards sdcdgiaejrjm 2? gjrtjs hd um ojrjcka hd Tea, qud gaesistd aribiejcmdetd hd :>; gjrtjs0 hdssd maha, j pickj sdcdgiaejhj gaetiekj aita gjrtjs rjequdjhjs detrd as eömdras : j 9. Gjhj fabjhar fabj gam aita gjrtjs ej mça. Ea dstuha, gjhj brupa hd fabjhards iegcuíj um iehivíhua gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, um iehivíhua mdhijea d um iehivíhua gam jctas íehigds, prdvijmdetd dxpastas î Dsgjcj Mjgk-I\. Gjhj brupa fabau um tatjc hd :> rahjhjs, sdeha qud a primdira lai umj dspégid hd tdstd pjrj a jprdehizjha hjs rdbrjs. Gjhj rahjhj iegcuíj :4 tureas, d hurjvj jpraximjhjmdetd 4
mieutas. As iehivíhuas tiekjm qud gacagjr sujs gjrtjs virjhjs pjrj ojixa ea mdia hj mdsj dm arhdm eumérigj (hd : ja 9), hd tjc mjedirj qud, qujeha drj suj rdspdgtivj vdz, gjhj fabjhar tiekj qud fabjr umj gjrtj gam um eömdra dxjtjmdetd mjiar ha qud a fabjhar jetdriar (p. dx., a eömdra < tiekj qud sdr sdbuiha pdca eömdra 2). Wd gkdbjssd ej vdz hd um fabjhar qud eça hispuekj hj gjrtj hjqudcd eömdra, dcd drj gampdciha j ljzdr umj jrmjâça ljcsj, pais drj j rdbrj qud a eömdra hj gjrtj hdvdrij sdr praeuegijha dm gjhj turea. Wd as apaedetds suspditjssdm qud a fabjhar dstivdssd mdetieha, dcds pahdrijm hizdr –Huviha!” Edstd gjsa, j gjrtj drj virjhj pjrj gimj. Wd a fabjhar tivdssd mdetiha, au sdfj, sd a eömdra hj gjrtj lassd hildrdetd hj jrmjâça lditj pdca fabjhar ejqudcj rahjhj, dcd hdvdrij pdbjr tahjs js gjrtjs
hdpasitjhjs saord j mdsj. Ea detjeta, sd dcd tivdssd ljcjha j vdrhjhd, j pickj hd gjrtjs prdvijmdetd hdsgjrtjhjs irij pjrj js mças ha hdsjjetd qud britau –Huviha!” A vdegdhar ha faba drj a primdira j
gjr sdm gjrtjs au gam j mdear qujetihjhd hdcjs ea ejc ha turea. A vdegdhar pahdrij cdvjr as præmias ejegdiras hjs rahjhjs pjrj gjsj. J rdgampdesj maedtêrij ljzij ha dxpdrimdeta mjis rdjcistj d séria, umj vdz qud tahas as iehivíhuas tdetjvjm dmprdbjr js têtigjs î hispasiâça ej dspdrjeâj hd aotdr as mjiards bjekas passívdis. As pdsquisjhards brjvjrjm j qujetihjhd hd vdzds qud gjhj fabjhar hissd –Huviha!” (i. é, qujeha j mdetirj drj rdvdcjhj), hd mjedirj j aotdr umj mdhihj dstjtístigj jgurjhj0 a íehigd H lai ietrahuziha (H hd huviha), qud drj gjcgucjha j pjrtir ha quagidetd aotiha ja hivihir j qujetihjhd hd trjpjâjs dldtivjs pdcj qujetihjhd hd tahjs js trjpjâjs. Hdssj mjedirj, a íehigd H hdmaestrjvj j praparâça hd hdtdgâôds garrdtjs hdetra ha eömdra tatjc hd –jgusjâôds”.
Tm rdsuctjha ietdrdssjetd ha dxpdrimdeta lai qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk britjvjm –Huviha!” gam ej mjismdsmj lrdquæegij ha dqud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds dsgjcj, tjmoém paetujvjm mdckar dm iehigjâôds hd trjpjâj dldtivjs. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk larjm mdckards ha qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej dsgjcj hd rdldræegij pjrj hdtdgtjr js mdetirjs hd sdus pjrgdiras. Wdu hdsdmpdeka tjmoém lai gaesihdrjha mdckar dm tdrmas hj tjxj hd hdtdgâôds garrdtj, saordtuha qujeha gampjrjhj ja eömdra tatjc hd qudstiaejmdetas hd trjpjâj, gama iehigjha pdca íehigd H. ^ar autra cjha, j tjxj hd hdtdgâôds garrdtj hdmaestrau umj garrdcjâça pr÷ximj gam j tjxj hd vit÷rijs6 as iehivíhuas gam js mjiards tjxjs hd hdtdgâôds odm-sugdhihjs vdegdrjm mjis. Jhdmjis, as rdsuctjhas tjmoém subdrirjm qud mjquijvécigas dsgaehdrjm sujs dmaâôds mjis dgidetdmdetd, umj vdz qud sdus pjrgdiras zdrjm mdeas paetas qujeha hissdrjm –Huviha!” Mdsma qud a dxpdrimdeta jpaid j tdarij hd qud as mjquijvécigas sça odm-sugdhihas dm um sistdmj hd
rdcjgiaejmdetas pdssajis, lai ^ar rdvdcjha a qud dxjtjmdetd jgaetdgd hurjetdeça a faba. qujc mativa as mjquijvécigas gaesdbudm hdtdgtjr mdckar ha qud as
hdmjis1 Wça js muhjeâjs ejs dxprdssôds ljgijis has autras1 Dcds mdetdm ja ljzdr mavimdetas au prahuzir sutis muhjeâjs hd pasturj1 Xjcvdz sdfjm muhjeâjs ea timord au ej rdspirjâça1 Dssjs ielarmjâôds jiehj prdgisjm sdr rdvdcjhjs0 dequjeta issa, pjrdgd rjzaêvdc gaegcuir, gama as jutards zdrjm, qud dm um dxpdrimdeta rdjcístiga, devacvdeha iehivíhuas gama pjrtigipjetds jtivas gam a praspdgta hd rdgdodr umj rdgampdesj, as mjquijvécigas dxiodm kjoicihjhds jgimj hj méhij pjrj cdr higjs eça vdrojis, jssim gama pjrj dsgaehdr sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds. É passívdc qud a sugdssa has mjquijvécigas ea faba sdfj dm pjrtd hdviha î tdesça grdsgdetd au jeböstij qud pahd brjhujcmdetd aprimir as iehivíhuas. Tm qudstiaeêria prddegkiha d jhmieistrjha ha faba rdvdcaupdcas qud detrdvistjhas iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ja ejejc Dsgjcj Mjgk dxpdrimdetjm umj jeböstij mjis praluehj hurjetd js pjrtihjs ha qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. Dcds dstjvjm mjis jebustijhas ha qud as autras, primjrijmdetd qujeha gaetjvjm umj mdetirj. Dssj hdsgaodrtj é gaesistdetd gam jqudcjs hisgutihjs jetdriarmdetd6 as mjquijvécigas dxpdrimdetjm dmaâôds ietdesjs, mjs gaesdbudm dsgaehæ-cjs kjoicmdetd. Ejturjcmdetd, dxpcigjâôds jctdrejtivjs pahdm sdr cdvjetjhjs tjmoém. É passívdc, par dxdmpca, qud mjquijvécigas simpcdsmdetd pdesdm rjgiaejcmdetd hurjetd a faba dm vdz hd cdr d dsgaehdr dmaâôds. Dcds pahdm mdmarizjr as mavimdetas has pjrgdiras, gjcgucjr d dstimjr quça pravjvdcmdetd um eömdra sdrê fabjha ejs rahjhjs suosdqudetds dtg. Ea detjeta, tjc dstrjtébij é impravêvdc, pais a eömdra rdcjtivjmdetd brjehd d vjrijha hd gjrtjs usjhjs ea faba impdhirij0 jhdmjis, as iehivíhuas ielarmjrjm ea ejc hj pjrtihj qud dcds eça tiekjm
rdgarriha j dssd tipa luturas hd têtigj –rjgiaejc”. Wdfj qujca lar a gjsa, dxpdrimdetas prdgisjrça maeitarjr faba mjis dgidetdmdetd, par mdia hd gïmdrjs dsgaehihjs au
simucjâça gamputjgiaejc, hd mjedirj j aldrtjr viscumords gaeêvdis hjs dstrjtébijs mjquijvécigjs.
8 Dmpjtij
J ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc dstê ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejhj î dmpjtij0 par suj vdz, dstj ljz rdldræegij î kjoicihjhd hd gamprddehdr d gaegdodr a dstjha mdetjc jckdia, tjc gama tdr j gjpjgihjhd hd sd gacagjr ea cubjr ha autra (OJXWAE, ?>>9). Dstd öctima jspdgta é a mjis impartjetd6 j dmpjtij dssdegijcmdetd sibeigj qud jcbuém dxpdrimdetj j jcdbrij d j har jckdijs, gampjrtickj dssds sdetimdetas d é gjpjz hd dxpdrimdetê-cas pdssajcmdetd. \êrias tdstds hd dmpjtij hispaeívdis jtujcmdetd mdesurjm a qujeta jcbuém sd prdagupj gam as sdetimdetas jckdias, a qujeta jcbuém pahd sd gacagjr ea cubjr has autras d dm qujc dxtdesça jcbuém é gjpjz hd dxpdrimdetjr as sdetimdetas d imprdssôds has autras (oax ;.>7). J dmpjtij lrij luehjmdetjcmdetd devacvd pragdssas gabeitivas6 dcj pdrmitd qud jcbuém rdgaekdâj a dstjha mdetjc d as sdetimdetas hd autrj pdssaj, jssim gama gamprddehj j privjâça, pdrhj au hdsjpaetjmdeta qud pravagj garrdetd. Gama jctdrejtivj, dcj hd tdmdstjhas sd ojsdjha dm gdrta tipaj situjâça hd tamjhj hd pdrspdgtivj d jtriouiâça mdetjis sdm edgdssjrijmdetd rdsuctjr dm dxpdriæegijs dmagiaejis. ^rdsumivdcmdetd, j dmpjtij lrij eça edgdssjrijmdetd pramavd j ietdeâça hd jfuhjr sdu pjrgdira0 hd ljta, gamprddehdr as pdesjmdetas d ietdeâôds has pjrgdiras pahd ibujcmdetd prapigijr qud jcbuém tamd vjetjbdm hd autrdm (HJ\IDW & WXAED, ?>>7). J dmpjtij lrij ojsigjmdetd gaord j kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc, qud sdrê hisgutihj hdtjckjhjmdetd ea pr÷xima gjpítuca. A gaegdita hd dmpjtij –qudetd” é dssdegijcmdetd um sieøeima hj eaâça gaevdegiaejc hd dmpjtij. Dcd ljz rdldræegij î kjoicihjhd hd dxpdrimdetjr as dstjhas dmagiaejis has iehivíhuas qud mativjm a aosdrvjhar j jfuhê-cas. J hildrdeâj detrd as hais tipas hd dmpjtij pahd sdr icustrjhj par hais tipas hd jrmjâôds. Js pdssajs gam j dmpjtij lrij gaegarhjm gam j sdbuietd sdetdeâj6 –du pdrgdoa rjpihjmdetd saord a qud as autras qudrdm hizdr”. ^dssajs qud hdmaestrjm j dmpjtij qudetd, par suj vdz, ihdetigjm-sd gam j sdbuietd sdetdeâj6 –du tdeta md ihdetigjr dmagiaejcmdetd gam as praocdmjs has mdus jmibas”. Dequjeta j dmpjtij lrij eça edgdssjrijmdetd jgampjekj j dmpjtij qudetd, j dmpjtij qudetd higicmdetd pahdrij sdr luegiaejc sdm j dmpjtij lrij, ista é, sdm j kjoicihjhd hd ieldrir as pdesjmdetas d sdetimdetas j pjrtir hj pdrspdgtivj jckdij. Ea detjeta, dxpdrimdetjr as sdetimdetas d edgdssihjhds rdqudr qud j pdssaj dstdfj gidetd hj dxistæegij iehdpdehdetd ha iehivíhua, a qud impcigj umj pdrspdgtivj hildrdetd hjqudcj ha pjrgdira (@DDEJE, ?>>7). Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, j dmpjtij qudetd eça impcigj umj ihdetigjâça gampcdtj au a jmêcbjmj gam a pjrgdira. Gaesdqudetdmdetd, eça é jgihdetjc qud js dsgjcjs hd dmpjtij lrij d qudetd sdfjm rdcjtivjmdetd rdcjgiaejhjs hd mjedirj tæeud (JC JIE dt jc., ?>:7). Dcjs sça pravjvdcmdetd pjutjhjs par pragdssas gabeitivas hildrdetds d dstruturjs edurjis hildrdetds.
Hd mjedirj eça surprddehdetd, as mjquijvécigas usujcmdetd mastrjm um ojixa eívdc hd prdagupjâça dmpêtigj. Ja usjr vêrias tdstds ha tipa pjpdc d gjedtj,
pdsquisjhards degaetrjrjm umj lartd detrd as íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk d as garrdcjâça íehigds hd edbjtivj dmpjtij bcaojc (JCI & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, ?>:>0 RJI &
XICIA^ATCAW, ?>:?0 RJWXDCC & OAAXK, ?>>7o). Jhdmjis, a XICIA^ATCAW, mjquijvdcisma mastrau um rdcjgiaejmdeta ievdrsjmdetd simicjr gam gjhj um has hildrdetds gampaedetds hj dmpjtij, tjis gama j tamjhj hd pdrspdgtivj, j gjpjgihjhd hd rdspastj dmagiaejc d j sietaeij dmagiaejc. Issa subdrd qud as mjquijvécigas tæm higuchjhd pjrj gamprddehdr d dxpdrimdetjr as dstjhas dmagiaejis jckdias, jssim gama pjrj ihdetigjr as sdetimdetas d pdesjmdetas hd umj pdssaj iehdpdehdetd hdcds. Edstd paeta, é vêciha rdgaorjr umj gjrjgtdrístigj mjquijvécigj hisgutihj dm mjis hdtjckds eas gjpítucas jetdriards, eamdjhjmdetd, a pdesjmdeta dxtdrejmdetd aridetjha. Issa sibeigj qud as mjquijvécigas rjrjmdetd dstça prdagupjhas gam suj vihj ietdrej, mdsma qud dcds dstdfjm muita mjis ietdrdssjhas dm aotdr gaisjs vjciasjs j pjrtir ha mdia dxtdrea (FAEJWA & @_J @_JTWD, TWD, ?>:7). Issa dstê ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejha gam j ljctj hd dmpjtij, umj vdz qud, dm vdz hd dstjrdm prdagupjhas gam as jspdgtas pdssajis hd sdus rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis, dcds prdagupjm-sd gam as odedlígias mjtdrijis qud dcds pahdm aotdr j pjrtir hdcds. Gaesihdrjeha tuha issa, eça é surprddehdetd qud j ojixj dmpjtij has mjquijvécigas sdfj jgampjekjhj par umj ojixj pré-hispasiâça î dxioiâça hd gampartjmdetas gaapdrjtivas au jctruístjs. Dcds eça hdsdfjm mastrjr odedvacæegij jas hdmjis, d eça dstça edm mdsma hdsdfasas hd gaapdrjr. Tm dstuha subdrd qud dcds jprdsdetjm gdrta brju hd iehildrdeâj sagijc, impjgiæegij qujeta jas autras, ljctj hd bdeticdzj d, dm jcbues gjsas, jté mdsma umj prapdesça î viebjeâj (^JJC & OD_DGV@DI, ?>>2).
9 Cditurj mdetjc Hdshd a ieígia hj pdsquisj saord a mjquijvdcisma, as mjquijvécigas tæm siha gaesihdrjhas aosdrvjhards kêodis hj ejturdzj kumjej qud praetjmdetd dmprdbjm suj dxpdriæegij d sujs imprdssôds hjs pdssajs pjrj debjeê-cjs d mjeipucê-cjs. Zujeha a gaegdita hd cditurj mdetjc (Xdarij hj Mdetd, jtriouiâça hd dstjha mdetjc) tareau-sd hamiejetd ej psigacabij gabeitivj, as pdsquisjhards prdhissdrjm qud as mjquijvécigas sd mastrjrijm dxgdcdetds cditards hj mdetd, umj vdz qud hispuekjm hj kjoicihjhd hd ieldrir as dstjhas mdetjis jckdias. Dm sumj, dcds dgidetdmdetd sdrijm gjpjzds hd prdhizdr as pdesjmdetas, dmaâôds, ietdeâôds, gaekdgimdeta au ljctj hd gaekdgimdeta has autras (gl (gl.. oax 9.:).
: Kip÷tdsds d ljcsigjâôds ljcsigjâôds A jxiamj prapasta, j sjodr, qud as mjquijvécigas sça oaes cditards hjs mdetds jckdijs, sdbuij j kip÷tdsd jpjrdetdmdetd odm jssdetjhj qud j mjeipucjâça d a cabra edgdssjrijmdetd rdqudrdm qud jcbuém jssumj j pdrspdgtivj mdetjc ha jcva. Wdm umj Xdarij hj Mdetd odm hdsdevacvihj, higicmdetd sdrij passívdc mjeipucjr autrjs pdssajs d rdgaekdgdr as paetas lrjgas jckdias,
girguestïegijs pjrj js qujis dcds pahdrijm sd mastrjr pauga gaesgidetds (^JJC & OD_DGV@DI, ?>>2). Jqudcds qud
pahdm mjis ljgicmdetd jssumir a paeta hd vistj has autras d detdehdr sujs ietdeâôds, grdeâjs d gaekdgimdeta, pahd mjis dgidetd dmprdbjr tjis gaekdgimdetas pjrj jcgjeâjr sdus aofdtivas ha qud jqudcds qud hispôdm hd kjoicihjhds mdeas hdsdevacvihjs hd cditurj mdetjc. Ejturjcmdetd, issa eça gaetrjhiz a ldeømdea ha hdsjpdba dmagiaejc hisgutiha prdvijmdetd, umj vdz qud é passívdc gamprddehdr js mdtjs d gaekdgimdetas jckdias sdm ihdetigjr-sd gam js dmaâôds jckdijs. Hdssj mjedirj, jcbuém pahdrij jgdssjr as dstjhas mdetjis, sdetimdetas d pdesjmdetas has autras, mjs j pjrtir hd um maha purjmdetd gabeitiva d rjgiaejc (MgICCRJIE, ?>>7). Dstd dcdmdeta pahd sdr um tjeta odeéga jas mjquijvécigas, pais jssim dcds aotæm viscumords gcjras hjs grdeâjs d ietdeâôds jckdijs, d jté mdsma hd sujs vihjs ietdrejs gampcigjhjs, dequjeta dcds eça sd sdetdm hdprimihas au gaelusas ja gampjrtickjr js dmaâôds has autras. Oax 9.: Cditurj mdetjc
Eas öctimas jeas, dstuhas tæm gaermjha qud, ea hdsdevacvimdeta hd rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis, jcbuém pahd pjutjr-sd jmpcjmdetd dm umj kjoicihjhd gabeitivj ojtizjhj arj gama –Xdarij hj Mdetd”, arj gama –cditurj mdetjc”. A tdrma Xdarij hj Mdetd rdldrd-sd î kjoicihjhd hd jcbuém jtriouir as dstjhas mdetjis jckdias d as gaetdöhas hd sdus hdsdfas, grdeâjs, ietdeâôds d dmaâôds, qud pahdm sdr hildrdetds has dstjhas mdetjis hdssd iehivíhua dm pjrtigucjr. J Xdarij hj Mdetd pdrmitd qud dcd vdfj as autras gama iehivíhuas qud hispôdm hd vihjs ietdrejs buijhjs par sdus gampartjmdetas, jspdgtas qud eça sça hirdtjmdetd pdrgdptívdis j pjrtir has sdetihas lísigas. J ljctj hdssj kjoicihjhd pahdrij suostjegijcmdetd delrjqudgdr j aridetjâça hd jcbuém ea mdia sagijc, umj vdz qud, gam issa, um iehivíhua pahdrij gaejr jpdejs dm pistjs lísigjs dxtdrejs qujeha tdetjssd gamprddehdr a gampartjmdeta jckdia (^D_ED_, :99:0 ^JJC & OD_DGV@DI, ?>>2). J mjiarij has dspdgijcistjs gaegarhj qud jpdejs kumjeas tdm umj Xdarij Xdarij hj Mdetd pcdejmdetd hdsdevacvihj, d qud dcj dmdrbiu dm um dstjha rdcjtivjmdetd tjrhia hj dvacuâça kumjej (MIXKDE, ?>>>). Wdu
hdsdevacvimdeta lai grugijcmdetd machjha pdcj dxibæegij hd brupas kumjeas brjehds d dm gaestjetd muhjeâj.hdAjhjptjâça odedlígia jhjptjtiva hj kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc edssd mdia impcigau ea
jumdeta hj gjpjgihjhd iehivihujc hd gamprddehdr d prdhizdr a gampartjmdeta has autras. ^ar autra cjha, issa rdsuctau ea hdsdevacvimdeta hd têtigjs gampcdxjs d sastigjhjs hd gaapdrjâça d gampdtiâça gam mdmoras ha brupa. Zujeta mjis jgurjhj d rdejhj lassd j gamprddesça hjs dmaâôds d pdesjmdetas hd eassas jegdstrjis, mjis dgidetdmdetd dcds pahdrijm jcgjeâjr j juta-aridetjâça dm um mueha gampcdxa hd rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis (HTEOJ_, ?>>?). Dssd hdsdevacvimdeta dvacutiva rdsuctau dm kjoicihjhds dspdgijis pjrj gamprddehdr as dstjhas mdetjis hjs autrjs pdssajs, qud pjrdgdm sdr jmpcjmdetd iehdpdehdetds hjs lueâôds gabeitivjs jckdijs (p. dx., j ietdcibæegij au mdm÷rij). Dstuhas pjutjhas dm imjbdes gdrdorjis hd pdssajs sjuhêvdis, hd pdssajs gam ldrimdetas gdrdorjis d hjqudcjs gam hdsarhdes mdetjis (gama a jutisma) cagjcizjrjm dssjs kjoicihjhds dm êrdjs gdrdorjis dspdgígjs (J^^D_CY, ?>::). Detrd dcjs, umj hjs êrdjs mjis impartjetds é a g÷rtdx pré-lraetjc méhia, qud mastrau um iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd ja jssumir d cihjr gam hildrdetds pdrspdgtivjs mdetjis. Dssj êrdj dstê luegiaejcmdetd gaedgtjhj gam autrj, j fueâça tæmpara-pjridetjc, ej rdbiça pastdriar ha gérdora, qud dstê devacvihj ej ihdetigjâça hd hildrdetds dstjhas mdetjis.
Xuha issa é gaesistdetd gam j gaegcusça p Xuha prapastj rapastj ea m ha gjpítuca jetdriar6 as pdsquisjhards histiebudm hais tipas hd dmpjtij ‗ lrij d qudetd. ^ar um cjha, dequjeta as mjquijvécigas eça jprdsdetjm umj sietaeij dmpêtigj gam as pdesjmdetas d dmaâôds has autras, é jctjmdetd pravêvdc, par autra cjha, qud dcds passjm ljgicmdetd cdr d detdehdr dssds pdesjmdetas d dmaâôds. É impartjetd cdmorjr qud kê gjsas hd ljcsigjâôds gidetígjs gampcdtjs (gaequjeta passivdcmdetd eça tça lrdqudetds qujeta hdsdfêvdc), qujeha hdsgaodrtjs dxpdrimdetjis gcjrjmdetd gaetrjhizdm js kip÷tdsds prapastjs. Dstd tdm siha a gjsa qujeta î kjoicihjhd mjquijvécigj hd cdr mdetds. Js pdsquisjs tæm hdsgaodrta qud as mjquijvécigas eça jprdsdetjm umj kjoicihjhd jgimj hj méhij pjrj jtriouir as dstjhas mdetjis jckdias. Ea primdira dxpdrimdeta rdcjgiaejha ja jssueta (^JJC &
OD_DGV@DI, ?>>2), larjm jprdsdetjhjs j jcbues iehivíhuas vêrijs kist÷rijs d, dm sdbuihj, dcds larjm iequirihas saord
js grdeâjs, aofdtivas d pdesjmdetas prdsumívdis has pdrsaejbdes hdssjs ejrrjtivjs (gl. oax 9.?). Hijetd hjs prdhiâôds tdarétigjs, pjrdgd umj hdsgaodrtj surprddehdetd qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk eça tdekjm aotiha um hdsdmpdeka mdckar ej tjrdlj hd cditurj mdetjc ha qud sujs gaetrjpjrtds gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. Au sdfj, j kip÷tdsd hd qud jqudcds mjis prdhispastas j mjeipucjr, debjejr d dxpcarjr as autras par hispar hd umj kjoicihjhd mjis jpdrldiâajhj pjrj jtriouir dstjhas mdetjis eça degaetrau rdspjcha gidetíga. Oax 9.? Tmj mdhihj ojsdjhj dm ejrrjtivj h hj jX Xdarij darij hj Mdetd
J mdesurjâça hj kjoicihjhd jhuctj hd cditurj mdetjc é, ej mjiarij hjs vdzds, pjutjhj ej gamprddesça ejrrjtivj. As iehivíhuas auvdm au cddm kist÷rijs gurtjs qud jprdsdetjm situjâôds gatihijejs, rdcjgiaejmdetas d gaeitas pdssajis qud hildrdm dm gampcdxihjhd. Gjhj kist÷rij é sdbuihj par um pjr hd jrmjâôds, d gjhj pjr iegcui umj jrmjâça vdrhjhdirj d autrj ljcsj0 j pjrtir hdcjs, as iehivíhuas sdcdgiaejm j rdspastj garrdtj pjrj js jctdrejtivjs. J kist÷rij j sdbuir é um dxdmpca (^JJC & OD_DGV@DI, ?>>2). Wimae d Jehrdw tiekjm siha oaes jmibas hurjetd jeas. Dcds eça hisgarhjvjm hd ejhj par um caeba pdríaha0 parém tuha muhau qujeha Jehrdw gamdâau j sjir gam Mdciehj. J bjratj caba jcimdetau giömds par gaetj hd Wimae. Dcj sdetij qud Jehrdw pjssjvj muita tdmpa gam sdu jmiba d qud ljcjvj gaisjs gam dcd qud, j ribar, hdvdrijm sdr gaevdrsjhjs gam dcj, suj ejmarjhj. Wimae tjmoém sdetiu qud Mdciehj eça bastjvj hdcd d, jssim, tdetau pjssjr a mdear tdmpa passívdc fueta hdcj. Tm hij, Wimae sd jpraximau hd Mdciehj gam um maetd hd GHs ejs mças d pdhiu qud dcj as detrdbjssd pjrj Jehrdw. –Du earmjcmdetd eça pdhirij j vagæ, mjs du eça passa vdr a Jehrdw kafd0 dcd tjmoém eça vdia î dsgacj, d du prdgisa detrdbjr dssds GHs pjrj dcd gam urbæegij”, hissd Wimae. –D a qud td ldz pdesjr qud du vdrij a Jehrdw kafd1 Jcém hissa, du eça tdeka dspjâa ej magkicj pjrj cdvjr tjetas GHs”, Mdciehj rdspaehdu. –Gcjra, gcjra”, hissd Wimae. Ejqudcj eaitd, qujeha Jehrdw pdrbuetau sd Wimae tiekj devijha j dcd as GHs, Mdciehj hissd6 –eça, dcd eça md detrdbau. Dcd vdia jté mim d pdrbuetau sd vagæ irij î dsgacj parqud dcd tiekj qud td detrdbjr jcbues GHs. Zujeha du hissd j dcd qud du pahdrij trjzæ-cas sdm praocdmj jcbum, dcd hissd qud
drj mdckar hdixê-cas gamiba”. Jehrdw rdjcmdetd luriasa. Dcd hissd qud fêeça tiekj pdrgdoiha qud Wimae eçagau bastjvj ha rdcjgiaejmdeta gam Mdciehj, d qud tjcvdz lassd a tdmpa hd tdrmiejr j jmizjhd. –L –Ljâj jâj a qud vagæ prdldrir, Jehrdw”, hissd Mdciehj.
:.j) Wimae drj a ejmarjha hd Mdciehj, qud gau gam giömds hd Jehrdw. :.o) Jehrdw drj a ejmarjha hd Mdciehj, qud gau gam giömds hd Wimae. ?.j) Wimae sdetiu qud Mdciehj eça bastjvj hdcd. ?.o) Wimae sdetiu qud Mdciehj bastjvj hdcd, mjs dsgaehij sdus sdetimdetas. 7.j) Mdciehj eça bastjvj hd Wimae parqud dcj sdetij qud Jehrdw pjssjvj muita tdmpa gam dcd. 7.o) Mdciehj eça bastjvj hd Wimae parqud dcj pdesjvj qud dcd hdsdfjvj gacagjr Jehrdw hdsgaelartêvdc qujeta j dcj. 8.j) Wimae pdesau qud Mdciehj eça qudrij cdvjr as GHs pjrj Jehrdw parqud eça kjvij dspjâa sugidetd ej oacsj hdcj. 8.o) Wimae pdesau qud Mdciehj eça qudrij cdvjr as GHs pjrj Jehrdw parqud dcj hdsdfjvj mastrê-ca sao um paeta hd vistj hdsljvarêvdc pjrj Jehrdw. 4.j) Jehrdw pdhiu ea ieígia hj mjekç qud Wimae devijssd j dcd as GHs. 4.o) Jehrdw pdhiu ea ieígia hj eaitd qud Wimae devijssd j dcd as GHs. 0 JCI dt jc., ?>>9). Ibujcmdetd, um rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva lai rdvdcjha detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j cditurj hj mdetd jtrjvés hd um tdstd ea qujc as iehivíhuas tiekjm qud cdr ljgds qud jprdsdetjvjm dmaâôds edutrjs, edbjtivjs au pasitivjs (JCI dt jc., ?>>9). Jhdmjis, iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, qujeha apastas jas iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj, mastrjvjm um rdehimdeta piar pjrj ihdetigjr js dmaâôds hd pdssajs qud cijm um tdxta gurta ja qujc a auvietd eça dstjvj ljmicijrizjha (JCI dt jc., ?>:>). Dcds tiekjm higuchjhds jté mdsma pjrj fucbjr sd js dmaâôds ha cditar drjm edutrjs, edbjtivjs au pasitivjs. Î cuz hissa, eça é surprddehdetd hizdr qud as mjquijvécigas, gama lai prdvijmdetd hisgutiha, hdmaestrjssdm um rdehimdeta ruim eas tdstds qud mdesurjvjm j ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc d j dmpjtij (^JJC & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:20 JCI dt jc., ?>:>0 JTWXIE dt jc., ?>>20 \AE@ dt jc., ?>:4). Oax 9.7 Cditurj hj mdetd ea tdstd a agucjr gucjr (Ojrae-Gakde)
A tdstd gaesistd dm 78 imjbdes hj rdbiça agucjr hj ljgd hd hildrdetds iehivíhuas. Zujtra jhfdtivas hdsgrdvdeha dmaâôds histietjs sça jprdsdetjhas dm gjhj quiej hd gjhj imjbdm. As iehivíhuas sça dstimucjhas j sdcdgiaejr j dmaâça jpraprijhj qud as ackas rddtdm dm gjhj imjbdm.
? Hégits jhjptjtivas Jssim, j brjehd qudstça rdpausj ea qujeta jcbuém hdmaestrj umj kjoicihjhd jojixa hj méhij pjrj rdgaekdgdr as dstjhas hd gaekdgimdeta, aofdtivas d dmagiaejc hd autrj pdssaj, qud pahdm sdr usjhas pjrj mjeipucê-cj. Tmj passívdc rdspastj é qud js mdhihjs dmprdbjhjs jté a mamdeta laredgdm umj imjbdm vêcihj d jgurjhj hjs hildrdeâjs detrd iehivíhuas0 au sdfj, as mjquijvécigas garrdetdmdetd jprdsdetjm hégits dm umj jmpcj êrdj hj gabeiâça sagijc. Wd dssd é a gjsa, detça jcbuém pahdrij jrbumdetjr ‗ par virtuhd hj edgdssihjhd ‗ qud tjis hégits pahdrijm sdrvir, j ribar, d debjejr, hd larmj simicjr ja priegípia hd pjrj qud jmjeipucjr higuchjhd pjrj dxprdssjr dmaâôds pahd jfuhê-cas j gaehuzir sdus dsqudmjs (gl. gjp. 2). Dspdgigjmdetd, sd dcds eça detdehdm js gjusjs hjs hards jckdijs, detça sujs jmoiâôds mjeipucjharjs eça sdrça suostjegijcmdetd jldtjhjs par sdetimdetas ruies au pdsa ej gaesgiæegij. ^arém, kê um praocdmj séria gam dssj ihdij, j sjodr, qud js hdsvjetjbdes hj iegampdtæegij sagijc hdrivjhjs hd umj kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc paord mjis pravjvdcmdetd
dxgdhjm js vjetjbdes patdegijis hdssj gdbudirj mdetjc0 ista é, j ljctj hd gucpj hd jcbuém eça j jfuhj j
gamprddehdr as autras0 edssd gjsa, js tdetjtivjs hd mjeipucjâça irça ljckjr. Tmj kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc paord pahd prdvdeir j mjeipucjâça odm-sugdhihj jetds qud j gdbudirj dmagiaejc passj dcimiejr js ieioiâôds marjis.
7 Eava métaha6 métaha6 ejrrjtivjs hd mjeipucjâça Autrj dxpcigjâça passívdc pjrj a rdcjgiaejmdeta edbjtiva detrd a mjquijvdcisma d j cditurj mdetjc subdrd qud as tdstds hd praetihça mdetjc dm usa jté a mamdeta dstça caebd hj pdrldiâça6 dcds eça sça gjpjzds hd dcdegjr js hildrdeâjs iehivihujis ejs rdspastjs j higjs sutis ha gampartjmdeta sagijc.jpraprijhjmdetd É passívdc qud as passjm ietdrprdtjr js mjquijvécigas dmaâôds d sdetimdetas has autras dm gdrtjs situjâôds d jtituhds sagijis, primjrijmdetd ejqudcjs rdqudrihjs pdcj mjeipucjâça. Dm um dxpdrimdeta rdgdetd, iehivíhuas tiekjm qud detdehdr kist÷rijs hd mjedirj jeêcabj jas dxpdrimdetas prdvijmdetd jprdsdetjhas edstj aorj. Gaetuha, edstd gjsa, js kist÷rijs larjm jprdsdetjhjs hd hujs larmjs histietjs. Tm brupa hdcjs iegcuíjm kist÷rijs –gaevdegiaejis”, gama jprdsdetjha ea oax 9.?0 dcjs pahdm sdr hd –kist÷rijs ejrrjtivjs”, vdz qud gjhj umjgkjmjhjs hdcjs hdsgrdvd um dvdeta j pjrtir umj hj pdrspdgtivj ha ejrrjhar. As jutards jpaetjrjm qud a praocdmj hdssd tipa hd kist÷rij, detrd autras, é qud dcd gaetém muitas tdrmas hd mdetjcizjâçaP. Gcidetd6 Xuha odm, vau gamprê-ca. Jmoas vça pjrj a gjixj, a gcidetd pjbj j qujetij jgdrtjhj d hdixj j cafj gam a gjsjga. Xça caba j partj sd ldgkj, j vibicjetd sji ha dstaqud gam um sarrisa hirdgiaejha ja vdehdhar... vdehdhar... \ibicjetd6 Kafd e÷s zdmas um oam edb÷gia hd eava...
Dstj hdsgaodrtj, par suj vdz, jpjrdetdmdetd jpaij a fê jssumiha rdcjgiaejmdeta íetima detrd j cditurj mdetjc d j mjeipucjâça6 jqudcds qud sça mjis odm-sugdhihas dm gamprddehdr js ietdeâôds has autras tjmoém pahdm dldtivjmdetd uticizjr dssj kjoicihjhd pjrj jcgjeâjr sujs mdtjs. Xuha cdvj j grdr qud as mjquijvécigas hd ljta rdgaekdgdm muita odm qujeha as autras (pdrsaejbdes ej kist÷rij ha dstuha) mjeipucjm au sça mjeipucjhas. Dssj sdesioicihjhd passivdcmdetd rdmaetj îs sujs dxpdriæegijs prdbrdssjs. Mjis dspdgigjmdetd, é jctjmdetd pravêvdc qud jcbuém qud dstdfj hispasta j usjr vêrijs têtigjs hd debjea ej vihj hd jcbuém tjmoém js rdgaekdâj ljgicmdetd qujeha
usjhj pdcas autras. js qudstôds dcdegjhjs ea ieígia ha _dspaehdeha t÷piga, pravjvdcmdetd kê umaribiejis jspdgta
dspdgíga hj cditurj mdetjc ea qujc as mjquijvécigas sça mjis odm jhjptjhas ha qud as autras. Dm sumj, é passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas sdfjm, dm bdrjc, cditards mdetjis ej méhij au jojixa hdcj, dcds jprdsdetdm kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs jgimj hj gaequjeta méhij dm situjâôds qud aldrdâjm apartueihjhds pjrj qud dcds mjeipucdm as autras d a gaetdxta. Dssj gaegcusça é gaesistdetd gam js hdsgaodrtjs hd dstuhas prdvijmdetd hisgutihas, qud tæm rdvdcjha qud mdsma qujeha as mjquijvécigas dxiodm ojixj ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc, dcds jprdsdetjm um rdehimdeta dxgdcdetd ej detça gkjmjhj Dsgjcj hd Mjeipucjâça Dmagiaejc (gl. oax ;.7). ^artjeta, dequjeta as mjquijvécigas bdrjcmdetd hdmaestrjm hégits ej cditurj mdetjc d ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc, jdcds pahdm tdr kjoicihjhds supdriards pjrj dmprdbjr mjeipucjâça dmagiaejc d gabeitivj qujeha j situjâça pdrmitd uticizjr têtigjs hd debjea d laredgd praspdgtas hd odedlígias. Dssj gaegcusça jpaetj pjrj autrj qud sdrê hisgutihj dm hdtjckds ea pr÷xima gjpítuca6 as mjquijvécigas sça dxívdis d jhjptjm sdus gampartjmdetas d atimizjm sdus bjekas hijetd hjs situjâôds qud delrdetjm.
8 Xipas hd cditurj m mdetjc detjc
Jcbues jutards prapôdm um dequjhrjmdeta tdarétiga qud dstê ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejha jas t÷pigas hisgutihas jgimj0 simuctjedjmdetd, gacagj-as dm umj pdrspdgtivj tdarétigj jmpcj. Eamdjhjmdetd, dssds jutards histiebudm detrd js detça gkjmjhjs larmjs ihiabrêgjs d eamatétigjs hj Xdarij hj Mdetd (MgICCRJIE, ?>>70 ^JJC, ?>::). A gaegdita hd mdetd ihiabrêgj lagj js hildrdeâjs iehivihujis d rdldrd-sd î kjoicihjhd hd ieldrir d prdhizdr a dstjha
mdetjc hd hj autrj pdssaj. jspdgtas gaordmda dstd gaegdita hd Xdarij Mdetd dm Dssds sdu sdetiha gcêssiga, é a aofdtiva hj mjiarij has dstuhas rdcjgiaejhas ja gjmpa.
Xahjvij, muita mdeas jtdeâça gidetígj lai hdvatjhj î Xahjvij, cditurj eamatétigj hj mdetd, jpdsjr hd sdr umj apdrjâça mdetjc impartjetd, prdsumivdcmdetd usjhj lrdqudetdmdetd ej vihj gatihijej. J cditurj eamatétigj mdetjc eça tdm a aofdtiva hd rdvdcjr a dstjha mdetjc hd um iehivíhua dspdgíga0 trjtj-sd hd umj tdetjtivj hd gjtdbarizjâça ha iehivihujc pjrj um –tipa” bdrjc ojsdjha ejs dxpdriæegijs prévijs. A aosdrvjhar eça dstê prdagupjha gam a gaekdgimdeta, pdesjmdetas d hdsdfas jtujis ha pjrgdira, mjs gam js larmjs gama pdssajs simicjrds dm situjâôds simicjrds usujcmdetd pdesjm d jbdm. É passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas jhatdm umj visça eamatétigj qujeha ieldrdm as mativas has autras d js jâôds dspdrjhjs. Jssim, dcds usjm suj dxpdriæegij prévij gacdtjhj hdshd j ielïegij pjrj bdedrjcizjr –tipas” jpcigêvdis j eavjs situjâôds, hd mjedirj j tamjr hdgisôds saord js passívdis larmjs d as bjekas prapargiaejhas pdcj mjeipucjâça. Tm oam dxdmpca hj kjoicihjhd hd bdedrjcizjâça d gjtdbarizjâça has mjquijvécigas lai laredgiha par um dxpdrimdeta hd ^kicip Vimojrha d gacdbjs (:92>), ea qujc gjhj iehivíhua rdsacvd vêrijs tjrdljs gam um pjrgdira. Gama hdmaestrjha ea gjpítuca ?, gaeldhdrjhas (pdssajs ielarmjhjs) tdetjm pdrsujhir as iehivíhuas j trjpjgdjr. As mjquijvécigas rdsistdm î tdetjâça qujeha sdu pjrgdira lai prdvijmdetd hdprdgijha pdcas dxpdrimdetjhards. ^ar autra cjha, muitas iehivíhuas mjquijvécigas gaegarhjvjm gam j trjpjâj qujeha sjoijm, par ietdrméhia has dxpdrimdetjhards, qud sdu pjrgdira drj papucjr d ietdcibdetd. J hildrdeâj subdrd qud, dm gaehiâôds hd ojixj hissaeïegij (qujeha umj pdssaj gam jcta prdstíbia ieigij j trjpjâj ha dxpdrimdeta), iehivíhuas tæm umj oaj fustigjtivj pjrj jgditê-cj. As jutards gaegcudm qud j
hdgisça has mjquijvécigas hd trjpjgdjr au eça lai mjis ieudegijhj pdcjs dtiqudtjs gabeitivjs usjhjs pjrj
hdsgrdvdrdm sdus pjrgdiras. Au sdfj, sujs hdgisôds eça larjm buijhjs par gaesihdrjâôds marjis au pdca gampartjmdeta has pjrgdiras, mjs pdcj imprdssça qud tiekjm hdstds öctimas, larmjhj jetds ha gaetjta ieigijc. Iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, par suj vdz, eça sd mastrjrjm sdesívdis hijetd hdssjs dtiqudtjs. Wujs hdgisôds saord trjpjgdjr au eça larjm primjrijmdetd ieudegijhjs par sdus sdetimdetas d imprdssôds rdcjgiaejhas ja pjrgdira, gam qudm hdsdevacvijm umj rdcjâça ljgd j ljgd. Dm sumj, a dxpdrimdeta rdvdcau qud a gampartjmdeta has iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk buijvj-sd priegipjcmdetd pdca fucbjmdeta bdrjc ha pjrgdira (gama subdriha pdca dxpdrimdetjhar). situjâôds gatihijejs, ejturjcmdetd, tjis dtiqudtjs Dm hdsdevacvdm gaetíeujs ietdrjâôds gam a mdia sagijc hurjetd j sagijcizjâça d a hdsdevacvimdeta hj pdrsaejcihjhd. As mjquijvécigas gaejm dm sujs imprdssôds bdrjis has jcvas patdegijis, jssim gama dm situjâôds dspdgígjs, qujeha hdgihdm dm qud dxtdesça dcds irça jr-sd dm dstrjtébijs hd cabra. Gam ojsd eas dxpdrimdetas prévias, dcds tjmoém machjm umj apieiça, j sjodr, sd a jcva patdegijc é umj pdssaj jpraprijhj j sdr mjeipucjhj. Jcbumjs pdssajs sça ljgicmdetd pdrsujhihjs parqud ckds ljctj jutagaejeâj. Jcbumjs hdcjs sça susgdtívdis j sdrdm gacagjhjs gaetrj js autrjs, umj vdz qud dcjs bdrjcmdetd hdsgaejm hjs pdssajs0 autrjs jiehj tæm dsqudcdtas ea jrmêria, ljzdeha gam qud sujs gucpjs sdfjm usjhjs pjrj gampdci-cjs j ljzdr jcba qud dssdegijcmdetd sdrvd ja ietdrdssd h ha a mjeipucjhar. mjeipucjhar. As mjquijvécigas cjeâjm mça ha patdegijc has paetas lrjgas has jcvas ‗ gama hisgutiha jojixa jojixa..
4 J vucedrjoicihjhd vucedrjoicihjhd ha jcva
^jrdgd gcjra qud jcbumjs pdssajs sça lrdqudetdmdetd dxpastjs ja pdriba hj mjeipucjâça hd sujs pr÷prijs lrjqudzjs d vucedrjoicihjhds. Gama Haris MgIccwjie jpaetau (?>>7), jcbuém higicmdetd pahdrij gaegdodr quça grugijc é a pjpdc hj lrjqudzj kumjej dm um faba hd vitimizjâça. E÷s jhatjmas muitjs icusôds d ljcsjs grdeâjs saord e÷s mdsmas qud pahdm eas privjr hj kjoicihjhd hd jutahdldsj. E÷s jgrdhitjmas sdr mdckards ha qud e÷s rdjcmdetd samas, fucbjmas eassjs jtituhds d jmoiâôds mjis ljvarjvdcmdetd ha qud eassas gampartjmdetas cdvjm j grdr, d e÷s lrdqudetdmdetd dxpcigjmas eassjs jâôds ja aldrtjrmas hildrdetds rjzôds saord sdus prap÷sitas rdjis. Jhdmjis, muitjs qujcihjhds kumjejs pahdm sdr jhigiaejhjs edstj cistj, ista é, qud jfuhjm as autras j eas mjeipucjrdm6 mdha, gucpj, vjihjhd, supdrstiâôds, hdsdfas dtg. Dm gdrtjs situjâôds, tjis jutadebjeas d lrjbicihjhds eas tarejm vucedrêvdis î mjeipucjâça (MgICCRJIE, ?>>7). As mjquijvécigas dgidetdmdetd ljzdm usa hdssjs apartueihjhds tça caba dcds jhquirdm j gaesgiæegij j pjrtir hj dxpdriæegij hd gama js pdssajs –luegiaejm”, hildrdetdmdetd hjs apieiôds qud dcjs gaestradm saord dstd jssueta. Tmj dstrjtébij qud dcds usjm pjrj jcgjeâjr sdus aofdtivas é grijr dstjhas mdetjis ejs pdssajs qud dcds pahdm mjeipucjr gam sugdssa. Tm dxdmpca hdssj dstrjtébij é j iehuâça hj gucpj, qud é dgidetdmdetd usjhj pdcas mjquijvécigas pjrj dxpcarjr as autras (\JEBDCIWXI0 HJCY & _THEIG@, :99:). Dcj iegcui têtigjs gama –cdmorjr as autras hjs aoribjâôds qud dcds tæm dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta”, –cdmorjr j rdspaesjoicihjhd ha pjrgdira dm hdtdrmiejhj situjâça”, –deumdrjr jâôds pjssjhjs qud jcbuém rdjcizau pjrj jfuhjr a pjrgdira” dtg. Dequjeta issa, ejturjcmdetd, muitjs pdssajs rdgarrdm î iehuâça gucpasj
gaesgidetdmdetd au iegaesgidetdmdetd. As mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd d praetjmdetd dxpcarjm dssd dldita
psigac÷biga. Dcds usjm gam mjis lrdquæegij sdetdeâjs gama –qujeha du tdeka rjivj hd jcbuém au sau ldriha par jcbuém, du lrdqudetdmdetd tdeta ljzæ-ca sd sdetir gucpjha”, au –du passa ljgicmdetd ljzdr as autras sdetirdm gucpj”. Jssim, gaelarmd as jrbumdetas suprjgitjhas, as mjquijvécigas sça gjpjzds hd detdehdr d dstrjtdbigjmdetd dxpcarjr js qujcihjhds kumjejs qud ljzdm sdr jcva tarejrsd vucedrêvdc. Issa eça impcigj edgdssjrijmdetd qud dcds ieldrirça as dstjhas mdetjis dspdgígas d jtujis ha jcva, mjs issa rdqudr hdcds j kjoicihjhd hd hdhuzir pistjs gabeitivjs d dmagiaejis cibjhjs ja gampartjmdeta d pdesjmdeta ha jcva qud sdrvirijm pjrj sujs mdtjs dm umj situjâça dspdgígj. As mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd dsgackdm sdu jcva prapasitjcmdetd6 par dxdmpca, dcds tdetjm mjeipucjr jqudcds qud fucbjm dstjrdm prdhispastas j gaapdrjr d qud sd prdagupjm gam as autras (gl. gjp. ::). Wuj dsgackj é pjutjhj ej visça qud tjis pdssajs iegarparjm jqudcd tipa hd cabra qud dcds dxpcarjm gam rdcjtivj ljgicihjhd.
< Mdetjcizjâça dspaetïedj Ojsdjha dm hivdrsjs hdsgaodrtjs dxpdrimdetjis, e÷s jté a mamdeta jpaetjmas qud as mjquijvécigas mastrjm um hdsdmpdeka jgimj hj méhij dm gdrtjs larmjs au gampaedetds hj cditurj mdetjc (cditurj mdetjc eamatétigj, iehuâça gucpasj, mjeipucjâça dmagiaejc dtg.). Autra paeta ibearjha jté a mamdeta devacvd j mativjâça dm vdz hj kjoicihjhd. Dspdgigjmdetd, as mjquijvécigas tdetjm pasitivjmdetd detdehdr as autras1 É passívdc qud sdus ietdrdssds dm umj mjeipucjâça odm-sugdhihj laredâjm mativjâôds usujis lartds qud as pdrmitjm prdhizdr as
gampartjmdetas jckdias1 Dm um dstuha,gama pdsquisjhards usjrjm umj gacdâça hd hazd imjbdes dstímucas mjtdrijis d pdhirjm jas pjrtigipjetds ha dxpdrimdeta qud
hdsgrdvdssdm gjhj imjbdm civrdmdetd, mdegiaejeha qujcqudr gaisj qud vidssd î mdetd. A dstuha tiekj gama aofdtiva rdvdcjr ea qud as iehivíhuas prdstjvjm mjis jtdeâça ejs imjbdes qud mastrjvjm situjâôds gatihijejs6 au dcds lagjvjm ejs situjâôds dm si d ejs girguestïegijs aofdtivjs au eas passívdis pdesjmdetas d dmaâôds hjs pdssajs ejs latas. As jutards prdsumirjm qud j dxpasiâça ja mjtdrijc prapigijrij qud jcbues iehivíhuas dspaetjedjmdetd jtivjssdm sujs kjoicihjhds hd cditurj mdetjc, qud sd rddtirijm ejs rdspastjs hjhjs hijetd hjs imjbdes. Dcds hdeamiejrjm dssd ldeømdea gama –mdetjcizjâça dspaetïedj”, hdeieha-a gama j hispasiâça au mativjâça hd gaegdodr as dstjhas mdetjis has autras ja jssumir sujs pdrspdgtivjs. As rdsuctjhas rdvdcjrjm hildrdeâjs iehivihujis dssdegijis edssjs hispasiâôds hd cditurjs mdetjis6 iehivíhuas mastrjrjm hildrdeâjs suostjetivjs saord dm qujis girguestïegijs d gama dcds usjm tdrmas hd mdetjcizjâça pjrj ljzdr rdldræegij jas sdetimdetas, pdesjmdetas d ietdeâôds hjs pdssajs ejs imjbdes (gl. oax 9.4). É impartjetd rdssjctjr qud umj hildrdeâj mjrgjetd lai degaetrjhj detrd iehivíhuas gam ojixas d jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. As öctimas hdrjm hdsgriâôds sibeigjetdmdetd mjis dspaetïedjs has dstjhas mdetjis jprdsdetjhas pdcjs pdssajs ha qud as primdiras. Dssj hdsgaodrtj eça lai jldtjhj pdca tjmjeka has tdxtas dsgritas pdcas iehivíhuas. Gaelarmd as jutards, js hdsgaodrtjs mastrjm qud as mjquijvécigas sça mjis mativjhas ha qud as hdmjis dm sjodr as dstjhas mdetjis jckdias, mdsma qujeha dcds eça hdmaestrjm umj kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc jgimj hj méhij. As mjquijvécigas trjesmitdm umj iegciejâça mjiar j jssumir j pdrspdgtivj mdetjc has autras, d tjc prdhispasiâça dspaetïedj passivdcmdetd jmpcij sujs
gkjegds hd debjejr d dxpcarjr js pdssajs dm hdtdrmiejhjs situjâôds. Gaelarmd j ihdij hd cditurj mdetjc eamatétigj, é
passívdc qud dssj mativjâça laqud ej gamprddesça has autras gama umj rdprdsdetjâça ha tipa hd pdrsaejcihjhd hjs pdssajs.
Oax 9.4 Cditurj mdetjc dspaetïedj
As iehivíhuas larjm dxpastas j imjbdes gama js jprdsdetjhjs jojixa6
Dcds larjm dstimucjhas j dsgrdvdr saord a qud js imjbdes as ljzijm pdesjr, sdm qujcqudr rdstriâça qujeta ja gaetdöha hd sujs rdspastjs. As rdsuctjhas hjs ejrrjtivjs dsgritjs larjm trjesgritas dm tdxtas hibitjis, qud pastdriarmdetd pjssjrjm par jeêcisds jtrjvés hd saltwjrds dspdgigjmdetd hdsdevacvihas pjrj gaehuzir jeêcisds hd gaetdöhas psigac÷bigas. A tdxta lai gahigjha gam ojsd dm pjcjvrjs qud ljzdm rdldræegij îs pdrgdpâôds, dmaâôds d pdesjmdetas hjs pdssajs gama dxprdssa eas dxdmpcas jojixa6 • Laga ej pdrgdpâça6 –hujs grijeâjs dstça gjhj umj ackjeha um ourjga”0 –j pdqudej grijeâj dstê jssistieha um laba rdspcjehdgdetd”0 –um kamdm dstê aosdrvjeha j pjisjbdm”0 –um bjrata dstê pjssjeha par umj bjratj sdm ackjr pjrj dcj”.
• Laga ejs dmaâôds6 –eça–pjrdgd kê siejc÷ovia jpjrdetd pdqudea bjrata pjrdgd sacitêria”0 qud hd dcj jcdbrij”0 eça dstê–agaetdetd”0 –du jgka qud passa vdr umj bjratj prdagupjhj”0 –a pdqudea bjrata dstê timihjmdetd hd pé”.
• Laga eas pdesjmdetas6 –pdssaj paehdrjeha”0 –a kamdm ej imjbdm tjmoém dstê mdhitjeha saord jcba”0 –dcj dstê degjrjeha j pjisjbdm d pdesjeha”0 –dcj eça pjrdgd pdesjr dm ejhj”0 –dcd dstê jehjeha d dxprdssj gkaqud”.
Liejcmdetd, as dxdmpcas jojixa sça qujtra rdspastjs hjhjs par qujtra pdssajs hildrdetds pjrj j mdsmj imjbdm. Js hujs primdirjs rdspastjs eça gaetæm qujcqudr mdetjcizjâça dspaetïedj, dequjeta js hujs öctimjs gaetæm. :) –Kê um trdm ej imjbdm d j bjratj dstê dm pé hdetra hdcd. Dcj dstê hdoruâjhj saord j fjedcj. É umj imjbdm dm prdta d orjega.” ?) –\ijfjr é impartjetd pjrj qujcqudr um. J gaehiâça has trdes dm eassa pjís eça é rdjcmdetd jbrjhêvdc pjrj js vijbdes. Jiehj jssim, muitas usjm dssd mdia hd trjespartd.” 7) –Tm mamdeta hdsguihjha jetds hj pjrtihj. J bjratj dstê vijfjeha pjrj caebd, mjs eça pjrj a hdsgaekdgiha. Dcj sjod a qud j jbujrhj ea m hj farejhj, eça impartj a qud sdfj, d sdrê jcba eava d ietdrdssjetd. Dcj pdesj gjsujcmdetd, pdcj öctimj vdz, saord a qud dcj dstê hdixjeha pjrj três.” 8) –Tmj favdm dstê vijfjeha pjrj caebd hd sdu jmar. Dcj ackj î lrdetd gam ackas vihrjhas. Hdixjr sdu jmar j ljz sd sdetir tristd.”
P au 4> jeas jtrês, as dxpdrimdetas hj ^sigacabij sagijc gaehuzihas par _igkjrh Gkristid d sdus gacdbjs rdvdcjrjm qud, qujeha gampjrjha gam autras, as mjquijvécigas mastrjvjm um hdsdmpdeka mdckar dm um gaefueta hd tjrdljs qud rdqudrijm kjoicihjhds vdrsêtdis hd
rdsacuâça hd praocdmjs. Dm um hdssds dxpdrimdetas, as iehivíhuas fabjvjm um faba dm brupas hd træs (gkjmjha hd
–faba hd gaejeâj”), ea qujc træs fabjhards sdetjvjm-sd ja rdhar hd um tjoucdira (BDIW, :92;). Tm fabjhar pahdrij jvjeâjr ea tjoucdira simpcdsmdetd ja larmjr umj gajcizça gam um apaedetd. As fabjhards prdgisjvjm prapar jgarhas pjrj gjhj um. A jgarha pahdrij sdr primjrijmdetd ldita jtrjvés hj gamueigjâça vdrojc pdrsujsivj, ea qujc as fabjhards ljzijm prapastjs saord gam qudm d qujeha dcds hdsdfjvjm larmjr jcijeâjs, d gam qudm dcds hdsdfjvjm hivihir as cugras. As vdegdhards drjm jqudcds mjis odmsugdhihas dm gaesdbuir j gaapdrjâça jckdij, ista é, jqudcds qud ljcjrjm gam um au jmoas jhvdrsêrias pjrj larmjr umj gajcizça. Dm tragj, dcds gaegarhjvjm dm hjr ja pjrgdira um pauga mjis ha præmia ea ejc ha faba ‗ îs sujs pr÷prijs gustjs. faba drj fabjha gam hujsasgaehiâôds hd ojrbjekj. Ej A gaehiâça –jmoíbuj”, fabjhards –gaevdegiaejcmdetd” mastrjvjm as vdrsas hd sujs gjrtjs jas pjrgdiras, hd mjedirj qud dcds eça puhdssdm vdr sdus vjcards. Ej gaehiâça –iedquívagj”, as fabjhards hditjvjm sujs gjrtjs saord j mdsj. As fabjhards mjquijvécigas larjm sibeigjetdmdetd mjis odm-sugdhihas ej gaehiâça jmoíbuj, ej qujc as autras fabjhards eça pahijm vdr a gaetdöha hjs gjrtjs. Issa agarrdu parqud, ea gursa ha faba, dcds larjm dgidetds dm pdrsujhir um hd sdus pjrgdiras j jcijr-sd j dcds dm vdz ha hiekdira tdrgdira jas fabjhar. Ea m, dcds lrdqudetdmdetd aldrdgijm pjrgdiras par sujs vit÷rijs. Tmj vdrsça jctdrejtivj ha dxpdrimdeta lai tjmoém rdjcizjhj6 edcj as dxpdrimdetjhards gaetracjvjm j histriouiâça hjs gjrtjs, hd mjedirj qud gjhj fabjhar tivdssd jpdejs gjrtjs hd ojixa, méhia au jcta vjcar ejs mças (BDIW, :92;). J têtigj jpjrdetdmdetd odm-sugdhihj pjrj fabjhards gam gjrtjs hd ojixa vjcar devacvij aldrdgdr
samjs mjiards gaelarmd sdus cugras prdsumihas, dequjeta sdus pjrgdiras aldrdgijm samjs mdeards. Gaelarmd j mjiarij, dstj drj j öeigj mjedirj hd larmjr umj jcijeâj
gam qujcqudr pjrgdira. Ea detjeta, edssd gjsa, as mjquijvécigas sdbuirjm umj dstrjtébij hildrdetd. Mdsma dm umj pasiâça mjis lrjgj, qujeha dcds tiekjm gjrtjs hd ojixa vjcar ejs mças, dcds aldrdgijm d dxibijm samjs tça brjehds qujeta as fabjhards gam gjrtjs hd vjcar méhia au jcta. Dcds hdmaestrjvjm j gaejeâj hd qud sdrijm gjpjzds hd gaevdegdr sdus pjrgdiras d gaetracjr j situjâça. Hd ljta, dcds gampartjvjm-sd gama mdmoras hamiejetds has brupas, d as autras, hd jcbumj mjedirj, gaesihdrjvjm as mjquijvécigas gama as mdckards pjrgdiras hd gajcizça passívdis pjrj sd jcijrdm. Jssim, as mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd rdfditjvjm js aldrtjs has fabjhards gam gjrtjs hd ojixa vjcar, d vactjvjm sujs jtdeâôds jas fabjhards dmlarmjr umj umj pasiâça mdckar, dvihdetdmdetd ej dspdrjeâj hd jcijeâj mjis lartd. J pjrtir hdssds dxpdrimdetas, as jutards gaegcuírjm qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk trjtjrjm j situjâça rjgiaejcmdetd, dm umj pdrspdgtivj gabeitivj, dequjeta iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej dsgjcj hd rdldræegij larjm gaehuzihas par sujs dmaâôds. As primdiras hjvjm mjis impartïegij îs hdmjehjs situjgiaejis d dxpcarjvjm dgidetdmdetd js rdbrjs ‗ sdm viacê-cjs, é impartjetd lrisjr. As öctimas tjmoém gaekdgijm js rdbrjs, mjs dcds dsgackijm gaelarmd sdus sdetimdetas. Xuha X uha issa é gaesistdetd gam js aosdrvjâôds saord js hildrdeâjs iehivihujis ej ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc d ej lridzj dmagiaejc hisgutihjs eas gjpítucas prévias. ^arém, as jutards jpaetjrjm qud kê muita mjis –dm faba” ha qud um simpcds hdsjpdba dmagiaejc. Dcds subdrirjm qud as mjquijvécigas hispuekjm hd kjoicihjhds sagijis jgimj hj méhij. Hd ljta, pjrdgd mjis gaesistdetd grdr qud dcds gamprddehdm mdckar sd é prdgisa tamjr j ieigijtivj d cihjr
kjoicmdetd gam rdcjgiaejmdetas, dm vdz hd jpdejs gaesihdrê-cas gama iehivíhuas gam ljctj hd sdesa hd marjcihjhd au sdm devacvimdeta dmagiaejc.
Dm autra dstuha hd psigacabij sagijc, pdhirjm j um brupa hd iehivíhuas pjrj qud dcds imjbiejssdm qud drjm haeas hd umj pdqudej dmprdsj (B_JMW & _ABD_W, :99>). J dmprdsj tiekj umj edgdssihjhd urbdetd hd gamoustívdc pjrj gaetieujr sujs apdrjâôds0 umj vdrsça ha dxpdrimdeta mahdcau umj situjâça hrjmêtigj6 um gacjpsa dgaeømiga s÷ pahdrij sdr prdvdeiha hijetd hj gamprj dmdrbdegijc hd gamoustívdc, iehdpdehdetdmdetd ha prdâa (gaehiâça hd jctj mativjâça). Dm autrj vdrsça, j grisd eça drj iesupdrêvdc, mjs j gampjekij eça tdrij prafdâôds hd hdsdevacvimdeta sdm rdgursas dedrbétigas dxtrjs (gaehiâça hd mativjâça mahdrjhj). As iehivíhuas larjm ielarmjhas qud sdus pjrgdiras, qud hd ljta drjm gaeldhdrjhas has dxpdrimdetjhards sjoijm saord issa),(ejturjcmdetd, rdprdsdetjrijmasas iehivíhuas luegiaeêriasejhj hj gampjekij hd gamoustívdc. As iehivíhuas larjm ielarmjhas qud j gampjekij hd gamoustívdc tiekj umj pacítigj hd edb÷gias muita dstritj d, ea pjssjha, lrdqudetdmdetd sd rdgusau j ljzdr edb÷gias gam j gampjekij gjrdetd hd gamoustívdc. As prapridtêrias hj gampjekij devacvijm as iehivíhuas, hizdeha qud sdu trjojcka drj ljzdr gam qud j autrj pdssaj laredgdssd j dcds j qujetihjhd edgdssêrij hd gamoustívdc. ^ar m, dcds pahdrijm rdgarrdr j vêrijs têtigjs qud dcds (gl. gaesihdrjssdm edgdssêrijs pjrj jcgjeâjr sdus aofdtivas (gl . hdtjckds ea oax :>.:). A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud as mjquijvécigas, ista é, jqudcds gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, jvjcijhas jssim jetds ha dxpdrimdeta, prdldrirjm têtigjs eça rjgiaejis ha qud js rjgiaejis, jcém hd têtigjs iehirdtjs dm vdz hd têtigjs hirdtjs. ^ar dxdmpca, dcds lrdqudetdmdetd rdgarrdrjm îs têtigjs hd cabra d tdetjrjm impcjetjr sujs ihdijs ejs mdetds has jcvas0 dcds tjmoém lrdqudetdmdetd jpdcjrjm
pjrj dmaâôds qujeha tdetjrjm jcimdetjr j gampjixça, j rdspaesjoicihjhd au as sdetimdetas –kumjeas” ha pjrgdira. Gaetuha, j hdsgaodrtj mjis ietdrdssjetd lai qud as
iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jhjptjrjm-sd mjis dxivdcmdetd hijetd hjs muhjeâjs hd situjâôds ha qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej dsgjcj hd rdldræegij. Zujeha j situjâça lai jbrjvjhj d kjvij umj edgdssihjhd vitjc par gamoustívdc (gaehiâça hd jctj mativjâça), as mjquijvécigas tdetjrjm muitjs têtigjs hildrdetds. Dssjs têtigjs drjm gjrjs (umj vdz qud j gampjekij hd gamoustívdc hdvdrij sdr pjbj), mjs, simuctjedjmdetd, a tdmpa pahdrij bjrjetir a jgarha. ^ar dxdmpca, dx dmpca, um iehivíhua cjeâau j sdbuietd prapastj6 –Wd vagæ gumprir miekj hdmjehj, vagæ irê sd hjr odm. ^desd cabigjmdetd6 vagæ ljrê umj maetjekj hd hiekdira gam a edb÷gia d tdrê miekj brjtihça. Eça kê gama vagæ pdrhdr”. pdrhdr ”. Oax :>.: Xêtigjs hd ieuæegij • Xêtigjs rjgiaejis
‗ Gampramissa6 jmoas as cjhas johigjm hd pjrtd hd sujs mdtjs pjrj jcgjeâjr jcba hdcjs. ‗ Ojrbjekj6 aldrtj hd ljvards rdgípragas au prapar tragjs hd hujs vijs. ‗ _jzça6 usa hd jrbumdetas c÷bigas au rjgiaejis. • Xêtigjs irrjgiaejis6 f`kf ‗ Debjea6 tdetjr debjejr a jcva usjeha mdetirjs pjrj ljzdr a jgarha. ‗ Jcva-dmagiaejc6 a ieudegijhar tdetj dcabijr a jcva au hdixê-ca(j) hd oam kumar. ‗ Mjeipucjâça hd pdesjmdeta6 ljzdr gam qud a jcva pdesd qud j prapastj ha ieudegijhar lai umj ihdij pr÷prij. • Xêtigjs hirdtjs ‗ _dgampdesj6 dstjodcdgdr qud gaesdquæegijs pasitivjs agarrdrça sd a jcva gaegarhjr. ‗ Jmdjâj6 dstjodcdgdr qud gaesdquæegijs edbjtivjs agarrdrça sd a jcva hisgarhjr.
‗ Jssdrtivj6 mjeildstjr a hdsdfa hd mjedirj jctj d larâasj. • Xêtigjs iehirdtjs
‗ Iesieujâça6 tdetjr ieudegijr sdm jodrtjmdetd hizdr a qud qudr0 suticmdetd tdetjr trjzdr a jssueta î taej. ‗ Jbdetd dmagiaejc6 a ieudegijhar tdetj ljzæ-ca(j) pjrdgdr siegdra(j) d bdetic. ‗ Dxpdrtisd6 jcdbjr tdr mjis gaekdgimdeta au dxpdriæegij ea jssueta.
? Jctruísma ebiha Dstuhas suosdqudetds gaermjrjm d dcjoarjrjm j pastdriari js gaegcusôds has dstuhas hd psigacabij sagijc gaehuziha kê hégjhjs. Ricsae, Edjr d Miccdr (:99:>) (oax :>.?). A dstuha rdvdcau qud 8>% has dstuhjetds dstjvjm pré-hispastas j jfuhjr dstrjebdiras edgdssitjhas (ihasas, marjhards hd ruj, grijeâjs gam hdsarhdes mdetjis
dtg.). Eça sd trjtj hd umj hdsgaodrtj surprddehdetd, edm qud as mjquijvécigas jprdsdetjrjm umj pré-hispasiâça
muita mjis ojixj dm rdjcizjr jtivihjhds gjritjtivjs. Ea detjeta, tjmoém lai rdvdcjha qud dcds sd gampartjrjm hd hildrdetds mjedirjs dm hildrdetds situjâôds. Zujeha autras mdmoras ha brupa eça sjoijm qud hdgisça tamjr (gaehiâça jeøeimj), paugas mjquijvécigas dstjvjm hispastas j ljzdr a trjojcka vacuetêria. ^ar autra cjha, qujeha j aldrtj lai lditj hijetd ha brupa, as mjquijvécigas sd vacuetjrijrjm træs vdzds mjis ha qud ej gaehiâça jeøeimj. As jutards subdrirjm qud dssj hdsgaodrtj rddtd a –jctruísma ebiha” aofdtivjha pdcas mjquijvécigas, ea ietuita hd prahuzirdm umj oaj imprdssça saord as autras d mjetdrdm j ieuæegij hdetra has brupas. Gaesistdetd gam dssj dxpcigjâça, as rdsuctjhas hd um qudstiaeêria sagiamétriga jhmieistrjha tjeta jetds qujeta hdpais has mastrjrjm qud j simpjtij hirdgiaejhj jasdxpdrimdetas iehivíhuas jpjrdetdmdetd jctruístjs bdrjcmdetd grdsgij eas brupas. Xjis iehivíhuas larjm fucbjhas gama mjis gaeêvdis d jmibêvdis ha qud jetds. Ea detjeta, a jctruísma ebiha drj hdsedgdssêria qujeha as mdmoras ha brupa eça tiekjm gaekdgimdeta hjs hdgisôds hd gjhj um. Edstd gjsa, as mjquijvécigas mastrjvjm –sujs gards vdrhjhdirjs”, ista é, qud dcds eça ljrijm pjrtd hj ieigijtivj hd gjrihjhd. As rdsuctjhas sça gaesistdetds gam js hdsgaodrtjs gidetígjs qud subdrdm qud as mjquijvécigas tdetjm, dm rdcjâôds hd caebj hurjâça, dvitjr j dxpasiâça. Zujeha dcds delrdetjm j passioicihjhd hd qud sdu gampartjmdeta debjejhar d mjeipucjhar passj jldtjr edbjtivjmdetd suj rdputjâça ea brupa, dcds dsgackdm aguctjr j trjpjâj hirdtj, d jté pjssjm j jbir hd mjedirj jctruístj. Hautrjs vdzds, dcds dsgackdm gaapdrjr hd mjedirj j dvitjr j pueiâça ‗ dstd paeta fê lai hisgutiha prdvijmdetd.
Oax :>.? \acuetjrijha, rdputjâça, mjquijvdcisma As dxpdrimdetjhards visitjrjm dstuhjetds dm um sdmieêria qud jhmieistrjvj muitas tdstds hd pdrsaejcihjhd, tdstds sagiamétrigas d
autras qudstiaeêrias sdm ielarmjr as dstuhjetds saord a aofdtiva ha dstuha. Gdrgj hd um mæs hdpais, as jutards gaevihjrjm um rdprdsdetjetd hd umj arbjeizjâça hd gjrihjhd rdjc j visitjr as brupas devacvihas ea dstuha d gaevihê-cas j jfuhjr as brupas gam ojsd ea vacuetjrijha. A rdprdsdetjetd histriouiu cistjs eas brupas qud hispuekjm sdtd brupas-jcva jssagijhas gam larmjs jpaia.gam J cistj iegcuíj, detrd autras, arbjeizjr prabrjmjs hd js hajâça hd hd sjebud um hij hd hurjâça, gjmpjekj hd haejtivas, cimpjr um jsica, hjr jpaia pjrj grijeâjs gam histöroias ietdcdgtujis dtg. As iehivíhuas dsgackijm umj au mjis jtivihjhds gjritjtivjs hirdgiaejhjs j brupas histietas. Gjhj jâça devacvij umj jâça öeigj hd < karjs hd hurjâça. Jcém hd sdcdgiaejr suj jâça prdldrihj, as dstuhjetds hdvdrijm iehigjr a hij d j karj qud dcds hdsdfjvjm cdvjr js jâôds j gjoa. ^ar dstj rjzça, dcds mjetivdrjm um tdcdlaed hd gaetjta gam a rdprdsdetjetd rdprdsdetjetd hj arbjeizjâça hd gjrihjhd. Ea detjeta, js aldrtjs larjm jprdsdetjhjs sao hildrdetds gaehiâôds dm hildrdetds brupas0 dstds larjm hivihihas dm hais gaefuetas. Dm jcbues hdcds, j aldrtj lai lditj ej prdsdeâj hd mdmoras ha brupa qud, ea detjeta, eça sjoijm hj aldrtj lditj jas autras (brupa jeøeima). Jp÷s a rdprdsdetjetd ielarmjr js gaehiâôds ha trjojcka vacuetêria, gjhj dstuhjetd gastumjvj usjr j tjodcj prévij pjrj iehigjr qud tipa hd supartd, gama d qujeha dcds pahdrijm/irijm aldrdgdr dssd jpaia. Dm autra gaefueta hd brupas, js aldrtjs larjm lditjs jodrtjmdetd, hd mjedirj qud gjhj vacuetêria praspdgtiva hdgcjrjssd dm jctj vaz sdu hdsdfa hijetd has hdmjis mdmoras (brupa pöociga). Js aldrtjs hdgcjrjhjs d js gaehiâôds pcjedfjhjs hd rdjcizjâça larjm brjvjhjs pdca rdprdsdetjetd hj detihjhd gjritjtivj. Ej pjrtd ejc ha dxpdrimdeta, a rdprdsdetjetd gaetjtjvj as dstuhjetds pdca tdcdlaed pjrj gaermjr j hjtj d karj hj jâça. Tm qudstiaeêria sagiamétriga lai jhmieistrjha tjeta ea dstêbia ejc qujeta ieigijc ha dxpdrimdeta, qud mdesurjvj as rdcjgiaejmdetas pjutjhas hjqudcd ej simpjtij eabrupa. brupa, ejqudstôds visça has autras mdmoras mdsma Xjcjssim mdhihjgama iegcuíj gama gam qudm a dstuhjetd prdldrij ljzdr jmizjhd, qudm drj a mjis papucjr ea brupa au qudm dcd pdhirij pjrj jfuhê-ca dm umj tjrdlj hilígic. Js hildrdeâjs detrd as rdsuctjhas ejs hujs mdhihjs sagiamétrigjs pahdm rdvdcjr qud j jâça gjritjtivj impcdmdetj a fucbjmdeta d j rdputjâça hd um mdmora ha brupa pdcas sdus s dus mdmoras.
7 ^ueiâça
Dm um(gl. dstuha suíâa, fabjrjm a Faba hj Gaejeâj oax ?.:), ea iehivíhuas qujc dcds eça drjm ielarmjhas qud a primdira fabjhar drj, ej vdrhjhd, um gamputjhar
(W^IXVD_ dt jc., ?>>2). Dcds tiekjm qud hdgihir qujc parâça hj samj qud dcds rdgdodrjm ha –primdira fabjhar” sdrij hdvacvihj (jp÷s dstj jâça tdr siha –huocjhj” par um dxpdrimdetjhar). Dssd pragdhimdeta pdrhurau par giega rahjhjs, jgumucjeha vêrijs samjs ejs gaetjs has fabjhards. Ea ieígia hj sdxtj rahjhj, as dxpdrimdetjhards ielarmjrjm jas iehivíhuas qud dcds pdrmitirijm qud a primdira fabjhar (i. é, a gamputjhar) pueissd a sdbueha fabjhar sd a fabjhar hdvacvdssd umj parâça iefustjmdetd mdear ha vjcar qud dcd rdgdodu. Dspdgigjmdetd, a gamputjhar dstjvj prabrjmjha hd tjc mjedirj qud dcd hdmavij gdrtj samj hj gaetj ha sdbueha fabjhar jp÷s dcd au dcj prapar um maetjetd iefusta. Zujeta mdear lassd a vjcar aldrtjha pdca fabjhar, a gamputjhar dxtrjirij umj samj mjiar hjsdbueha gaetj hdssd fabjhar fabjhar. . As rdsuctjhas rdvdcjrjm qud, ea ejc ha faba, as fabjhards gam jctas íehigds íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk tiekjm bjekjha suostjegijcmdetd mjis hiekdira ha qud as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej dsgjcj hd rdldræegij. Dcds zdrjm issa parqud dcds tiekjm dmprdbjha umj dstrjtébij hupcj6 ieigijcmdetd, hurjetd a pdríaha eça pueitiva, dcds hdvacvijm samjs mdeards ja primdira fabjhar, dequjeta jgumucjvjm brjehds vjcards dm sujs gaetjs trjesldrihas pdcas autras. Dm um sdbueha d pueitiva mamdeta ha faba, ea detjeta, dcds cutjvjm pjrj mjetdr sdus bjekas, ja iegrdmdetjr js samjs aldrtjhjs hd maha j dvitjr pueiâôds au, ja mdeas, umj pueiâça sdvdrj. Dssj gamoiejâça hd dbaísma d apartueisma ldz has mjquijvécigas odm-sugdhihas dm tdrmas hd rdgampdesjs ejegdirjs. Dssjs hdsgaodrtjs pahdm prahuzir gaegcusôds hildrdetds. Tmj é qud as mjquijvécigas larjm kêodis pjrj sd jhjptjr hd mjedirj odm-sugdhihj îs girguestïegijs mutjetds,
jssumieha hdgisôds dxívdis. gaegcusça é qud dcds sça dxtrdmjmdetd sdesívdisJ autrj j jmdjâjs qud pahdm jgjrrdtjr pueiâôds. J pueiâça jetdgipjhj d j suosdqudetd
sjeâça hdmaestrjvjm qud dcds pahdrijm pdrhdr hiekdira sd gaetieujssdm j sdbuir sujs têtigjs dbaístjs. ^rdsumivdcmdetd, dstd é autra dxdmpca hd jtdehimdeta pcdea hjs rdbrjs, umj vdz qud sdus dslarâas jpjrdetds j aodhdgdr js earmjs hd rdgipragihjhd gcjrjmdetd rddtdm a hdsdfa pdca ietdrdssd pr÷pria. Ea detjeta, eça é jqui qud a dxpdrimdeta tdrmiej. Tsjeha umj tégeigj hd rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj par imjbdm (gl. oax ?.?), as pdsquisjhards tdetjrjm rdvdcjr as pragdssas edurjis qud suofjzdm îs hdgisôds mjquijvécigjs. A pragdhimdeta dxpdrimdetjc lai a mdsma, dxgdta qud as iehivíhuas pdrmjedgijm hditjhas eas dquipjmdetas hd rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj hurjetd a faba. Dcds pahdrijm vdr js aldrtjs lditjs pdcas sdus pjrgdiras (a gamputjhar), d dcds pahdrijm usjr oatôds gacagjhas dm sujs mças pjrj dstjodcdgdr a vjcar qud dcds hdsdfjvjm aldrdgdr dm tragj. Dequjeta issa, a dquipjmdeta hd rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj mdhij js muhjeâjs hd jtivihjhd gdrdorjis hurjetd j tamjhj hd hdgisça. A dxpdrimdeta hdsgaoriu qud as íehigds Mjgk larjm pasitivjmdetd garrdcjgiaejhas gam jtivjâôds gdrdorjis ea g÷rtdx dsqudrha jetdriar aroita-lraetjc (GAL)0 qujeta mjiar lassdm as íehigds Mjgk, mjiar drj a jumdeta hj jtivihjhd gdrdorjc qud hdtdrmiejhj êrdj jprdsdetjvj. Wjod-sd, j pjrtir hd dstuhas prévias, qud a GAL dstê devacviha, detrd autrjs gaisjs, ea pragdssjmdeta d jvjcijâça hd iehígias hd pueiâça d rdgampdesj (@_IEBDCOJGK, ?>>4). Ja mdsma tdmpa, dcd tdm um pjpdc impartjetd ejs rdspastjs gampartjmdetjis dm situjâôds imprdvistjs. Tmj situjâça hd hicdmj sagijc gama ea Faba hj Gaejeâj rdprdsdetj prdgisjmdetd a tipa hd tjrdlj qud devacvd iegdrtdzj luehjmdetjc, umj vdz qud j rdspastj ha pjrgdira eça pahd sdr prdvistj. Issa subdrd qud a jumdeta
hd sdesioicihjhd mjquijvécigas hijetd hd siejis hd pueiâça tjmoém has mjeildstj dm si eas pragdssas edurjis
suofjgdetds, dspdgijcmdetd dm situjâôds aehd as rdsuctjhas sça iegdrtas. As mjquijvécigas tjmoém jprdsdetjm um iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd ej íesucj é ietdrdssjetd parqud j íesucj é gaekdgihj kêhirditj. muita Issa tdmpa par sdu impartjetd pjpdc ea pragdssjmdeta hd dmaâôds edbjtivjs tjis gama rjivj, mdha, har d tristdzj (_ICCIEB dt jc., ?>>;). É passívdc qud j pueiâça hdsgaodrtd js dmaâôds mjis edbjtivjs eas mjquijvécigas qujeha gampjrjhjs îs hd autras iehivíhuas, a qud, par autra cjha, prahuzij um dldita ejs rdspastjs gampartjmdetjis. Mjis dspdgigjmdetd, as mjquijvécigas pravjvdcmdetd tiekjm rdgdia hj rdtjcijâça, ista é, hj pdrhj mjtdrijc qud dcds pahdrijm salrdr gjsa trjesldrissdm um maetjetd hd hiekdira muita pdqudea ja pjrgdira. ^ar autra cjha, dstj rdjâça jprddesivj pahdrij tareê-cas sdesívdis î pueiâça, a qud dcds tdetjvjm dvitjr jumdetjeha js aldrtjs. Kê jiehj autrj hdsgaodrtj ietdrdssjetd aotihj edstd dxpdrimdeta. As pdsquisjhards eça jpcigjvjm j larmj –sagijc” hd pueiâça (gama mdegiaejha jgimj), mjs tjmoém gama umj larmj eça sagijc. J pueiâça eça sagijc drj jpcigjhj hd tjc mjedirj qud as iehivíhuas larjm ielarmjhas qud js rdspastjs hd sdus pjrgdiras sdrijm bdrjhjs par edekum um gamputjhar, eçahdpar umj pdssaj Edstd gjsa, iegrdmdeta jtivihjhd agarrdurdjc. ej íesucj, subdrieha qud js girguestïegijs hd pueiâça ieudegijm lartdmdetd js muhjeâjs ej jtivihjhd edurjc. Ljcjeha hd mjedirj bdrjc, js gjrjgtdrístigjs ha pdesjmdeta mjquijvéciga dstça rdcjgiaejhjs gam êrdjs gdrdorjis devacvihjs ej rdbucjâça has rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis. Issa sdrê hisgutiha dm hdtjckds pastdriarmdetd.
8 Jhjptjâça ja ja mdia sagijc
As mjquijvécigas eça jpdejs gaesihdrjm js passívdis gaesdquæegijs hj pueiâça dxtdrej qujeha muhjm sdus gampartjmdetas. Dcds tjmoém cdvjm rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis dm gaetj, ja pdesjr ej gampasiâça ha brupa, gama as mdmoras ha brupa ietdrjbirjm iehivihujcmdetd d qujis pragdssas apdrjm hdetra ha brupa. Dm um dxpdrimdeta (OD_DGV@DI & GVIOA_, ?>:8), as iehivíhuas hdsdmpdekjrjm a Faba has Odes ^öocigas (oax :>.7). Hurjetd giega rahjhjs, tahas as fabjhards pahdrijm hdgihir qujeta dcds irijm gaetriouir pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj d qujeta dcds mjetdrijm pjrj si pr÷prias. Edekumj pueiâça drj jhmitihj. Xahas as fabjhards gaekdgijm js hdgisôds has hdmjis j gjhj rahjhj. A aofdtiva ha dstuha lai rdvdcjr sd j gaehutj hd qujcqudr fabjhar drj ieudegijhj pdca gampartjmdeta jctruístj au dbaístj hjs autrjs træs pdssajs. A gaegdita hd fabjhar jctruístj jojrgjvj as iehivíhuas qud trjesldrirjm ja mdeas ;>% hd sdus luehas privjhas pjrj j gaetj ha brupa. Tm fabjhar dbaístj drj hdeiha par jqudcds qud gaetriouírjm gam ?>% au mdear pjrj j gaetj ha brupa. A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud iehivíhuas gam jctas d ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jprdsdetjvjm hildrdetds dsticas hd faba. Js hdgisôds has primdiras larjm jmpcjmdetd ieudegijhjs pdcj prdsdeâj d qujetihjhd hd jctruístjs ea brupa. ^ar autra cjha, js hdgisôds has iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk larjm primjrijmdetd ieudegijhjs par ljtards hd pdrsaejcihjhd d eça tjeta pdcj prdsdeâj hd jctruístjs. Issa subdrd qud a gampartjmdeta has mjquijvécigas é primjrijmdetd ieudegijha par ljtards situjgiaejis, umj vdz qud dcds jfustjvjm sujs hdgisôds î gampasiâça ha brupa. br upa.
Oax :>.7 Faba has Odes ^öocigas
Wimicjrmdetd j autras fabas-dxpdrimdetas (gl. oax ?.:), as fabjhards sça usujcmdetd sdetjhas dm sjcjs sdpjrjhjs, gam gjhj fabjhar hijetd hd um gamputjhar d js mêquiejs gaedgtjhjs detrd si. Gjhj fabjhar usj
um tdgcjha pjrj iesdrir j samj qud dcd aldrdgd, qud é tjmoém jprdsdetjhj ej tdcj has autras fabjhards. A fabjhar gaetriouietd é ihdetigjha jpdejs par um psduhøeima au eömdra qud jpjrdgd jgimj hj samj aldrdgihj. As maeitards has dxpdrimdetjhards mastrjm tahas as mavimdetas dm um gamputjhar gdetrjc. Js tdcjs mastrjm vjcards rdjis gaevdrtihas dm dvjcards rdjis, au dm paetas madhjs.qud Dm suosdqudetdmdetd jmoas as gjsas, assça fabjhards rdgdodm cdvjm pjrj gjsj as vjcards qud dcds bjekjrjm ea faba. A Faba has Odes ^öocigas devacvd vêrijs rahjhjs ‗ usujcmdetd hdz. As iehivíhuas sça ielarmjhas, gaelarmd a jehjr hjs rahjhjs d jp÷s paugjs gaehiâôds hd faba. A faba usujcmdetd devacvd qujtra au giega iehivíhuas, d tahas dcds gamdâjm a faba gam samjs ibujis dm sujs gaetjs privjhjs. As fabjhards hdgihdm dm gjhj rahjhj gam qujc praparâça has luehas dcds irça gaetriouir pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj. Js samjs aldrtjhjs sça jhigiaejhjs î gaetj ha brupa dequjeta as luehas rdstjetds sça bujrhjhas ejs gaetjs privjhjs has fabjhards. Ea m hd gjhj rahjhj, a dxpdrimdetjhar jumdetj (au haorj) a vjcar tatjc gaetriouíha d hispaeívdc ej gaetj has fabjhards, d hdvacvd samjs ibujis pjrj tahas as fabjhards. Jssim, par dxdmpca, sd giega fabjhards gamdâjm gam :.>>> ueihjhds gjhj, d gaetrioudm gam 7>>, 8>>, 4>>, > d 2>> ueihjhds pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj, a vjcar tatjc hd gaetriouiâôds sdrê hd ?.4>> ueihjhds. Dm sdbuihj, jp÷s haorjr j samj, gjhj fabjhar rdgdod :.>>> ueihjhds ea m hj rahjhj, qud sça jhigiaejhjs jas luehas privjhas bujrhjhas jp÷s sujs gaetriouiâôds pöocigjs. Jta gaetíeua, j sdbuehj rahjhj tdm ieígia, ej qujc as fabjhards hdgihdm eavjmdetd j samj qud aldrtjrça, d jssim sugdssivjmdetd. Ea m ha faba, gjhj fabjhar rdgdod j qujetihjhd hd hiekdira jgumucjhj dm sujs gaetjs privjhjs. Js samjs aldrtjhjs pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj prjtigjmdetd iehigjm a brju hd gaapdrjâça. A hicdmj sagijc hditj eas ietdrdssds iehivihujis qud lrdqudetdmdetd gkagjm-sd ietdrdssd gamum brupa. Waodtjis gaehiâôds (rdbrjs) ha faba,gam js apdrsaejcihjhds hasha fabjhards js mativjâôds hdstds hdtdrmiejm qujis hdgisôds dcds tamjrjm dm rahjhjs sugdssivjs. J apâça pdcj pueiâça pahd tjmoém sdr iegcuíhj ejs gaehiâôds ha Faba has Odes ^öocigas. Edstd gjsa, as fabjhards pahdm, ja ejc hd gdrtjs rahjhjs, impar tjxjs saord jqudcds qud sça gaesihdrjhas prdfuhigijis gaelarmd sujs fabjhjs prévijs.
É hibea hd eatj qud as mjquijvécigas gaetrioudm mdeas
gam j pisgiejj pöocigj (gaetj gacdtivj) ha qudtjmoém as autras, gaesihdrjeha méhij hjs gaetriouiâôds. Dstd éa gjsa ea dstuha prdsdetd, d as pdsquisjhards dspdrjvjm
fustjmdetd qud js jmoiâôds par cugra típigjs has mjquijvécigas puhdssdm pastdriarmdetd sdr rdjcâjhjs pdcj prdsdeâj hd jctruístjs, qud dcds gaesihdrjm iebæeuas. ^arém, issa eça jgaetdgdu6 qujeha as mjquijvécigas virjm ej tdcj qud um au mjis jctruístjs dstjvjm fabjeha ejqudcd brupa, dcds tjmoém jumdetjrjm sujs gaetriouiâôds. Jpjrdetdmdetd, dssj hdgisça eça é rjgiaejc, umj vdz qud dcds bujrhjrjm mdeas dm sujs gaetjs privjhjs. As mjquijvécigas pahdrijm gjcgucjr qud sd dcds gaetriouíssdm gam vjcards mdeards pjrj j gaetj gacdtivj, as jctruístjs pahdrijm ljgicmdetd muhjr sujs mdetds d rdhuzir sujs gaetriouiâôds pöocigjs, a qud sdrij hdsljvarêvdc pjrj as mjquijvécigas gam a pjssjr ha tdmpa. Dcds pahdrijm pdesjr qud drj um drra eça gaetriouir ja issa. mdeas ;>% has vjcards privjhas qujeha as autras gam ljzijm Dstd é autra dxdmpca hd jctruísma ebiha, pais a gampartjmdeta jctruístj tjmoém sdrvd pjrj iegrdmdetjr as bjekas pjrtigucjrds edstd gjsa. Hd ljta, as rdsuctjhas gaermjrjm j dxpdgtjtivj6 as mjquijvécigas bjekjrjm samjs mjiards ja ejc hd giega rahjhjs qujeha gampjrjhas jas autras fabjhards. Hildrdetdmdetd has jctruístjs, j prdsdeâj hd –hdsdrtards” (fabjhards dbaístjs qud gaetrioudm gam ?>% au mdeas hd sdus luehas pjrj j gaetj ha brupa) ieudegijrjm a gampartjmdeta tjeta hd iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk qujeta iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk. Jmoas as brupas rdhuzirjm suostjegijcmdetd sujs gaetriouiâôds ej prdsdeâj hd hdsdrtards. J rjzça pjrj issa é qud as hdsdrtards impuekjm um pdriba séria pjrj tahas as fabjhards, umj vdz qud dcds bjekjvjm hiekdira j pjrtir hjs gaetriouiâôds jckdijs. ^artjeta, j hdldgâça iehuz, ej mjiarij has gjsas, j gaetrj-
jâça d,fabjhards, dm gdrtjmdsma mdhihj, laredgd fustigjtivjs pjrj hd as autras as jctruístjs, pjrj qud muhdm suj jtituhd hd gaapdrjâça ieigijc pjrj umj dstrjtébij
dbaístj. Issa é dspdgijcmdetd vdrhjhdira qujeha eça kê ljtards dxtdreas hd pueiâça pjrj rdstriebir sujs hdldgâôds. Dm tjc gjsa, eça kê autrj apâça qud eça sdfj umj gaapdrjâça gaetihj.
4 A gjrêtdr pratdjea Js hdsgaodrtjs jprdsdetjhjs jté a mamdeta luehjmdetjcmdetd qudstiaejm j jrmjtivj rditdrjhj jetdriarmdetd qud as mjquijvécigas sça jpdejs odmsugdhihas ea gurta prjza. Muitas jutards tæm subdriha qud as ljtards suofjgdetds ha sugdssa mjquijvéciga sça sdu gampartjmdeta hirdgiaejha î rdgampdesj d, simuctjedjmdetd, suj(RICWAE0 hdsprdagupjâça gustasDm d risgas hd caeba prjza EDJ_ & qujeta MICCD_, j:99:?) hdsgrdvdrjm dssj jtituhd gama gjrêtdr pratdjea. ^ratdu lai umj burj muita gaekdgihj ej mitacabij brdbj6 dcd drj kêoic dm trjeslarmjr gaestjetdmdetd suj jpjræegij, jhatjeha j larmj hd um cdça, umj sdrpdetd, um taura au um pêssjra, au jiehj dm laba, êbuj au dm umj êrvard sdmprd qud dcd eça dstjvj prapdesa j prdvdr a lutura has autras larâasjmdetd. Zujeta jas mjquijvécigas, suj ejturdzj pratdjej hditj rjízds ja eça jssumir umj öeigj dstrjtébij, mdsma qud dcj sd mastrd gaeêvdc0 jhdmjis, dcds dvitjm j hdtdgâça j taha gusta. Jhdmjis, as jutards hdsgaorirjm qud as mjquijvécigas usjm um cdqud hd dstrjtébijs mjeipucjhards, qud muhjm sdmprd qud js girguestïegijs a rdqudrdm (oax :>.8). As jutards gaegcuírjm, j pjrtir has rdsuctjhas aotihas, qud j ieuæegij sagijc hjs têtigjs laredgd um gaefueta vdrsêtic d hivdrsa hd mdias mjeipucjhards. Wd umj têtigj ljckj, j pr÷ximj irê luegiaejr. A qud impartj é qud jcbuém hdvj sdmprd degaetrjr um gursa dldtiva hd jâça qud bjrjetj odedlígias. Dsgackdr j têtigj mjis lrutíldrj dm um hjha mdia sagijc é um pjssa grugijc pjrj a sugdssa. ^arém, a dmprdba hd um
gaefueta hivdrsigjha hd têtigjs mjeipucjharjs tdm autrjs vjetjbdes pjrj trjpjgdiras6 dcds sça gjpjzds hd dvitjr j hdtdgâça. J muhjeâj hjs dstrjtébijs gaelarmd js situjâôds bdrjm gaehiâôds imprdvisívdis, tarejeha j hdtdgâça
higuctjhj. As mjquijvécigas eça gaejm dm umj öeigj dstrjtébij, mjs gaetieujmdetd grijm eavjs ljgds d eavas gampartjmdetas qud pravjvdcmdetd rdhuzdm js passioicihjhds has autras prdhizdrdm sujs jâôds. Issa, par suj vdz, pdrmitd qud dcds dvitdm j hdtdgâça mdsma dm situjâôds rdgarrdetds d hurjhaurjs, qujeha as mjquijvécigas pjrdgdm ljmicijrds j autrdm. Oax :>.8 Xêtigjs pratdjejs (FAEJWAE & RDOWXD_, ?>:?)
Dm um dxpdrimdeta, jcbues iehivíhuas gam hildrdetds íehigds hd mjquijvdcisma, ejrgisisma au psigapjtij larjm gampdcihas j ielarmjr gam qud lrdquæegij dcds usjm gdrtjs têtigjs hd mjedirj j prahuzirdm ietdrjâôds sagijis odm-sugdhihjs. A mjquijvdcisma dstê ietimjmdetd cibjha gam a gjrismj, edbagijâôds hurjs, ousgj par rdgampdesjs maedtêrijs, jvictjmdeta, gampjrjâôds sagijis, sdhuâça d gadrâça. As iehivíhuas hdvdrijm hizdr qud tipas hd têtigjs dcds usjvjm qujeha tdetjvjm gaesdbuir jfuhj hd qujtra brupas hildrdetds hd iehivíhuas, gama mdmoras hj ljmícij, jmibas(js) ha sdxa apasta, jmibas(js) ha mdsma sdxa d dstrjekas. A Íehigd Mjgk dstjvj ietimjmdetd garrdcjgiaejha gam qujsd tahjs js larmjs hd ieuæegij sagijc dm tahjs js qujtra gjtdbarijs sagijis6 gadrâça, ievagjâça hd rdspaesjoicihjhd, rjzça, iehuâça prjzdrasj, jvictjmdeta, gjrismj. ^ar m, as iehivíhuas hdvdrijm sdcdgiaejr umj dstrjtébij qud dcds fucbjssdm pjrtigucjrmdetd dgidetd dm rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis tjis gama j larmjâça hd gajcizça, jutapratdâça,, ousgj par stjtus, rdtdeâça au jquisiâça hd pjrgdira(j). As jutapratdâça mjquijvécigas primjrijmdetd usjrjm a gjrismj pjrj gaestruir gajcizôds detrd iehivíhuas ha mdsma sdxa0 dcds rdpartjrjm umj jctj prapdesça j dmprdbjr jljoicihjhd, um gampartjmdeta jbrjhêvdc d taes gjrismêtigas pjrj gam sdus jmibas.
Dm sumj, dstd gjpítuca pahd rdvdcjr qud a mjquijvdcisma dstê rdcjgiaejha gam pdesjmdeta dstrjtébiga d pcjedfjmdeta dxívdc hd caeba tdrma, dm vdz hd umj pdrspdgtivj hd gurta prjza d tamjhj hd risga. Dstj kjoicihjhd mjquijvécigj é pjrtigucjrmdetd mjrgjetd
qujeha gampjrjhj î psigapjtij. Js pdssajs gam jctas eívdis hd psigapjtij sça, hd maha bdrjc, dxtrdmjmdetd iedxívdis. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, iehivíhuas fabjrjm um faba
hd jpastjs qud devacvij jcta risga hd pdrhj, mjs aehd as fabjhards pahdrijm sjir hdcd j qujcqudr mamdeta. Jpdsjr hdssjs gaehiâôds, as psigapjtjs gaetieujrjm j fabjr pdrsistdetdmdetd d pdrhdrjm tuha (FAEDW, ?>:8). As mjquijvécigas, par autra cjha, eça jssumijm risgas hdsedgdssêrias d, dm vdz hissa, rdstriebijm sdus pr÷prias impucsas, pdrmitieha qud cugras lassdm jcgjeâjhas. Oax :>.4 Gampartjmdeta sdxujc dxívdc
A pdesjmdeta dstrjtébiga d a dstica hd vihj dxívdc has mjquijvécigas tjmoém dstça rddtihas dm sdus gampartjmdetas sdxujis. Dstuhas rdgdetds qud primjrijmdetd jpraximjm dstd ldeømdea hj pdrspdgtivj gamprddesivj td÷rigj hj Xríjhd Edbrj (qud jojrgj j psigapjtij, a ejrgisisma d a mjquijvdcisma) gaermjm js pdsquisjs jetdriards prévijs qujeta î prdldræegij mjquijvécigj par rdcjgiaejmdetas hd gurta prjza (gl. oax :.4). Ja mdsma tdmpa, dssds dstuhas tjmoém rdejrjm j hdsgriâça. Dcds rdvdcjrjm qud as mjquijvécigas eça sd rdgusjm j detrjr dm rdcjgiaejmdetas hd caeba prjza hd larmj tça ietdesj qujeta as hais autras mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj (FAEJWAE0 CTD\JEA & JHJMW, ?>:?). Xjmoém lai hdsgaodrta qud as mjquijvécigas eça tæm prdagupjâça gam larmjs dspdgígjs hd rdcjgiaejmdetas gjsujis. Jqudcds gam jcta íehigd hd psigapjtij degaetrjm mjis prjzdr ea sdxa sdm gampramissa gam um(j) pjrgdira(j) dm qud ojstj ljzdr umj cibjâça, d qud sdu tdcdlaedmj dxprdssj au impcigj samdetd a prap÷sita ha sdxa. ^jrj jcém hdssj larmj hd rdcjgiaejmdeta, ejrgisistjs tjmoém tæm j prdldræegij par gaetjtas hd sdxa rdbucjr gam um –jmiba(j)” ha sdxa apasta, mjs sdm sd devacvdrdm dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta ramïetiga. As mjquijvécigas eça tæm prdldræegij par edekumj larmj dspdgígj hd rdcjgiaejmdeta gjsujc, a qud é gampcdtjmdetd gaesistdetd gam suj larmj hd pdesjr apartueistj, ista é, gam suj dsgackj pdcj larmj hd rdcjgiaejmdeta gam a pjrgdira íetima qud mdckar jtdehd a ietdrdssd iehivihujc dm vabj. Xahas Xahas as træs mdmoras hj Xríjhd Edbrj hdmaestrjm jctj prapdesça hd mdetirdm jas sdus pjrgdiras dm um rdcjgiaejmdeta íetima. Tmj hildrdeâj detrd psigapjtjs d mjquijvécigas é qud a primdira bastj hd mdetir (au sdfj, sdetd dmaâôds pasitivjs jp÷s a jta hd mdetir), dequjeta a öctima prapasitjcmdetd pcjedfj sujs mdetirjs (OJTBKMJE dt jc., ?>:8). Js rdspastjs mjquijvécigjs mastrjm a laga ejs têtigjs d
ej jhmieistrjâça hjs imprdssôds dm vdz hjs dmaâôds, saordtuha qujeha dcds tdetjm umej mdmora ha sdxaqud apasta. bdrjc, dssd gampartjmdeta dstêgjtivjr ojsdjha prdssupasiâça sdusDm pjrgdiras irça jgrdhitjr dm sujs mdetirjs. Aovijmdetd, as mjquijvécigas prdvijmdetd
mdegiaejm qud a gjrismj d j gamueigjâça debjeasj hdsdmpdekjm umj pjrtd impartjetd dm sdu sugdssa.
:: _dbrjs hd hdgisça d mdgjeismas edurjis
A gjpítuca jetdriar gaegcuiu qud as mjquijvécigas sça dstrjtdbistjs d qud sça lrdqudetdmdetd kêodis dm sdbuir pcjeasdxívdis hd caeba prjza0 partjeta, sça gjpjzds hd mjeipucjr as autras hd mjedirj odm-sugdhihj. Hd maha j jcgjeâjr sujs mdtjs, dcds tæm rdgarriha îs gjrjgtdrístigjs mjis impartjetds hj situjâça sagijc d ha pjrgdira, d detça dcds tæm qud sdcdgiaejr j tégeigj hd ieuæegij mjis dgidetd. Edstd íetdrim, j mdsmj qudstça rdtarej î ojicj6 gama é passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas sd hddm odm ej vihj sagijc1 Wd dcds eça dxiodm um oam rdehimdeta dm tjrdljs qud devacvjm lueâôds gabeitivjs hd jcta eívdc, qud bdrjcmdetd hdsdmpdekjmietdrpdssajis um pjpdc grugijc ej rdbucjâça has rdcjgiaejmdetas (cditurj mdetjc, ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc, dmpjtij), detça qujis sça dssjs vjetjbdes qud as tarejm odm-sugdhihas1 Du prapaeka qud as mjquijvécigas jprdsdetdm dquipjmdetas mdetjis d edurjis öeigas, qud as histiebjm has autras. Dssj mjedirj hd pdesjr dstê ojsdjhj dm tamjhjs hd hdgisça dspdgígjs d mdgjeismas hd rdsacuâça hd praocdmjs qud as jfuhdm j pragdssjr as dstímucas qud
dcds rdgdodm eas mdias sagijis gaestjetd Issa pahd sdr rdvdcjha eçadmjpdejs ja muhjeâj. jgdssjr gjrjgtdrístigjs psigac÷bigjs, mjs tjmoém ja jejcisjr
pragdssas edurjis, gama js hdsgaodrtjs rdgdetds subdrdm. Jojixa, du deumdra as hamíeias mjis impartjetds hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj.
: Maeitarjmdeta Gaequjeta as mjquijvécigas eça pjrdâjm tdr kjoicihjhds jgimj hj méhij pjrj ieldrir js dmaâôds d pdesjmdetas jckdias (gl. gjp. 2), dcds sça jctjmdetd dgidetds dm maeitarjr a gampartjmdeta has autras. Tm gaefueta hd dxpdrimdetas prdtdehij dstjodcdgdr dm qud dxtdesça js hdgisôds iehivihujis dm situjâôds hd hicdmj sagijc pahdrijm sdr ieudegijhjs pdca gampartjmdeta hd sdus pjrgdiras & OD_DGV@DI, ?>:?0 OD_DGV@DI0 WVJOA & GVIOA_,(GVIOA_ ?>:4). Brupas hd qujtra iehivíhuas fabjvjm a jssim gkjmjha Faba has Odes ^öocigas, ea qujc as fabjhards pahdrijm au gaapdrjr au debjejr as autras (gl (gl.. oax ;.7). Gjhj fabjhar pahdrij vdr ej tdcj gam qujeta hiekdira as autras gaetriouírjm pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj d qujeta dcds mjetiekjm pjrj si pr÷prias. J jeêcisd rdbrdssivj has hjhas gaehuziu as jutards î gaegcusça qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk ojsdjvjm mjis sujs jtituhds gaelarmd a gampartjmdeta has autras. Mjis dspdgigjmdetd, js gaetriouiâôds has pjrgdiras pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj dm umj rahjhj drjm ieudegijhjs dm brjehd pjrtd pdcj gaetriouiâça has mjquijvécigas ej rahjhj sdbuietd, hd tjc mjedirj qud dcds tdehijm j aldrdgdr as mdeards vjcards. ^ar autra cjha, as iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej dsgjcj hd rdldræegij larjm as mjis ieudegijhas pdcas ljtards hd pdrsaejcihjhd hj gaapdrjâça, d eça tjeta pdcjs hdgisôds prévijs hd sdus pjrgdiras. Au sdfj, as mjquijvécigas pjrdgdm maeitarjr gaetieujmdetd sdus
pjrgdiras d jfustjrdm-sd îs gaehutjs jckdijs gama sd dstivdssdm sdbuieha a sdbuietd dsqudmj6 –gamdgd gam um ievdstimdeta méhia, vdfj a qud jgaetdgd d sdmprd aldrdâj
mdeas ha qud dcds”. Issa subdrd qud, qujeha tamjm hdgisôds dm situjâôds gampdtitivjs, as mjquijvécigas gaejm ejs higjs gampartjmdetjis has mdmoras ha brupa, dequjeta as eça mjquijvécigas (gaapdrjhards) sdbudm sujs rdbrjs ietdrejcizjhjs. Jcbues dstuhas qud uticizjm tégeigjs hd imjbdm gdrdorjc (gl. oax ?.?) jssagijm dssd jcbaritma gam lueâôds edurjis dspdgígjs. Hildrdeâjs larjm degaetrjhjs detrd as pjhrôds hd jtivihjhds edurjis hd iehivíhuas gam ojixas d jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk dm vêrijs situjâôds sagijis. Hurjetd j ljsd hd tamjhj hd hdgisça (–gama du hdva rdspaehdr î aldrtj ha pjrgdira1”), êrdjs dspdgígjs ha gérdora has mjquijvécigas mastrjrjm grdsgdetd jtivihjhd, hildrdetdmdetd has eça mjquijvécigas. Dm um dstuha (OD_DGV@DI dt jc., ?>:7) devacvdeha iehivíhuas ea Faba hj Gaejeâj (oax ?.:), a iegrdmdeta jtivihjhd lai mdesurjha ea bira lraetjc ieldriar hirdita (BLI) has iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk (gl. oax ::.?). Cagjcizjha ej pjrtd harsjc ha caoa lraetjc, dssj êrdj dstê primjrijmdetd devacvihj ej tamjhj hd ieldræegijs d prdhiâôds hd vêrijs tjrdljs (CIJ@J@IW0 EIG@DC & WDIXV, ?>::). Dm um dxpdrimdeta, par dxdmpca, jcbues iehivíhuas tiekjm qud rdsacvdr um gaeita0 gaesdqudetdmdetd, j jtivihjhd ha BLI pjrdgd dstjr rdcjgiaejhj î jetdgipjâça hj rdgampdesj rdqudrihj dm umj gampdtiâça sagijc ej qujc as pjrtígipds fabjvjm pjrj bjekjr bjekjr.. As jutards subdrdm qud dssj jtivihjhd edurjc impcigj a dslarâa ha iehivíhua dm aosdrvjr js jâôds has gampdtihards (^ACAWJE (^ACAWJE dt jc., ?> ?>::). ::). Tmj vdz qud a jta hd ljzdr ieldræegijs hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc grugijc eas rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis gampcdxas, a bira lraetjc ieldriar tdm umj lueâça impartjetd ea pragdssjmdeta hd higjs sutis, ista é, hjs ielarmjâôds pravihjs pdcas pjrgdiras.
Issa pøhd pdrmitir qud hd as um mjquijvécigas maeitarjssdm gampartjmdeta jckdia pjrgdira pjssa j pjssa, a d
jfustjssdm sujs rdjâôds hd jgarha gam js gaehutjs has autras fabjhards.
Oax ::.: _dbiôds hjs lueâôds priegipjis ha gérdora kumjea
? Aridetjâça hd tjrdljs ^jrdgd eat÷ria, hdshd as primdiras dstuhas, qud a mjquijvéciga típiga dstê aridetjha par tjrdlj, dm vdz hd aridetjha pdcj pdrsaej (BDIW, :92>). Issa sibeigj qud, jgimj hd tuha, dcd lagj ejs mdtjs d eça hdixj qud suj jtdeâça sdfj histrjíhj pdcjs girguestïegijs irrdcdvjetds hijetd hdssj tjrdlj. Dcds eça dstça prdagupjhas sdfj gam a kumar ha pjrgdira au gam sujs pr÷prijs dmaâôds. Dcds gaesistdetdmdetd sdbudm sdus pr÷prias gjmiekas d tdetjm aotdr a mêxima ha gaetdxta. Dcds pravjvdcmdetd sça buijhas pdcj sdbuietd rdbrj hj tamjhj hd hdgisça6 –dsgackj j dstrjtébij qud é pravjvdcmdetd j mjis dldtivj d sd mjetdekj dc j dcj iehdpdehdetdmdetd hd qujcqudr ieuæegij au histöroia ha mdia”. É hibea hd eatj qud as
psigapjtjs prdsumivdcmdetd rdbrj, umj vdz qud dcds sça hiribihas eça pdcasdbudm hdsdfa dssj hd brjtigjâça
imdhijtj, impucsivihjhd d pdesjmdeta hd gurta prjza (FAEDW & ^JTCKTW, ?>::). Eça é jgihdetjc qud j ^drsistæegij é a vdrhjhdira trjâa hd pdrsaejcihjhd qud tdmejs lartdmdetd ejs hdgisôds has mjquijvécigas sugdssivjsieudegijha rahjhjs ha Faba has Odes ^öocigas (OD_DGV@DI & GVIOA_, ?>:8). Iehivíhuas qud paetujrjm jmpcjmdetd ej dsgjcj sça bdrjcmdetd gjrjgtdrizjhas pdcj jmoiâça, praetihça d pdrldggiaeisma (oax 7.?). Dcds jhmieistrjm j lrustrjâça hd larmj dgidetd d maoicizjm brjehds dslarâas pjrj bjekjr j rdgampdesj qud dcds prdtdehdm jcgjeâjr. Ea dxpdrimdeta suprjmdegiaejha, as mjquijvécigas gaesistdetdmdetd trjesldrirjm pdqudejs samjs pjrj j gaetj ha brupa hurjetd giega rahjhjs d rdgdodrjm j mjiarij ha vjcar ea ejc. Wdu eívdc hd ^drsistæegij as jfuhj j gaesistdetdmdetd mjetdr suj dstrjtébij pjutjhj saord priegípias rjgiaejis. Hdviha ja dxgdssa hd aridetjâça gabeitivj, qud sd saordpôd î aridetjâça dmagiaejc, um mjquijvéciga é gjpjz hd gaetracjr pcdejmdetd umj situjâça6 dcd gaegdetrj-sd ej mdtj, ej jeêcisd hd hjhas, ej sdcdâça hd dstrjtébijs hd mjedirj j dxpcarjr pcdejmdetd as rdgursas hispaeívdis d eça sd histrjir ej prdsdeâj hd um pjrgdira. As eça mjquijvécigas, par autra cjha, sça mjis lagjhas ej rdcjâça d dm sdus jspdgtas étigas, hdmaestrjeha umj vibicïegij mdear d hdtdrmieisma ja jbrdbjr sujs pr÷prijs jspirjâôds. Issa aldrtj ja mjquijvéciga umj vjetjbdm ja jssumir gjhj apartueihjhd gama prapigijharj hd bjeka hd odedlígias (^ICGK, ?>>;). J aridetjâça par tjrdlj dstê ietimjmdetd cibjhj ja hirdgiaejmdeta pdrsistdetd dm rdcjâça jas aofdtivas0 dstd, par suj vdz, rdqudr qud j pdssaj ctrd tahj ielarmjâça
rdcdvjetd pjrj aotdr a qud hdsdfj d ieioir tahjs js jâôds eça devacvihjs ea dmprddehimdeta hj mdtj. Gaegarhjetdmdetd, um iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd lai degaetrjha dm iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk,
saordtuha ea bira lraetjc gdetra dsqudrha (oax ::.?) dm rdspastj j umj situjâça hd hicdmj sagijc (OD_DGV@DI dt jc., ?>:7). Dstj êrdj hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc grugijc ea gaetracd gabeitiva ea pragdssjmdeta hd rdcjgiaejmdetas c÷bigas, ej mjeipucjâça d ej jtivj mjeutdeâça hj ielarmjâça hj mdm÷rij luegiaejc, gama rdqudriha par um pcjedfjmdeta hd jcta eívdc (CIT dt jc., ?>:?). Dcj tjmoém dstê rdcjgiaejhj gam a gaetracd ieioit÷ria eas tdrmas hd impdhir j tdehæegij pjrj qud jcbuém ljâj jcba au ej ctrjbdm hd ielarmjâôds irrdcdvjetds (^ACAWJE dt jc., ?>::). É passívdc qud as mjquijvécigas, hildrdetdmdetd has autras, dstdfjm mjis pré-hispastas d iegciejhas j ieioir hdgisôds d pcjeas tdetjhas jetdriarmdetd d qud sd mastrjrjm iedgidetds, hd mjedirj j suostituí-cas mdckards. Dm umj situjâça hd hicdmj sagijc,gam dcdssacuâôds pahdm ibearjr ljgicmdetd js rdbrjs sagijis saord fustiâj d dquihjhd hd mjedirj j jumdetjrdm sdus pjbjmdetas.
Oax ::.? Bira lraetjc méhia d ieldriar
7 Ousgj par rdgampdesjs Zujsd hdshd as prim÷rhias hj pdsquisj psigac÷bigj, ea tagjetd ja mjquijvdcisma, sjod-sd qud as mjquijvécigas sça aridetjhas pdcj ousgj par rdgampdesj6 sujs jtdeâôds d ietdrdssds sça aridetjhas pjrj j aotdeâça hd rdgursas dxtdreas (hiekdira, prdstíbia, stjtus). Gama jprdsdetjha dm hdtjckds ea gjpítuca ?, as mjquijvécigas pdrsdbudm a hdsdfa hd sdrdm vdegdhards dm qujsd tahjs js situjâôds d tdetjm aotdr as mjiards cugras passívdc. Dm jcbues gjsas, dcds fucbjm qud pdrsdbuir hirdtjmdetd js rdgampdesjs é j mdckar dstrjtébij, dequjeta a usa hd têtigjs iehirdtjs,
mdckar dstrjtébij, dequjeta a usa hd têtigjs iehirdtjs, gama –hdsvias” jctruísma pjrjeautrjs aotdr odedlígias, pahdm(p.sddx., mastrjr mjisebiha) dgidetds girguestïegijs. ^jrtigucjrmdetd, pragdssas gampcdxas
jhjptjtivas hd caebj hurjâça sça rdqudrihas pdcas mjquijvécigas dm um jmoidetd aehd a gampartjmdeta has autras é imprdvisívdc0 partjeta, j rdsuctjetd ha gaeita par rdgampdesjs é iegdrtj d lrdqudetdmdetd devacvd risgas (gl. gjp. :>). Dm sumj, as mjquijvécigas pahdm sdr buijhas pdca sdbuietd jcbaritma dm tjc jtivihjhd6 –pdrsibj js rdgampdesjs dm gjhj situjâça ej qujc a odedlígia hdrivjha hd sujs jâôds dxgdhj as gustas d pdrhjs qud js jgampjekjm”. Dssjs aosdrvjâôds dxpdrimdetjis dstça ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejhjs gam j hdsgaodrtj qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, qujeha gampjrjhas j iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej mdsmj dsgjcj, hdmaestrjm um iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd ea cjha hirdita ha têcjma (OD_DGV@DI dt jc., ?>:7). Jhdmjis, qujeta mjis hiekdira as mjquijvécigas aotæm ea faba, mjiar sdrê a iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd mdesurjha edstj êrdj gdrdorjc. Wjod-sd kê ojstjetd tdmpa qud a têcjma dstê devacviha, detrd autrjs gaisjs, ea pragdssjmdeta hd rdgampdesjs, iegcuieha rdgampdesjs mjtdrijis. Tmj mdtj-jeêcisd jojrgjeha mjis hd umj hözij hd dstuhas saord dstj êrdj jpaetau qud a têcjma é pjrtigucjrmdetd impartjetd ej prdhiâça hd rdgampdesjs (CIT dt jc., ?>::). ^ar autra cjha, a têcjma dstê devacviha ea jgdssa jhdqujha par pjrtd has iehivíhuas has risgas rdcjgiaejhas gam as jtas hd bjekjr au pdrhdr hiekdira0 par m, a têcjma pahd sdr umj hjs êrdjs gdrdorjis devacvihjs ej rdbucjâça ha jta hd dvitjr risgas au hd ieuæegijs dxtdrejs qud devacvdm risgas. Dcd hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc ej hdtdgâça hd drras d ea pragdssjmdeta hd higjs qud ielarmjm saord rdgampdesjs iegdrtjs (RIE@CD_0 KT & CI, ?>:7).
Js aosdrvjâôds suprjmdegiaejhjs aldrdgdm j visça hd qud as pragdssas edurjis qud suofjzdm îs hdgisôds has mjquijvécigas dstça rdcjgiaejhas gam j jvjciâça ha gampartjmdeta dspdrjha j sdr dmprddehiha pdca pjrgdira,
jcém hj gaesihdrjâça hd têtigjs jctdrejtivjs pjrj bjekjr rdgampdesjs. J mjiarij hjs situjâôds hd hicdmjs sagijis gama a Faba hj Gaejeâj sdmprd tdm um dcdmdeta hd ojixj prdvisioicihjhd d jcta risga, dspdgijcmdetd qujeha as fabjhards eça pahdm ieudegijr j hdgisça jckdij (p. dx., dcds eça sça jutarizjhas j impar pdejcihjhds). Dssjs gaehiâôds pahdm gampdcir as fabjhards j ljzdr dstimjtivjs pravêvdis hd rdgampdesjs luturjs d paehdrjr as odedlígias d risgas patdegijis jssagijhas gam js rdgampdesjs. É jctjmdetd pravêvdc qud as mjquijvécigas, qud sça odm gaekdgihas pdcj ousgj pdrmjedetd par odedlígias hd gurta prjza, mastrdm jctjs kjoicihjhds dm hdgisôds rdcjgiaejhjs î aotdeâça hd rdgampdesjs.
Oax ::.7 Xêcjma
A iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd ea têcjma dm iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk pahd dstjr rdcjgiaejha gam j
jetdgipjâça ha sugdssa qud jgampjekj umj hdgisça hd risga. Ista é, dstê passivdcmdetd rdcjgiaejha jas pcjeas odm-sugdhihas qud dcds jcmdfjm, dequjeta maeitarjm a gampartjmdeta hd sdus pjrgdiras hd mjedirj j aotdr rdgampdesjs. Dssj dxpcigjâça lai jpaijhj par autra rdsuctjha hdssd dstuha, qud hdmaestrj umj rdcjâça íetimj detrd j jtivihjhd ha têcjma d a tjmjeka hj rdgampdesj aotihj par mjquijvécigas. Jiehj é passívdc, partjeta, qud as pragdssas edurjis devacvihas ea pragdssjmdeta hd rdgampdesjs mjtdrijis tdekjm ieuæegij dm sdu sugdssa.
8 Ieioiâça hd gaapdrjâça As dstuhas qud dxjmiejrjm js hdgisôds dm situjâôds hd hicdmj sagijc subdrdm qud as iehivihujis mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd ieiodm rdspastjs rêpihjs d dspaetïedjs. Dcds sça kêodis dm gaetracjr sujs dmaâôds, a qud pahd prdvdei-cas hd bjekjr (oax ::.8). Dcds usujcmdetd prdagupjm-sd pauga gam as dslarâas gaapdrjtivas d js dxpdgtjtivjs jckdijs, d supdrjm sdus sdetimdetas d impucsas pjrj gaesdbuir j gaejeâj has pjrgdiras. Dcds pjrdgdm jbir gaelarmd j sdbuietd rdbrj hd tamjhj hd hdgisôds6 –Eça sdfj prdgipitjha ja prahuzir imprdssôds d mjeildstjr sdetimdetas qud pahdm impdhi-ca hd bjekjr a mjiar cugra passívdc”. Oax ::.8 Tmj rdgampdesj pdqudej jiehj é umj rdgam rdgampdesj pdesj
Dm um dxpdrimdeta, iehivíhuas fabjrjm a Faba ha Tctimjta (gl. oax ?.:). J rdbrj oêsigj ha faba é qud a sdbueha fabjhar jgditj j qujetij aldrtjhj pdca primdira d hivihd detrd dcds a maetjetd0 par autra cjha, sd a sdbueha fabjhar rdfditjr j samj, edekum has hais rdgdod qujcqudr vjcar. A jutaietdrdssd rjgiaejc pahdrij subdrir qud mdsma j mdear hjs
qujetijs é vjciasj, umj vdz qud impcigj jcbum cugra0 j autrj apâça sdrij eça ejhj. brjehd Xahjvij,hjs dstuhas prévias hdsgaorirjm qud rdgdodr umj pjrgdcj pdssajs eça ueilarmdmdetd sd hispuekj j jgditjr umj samj qud dcjs gaesihdrjssdm iefustjmdetd pdqudej (BIEXIW dt jc., ?>>7). Dssjs pdssajs rdpartjrjm dmaâôds edbjtivjs dm rdcjâça
îqudcds qud tdetjrjm cuhioriê-cjs. Dcjs rjivasjmdetd rdtjcijrjm j iefustiâj, mdsma tdeha qud sd jutaprivjr ha bjeka. Ea detjeta, iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jbirjm gaelarmd sdu ietdrdssd pr÷pria6 dcds eça jpdejs trjesldrijm pdqudejs samjs primêrias gama qujsd qujcqudrgama samj,fabjhards mdsma mieösgucjs, qujehatjmoém jtujvjmjgditjrjm gama sdbuehas fabjhards (MDYD_, :99?). Zujeha as dxpdrimdetjhards pdrbuetjvjm jas iehivíhuas qujc sdrij j qujetij míeimj qud dcds gaesihdrjrijm jgditêvdc (i. é, a –paeta hd rdsistæegij”), as mjquijvécigas mastrjrjm-sd hispastas j jgditjr qujcqudr vjcar ieldriar j 4>% has luehas hispaeívdis jas primdiras fabjhards. ^ar autra cjha, iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jhatjrjm j pdrspdgtivj hj –hivisça mdia j mdia”, d gaesihdrjrjm qujcqudr aldrtj jojixa hdssd paeta gama iefustj. As mjquijvécigas eça tiekjm aofdâôds marjis0 dcds jgditjvjm qujcqudr gaisj qud iegrdmdetjssd sdus cugras. Dcds pjrdgijm supdrjr sdus sdetimdetas edbjtivas jcimdetjhas par hivisôds iefustjs pjrj aotdr odedlígias, iehdpdehdetdmdetd ha vjcar. vjcar.
Tmj hdgisça impartjetd rdcjgiaejhj îs hdsgaodrtjs é qud as iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk devacvihas dm umj tjrdlj gam hicdmj sagijc jprdsdetjm um iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd ej êrdj ha gérdora qud hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc impartjetd ej jhmieistrjâça hd gaeitas d ej rdbucjâça dmagiaejc. Dssj êrdj é a g÷rtdx pré-lraetjc harsacjtdrjc (G^LHC) au, mjis dspdgigjmdetd, j pjrtd ha g÷rtdx qud gj detrd a bira lraetjc ieldriar d méhia (oax ::.4), qud dstê devacviha ea pragdssjmdeta hd gaeitas detrd ietdrdssds pdssajis d earmjs sagijis (WJEL_DY dt jc., ?>>7). Lai hdsgaodrta qud a iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd agarrdu, par dxdmpca, dm iehivíhuas qud qudorjrjm pramdssjs lditjs j pjrgdiras dm situjâôds hd tamjhj hd sacuâôds gaefuetjs (OJTMBJ_ (OJTMBJ_XED_ XED_ dt jc., ?>>9). Autrjs hdsgaodrtjs subdrdm qud a G^LHC hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc impartjetd eas pragdssas hd rjgiagíeia jostrjta j ljvar hd fucbjmdetas uticitêrias. Xjis pragdssas hdspaetjm
qujeha jcbuém jpravj j viacjâça hd earmjs étigjs tjis gama, par dxdmpca, j earmj qud prdsgrdvd a jta hd dvitjr gacagjr dm risga au ldrir sdrds kumjeas. Js viacjâôds
marjis pdssajis pahdm pramavdr rdspastjs prdpatdetds, edbjtivjs d sagiadmagiaejis qud gaehuzdm js pdssajs j paehdrjr jâôds hdssj ejturdzj gama iejpraprijhjs. Hd mjedirj j fucbjr j viacjâça pdssajc marjc gama jpraprijhj, j pdssaj prdgisj supdrjr j rdspastj prdpatdetd. Dssj lueâça uticitêrij é prddegkihj pdca g÷rtdx pré-lraetjc harsacjtdrjc (d pdca g÷rtdx giebucjha jetdriar, fê mdegiaejha). ^ar dxdmpca, a G^LHC hirdita hispôd hd brjehd jtivihjhd dm iehivíhuas qud dstça prapdesas j jgditjr aldrtjs iefustjs ea Faba ha Tctimjta (@EAGK dt jc., ?>>). Ja aotdr odedlígias, dcds pahdm usjr a gaetracd gabeitiva saord js dmaâôds hd jgarha gam sujs mdtjs. Gaejeha eas pragdssas gabeitivas jostrjtas, dcds pahdm supdrjr rdspastjs prdpatdetds sagiadmagiaejis d jhmieistrjr hicdmjs marjis hd larmj uticitêrij. Jhdmjis, a iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd ha G^LHC pjrj iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk pahd dstjr jssagijha gam j ieioiâça hd rdspastjs rdgípragjs jas pjrgdiras hd ieigijtivj gaapdrjharj. As iehivíhuas mjquijvécigasîspahdm pjssjr par gimj hd sujs rdjâôds –dspaetïedjs” ieigijtivjs hd gaapdrjâça pjrj gam as autras d mjetdr sdus impucsas juta-aridetjhards.
4 Bdedrjcizjâça A gjpítuca saord j cditurj mdetjc fê jprdsdetau j kip÷tdsd hd qud a sugdssa sagijc has mjquijvécigas tdm ojsd dm suj kjoicihjhd hd sartdjr pdssajs dm tipas, qud sça usjhas dgidetdmdetd pjrj hdgihir qujis mdhihjs têtigjs sça dmprdbjhjs pjrj mjeipucjr jcbuém. ^rdvijmdetd, dstj kip÷tdsd lai hisgutihj ej rdcjâça gam j Xdarij X darij hj Mdetd6 as mjquijvécigas eça ietdrldrdm eas dstjhas mdetjis hd sdus pjrgdiras, mjs larmjm um fucbjmdeta bdrjc hdcds ojsdjha ej dxpdriæegij prévij bdedrjcizjhj. Hd ljta, j rdbrj gabeitivj dm faba edstd gjsa é6 –gjtdbarizjr dstj pdssaj gaelarmd j dxpdriæegij prévij d rdgaorjr js têtigjs gampartjmdetjis qud prapigijm
odedlígias qujeha cihjr gam pdssajs hdssd tipa”. Mdu paeta hd vistj é qud as mjquijvécigas sça eatêvdis d dspdrtas aosdrvjhards hj ejturdzj kumjej. Dcds
dgidetdmdetd rdgaekdgdm jqudcds trjâas ejs pdssajs qud aldrdgdm umj apartueihjhd hd sdrdm dxpcarjhjs. Jcbues trjesmitdm siegdrihjhd, dequjeta autras sd mastrjm dsqudgihas au dxtrdmjmdetd ietravdrtihas. Kê pdssajs qud dstça prdagupjhjs gam um rdcjgiaejmdeta pdssajc au gam sdu trjojcka j tjc paeta qud dcjs eça jprdsdetjm prdagupjâça pjrj ejhj mjis, jiehj qud dcjs sdfjm lêgdis hd debjejr. Autra gampartjmdeta rddtd j iestjoicihjhd dmagiaejc6 jcbumjs vdzds dcjs sd sdetdm –pjrj ojixa”, autrjs vdzds –ejs euvdes”, d tjc devacvimdeta dmagiaejc pahd tjmoém aldrtjr oajs apartueihjhds pjrj j mjeipucjâça. D, ejturjcmdetd, qujcqudr um pahdrij gaetieujr dssj cistj. Muitas dstuhas subdrdm qud j kjoicihjhd hd ljzdr ieldræegijs d fucbjmdetas bdrjis saord js pdssajs dstê rdcjgiaejhj î gjpjgihjhd hd mdm÷rij luegiaejc. J mdm÷rij luegiaejc gaesistd hd um sistdmj dxdgutiva gdetrjc d hivdrsas suosistdmjs qud jrmjzdejm d jejcisjm ielarmjâôds visujis d vdrojis. J gdetrjc dxdgutivj é rdspaesêvdc pdca pragdssjmdeta d ielarmjâça ietdbrjhj rdgdoihj jtrjvés hd hildrdetds gjejis sdesarijis, ja gaarhdejr lueâôds hildrdetds d ja gaetracjr pragdssas gabeitivas (jtdeâça, ieldræegijs). Jqudcds qud paetujm jcta ja sdrdm suomdtihas jas tdstds hd mdm÷rij luegiaejc tæm um dstica hd pdesjmdeta rjgiaejc d um jcta eívdc hd kjoicihjhd hd ljzdr ieldræegijs. Xuha X uha issa pahd sdr impartjetd parqud um dstuha rdgdetd hdsgaoriu um rdcjgiaejmdeta pasitiva detrd as íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk d as íehigds hj mdm÷rij luegiaejc (OD_DGV@DI & OI_@JW, ?>:80 gl. oax ::.::0 WXDIEMJEE dt jc., ?>:8). Gaesdqudetdmdetd, dcj pahd gaetriouir pjrj j kjoicihjhd mjquijvécigj hd jejcisjr d jetdgipjr js hdgisôds has pjrgdiras dm situjâôds hd hicdmjs sagijis. Xjc ihdij lai jpaijhj pdcas rdsuctjhas hd um dstuha rdgdetd hd imjbdm
gdrdorjc, ea qujc as iehivíhuas fabjrjm a Faba hj Gaejeâj, rdgdodeha jctdrejtivjmdetd aldrtjs fustjs (gl. d iefustjs par pjrtd hd sdus pjrgdiras ‗ hd um gamputjhar OD_DGV@DI dt jc., ?>:4). Tmj aldrtj fustj rddtij um gampartjmdeta
hd pjrgdira fusta, dequjeta umj aldrtj iefustj rdprdsdetjvj um pjrgdira gampdtitiva au jté mdsma kastic (oax ::.2). A dstuha degaetrau a IL_ dspdgijcmdetd jtiva qujeha as iehivíhuas gam jctashd íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdgdodrjm umj brjehd qujetihjhd hiekdira (gaehiâça fustj) ha pjrgdira (gamputjhar), dequjeta edekumj jtivihjhd lartd lai degaetrjhj edstd girguita edurjc sd autra fabjhar trjesldrij um vjcar ojixa (gaehiâça iefustj). Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, as mjquijvécigas hdmaestrjvjm jtivihjhds dcdvjhjs edstj êrdj gdrdorjc qujeha dcds fabjvjm gam um pjrgdira gaapdrjtiva. ^ar autra cjha, edekum iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd lai aosdrvjha qujeha a pjrgdira eça jprdsdetjvj pré-hispasiâça î gaapdrjâça, mjs, dm vdz hissa, gampdtij pdcj rdgampdesj dspdrjhj. Aovijmdetd, as mjquijvécigas gaesihdrjvjm sdus pjrgdiras gaapdrjtivas gama jcvas patdegijis, d js earmjs hd gaapdrjâça laredgijm brjehds gkjegds hd dxpcarjâça jckdij. Js pdssajs mjquijvécigjs gam mativjâôds lartdmdetd gdetrjhjs ej juta-aridetjâça d dm hdgisôds rjgiaejis pahdm tamjr vjetjbdes hjs ietdeâôds gaapdrjtivjs has autras. Eça é surprddehdetd, jssim, qud dcds tdekjm aotiha cugras sibeigjetdmdetd mjis jctas edssd faba, dequjeta sdus pjrgdiras dstjvjm pré-hispastas j gaapdrjr, ha qud ea faba dm qud dcds drjm pjrgdiras debjfjhas ej rivjcihjhd. A gampartjmdeta mjquijvéciga pahd rddtir a sdbuietd jcbaritma6 –sdcdgiaed um iebæeua d, hdssd maha, jfustd sujs hdgisôds ja sdu gampartjmdeta”. Gaelarmd dssj c÷bigj, um dstuha rdgdetd hdsgaoriu qud dstjs pdssajs hispôdm hd jctj vucedrjoicihjhd î mjeipucjâça sagijc, jcém hd trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd tjis gama ojixj dxtravdrsça, edurasd jctj d jctj jljoicihjhd
(GKTEB & GKJ_CDW, ?>:% hj samj ieigijcmdetd aldrtjhj pdca primdira fabjhar, ista é, umj pjrtd iesibeigjetd hj samj tripcj qud tiekj rdgdoiha (gaehiâça iefustj). Ej sdbuehj rahjhj, a gamputjhar gamdâjvj a faba gama a primdira fabjhar aldrdgdr hj umj méhij d a vactj. iehivíhua fabjhar) tamjvj ja j hdgisça samj qudd samj, hjrij hd Dm (sdbueha bdrjc, as sdbuehas fabjhards dstjvjm mjis mativjhas j jbir hd larmj rdgípragj qujeha a primdira fabjhar sd mastrjvj gaapdrjtiva d rdgípraga, ej méhij au jgimj hj méhij, qujeta ja vjcar aldrtjha ej primdirj rahjhj. Hd ljta, dstj é j mjedirj gama iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jbirjm6 dcds aldrdgdrjm umj samj jmpcj (ja mdeas tça jmpcj qujeta dcds tiekjm rdgdoiha jetds) qujeha sdus pjrgdiras sd pravjrjm bdedrasas, gaequjeta dcds trjesldrissdm umj samj mdear qujeha sdus pjrgdiras tiekjm siha iefustas ejs rahjhjs prévijs. As mjquijvécigas tjmoém pueirjm pjrgdiras iefustas, mjs dcds aptjrjm par dxpcarjr jqudcds qud prdvijmdetd mastrjrjm-sd pré-hispastas j gaapdrjr. Au sdfj, dcds eça jpdejs tdetjvjm aldrdgdr hd vactj aldrtjs fustjs, mjs aldrdgdr dm tiekjm tragj umj samj um tdrâa mdear au jojixa hj méhij hjqudcj qud rdgdoiha. Xjeta Xjeta as fabas fustas qujeta as iefustas larjm fabjhas par hazd dquipds, dequjeta gjhj iehivíhua lai suomdtiha ja dsgjedjmdeta par rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj. Gama gjhj faba hispuekj hd hujs rahjhjs, a dstuha iegcuiu um tatjc hd 8; rahjhjs, au sdfj, gjhj iehivíhua jhatau 8; hdgisôds. As hjhas gampartjmdetjis larjm mueihas hd jeêcisd dstjtístigj hdssjs gaehiâôds, dequjeta as pragdssas edurjis suofjgdetds larjm ieldrihas hjs muhjeâjs sibeigjtivjs hd jtivihjhd dm êrdjs gdrdorjis dspdgígjs.
:? Aribdes dvacutivjs As gjpítucas prévias hdstd civra lagjrjm ejs kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs has mjquijvécigas, eas trjâas hd pdrsaejcihjhd d ea kist÷riga ljmicijr. Dssds ljtards sça rdspaesêvdis pdcj dmdrbæegij hd pdgucijr umj ja jtituhd dspdgígj Dcds d tjmoém hd um gampartjmdeta mjquijvdcisma. ljzdm rdldræegij îs –gjusjs jpraximjhjs” parqud dcds sça hdtdrmiejetds hirdtas has pragdssas hd tamjhj hd hdgisça d hd têtigjs gampartjmdetjis qud tarejm js pdssajs mjquijvécigjs. Ea detjeta, kê autra gaefueta hd gjusjs qud eça é larmjha pdca dequjhrjmdeta imdhijta ha gampartjmdeta0 pjrj ljcjr hd autra maha, sdrijm jqudcds gampartjmdetas qud rdbucjm js jâôds d pdesjmdetas hjs pdssajs j histïegij. Dcds sça rdldrdegijhas gama –gjusjs öctimjs”, qud prdsgrdvdm j lueâça au a prap÷sita hd um hjha gampartjmdeta (gl. oax :?.:). Hurjetd j dvacuâça, eassas jegdstrjis hdsdevacvdrjm kjoicihjhds lísigjs d mdetjis qud as jfuhjrjm j jhjptjrdm-sd îs gaehiâôds jmoidetjis0 primjrijmdetd, detrd dcjs, kjvij sdu mdia sagijc. J dmdrbæegij dvacutivj hjs qujcihjhds mjquijvécigjs lai prdsumivdcmdetd pravagjhj pdcjs odm-sugdhihjs tégeigjs
hd mjeipucjâça qud pahdrijm gaetriouir pjrj a sugdssa rdprahutiva d j dequjeta saordvivæegij hd eassasgampartjmdetjc, jegdstrjis. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, umj dstrjtébij a mjquijvdcisma tdm lrdqudetdmdetd sd pravjha gama
odeéga dm sistdmjs gampcdx gampcdxas as hd rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis d, hd tjc mjedirj, sdus mdgjeismas psigac÷bigas larjm mjetihas gam a pjssjr ha tdmpa, gaetieujeha j ieudegijr j vihj hjs pdssajs.
: J kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij ietdcibæegij sagijc Hd larmj ietdrdssjetd, js tdetjtivjs hd jpraximjâça hj hisgussça qujeta ja mjquijvdcisma larjm prapastjs jpraximjhjmdetd ea mdsma pdríaha. Gama hisgutiha ea gjpítuca :, _igkjrh Gkristid d Lcardegd Bdis gamdâjrjm sujs pdsquisjs hd psigacabij sagijc edstd gjmpa ej hégjhj hd :90 dcds sd ueirjm j um eömdra grdsgdetd hd pdsquisjhards dm vêrijs pjrtds ha mueha, d sdu trjojcka, rdjcizjha hurjetd as 4> jeas suosdqudetds, rdsuctjrjm dm umj hdsgriâça gamprddesivj hj ejturdzj ha mjquijvdcisma. As gjpítucas prévias dcdegjrjm eassa gaekdgimdeta rdgdetd has pragdssas imdhijtas rdcjgiaejhas î jtituhd mjeipucjharj, ja maha hd vihj d hd pdesjr, jcém has mativas suofjgdetds par três hjs mdetds mjquijvécigjs. Oax :?.: Gjusjs jpraximjhjs d öctimjs Dstd gampartjmdeta pahd d hdvd sdr dxpcigjha dm hivdrsas eívdis0 hais has qujis tæm um ietdrdssd pjrtigucjr. Dxpcigjâôds jpraximjhjs rdvdcjm js gjusjs hirdtjs ha gampartjmdeta, gama dstjhas mativjgiaejis, dstímucas jmoidetjis d pragdssas karmaejis. Xdmas muitjs ielarmjâôds, par dxdmpca, saord as ljtards ieudegijhards dssdegijis ha gampartjmdeta sdxujc kumjea, gama j sdgrdâça hd gdrtas karmøeias (gama j tdstastdraej), j lueâça hd rdbiôds edurjis dspdgígjs (a kipatêcjma, p. dx.) d as dlditas ha jmoidetd ieljetic d hjs earmjs sagijis hd rdbucjâça has rdcjgiaejmdetas sdxujis.
As dvacugiaeistjs dstça, par autra cjha, ietdrdssjhas ejs dxpcigjâôds –öctimjs” ha gampartjmdeta, qud pahd ljzdr rdldræegij j mdgjeismas hd jhjptjâça trjzihas î cuz pdcj sdcdâça ejturjc. Dcds tdetjm detdehdr dssjs gjusjs dvacutivjs, qud laredgdm js lueâôds luehjmdetjis hd umj gaesdquæegij gampartjmdetjc dspdgígj (GAWMIHDW & XAAOY, :99?). Gaelarmd j jpraximjâça dvacutivj, dssjs dstrjtébijs gampartjmdetjis
larjm ljvardgihjs pdcj sdcdâça pasitivj qud sd pravau odeégj pjrj j saordvivæegij d rdprahuâça hd eassas jegdstrjis. ^jrj hjr um dxdmpca gaegrdta ea gjmpa hj sdxujcihjhd, js pdssajs kafd dm hij jiehj tæm umj prdldræegij par vêrias trjâas marlac÷bigas d gampartjmdetjis qud jetdriarmdetd gaetriouírjm pjrj j dsgackj odm-sugdhihj hd um pjrgdira d, gaesdqudetdmdetd, pjrj iegrdmdetjr a tjmjeka hj pracd. Dcds iegcuíjm gjrjgtdrístigjs lísigjs, tjis gama j siejcizjâça hj ldrticihjhd iehivihujc d j rdsistæegij îs hadeâjs, tjis gama as íehigds hd gieturj d qujhris pjrj muckdrds au as mjrgjhards ljgijis hd tdstastdraej mjsgucieas. Dcds tjmoém impcigjm dstrjtébijs jhjptjtivjs sdxujis qud jfuhjm j jcgjeâjr a brju hd gampramdtimdeta ha pjrgdira, as jtrioutas lísigas au j gjpjgihjhd hd pragrijr. ^ar dxdmpca, rdjâôds giumdetjs hijetd hd jmdjâjs rdjis au supastjs hd iehdcihjhd pahdm jmpcijr j praojoicihjhd hd tdr um cka oiac÷biga d himieuir a risga hd a pjrgdira suotrjir rdehimdetas rdehimdetas hj ljmícij (OTWW, ?>>4). Ej pdrspdgtivj dvacutiva-psigac÷bigj, a gaekdgimdeta hd dstrjtébijs dvacutivjs pdrmitd prdhizdr larmjs dspdgígjs (au jpraximjhjs) has pragdssas gampartjmdetjis d gabeitivas. ^ar dxdmpca, prdvisívdc qud favdes jhuctas (dspdgijcmdetd kamdes) dstdfjm mjis éprapdesas qud muckdrds j dxioirdm gampartjmdetas eça gampcjgdetds d hd tamjhj hd risga, umj vdz qud as favdes mjsgucieas dstivdrjm, ej kist÷rij hj kumjeihjhd, mjis debjfjhas ej aotdeâça hd rdgursas gama prérdquisita pjrj j rdprahuâça j qujcqudr gusta. Tmj jeêcisd jhjptjtivaejc ha gampartjmdeta pahd ietdbrjr dxpcigjâôds psigac÷bigjs dspdgígjs pjrj jmpcijr a dequjhrjmdeta td÷riga, jcém hd gaetriouir ej gcjrigjâça hd qud ljtards sça gjusjs primêrijs d qujis pahdrijm sdr sujs gaesdquæegijs (G_JRLA_H, :99;). Gama gaesdquæegij, j psigacabij dvacutivj jmpcij j gamprddesça hjs gjusjs qud suofjzdm as gampartjmdetas, jssim gama laredgd um pjea hd lueha dxpcigjtiva qud pdrmitd dstuhjr js cdis ueivdrsjis hj ejturdzj kumjej.
Dm um pjrjcdca gam a jvjeâa hdssj ciekj hd pdsquisj, mjs hd mjedirj gampcdtjmdetd iehdpdehdetd, j joarhjbdm jgimj tjmoém lai hamiejetd ej pdsquisj ha mjquijvdcisma. J kist÷rij rdtarej ja qud sjodmas hj kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij sagijc, hdsgritj par Eigkacjs Kumpkrdy (:92 d ea trjesgarrdr hj hégjhj hd :99>, gama gaesdquæegij ha hdsdevacvimdeta hd mahdcas dxpcigjtivas mjis
jgurjhas qud cdvjvjm dm gaesihdrjâça a pahdr prdhitiva. Tmj hjs eavjs tdarijs, j _aoie kip÷tdsd ha dgérdora sagijc, lai prapastj pdca pdsquisjhar iebcæs Hueojr tareau-sd hamiejetd (:99?, :99;, ?>>?). É hd gaekdgimdeta bdrjc d caebdva qud as primjtjs tæm um edag÷rtdx hdsprapargiaejcmdetd mjiar ha qud autras jeimjis. Dssd
edag÷rtdx, qud gaetracj as eívdis mjis jctas hd pragdssas gabeitivas, pahd sdr hujs au træs vdzds mjiar ha qud autrjs rdbiôds mjis jetibjs ha gérdora. Dssd grdsgimdeta ha edag÷rtdx lai a priegipjc rdspaesêvdc pdca iegrdmdeta dm rêpihj dsgjcj ha grdsgimdeta gdrdorjc hurjetd j dvacuâça has primjtjs, qud jcgjeâau sdu jubd gam j dmdrbæegij hd primjtjs d kumjeas. Dm um dstuha gampjrjtiva qud devacvdu vêrias primjtjs (iegcuieha kumjeas mahdreas), Hueojr hdsgaoriu umj rdcjâça íetimj detrd a tjmjeka ha brupa ‗ qud dcd tamau gama j mdhihj mjis gaeêvdc hj gampcdxihjhd ha brupa ‗ d j praparâç praparâça a ha edag÷rtdx (i. é, j rjzça ha tjmjeka ha edag÷rtdx dm rdcjâça ja rdstjetd ha gérdora). J méhij ha tjmjeka ha brupa é mjiar ejqudcjs dspégids hd primjtjs qud tæm js mjiards praparâôds ha edag÷rtdx. Zujeta jas kumjeas, a vacumd ha edag÷rtdx é qujtra vdzds mjiar ha qud js autrjs pjrtds ha gérdora fuetjs (p. dx., j mdhucj, a mdsdegéljca d a gdrdodca). Issa é gaesistdetd gam a ljta qud as kumjeas, iegcuieha jté mdsma sagidhjhds gjâjharjs-gacdtarjs, vivdm dm brupas pauga gamumdetd brjehds, qujeha gampjrjhas gam autrjs dspégids jeimjis. Hueojr ojsd pdcj ej gjpjgihjhd aosdrvjâça,hdqud as cimitds hd ha tjmjeka ha gaegcuiu, brupa sça gam prdsgritas pragdssjmdeta ielarmjâça gdrdorjc. J gjpjgihjhd hd hdsdevacvdr rdcjâôds sagijis has jeimjis hdpdehd ietimjmdetd hd sdu dquipjmdeta gabeitiva, j pjrtir ha qujc dcds ljzdm fucbjmdetas sagijis d ieldræegijs. Ja aosdrvjr a autra cjha hj madhj, eatjmas qud brupas brjehds d gampcdxas dmdrbirjm gama rdsuctjha hd gdrtjs larâjs dvacutivjs (p. dx., j –prdssça” impastj pdcas prdhjhards pahdrasas), prahuzieha um mdia aehd as iehivíhuas jprdsdetjm kjoicihjhds sagijis dxgdpgiaejis d tæm umj pasiâça vjetjfasj ej gampdtiâça par rdgursas. Js dxibæegijs hd jhjptjâça pjrj muhjeâjs hd rdcjgiaejmdetas hdetra ha brupa sdcdgiaejm pasitivjmdetd jqudcjs kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs qud bdrjcmdetd rdsuctjm ea iegrdmdeta ha tjmjeka gdrdorjc d ietdcibæegij (OY_ED, :992). Zujeta îs kjoicihjhds dspdgígjs dm qudstça, Hueojr jpaetau qujtra êrdjs6 umj hdcjs iegcui kjoicihjhds visujis qud sdrvdm, detrd autrjs gaisjs, pjrj hildrdegijr as mdmoras ha brupa gaelarmd sujs jpjræegijs d gampartjmdetas0 autrj êrdj devacvd j gjpjgihjhd hd mdm÷rij, jspdgta qud hdsdmpdekj um pjpdc impartjetd ej dstagjbdm d dvagjâça hd imjbdes hd rdcjgiaejmdetas prévias, d ej sjcvjbujrhj hd gampartjmdetas jckdias jctruístjs d debjejhards. J tdrgdirj êrdj é j rdbucjâça hj dmaâça, qud tdm umj impartïegij grugijc ea hdsdevacvimdeta hd rdcjgiaejmdetas hd caebj hurjâça d ej rdsacuâça hd gaeitas gam mdmoras ha brupa. Liejcmdetd, Liejcmdetd, j êrdj mjis impartjetd iegcui js kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs qud rdbucjm as rdcjgiaejmdetas sagijis
eas tdrmas tjeta hd mjeipucjâça qujeta hd gaapdrjâça, tjis gama j cditurj mdetjc, j gamputjâça d j simucjâça mdetjc.
Edstd gjsa, j siejcizjâça kaedstj d gaeêvdc é ietdrdssjetd pjrj jmojs js pjrtds. Gaetuha, dm muitas autras gjsas, j sdcdâça ejturjc tdm ljvardgiha as siejis debjejhards qud pdrmitdm mjeipucdmdmd dxpcardm as autras. A dmissarqud tdmiehivíhuas ietdrdssd lrdqudetd cuhiorijr a rdgdptar, sd j mdesjbdm ljcsj puhdr jumdetjr js sujs gkjegds hd saordvivæegij d rdprahuâça. Kê um gaefueta dxprdssiva hd gjsas vdrigjhas hd siejis eça gaapdrjtivas qud sjtisljzdm vêrijs lueâôds, hj prdsj debjejharj (p. dx., a pdixd-pdsgjhar-hjs-praluehdzjs) jté a cabra hd rivjis dm gampdtiâôds par pjrgdirjs (JEH_DRW, ?>>?). A jutar subdrd qud j gamueigjâça debjejharj pahd grijr, par suj vdz, umj prdssça sdcdtivj saord as jeimjis, qud devacvd umj dstrjtébij hd rdtjcijâça î mjeipucjâça. A jpdrldiâajmdeta hd tégeigjs hd gampartjmdeta mjeipucjhar tdm ljgicitjha, par um cjha, a hdsdevacvimdeta hd mdgjeismas hd hdldsj sastigjhas d, par autra, tdm dexdrtjha umj prdssça sdcdtivj gjhj vdz mjiar dm tégeigjs dgidetds hd mjeipucjâça, dm umj dspégid hd grdsgdeha. Gaesdqudetdmdetd, umj –garrihj jrmjmdetistj” viegjhj ea debjea d gaetrjdebjea dmdrbiu gama a rdsuctjha hj dxpjesça hj êrdj gdrdorjc d a iegrdmdeta hjs kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs.
? J kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj Dssjs gaesihdrjâôds td÷rigjs larjm jpaijhjs par dstuhas saord as primjtjs. Ea ieígia hj hégjhj hd :92>, a trjojcka hd gjmpa tiekj gama aofdtiva rdvdcjr j lrdquæegij d js larmjs dspdgígjs hd cabra ietdegiaejc detrd as iehivíhuas
hd vêrijs dspégids hd primjtjs (OY_ED, :994). Hdsgaoriu-sd dm épagj qud as primjtjs usjvjm umj jmpcj vjridhjhd hd têtigjs hd mjeipucjâça d debjea. Jcbumjs vdzds dcds histrjíjm j jtdeâça hd autra iehivíhua hj dspégid,
dequjeta, eautras mamdetas, dcds tdetjvjm prdvdeir as hdmjis saord jcba qud agarrij. J larmj mjis sastigjhj hd mjeipucjâça dxioihj par primjtjs ‗ d j mjis simicjr ja gampartjmdeta kumjea ‗ é jqudcj qud dmprdbj as autras pjrj jcgjeâjr sujs pr÷prijs mdtjs. Xjis gjsas sdrça jprdsdetjhas ea oax :?.7. Jtujcmdetd kê muitjs gdetdejs hd rdcjtas aosdrvjhas hd gampartjmdetas debjejhards detrd primjtjs, hd mjedirj muita simicjr jas jprdsdetjhas ea oax j sdbuir. Dcds larjm hdeamiejhas hd –têtigjs hd cabra”, ljzdeha rdldræegij jas gjsas dm qud um iehivíhua mjeipucj as autras ja devijr um siejc ietdegiaejcmdetd debjejhar qud, par suj vdz, gampdcd umj rdspastj ha(s) rdgdptar(ds) qud pdrmitd ja mjeipucjr tirjr vjetjbdm hj situjâça. Xjis X jis dstuhas cdvjrjm as pdsquisjhards j hdsdevacvdr j –kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj” dm mdjhas hj hégjhj hd :9;> (OY_ED & RKIXDE, :9;;). J tdarij dstjvj ojsdjhj ej ihdij qud j mjeipucjâça kjoicihasj has autras gaeldrd umj vjetjbdm dvacutivj sibeigjtivj. A cabra d j dxpcarjâça odm-sugdhihj hd rivjis dxdrgd umj prdssça sdcdtivj qujeta ja hdsdevacvimdeta hd umj ietdcibæegij sagijc gjhj vdz mjis gampcdxj. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, js kjoicihjhds ietdcdgtujis primjtjsparqud, ‗ d dspdgijcmdetd kumjeas ‗ dvacuírjm hd has tjc mjedirj gam a pjssjr ha tdmpa, j mjeipucjâça odm-sugdhihj jumdetau js gkjegds ha debjejhar hd saordvivdr d rdprahuzir. J mjeipucjâça odm-sugdhihj rdqudr, par suj vdz, kjoicihjhds mdetjis gjhj vdz mjis sastigjhjs. Edssj mdhihj, js dstrjtébijs mjquijvécigjs iegrdmdetjm js kjoicihjhds ietdcdgtujis d a sugdssa rdprahutiva, ljgicitjeha jmoas as
cjhas dm um caap hd lddhojg` pasitiva. pasitiva. Oax :?.7 Cabra ietdegiaejc detrd primjtjs
Dm um gjmpa hd dstuha hd ojouíeas, pdsquisjhards aosdrvjrjm qud mjgkas favdes rdpdtihjmdetd debjejvjm mdmoras jhuctas ha brupa (OY_ED, :994). A favdm mjgka qud dstjvj sdeha aosdrvjha ielarmau umj læmdj jhuctj qujeta î dxistæegij hd rjízds eutritivjs ea saca, gjvjeha j tdrrj. Dssj jtivihjhd é hilígic d gjesjtivj jté mdsma pjrj as jhuctas, dspdgijcmdetd hurjetd j dstjâça hjs sdgjs. A favdm dspdrau qud j læmdj tdrmiejssd j dsgjvjâça hjs rjízds0 dm sdbuihj, ackau dm vactj pjrj vdr sd jcbuém dstjvj pr÷xima d, suoitjmdetd, gamdâau j britjr hd har. Gama rdspastj ja brita, suj mçd imdhijtjmdetd jpjrdgdu ej gdej d pdrsdbuiu j læmdj –gjvjharj”, qud tiekj um eívdc mjis ojixa ej kidrjrquij ha brupa ea tagjetd î hamieïegij. Zujeha jmojs js læmdjs hdixjrjm a dspjâa, a favdm gaesumiu j gamihj pjgigjmdetd. As pdsquisjhards gaegcuírjm qud tdstdmuekjrjm um gjsa hd cabra ietdegiaejc, ea qujc a favdm ojouíea usau suj mçd gama um iestrumdeta sagijc, par jssim hizdr, lai gjpjz hd rdmavdr um aostêguca (j læmdj jhuctj gjvjharj) pjrj aotdr a jcimdeta. Dssj dxpcigjâça lai jpaijhj pdcj aosdrvjâça qud a favdm jpdejs rdgarrdu ja dsqudmj qujeha suj mçd dstjvj larj ha gjmpa visujc d pahdrij tdr giæegij ha ÷ovia cabra. Gjsas jiehj mjis gampcigjhas larjm rdbistrjhas qujeta jas símias. Gkimpjezés aosdrvjhas ej _dsdrvj Bamod (Xjezïeij) larjm jcimdetjhas dm umj gjixj gacagjhj dm umj gcjrdirj ej ardstj. Tm gkimpjezé qud jehjvj ejs gdrgjeijs tamau giæegij qud j gjixj dstjvj jodrtj d, ejturjcmdetd, qud j gamihj dstjvj civrdmdetd jgdssívdc. Zujeha dcd lai pdbjr j gamihj, dcd tdvd imdhijtj giæegij qud autra gkimpjezé sd jpraximjvj, sdeha dssd öctima mjis lartd, hamiejetd d qud pjrtigucjrmdetd euegj hivihij as jcimdetas gam as autras. Jssim, a primdira rjpihjmdetd ackau pjrj autrj hirdâça, ej tdetjtivj hd histrjir a rdgém-gkdbjha hj gamihj. Ea detjeta, issa pravagau um dldita gaetrêria hd suspditj, d a öctima simpcdsmdetd gjmiekau ej mdsmj hirdâça, gam umjdspdrjeha prdtdesj ljctj hd ietdrdssd0 pjrau jtrês hd umj êrvard pr÷ximj, jté qud a primdiradcd gkimpjezé pdbjssd j gamihj hj gjixj, pjrj detça surbir suoitjmdetd d tamjr j gamihj hjqudcd. Dssj gamoiejâça hd debjea d gaetrjdebjea subdrd qud a öctima gkimpjezé pahd tdr rdgaekdgiha umj ietdeâça gadspdgígj, pdrmitieha qud dcd sd prdvdeissd hj tdetjtivj hd cabra.
J kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj tdm siha gaermjhj par muitas dstuhas saord as primjtjs. Tm
dstuha
gampjrjtiva
gaegcuiu
qud
j
lrdquæegij
ha
gampartjmdeta dstêdspégids ietimjmdetd cibjhj ja vacumd rdcjtiva hadebjejhar edag÷rtdx dm gam dssd jpjrjta gdrdorjc mjis cjrba, a qud impcigj a debjfjmdeta mjis
lrdqudetd dm jtivihjhds mjeipucjharjs (OY_ED, :994). Issa subdrd, par autra cjha, qud j mjeipucjâça tdm siha umj larâj sdcdtivj dssdegijc ej dvacuâça hd um gérdora jctjmdetd hdsdevacviha hj ietdcibæegij grijtivj. ^ar autra cjha, jcbuém pahdrij dhizdr qud j mjeipucjâça odmsugdhihj rdqudr umj gjpjgihjhd gabeitivj gaesihdrêvdc6 jpdejs js dspégids qud sça kêodis dm debjejr ietdegiaejcmdetd as autras qud jprdsdetjm tjc dquipjmdeta mdetjc jvjeâjha. Dssd jssueta lai hisgutiha dm hdtjckds ea gjpítuca 9, gam æeljsd eas kumjeas. Tm dstuha saord dspégids hd primjtjs pacibieasas hdsgaoriu qud qujeta mjiar a vacumd ha edag÷rtdx, mjis lrjga é a rdcjgiaejmdeta detrd iehivíhuas mjsgucieas ej kidrjrquij d dm sdu sugdssa rdprahutiva, gama dxprdssa ej qujetihjhd hd gjsjis (^JRCARW@I0 HTEOJ_ & CARDE, :99;). Detrd j mjiar pjrtd has mjmíldras, a rjequdjmdeta hd qujcqudr mjgka ej kidrjrquij hj hamieïegij ieudegij muita sdu passívdc jgdssa îs læmdjs6 a mjgka hamiejetd usujcmdetd tdm vêrijs læmdjs î hispasiâça. Ea detjeta, dxgdâôds pahdm jpdejs agarrdr dm gaehiâôds muita rdstritjs, eas tdrmas hjs kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs6 mjgkas ieldriards jpdejs tæm umj gkjegd hd jgjsjcjr sd dcds sça gjpjzds hdsujs debjejr d dsgjpjr has mjgkas hamiejetds, qud gaetracjm læmdjs ribarasjmdetd. Dm gjrêtdr primêria, issa s÷ é passívdc dm dspégids qud dxiodm kjoicihjhds mdetjis gampcdxjs, qud sça usjhjs pjrj histrjir j jtdeâça has rivjis d pjrj devijr siejis debjejhards. Aosdrvjâôds tæm rdvdcjha qud as ojouíeas-læmdj jgjsjcjm gam mjgkas hd ojixa rjequdjmdeta jtrês hjs ragkjs, dequjeta gkimpjezés ej mdsmj situjâça gaordm sdus pæeis drdtas gam sujs mças hijetd hd mjgkas hamiejetds. Xjis
aosdrvjâôds cdvjm î gaegcusça qud jeimjis sagijcmdetd kjoicihasas ‗ qud tæm um sutis edag÷rtdx brjehd ‗ jpahdm usjr têtigjs gampartjmdetjis hd mjedirj degaetrjr
um(j) pjrgdira(j) mdsma qujeha dcds hispôdm hd ojixjs pasiâôds ej kidrjrquij hj hamieïegij.
7 Mjquijvdcisma6 joarhjbdes dvacutivjs dvacutivjs d psigac÷bigjs J kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj subdrd qud js pdssajs pahdm aotdr vêrias odedlígias hj dxpcarjâça odmsugdhihj has autras. Gaequjeta j tdarij aribiejcmdetd tdekj siha jpcigjhj jas primjtjs, a qud, ejturjcmdetd, tjmoém iegcui as Kama sjpides, as pdsquisjhards tæm gaegarhjha qud js dstrjtébijs mjeipucjharjs d hd cabra tæm umj gaetriouiâça dssdegijc pjrj j dmdrbæegij ha brjehd gérdora d hj ietdcibæegij kumjej sdm ibujc. Dssj dxpcigjâça dvacutivj bujrhj sdmdckjeâjs gam j dxpcigjâça psigac÷bigj hisgutihj eas gjpítucas prévias. Gama vista jetdriarmdetd, muitas dstuhas tæm hdmaestrjha hdshd j puocigjâça ha gcêssiga civra hd Gkristid d Bdis (:92>) qud pdssajs sça gjpjzds d prapdesjs j cuhiorijr as autras. J aorj tjmoém rdvdcau qud kê brjehds hildrdeâjs iehivihujis hd eívdis hd mjquijvdcisma6 pdssajs hildrdm dm suj pré-hispasiâça ea dmprdba hd vêrijs têtigjs mjeipucjharjs hd larmj j mjquijvécigj aotdr odedlígias. Zujeta j issa, j kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij pahd sdr jpcigjhj tjmoém jas kumjeas6 mdmoras hd eassjs dspégids usjm vêrijs larmjs hd cabra d trjpjâj gama mdias dspdgígas hd jhjptjâça ja mdia sagijc. ^arém, dm autra jspdgta, kê umj cjguej suostjegijc detrd js joarhjbdes dvacutivj d psigac÷bigj qujeta ja mjquijvdcisma. Js hdsgaodrtjs hj öctimj hégjhj eça
prddegkdrjm gampcdtjmdetd j dxpdgtjtivj qud j kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj dxpcigjr pcdejmdetd a gampartjmdeta mjquijvécigapahdrij kumjea. As gjpítucas prévias, gam dspdgijc jtdeâça îs hdsgaodrtjs eas gjpítucas :: d :?,
tæm hdmaestrjha gama js pdssajs gam jctas íehigds hd mjquijvdcisma jprdsdetjm rdcjtivjmdetd paugj ietdcibæegij dmagiaejc d paugj kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc. Gaesdqudetdmdetd, issa j sdbuietdej qudstça6 gama as mjquijvécigas sça tçaprahuz odm-sugdhihas mjeipucjâça has autras qujeha dcds jprdsdetjm hdgiæegijs dm qujcihjhds qud sça dssdegijcmdetd rdqudrihjs î mjeipucjâça1 Gama dcds pahdm sdr odm-sugdhihas qujeha dcds tæm kjoicihjhds jojixa hj méhij ea rdgaekdgimdeta hd dmaâôds jckdijs d ej gamprddesça has sdetimdetas, pdesjmdetas d hdsdfas has autras1 Oax :?.8 Tm dsoaâa hd síetdsd
Jté a prdsdetd mamdeta, paugas jutards tdetjrjm umj síetdsd hjs joarhjbdes dvacutivj d psigac÷bigj ha mjquijvdcisma. Tmj hjs dxgdâôds é a gamprddesiva trjojcka hd Hjvih Wcaje Ricsae d sdus gacdbjs (RICWAE0 EDJ_ & MICCD_, :99:7). As mjquijvécigas eça sd hdstjgjm has hdmjis qujeta î ietdcibæegij bdrjc. Ea detjeta, as jutards jpaetjrjm qud dssd eça é edgdssjrijmdetd a gjsa ha mdia hd eassas jegdstrjis. Jhdmjis, é hibea hd eatj qud, hd um paeta hd vistj dvacutiva, j mjeipucjâça odm-sugdhihj eça rdqudr
edgdssjrijmdetd umj supdriarihjhd ietdcdgtujc bcaojc par pjrtd has mjquijvécigas, mjs, par autra cjha, dxibd gdrtjs kjoicihjhds mdetjis dspdgígjs. Xjis kjoicihjhds pdrmitdm qud ues debjedm as autras sdm risgas gaesihdrêvdis hd hdtdgâça. A sugdssa dvacutiva ha mjquijvdcisma lai pastdriarmdetd jpaijha pdca ljta hd qud as mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd jssumdm pasiâôds
hd cihdrjeâj ejs gampjekijs d iestituiâôds. Jhdmjis, suj jpjræegij degjetjharj d jssdrtivihjhd lrdqudetdmdetd as prafdtjm jas pjpéis hd cihdrjeâj (gl. (gl. hdtjckds ea gjp. ?). Wd ds dstd td tjmoém lai a gjsa ea pjssjha, detça dcds prdsumivdcmdetd jcgjeâjrjm um jcta stjtus d rdspdita hdetra hd sdus brupas, a qud eça impcigjvj tça samdetd um sugdssa sagijc, mjs tjmoém um sugdssa rdprahutiva. Mjis dspdgigjmdetd, kamdes gam jctas stjtus tæm mjis ckas oiac÷bigas qujeha gacagjhas dm apasiâça îqudcds gam ojixas rjequdjmdetas0 par autra cjha, dcds pahdm laredgdr j bjrjetij hj saordvivæegij d hj hilusça ha mjquijvdcisma hurjetd j dvacuâça. Ibujcmdetd, as priegípias dvacutivas pahdm dxpcigjr js hildrdeâjs sdxujis qujeta ja mjquijvdcisma. Dequjeta j histriouiâça hd kamdes d muckdrds eas íehigds hj Dsgjcj Mjgk sd saordpôd, as íehigds ldmieieas sça, dm gdrtj mdhihj, mdeards ha qud as mjsgucieas. Dssd jspdgta pahd sdr grdhitjha î tdehæegij gampdtitivj detrd kamdes, qud é um –prahuta” hj dvacuâça. As kamdes bdrjcmdetd jssumdm brjehds risgas d mjis lrdqudetdmdetd dxiodm gampartjmdetas eça gaeêvdis, hd maha j jcgjeâjr bjekas hd rdgursas. ^arém, jutardsejjpaetjrjm js hildrdeâjs detrd as sdxas eça iegarrdm tçaas samdetd lrdquæegijqud hd mjeipucjâça, mjs tjmoém ea dstica6 é passívdc qud kamdes prdrjm larmjs mjis dvihdetds, jssdrtivjs d viacdetjs hd mjeipucjâça, dequjeta js muckdrds dsgackdm têtigjs hd cabra mjis degaodrtjs, rdstritjs d aguctjs, tjis gama rumards gjsujis d lalagjs. ^dsquisjs pastdriards pahdm dstjodcdgdr qujc kip÷tdsd dvacutivj degaetrj dgas ej rdjcihjhd.
Eassj rdspastj pjrj dssj qudstça tdm siha qud as mjquijvécigas hdmaestrjm gjrjgtdrístigjs gabeitivjs d sagijis öeigjs, as pdrmitdm jcgjeâjr dsujs mdtjs. ^ar autra cjha, sujqudietdcibæegij dmagiaejc kjoicihjhd hd cditurj mdetjc eça sça, dm tahas as jspdgtas, piards qud js hjs hdmjis pdssajs. Dm jmoidetds dspdgígas ‗ mjfaritjrijmdetd dm rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis gam gaehiâôds ihdjis pjrj a cabra ‗ dcds hdeitivjmdetd sd mastrjm sdesívdis îs dmaâôds d î vihj ietdriar jckdij (gl. gjp. ; d 9). É prdgisa rdssjctjr jiehj qud as pdsquisjhards tæm rdvdcjha qud as mjquijvécigas tæm kjoicihjhds
dspdgijis. Dm gdrtjs êrdjs, dcds supdrjm pdssajs gam ojixas íehigds Dsgjcj Mjgk. ea^ar dxdmpca, dcds jprdsdetjm umj ej jptihça dxdmpcjr maeitarjmdeta ha gampartjmdeta has autras0 dcds dxiodm umj pdrsistæegij
sdm ibujc pjrj j aridetjâça hd tjrdljs, qud dstê rdcjgiaejhj gam sujs gjpjgihjhds hd mdm÷rij hd trjojcka. Dm gaehiâôds iegdrtjs d imprdvistjs, dcds dgidetdmdetd jvjcijm larmjs djgimj gustashj hd méhij aotdrdm Dcds tæm umj kjoicihjhd ejrdgampdesjs. ieioiâça hd dmaâôds dspaetïedjs d ej sdcdâça hd jcvas patdegijis (gl. gjp. :> d ::). Xrjtjeha hd mjedirj bdrjc, pahd-sd jrmjr qud sdus pdesjmdetas d gampartjmdetas sça gjrjgtdrizjhas par umj dxioicihjhd eatêvdc. Wdus gampartjmdetas jprdsdetjm umj ejturdzj gjmjcdøeigj6 dcds jctdrjm sujs jtituhds gaelarmd as autras, hdpdehdeha hd sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds d hd gdrtjs girguestïegijs, d dcds dstça préhispastas j hdsdmpdekjr a –pjpdc” hd jctruístj pjrj debjejr jqudcds qud as gdrgjm. Xahjs X ahjs dssjs hdsgaodrtjs rdgdetds hj pdsquisj psigac÷bigj sça gaesistdetds gam a mahdca dvacutiva ha mjquijvdcisma. Ea detjeta, qudstôds jhigiaejis hdspaetjm, ejturjcmdetd. Hd qud larmjs d jtrjvés hd qujis pragdssas mdhijhards js dstrjtébijs ha mjquijvdcisma gaetrioudm pjrj as pdesjmdetas d gampartjmdetas hj kumjeihjhd gaetdmparïedj1 J pjrtir hd autrj pdrspdgtivj6 hd qujis larmjs as mativas dvacutivas sd mjeildstjm ejs jâôdsdssjs has qudstôds mjquijvécigas eassas tdmpas1 Dssdegijcmdetd, hizdm hd rdspdita î mdhihj qud j kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj pahd gaetriouir, gaelarmd eassa gaekdgimdeta jtujc, pjrj umj gamprddesça vêcihj hj ejturdzj kumjej. Gdrtas jspdgtas hdssj mjtérij sça hibeas hd gaesihdrjâôds jhigiaejis.
8 Dxibæegijs ha mdia sagijc
Tmj prapasiâça oêsigj hj kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj ‗ jssim gama pjrj js dxpcigjâôds pjutjhjs ej kip÷tdsd hj ietdcibæegij sagijc dm bdrjc ‗ é qud a mdia sagijc jprdsdetj, qujeha gampjrjha ja mdia ejturjc,
hdsjas mjiards jas primjtjs, umj vdz qud é mjis gampcdxa, hivdrsa d vjrijha. Js muhjeâjs gaetíeujs d as rdjrrjefas hd rdcjgiaejmdetas detrd mdmoras ha brupa impôdm dxibæegijs suostjetivjs pjrj j has jhjptjâça iehivihujc, tjis gama, par dxdmpca, j pdrsujsça autras ej larmjâça hd gajcisôds, j prdsdrvjâça hd jtjquds par pjrtd has autras, j rdgaegicijâça gam ieimibas jetibas sd edgdssêria dtg. Jssim, j jhjptjâça hieïmigj hj vij sagijc tdm dxdrgiha umj prdssça sdcdtivj saord js kjoicihjhds d qujcihjhds dspdgijis d sastigjhjs qud pdrmitdm jas mdmoras ha brupa usjr tjeta dstrjtébijs gaapdrjtivjs qujeta hd debjea hdetra ha brupa (RKIXDE & OY_ED, :992). Gaetuha, mdias sagijis hivdrsas d mutjetds pahdm laredgdr gaehiâôds histietjs, qud rdqudrdm rdspastjs dspdgígjs has iehivíhuas. Jqudcds qud hdtæm kjoicihjhds mjeipucjharjs jgimj hj méhij pahdm ibujcmdetd tdr qud cihjr gam pjrgdiras arj gaapdrjtivas, arj cabrjhards, j hdpdehdr hd situjâôds hildrdetds. Xuha cdvj j grdr qud as mjquijvécigas sça mjis hdsjjhas dm um mdia sagijc gaapdrjtiva qujeha um mdia eça gaapdrjtiva impôd brjehds dxibæegijs saord as eça mjquijvécigas. Ista agarrd parqudd as mjquijvécigas, qudsça hdtæm visça hd mueha gíeigj umj jtituhd jmarjc, mjisumj prapdesas j jpravjr larmjs vjrijhjs hd debjea, pdrlíhij d cabra. Dm muitas gjsas, dcds jté mdsma gaesihdrjm a gampartjmdeta jetissagijc gama umj earmj, jssumieha qud tahas sça dssdegijcmdetd mjcévacas d imarjis. ^artjeta, dcds pahdm sd degaetrjr dm umj situjâça gaelusj qujeha gaelraetjhas gam um gampartjmdeta bdedrasa d gaapdrjtiva hj pjrtd has autras. Xjis situjâôds prdsumivdcmdetd rdqudrdm hdcds
dslarâas jhigiaejis hd mjedirj j bjrjetir sdus pr÷prias ietdrdssds. Detrdmdetds, pjrgdirasDcds qudsça prapôdm sça jcvas ihdjis hj mjeipucjâça. lêgdis gaapdrjâça hd debjejr d dcds usujcmdetd bjrjetdm brjehds cugras, umj vdz qud
dcds sd mastrjm, ej mjiarij has gjsas, hdsprdpjrjhas qujeha hdlraetjhas gam um gdeêria hd mjeipucjâça. Jssim, dspdrj-sd qud as mjquijvécigas gaesihdrdm situjâôds gaapdrjtivjs tjeta gama um ljrha qujeta gama cugrjtivjs. Eas tdrmas hj kip÷tdsd hd ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj, issa sibeigj qud j dvacuâça hd sujs kjoicihjhds sagijis d gabeitivjs lai primjrijmdetd hiribihj pjrj j sdcdâça hd pjrgdiras gacjoarjhards qud pahdm sdr dgidetdmdetd dxpcarjhas. As mjquijvécigas tæm qud ieldrir tahas as gustas, odedlígias d risgas jssagijhas tjeta ej rdfdiâça qujeta ej dxpcarjâça hjs gaapdrjâôds. As eça mjquijvécigas, par autra cjha, qud dstça mjis prapdesas j jgrdhitjr eas autras d sdbuir js earmjs sagijis, tæm umj tjrdlj mjis simpcds ej tamjhj hd hdgisôds6 dcds gaapdrjm qujeha as autras gaapdrjm, d dcds edbjm gaapdrjâça qujeha sça debjejhas pdcas autras. Hdsgaodrtjs dxpdrimdetjis jpaijm dssj ihdij. Ea Faba has Odes ^öocigas, as mjquijvécigas aldrdgdm js mdeards samjs ja brupa qujeha sdus pjrgdiras sd mastrjm gaapdrjtivas (OD_DGV@DI & GVIOA_, ?>:4). Ea detjeta, sd as autras tjmoém jprdsdetjm um gampartjmdeta gampdtitiva, dcds eça gaesihdrjm pdrtiedetd a delrdetjmdeta, umj vdz qud eça kê um iehivíhua iebæeua j sdr dxpcarjha. Tm dstuha hd imjbdm gdrdorjc qud uticizau tégeigjs hd rdssaeïegij mjbeétigj rdvdcau qud j jtivihjhd hd iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk jumdetau qujeha dcds tiekjm qud rdspaehdr aldrtjs fustjs ea Faba has Odes ^öocigas. ^ar autra cjha, edekum iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd lai degaetrjha qujeha dcds rdgdoijm aldrtjs par samjs pdqudejs d iefustjs (OD_DGV@DI dt jc., ?>:4).
Iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk rdspaehdrjm hd mjedirj hildrdetd6 dcds jprdsdetjrjm um iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhd gdrdorjc qujeha fabjvjm gam pdssajs pauga gaapdrjtivjs, qud pauga au ejhj aldrdgijm jas primdiras fabjhards. Tmj passívdc dxpcigjâça pjrj dssjs hdsgaodrtjs
é qud as mjquijvécigas gaesihdrjm js situjâôds hd gaapdrjâça gama as mjiards hdsjas, umj vdz qud issa rdqudr umj jeêcisd mjis ietdesj hj pjrtd hdcds. Eça lai par jgjsa qud umj hjs êrdjshurjetd gdrdorjis qud jprdsdetjm mjiar iegrdmdeta hd jtivihjhds a dxpdrimdeta ‗ a g÷rtdx harsacjtdrjc pré-lraetjc ‗ hdsdmpdekau um pjpdc impartjetd ej ieioiâça hd rdspastjs dmagiaejis dspaetïedjs d ej tamjhj hd hdgisôds uticitêrijs (gl. gjp. ::). Xjc hdsgaodrtj prdsumivdcmdetd rddtd qud um sdesa hd rdgipragihjhd iehuziha par umj aldrtj fustj has pjrgdiras ‗ a qud é umj earmj sagijc dxtrdmjmdetd lartd ‗ é rdprimihj d suostituíhj par um jcbaritma muita mjis cugrjtiva ha –hæ pauga”, gama dxpcigitjha ej jtivihjhd gdrdorjc hj êrdj hd mdegiaejhj. ^ar autra gam ojixas íehigds mjquijvdcisma qudcjha, tæmiehivíhuas dxpdgtjtivjs étigjs mjis jctjs gaesihdrjm qud cihjr gam as eça gaapdrjtivas é um praocdmj, jcba qud dcds prdgisjm rdsacvdr pjrj dvitjr qud sdfjm dxpcarjhas. Dssds dstuhas hdmaestrjm qud iehivíhuas gam jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk usjm sujs kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs pjrj jvjcijr js ietdeâôds gaapdrjtivjs hd sdus pjrgdiras d dmprddehdr têtigjs dxpcarjharjs qujeha as odedlígias dxgdhdm as gustas hdrivjhjs dspdrjhas.hj ^rdsumivdcmdetd, dstjs larjm js vjetjbdes gaetíeuj dxpcarjâça hd jcvas patdegijis qud j prdssça sdcdtivj dxdrgdu saord j ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj hurjetd j dvacuâça. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, eça lai a mdia sagijc dm bdrjc, mjs jcbumjs gaehiâôds dspdgígjs qud gaetriouírjm î dvacuâça hjs tégeigjs hd mjeipucjâça. Dssjs gaehiâôds gamprddehdm rdcjgiaejmdetas ietdrpdssajis qud pdrmitdm cugrjr gam j gaapdrjâça jckdij. Issa é gaesistdetd gam umj prapasiâça
oêsigj impartjetd hjs tdarijs hj ietdcibæegij sagijc6 mdias sagijis gampcdxas d mutêvdis j kjoicihjhd hd hdsdevacvdr sacuâôds pjrj bdrjm praocdmjs situjgiaejis muctiljgdtjhas (G_AA@, :9;;).
4 A iehivíhua d a brupa Gama fê lai hisgutiha, um mdia sagijc gampcdxa ljgicitj a hdsdevacvimdeta hd têtigjs mjeipucjharjs. Xjis têtigjs sdrvdm gama odedlígias iehivihujis usujcmdetd jcgjeâjhas j dxpdesjs hd mdmoras gampjekdiras ha brupa. Ea detjeta, j mdegiaejhj dxpcarjâça tdm um cimitd ea sdesa dvacutiva6 j pdrhj has autras eça pahd jcgjeâjr umj dxtdesça qud gacaqud dm pdriba j gadsça brupjc, umj vdz qud j hdsietdbrjâça ha brupa tjmoém gacagjrij dm pdriba a pr÷pria ietdrdssd ha mjquijvéciga6 sd eça kê brupa, eça kê jcva j sdr dxpcarjha. Jhdmjis, sd muitas pjrgdiras ha brupa sd tarejrdm vítimjs hjs têtigjs mjeipucjharjs, au sd j dxpcarjâça dxgdhdr sujsjatacdrïegijs, detça tarej-sd muita –gustasj” mjeipucjhar. Issaj mjeipucjâça sibeigj qud a brupa rdspaehd gam gaetrjmdhihjs d sjeâôds pueitivjs. J mjeipucjâça irrdstritj é lêgic hd hdtdgtjr, umj vdz qud j gamueihjhd pahd impar sjeâôds ja mjeipucjhar. Jssim, as mjquijvécigas prdgisjm mjetdr um ojcjeâa sdesívdc, ej mjiarij has gjsas. J prdssça dvacutivj pjrj j jhjptjâça tdm mjetiha j mjeipucjâça dm um eívdc qud dcj jiehj é cugrjtivj, mjs eça pdribasj pjrj j gadsça brupjc. As mjquijvécigas jtujis tjmoém pjrdgdm sdr jcva hd gaestrjebimdeta. Dm um dxpdrimdeta, vêrias iehivíhuas pjrtigipjrjm hd um faba ea qujc pahdrijm bjekjr hildrdetds samjs hd hiekdira (BDIW, :92>). Tmj jcijeâj lditj par hais fabjhards suostjegijcmdetd jumdetjvj sujs gkjegds hd vit÷rij, a qud impcigjvj ejturjcmdetd j hivisça has bjekas ea ejc hj pjrtihj. Fabjhards jcijhas tiekjm qud ljzdr umj pramdssj hd qud eça qudorjrijm j jcijeâj. ^arém, gjsa j qudorjssdm, eça delrdetjrijm qujcqudr
sjeâça d pahdrijm cugrjr iehivihujcmdetd. Eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud sujs as mjquijvécigas, hildrdetdmdetd autras, qudorjssdm jcijeâjs gam mjiar lrdquæegijhas ea faba, ha qujc aotiekjm cugra ej mjiarij has gjsas. Gaetuha,
sd dcds ieigijcmdetd pramdtdssdm eça qudorjr j jcijeâj, mjetiekjm j pjcjvrj jté a ejc. A rdsuctjha hdssjs aosdrvjâôds subdrd qud, gaequjeta as mjquijvécigas lrdqudetdmdetd gjmiekjm hjsissa dxpdgtjtivjs ha brupa, dcds eça qudorjm ej js gaetrjmça rdbrjs qujeha impcigj j hissacuâça hd umj jcijeâj. Dcds eça a ljzdm parqud, jbieha jssim, dcds pahdrça salrdr sérijs gaesdquæegijs ja caeba ha ha tdmpa. J qudorj hj pramdssj pahdrij hdsjgrdhitê-cas d gacagê-cas dm umj situjâça hd dxpasiâça pjrj as autras, hd larmj qud, ea lutura, tjcvdz ej pjrtihj sdbuietd, lassdm rdfditjhas gama pjrgdiras eça gaeêvdis. Ejturjcmdetd, as mjquijvécigas tjmoém tdetjm bazjr hd umj rdputjâça dm sujs gamueihjhds. Tmj larmj pdgucijr rddtd-sd ea dxpdrimdeta prdvijmdetd jprdsdetjha (gjp. ;), ea qujc as mjquijvécigas sça jté mdsma pré-hispastas j jfuhjr dstrjekas qujeha jmibas ha brupa aosdrvjm sujs jâôds ‗ mjs eça dm autras gjsas (gl. OD_DGV@DI0 OI_@JW & @D_D@DW, ?>:>). Dm autrjs agjsiôds, dcds tdetjm prahuzir umj oaj imprdssça hijetd has autras (gjp. ?). Dm tjis gjsas, as mjquijvécigas pasitivjmdetd ousgjm apartueihjhds hd iegrdmdetjr sujs rdputjâôds d bjrjetir j jpravjâça ha brupa. ^ar um cjha, issa pahd jumdetjr j dgiæegij hd sujs suosdqudetds hd cabra0 par autra, issa pahd tjmoém pratdbdr j têtigjs gadsça ha brupa. Autras jiehj vddm as mjquijvécigas gama pdssajs gaetrjhit÷rijs6 –vagæ hdvd tdr guihjha gam dcd, parqud, jgimj hd tuha, dcd eça é umj mê pdssaj”.
< Mdgjeismas dvacutivas
J ihdij hd umj passívdc síetdsd hjs joarhjbdes dvacutivj d psigac÷bigj ha mjquijvdcisma pravagj gaesihdrjâôds uctdriards. Dm umj pdrspdgtivj dvacutivj ‗ mjis dspdgigjmdetd, qujeta îs öctimjs dxpcigjâôds ‗ umj qudstça impartjetd é qud pragdssas dvacutivas tæm
hdsdevacviha js kjoicihjhds gabeitivjs d sagijis qud suofjzdm î mjeipucjâça (OD_DGV@DI, ?>:2). Zud ljtards ha mdia sagijc tæm jldtjha a hdsdevacvimdeta ha mjquijvdcisma1 Zujis larâjs sdcdtivjs \jmas tæm machjha j dvacuâça hjs dstrjtébijs hd mjeipucjâça. gaesihdrjr js passívdis rdspastjs.
), umj gjrjgtdrístigj luehjmdetjc ha mjquijvdcisma é suj dxioicihjhd gampartjmdetjc d vjrijoicihjhd, qud jcbues trjtjm gama gjrêtdr pratdjea au ejturdzj gjmjcdøeigj. J pcjstigihjhd gampartjmdetjc é, dm bdrjc,
um mdgjeisma dssdegijc qud prapigij jas iehivíhuas j jhjptjâça îs gaehiâôds mutjetds ha mdia. Zujeha j gampcdxihjhd d vjrijoicihjhd ha mdia jumdetjm, é hd grítigj impartjetd sdr gjpjz hd jctdrjr js rdjâôds
gaetieujmdetd, hd jgarha gam j dxpdriæegij prévij d gam gaehiâôds dxtdrejs (XJOA_W@Y & ACI\DI_J, ?>:?). Dm umj pdrspdgtivj dvacutivj, j ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj é um tipa dspdgijc hd ietdcibæegij sagijc qud pdrmitd jas jeimjis hd jctj arhdm muhjr gaetieujmdetd sujs têtigjs hd cabra, dm kjrmaeij gam js muhjeâjs dm sdus jmoidetds sagijis. Dvacugiaeistjs subdrdm qud j ietdcibæegij mjquijvécigj gamprddehd larmjs ieavjharjs d grijtivjs hd rdsacuâça hd praocdmjs sagijis, gjrjgtdrístigjs grugijis pjrj um cabra odm-sugdhiha (WX_TM0 LA_WXD_ & KTXGKIEW, KTX GKIEW, :9920 KJTWD_, :992). Oax :?.4 Eívdis hd cabra Kumjeas d autras jeimjis devacvdm-sd dm vêrijs larmjs hd cabra, qud hdmaestrjm hildrdeâjs suostjetivjs hdpdehdeha hj ejturdzj has pragdssas gabeitivas suofjgdetds. Js hildrdeâjs sça primjrijmdetd hdtdrmiejhjs pdcj ietdeâça qud mativj a gampartjmdeta debjejhar dspdgíga d pdcj dxtdesça ej qujc dstd gampartjmdeta sdrvd pjrj j jquisiâça hd rdgursas. A c÷sala Hjeidc Hdeedtt (:99;) histiebuiu hivdrsas eívdis hd ietdegiaejcihjhd, a qud pahd impartjr pjrj a cabra, detrd autrjs gaisjs. Dssj –ietdegiaejcihjhd hd arhdm zdra” eça devacvd edekumj larmj hd ietdegiaejcihjhd, mjs é simpcdsmdetd pjutjhj dm dsqudmjs hd dstímuca d rdspastj bdrjhas pdcj sdcdâça ejturjc, hd mjedirj j jumdetjr js gkjegds hd saordvivæegij d rdprahuâça. rdprahuâça. A pdixd-
pdsgjhar-hjs-praluehdzjs partj um tdetêguca m÷vdc ‗ d, qud dm ejhjm jcbues gjsas, jté mdsma orickjetd ‗ pjrj jtrjir autras pdixds pr÷xima hdcd. Dssds öctimas dspdrjm gjpturjr umj prdsj, mjs, dvdetujcmdetd, dcds sd tarejm js prdsjs ha pdixd-pdsgjhar-hjspraluehdzjs. J jssim gkjmjhj –ietdegiaejcihjhd hd arhdm primêrij” hildrd hj jetdriar, pais a jeimjc hdsdevacvd umj jâça qud tdm par aofdtiva debjejr autra iehivíhua. Dssd eívdc pahd sdr dxdmpcigjha gam a gjsa ha bjta qud mij hdsdspdrjhjmdetd dm lrdetd î partj0 qujeha sdu haea sd cdvjetj d a hdixj detrjr, a bjta imdhijtjmdetd agupj a cagjc ha haea ej pactraej situjhj hijetd hj cjrdirj. Jpdsjr hd suj jpjrdetd gampcdxihjhd d prap÷sita, dssd gampartjmdeta
prdsumivdcmdetd é a rdsuctjha hd um sistdmj hd jprdehizjha jssagijtiva rdcjtivjmdetd simpcds. Hurjetd dssd pragdssa, a bjta jssagij dvdetasvjgjetd prévias ‗‗dm j rdspastj mijha dha a gaelarta hais hj pactraej umj eavjprahuzihj situjâça. pdca J dxpcigjâça gampartjmdeta eça prdtdehd jssumir qud a bjta tdm ietdeâôds.
J larmj mjis simpcds hd cabra ietdegiaejc é ojsdjhj ej –ietdegiaejcihjhd hd sdbuehj arhdm”. Dcd pahd sdr larmjcizjha hj sdbuietd larmj6 –[ –[ hdsdfj qud Y pdesd dm V, dequjeta [ eça sjod saord V”. Dm autrjs pjcjvrjs, um iehivíhua mjeipucj autra impcjetjeha umj ljcsj grdeâj, hd mjedirj j gaesdbuir sdu aofdtiva. Tm dxdmpca jhdqujha hdssd eívdc é a gampartjmdeta ha favdm ojouíea hdsgrita jetdriarmdetd. As kumjeas dxiodm, ejturjcmdetd, eívdis suostjetivjmdetd mjis jctas0 dcds sça gjpjzds hd jpcigjr ietdegiaejcihjhds hd qujrtj d quietj arhdm6 –^dhra qudr qud Kdcdej jgrdhitd qud Faça eça qudr dxpcigjr j Mjrtj a mativa hd Dstdvça tdr gkdbjha tjrhd”.
Detrd dcds, um dcdmdeta impartjetd é j hissimucjâça hj ietdeâça0 j dgiæegij hjs têtigjs mjeipucjharjs hdpdehd jmpcjmdetd sd a jcva hdtdgtj j ietdeâça hd cabra. J hissimucjâça hjs ietdeâôds hd mjeipucjâça d a dmprddehimdeta ha sugdssa sça gaesihdrjvdcmdetd ljgicitjhas pdcj jtituhd pratdjej0 au sdfj, usjeha hivdrsjs têtigjs dm gaestjetd muhjeâj, a qud tarej a debjea imprdvisívdc. Hdviha jas odedlígias hj dxioicihjhd gampartjmdetjc, j sdcdâça ejturjc pahd tdr ljvardgiha j kjoicihjhd hd hdsdevacvdr têtigjs jctdrejtivjs, a qud, par suj vdz, pahd tdr ljgicitjha j dvacuâça hd dstrjtébijs hd mjeipucjâça gjhj vdz mjis sastigjhjs. Dstd pragdssa dstê ietimjmdetd rdcjgiaejha î –garrihj jrmjmdetistj” dvacutivj (gl. oax :?.:70 \D_W^CJDXWD dt jc., ?>>2).
-4> detrd sdxas é gaesihdrjhj a rdsuctjha hd umj sdcdâça hdrivjhj hj sdcdâça lrdquæegij-hdpdehæegij É sjoihaibujis qud jhdmjiarij dspégids tdm pracds gam(X_I\D_W, eömdras :9;4). rdcjtivjmdetd mjgkashjs d læmdjs. Jetdriarmdetd, issa drj dxpcigjha par umj Xdarij hj Wdcdâça hd Brupa, qud subdrij a –ietdrdssd” hd gjhj dspégid dm larmjr gjsjis detrd iehivíhuas, gjpjgitjeha j mjiar hdsgdehæegij passívdc. Ea detjeta, muitas praocdmjs hdgarrdm hj vjcihjhd hdssj dxpcigjâça0 jhdmjis, j sdcdâça lrdquæegij-hdpdehæegij tdm hamiejha j hisgussça saord j dmdrbæegij hj pjrihjhd. A jrbumdeta pjrj dstj kip÷tdsd é6 supaekjmas qud umj papucjâça hispôd hd mdeas mjgkas ha qud læmdjs. As mjgkas, qud pahdm ljgicmdetd degaetrjr umj au vêrijs pjrgdirjs detrd js hispaeívdis, tæm umj pracd oiac÷bigj mjiar, detrd as qujis as mjgkas gaetieujm dm tdrmas vjetjfasas, d jssim par hijetd. Gaetuha, j vjetjbdm ieigijc has mjgkas hdgciej gaelarmd a tdmpa pjssj, vdzpapucjâça qud a grdsgdetd hdjp÷s mjgkas himieui aldrtj hd læmdjsumj edstj jeimjc.jumdeta Jhdmjis, gdrta paeta,j as gjsjis gjm mjis prapdesas j bdrjrdm læmdjs, qud jcgjeâjrça vjetjbdes ej dsgackj has pjrgdiras d hj rdprahuâça, hijetd hj brjehd qujetihjhd hd mjgkas. Dstd pragdssa gaetíeua hd asgicjâça dvacutivj jcgjeâj um dquicíoria ea caeba tdrma6 brassdirjmdetd ljcjeha, ejsgdm mjgkas d læmdjs ej mdsmj qujetihjhd.
Edekum dxpdrimdeta au simucjâça hd gamputjhar jiehj lai gjpjz hd hdsdevacvdr um mahdca ha pjpdc hj sdcdâça hdrivjhj hj lrdquæegij-hdpdehæegij ej dvacuâça ha mjquijvdcisma. ^arém, kê hdsgaodrtjs gidetígjs subdrieha qud dssd mdgjeisma dvacutiva pahd tdr gaetriouíha pjrj j
hivdrsihjhd hd têtigjs mjquijvécigjs. As pdsquisjhards rdvdcjrjm hd larmj rdcjtivjmdetd prdgagd qud a sugdssa au a iesugdssa ea cabra ‗ d, gaesdqudetdmdetd, ej qujetihjhd hd mjquijvécigas dm umjhd papucjâça ‗ hdpdehd jmpcjmdetd hj praojoicihjhd hdtdgâça d dm gustas d hdsvjetjbdes jssagijhjs î hdtdgâça hd mjquijvécigas (HTEOJ_, :99;0 KJTWD_, :992). Eautrj pdrspdgtivj, sdrij passívdc subdrir qud j lrdquæegij hj mjeipucjâça tjmoém hdpdehd hd qujis dstrjtébijs sça usjhjs pjrj qujis jcvas patdegijis d dm qud mdhihj as mjquijvécigas cugrjm dm gjhj situjâça. Zujeha as odedlígias hj mjeipucjâça himieudm, js pdssajs prdsumivdcmdetd dstça mdeas prdhispastjs j uticizjr dstrjtébijs hd dxpcarjâça jckdij. Dm um dstuha, favdes jhuctas fabjrjm a Faba has Odes ^öocigas (oax ;.7). Tm gampartjmdeta iehivihujc lai hdeamiejha gama –dstrjtébij trjiharj” sd j méhij hjs samjs trjesldrihjs pjrj j gaetj ha brupa eça dxgdhdssd ?>% hd sdus luehas privjhas. Tmj dstrjtébij iehivihujc drj gaesihdrjhj jctruístj sd j méhij hjs gaetriouiâôds pjrj j pisgiej pöocigj gkdbjssd j ;>% hd sdus luehas. Eça pjrdgd surprddehdetd qud umj hildrdeâj suostjetivj lai degaetrjhj detrd –trjihards” d –jctruístjs” qujeta jas sdus íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk (:>; d 92, rdspdgtivjmdetd). A dstuha hdsgaoriu qud a eömdra hd –trjihards” drj mjiar qujeha muitas fabjhards sdbuijm umj dstrjtébij jctruístj ‗ issa agarrij gam mjis lrdquæegij eas dstêbias ieigijis ha faba. Zujeha a jctruísma himieuíj ‗ usujcmdetd ej tdrgdirj rahjhj ‗, j qujetihjhd hjqudcds qud tdetjvjm aotdr vjetjbdes tjmoém himieuíj. Ieldcizmdetd, a dxpdrimdeta eça aldrdgdu umj apartueihjhd pjrj aosdrvjr j tdehæegij gaetrêrij. ^artjeta, j qudstça pdrmjedgd, j sjodr, sd j
dstrjtébij –trjiharj” sd tarej mjis lrdqudetd qujeha j qujetihjhd hd –jctruístjs” himieui par qujcqudr rjzça.
2 Wumêria6 as gustas d odedlí odedlígias gias ha mjquijvdcisma Xjeta jeta j garrihj jrmjmdetistj j sdcdâça hdrivjhj hj X lrdquæegij-hdpdehæegij dstçaqujeta ietimjmdetd cibjhjs ja ljta hd qud qujcqudr papucjâça hdmaestrj umj jmpcj vjrijâça eas íehigds hj Dsgjcj Mjgk. Xahas as dstuhas rdcjgiaejhas mastrjm qud a eívdc hd mjquijvdcisma vjrij hd iehivíhua pjrj iehivíhua, iehdpdehdetdmdetd ha tdstd dspdgíga au hj dsgjcj usjhj. Jcbues eça jprdsdetjm umj visça hd mueha gíeigj, brassdrij d ietdeâôds mjeipucjharjs, dequjeta autras dxiodm jctas eívdis hdssjs gjrjgtdrístigjs. Ejturjcmdetd, j mjiarij hjs pdssajs agupjm pasiâôdstdetjm ietdrmdhiêrijs as hais dxtrdmas6 dcds usujcmdetd gaapdrjr, detrd dequjeta jcbumjs vdzds dcds tjmoém dstça pré-hispastas j tirjr vjetjbdes has autras. Jté a mamdeta, dssj hivdrsihjhd gampartjmdetjc tdm siha gaesihdrjhj dvihdetd6 qujcqudr papucjâça, sagidhjhd au brupa mastrj umj histriouiâça, brassa maha, earmjc hd mjquijvdcisma, jssim gama hd qujcqudr autra trjâa hd pdrsaejcihjhd au kjoicihjhd ietdcdgtujc. Zujeta j dstd paeta, j qudstça é jEdttcd rjzça (?>>>2) jrbumdetj qud js hildrdeâjs detrd as iehivíhuas d brupas larjm hdsdevacvihjs ea gursa hj dvacuâça, hd mjedirj qud as arbjeismas puhdssdm sd jhjptjr îs ljixjs dspdgígjs hd gaehiâôds jmoidetjis. Hdssd maha, j qudstça rdqudr j ihdetigjâça hjs hivdrsjs mjeildstjâôds hd umj dstrjtébij hd gampartjmdeta ueivdrsjc ‗ edstd gjsa, ha mjquijvdcisma ‗
d sujs gaehiâôds hd dvacuâça. Edttcd subdrd qud j vjrijoicihjhd gampartjmdetjc d bdeétigj é mjis odm dxpcigjhj ja gaesihdrjr as gustas dvacutivas hd hdtdrmiejha gampartjmdeta, hdd odedlígias maha j ihdetigjr js
larmjs ÷timjs hd jhjptjâça ja gacagjr js hujs ljgds umj gaetrj j autrj. As dstuhas jqui jprdsdetjhas gcjrjmdetd hdmaestrjm qud um jcta eívdc hd mjquijvdcisma lrdqudetdmdetd mastrj-sd odeéga. As mjquijvécigas sça, hd mjedirj bdrjc, odm-sugdhihas qujeha tirjm vjetjbdm has autras, dspdgijcmdetd dm mdias imprdvisívdis (p. dx., dm umj situjâça hd hicdmj sagijc) d dm gaehiâôds dm qud ljctjm rdbrjs dstritjs d gcjrjs (qujeha eça kê pueiâça jpcigêvdc). Ea detjeta, jqudcds qud hispôdm hd jctas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk pjbjm a prdâa pdca sdu sugdssa. Dcds sça ljgicmdetd rdgaekdgihas d hdtdgtjhas dm umj pdqudej gamueihjhd ueihj pjutjhj dm cjâas pdssajis (um brupa hd jmibas au umj gamueihjhd hd trjojcka). Ea caeba prjza, dcds pahdm pdrhdr sdu gjpitjc sagijc prdvijmdetd jhquiriha jtrjvés hd um hdgrésgima hd simpjtij. Xjc pdrhj pahd tdr gaesdquæegij suostjetivjs ejs sagidhjhds jtujis, jssim gama dm sagidhjhds trjhigiaejis hd gjâjhards-gacdtards, gama jcbues dstuhas rdvdcjrjm, au sdfj, dm mdias dvacutivas aehd um iehivíhua qud pdrhd j jpravjâça hd suj gamueihjhd é gaehdejha î martd, tjeta ea sdetiha sagijc (astrjgisma) qujeta ea oiac÷biga (OD_DGV@DI, ?>>9). Gaesihdrjeha a autra cjha ha dspdgtra, au sdfj, js gaesdquæegijs ha gampartjmdeta has iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk, j imjbdm ibujcmdetd aldrtj hivdrsjs larmjs hd gustas d odedlígias. Js pdssajs qud jprdsdetjm ojixas eívdis hd mjquijvdcisma supdrjm as mjquijvécigas ej mjiarij hjs situjâôds sagijis qud rdqudrdm jtituhds gaarhdejhjs. J gaapdrjâça rdqudr jcbumj larmj hd dmpjtij, sietaeij mötuj d gamprddesça,
gjrjgtdrístigjs qud earmjcmdetd ljctjm jas mjquijvécigas. Jhdmjis, iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk tjmoém pahdm tdr vjetjbdes dm mdias aehd js earmjs sagijis sça aosdrvjhjs d j eça gaelarmihjhd é sjegiaejhj. ^ar autra cjha, dssds iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej
Dsgjcj Mjgk lrdqudetdmdetd dstça dm hdsvjetjbdm dm situjâôds sagijis qud devacvdm dmaâôds ietdesjs. Dstd civra jprdsdetau hivdrsas dxpdrimdetas qud hdmaestrjm gama dcds rjrjmdetd sça gjpjzds hd hdsprdehdrdm-sd sujs ieuæegijs dmagiaejis d has jspdgtas rdcjtivas jashd vjcards hd umj hjhj situjâça0 autrassim, a devacvimdeta dmagiaejc has iehivíhuas gam ojixas íehigds ej Dsgjcj Mjgk lrdqudetdmdetd higuctj a hisgdreimdeta d a pdesjmdeta rjgiaejc. Î cuz hdssjs qudstôds, a mjquijvdcisma pahd sdr gaesihdrjha um gaetieuum qud jorjebd vêrijs gamoiejâôds hd gustas d odedlígias hd vêrias eívdis. Jhdmjis, é prdsumívdc qud um prahuta ÷tima sdfj degaetrjha ea paeta méhia hdssd dspdgtra6 iehivíhuas pasigiaejhas edssj ljixj sça mjeipucjhards a sugidetd pjrj aotdr gdrtas rdgursas, mjs eça j paeta hd jrrisgjr pdrhæ-cas. Wdfj gama lar, tjis dstrjtébijs eça dcimiejm j hivdrsihjhd ha mjquijvdcisma, dm pjrtigucjr parqud js muhjeâjs ha mdia prahuzdm trjeslarmjâôds ea ojcjeâa ÷tima mamdetïeda detrd gustas d odedlígias, qud dstça dm pdrpétuj mahigjâça ea tdmpa d ea dspjâa. Gama e÷s vimas, dm um mdia aehd j mjeipucjâça é lêgic hd hdtdgtjr, as mjquijvécigas cugrjr gam sagijc jcba hj gaapdrjâça ebihj, jté qud jsdspdrjm gaehiâôds ha mdia pdrmitjm-ckds ljzdr usa hd têtigjs mjeipucjharjs muita mjis cugrjtivjs. Jhdmjis, as cugras bazjhas pdcas mjquijvécigas tjmoém hdpdehdm hjquica qud é mjis lrdqudetdmdetd usjha dm tdrmas hd dstrjtébijs gampartjmdetjis d dm hdtdrmiejhj papucjâça, trjzdeha î ojicj j sdcdâça hdrivjhj hj lrdquæegij-hdpdehæegij. Dm um mdia aehd j mjiarij has
iehivíhuas hd hdtdrmiejhj papucjâça sça jctruístjs, sdeha, hdstd maha, jcvas –lêgdis”, as mjquijvécigas pahdm dgidetdmdetd jcgjeâjr sdu dm pr÷pria ietdrdssd. Dssds pragdssas dvacutivas rdsuctjm um jmpca dspdgtra hd mjquijvdcisma ej papucjâça, d gjhj um hdssds paetas
rdprdsdetj umj jhjptjâça pjrj umj situjâça sagijc dspdgígj.
_dldræegijs
JC JIE, W.0 GJ__D, J.0 Ljetiei-Kjuwdc, G.0 OJTHATIE, F. & ODWGKD-_IGKJ_H, G. (?>:7). Rkjt is tkd dmatiaejc gard al tkd muctihimdesiaejc Mjgkijvdccije pdrsaejcity trjit1 Lraetidrs ie ^sygkacaby, 8, p. 848. JCI, L.0 JMA_IM, & GKJMA__A-^_DMTVIG, X. (?>>9). Dmpjtky hdgits W.jeh trjit dmatiaejc ietdccibdegd ie psygkapjtky jeh Mjgkijvdccijeism. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 82, p. 24;-27-:.?::. JEH_DRW, ^.R. (?>>?). Xkd ieudegd al pastrdcijegd hdtdgtiae ae tkd hdgdptivd dgjegy al hiskaedst sibejcs al ietdet6 Tehdrstjehieb ljgijc gcuds ta hdgdit js tkd autgamd al sibejcieb trjhdas. Dvacutiae jeh Kumje Odkjviar , ?7, p. :>7-:??.
J^^D_CY, I. (?>::). Miehrdjhdrs6 Xkd Gabeitivd Ojsis al –Xkdary al Mieh”. Edw Yar`6 ^sygkacaby ^rdss. JTWXIE, D.F.0 LJ__DCCY, H.0 OCJG@, G. & MAA_D, K. (?>>2). Dmatiaejc ietdccibdegd, Mjgkijvdccijeism jeh dmatiaejc
mjeipucjtiae6 Hads Dc kjvd j hjr` sihd1 ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 87, p. :29-:;9. JTWXIE, D.F. & A’HAEDCC, M.M. (?>:7). Hdvdcapmdet jeh prdcimiejry vjcihjtiae al j sgjcd ta jssdss mjejbieb tkd dmatiaes al atkdrs. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 44, p. ;78-;79. JVIVCI, E.0 JX@IEWAE, O.D.0 OJTBKMJE, K.M.0 GKIE, @.0 \D_EAE, ^.J.0 KJ__IW, D. & \DWDC@J, C. (?>:>9). Xkdsd tkiebs gjccdh dmpjtky6 Dibkt rdcjtdh out Wagijc histiegt pkdeamdej.alIe6 HDGDXY, F. & IG@DW,MIX R. (dhs.). Xkd Edurasgidegd Dmpjtky . Gjmorihbd6 ^rdss, p. 7-:4. OJTBKMJE, K.M.0 FAEJWAE, ^
[email protected] CYAEW, M. & \D_EAE, ^.J. (?>:8). Cijr cijr pjets ae rd6 Gkdjtdr strjtdbids cie`dh ta tkd Hjr` Xrijh. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 2:, p. 74-7;. OJTMBJ_XED_, X.0 LIWGKOJGKD_, T.0 LDID_JODEH, J.0 CTXV, @. & LDK_, D. (?>>9). Xkd edurjc girguitry al j ora`de pramisd. Edurae, . OI_@ÊW, O.0 GWJXK×, Ê.0 BÊGW, O. & OD_DGV@DI, X. (?>:4). Eatkieb vdeturdh eatkieb bjiedh6 Wtraeb jssagijtiaes odtwdde rdwjrh sdesitivity jeh twa mdjsurds al Mjgkijvdccijeism. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 28, p. ::?-::4. OI_@ÊW, O.0 BÊGW, O. & GWJXK×, Ê. (?>:). Ea hissaejegd lar Mjgkijvdccijes. Ie6 GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (dhs.). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss, p. ?7>9). J odkjviarjc bdedtig stuhy al tkd Hjr` Xrijh al pdrsaejcity jeh marjc hdvdcapmdet. Xwie _dsdjrgk jeh Kumje Bdedtigs, :?, p. :7?-:7>. GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (:92>). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss. GKTEB, @.C. & GKJ_CDW, @. (?>::, p. ?>;-?:7. GAA^D_, W. & ^DXD_WAE, G. (:9;>). Mjgkijvdccijeism jeh spaetjedaus gkdjtieb ie gampdtitiae. Faurejc al _dsdjrgk ie ^drsaejcity , :8, p. 2>-24. GAWMIHDW, C. & XAAOY, F. (:99?). Gabeitivd jhjptjtiaes sagijc dxgkjebd. Ie6 OJ_@AR, F.0 GAWMIHDW, C. & XAAOY,lar F. (dhs.) Xkd Jhjptdh Mieh6 Dvacutiaejry ^sygkacaby jeh tkd Bdedrjtiae al Gucturd. Eavj Yar`6 Axlarh Teivdrsity ^rdss, p. :?.
G_AA@, F.K. (:9;;). Xkd dxpdrimdetjc gaetdxt al ietdccdgt. Ie6 OY_ED, _. & RKIXDE, J. (dhs.). Mjgkijvdccije Ietdccibdegd6 Wagijc Dxpdrtisd jeh tkd Dvacutiae al Ietdccdgt ie
Mae`dys, Jpds, jeh Kumjes. Axlarh6 Gcjrdehae ^rdss, p. 782-7?-?>:8). Lddciebs jeh mativds uehdrcyieb Mjgkijvdccije odkjviaurjc strjtdbids0 ejrrjtivd rdparts ie j sagijc hicdmmj situjtiae. Ietdrejtiaejc Faurejc al ^sygkacaby , 89, p. 4:9-4?8. HJ\IDW, M. & WXAED, X. (?>>7). Wyetkdsis6 ^sygkacabigjc uehdrstjehieb jeh sagijc s`iccs. Ie6 _D^JGKACI, O. & WCJTBKXD_, \. (dhs.). Iehivihujc Hidrdegds ie tkd Xkdary al Mieh6 Impcigjtiaes lar Xypigjc jeh Jtypigjc Hdvdcapmdet. Kavd, T@6 ^sygkacaby ^rdss, p. 7>4-74?.
HJR@IEW, _. & @_DOW, F._. (:92;). Jeimjc sibejcs6 Ielarmjtiae ar mjeipucjtiae1 Ie6 @_DOW, F._. & HJ\IDW, E.O. (dhs.). Odkjviarjc Dgacaby 6 Je Dvacutiaejry Jpprajgk. Axlarh6 Ocjg`wdcc Wgidetig ^uocigjtiae, p. ?;?-7>9. HDCTBJ, _.F. (?>>:). Jmdrigje prdsihdetijc Mjgkijvdccijeism6 Impcigjtiaes lar gkjrismjtig cdjhdrskip jeh rjtdh pdrlarmjegd. Cdjhdrskip Zujrtdrcy , :?, p. 7797>4). Xkd trjit-gavdrjbd al dmatiaejc
ietdccibdegd. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 7;, p. .
H_DIWOJGK, B. & LIWGKD_, _. (?>:?). Gaeigts js jvdrsivd sibejcs. Orjie jeh Gabeitiae, 2;, p. 98-9;. HTCDOAKE, F.K.0 GAECAE, H.D.0 WJ_IEA^TCTW, I.0 HJ\IWAE, _.O. & MgEJMJ_J, B. (?>>9). Xkd oiacabigjc ojsds al ueljiredss6 Eduraimjbieb dvihdegd lar tkd histiegtivdedss al pragdhurjc jeh histrioutivd fustigd. Arbjeizjtiaejc Odkjviar jeh Kumje Hdgisiae ^ragdssds, ::>, p. :8>-:4:. HTEOJ_, _.I.M. (?>>?). Rky jrd jpds sa smjrt1 Ie6 @J^DCCD_, ^.M. & ^D__ID_J, M. (dhs.). ^rimjtd Cild Kistarids. Gjmorihbd6 MIX ^rdss. ^rdss. QQQQQQ (:99;). Xkd sagijc orjie kypatkdsis. Dvacutiaejry Jetkrapacaby , . QQQQQQ (:99?). Edagartdx sizd js j gaestrjiet ae braup sizd ie primjtds. Faurejc al Kumje Dvacutiae, ?>, p. 8). Degauetdrieb6 Rkjt caw Mjgks ha. Ie6 GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (dhs.). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss, p. ?-?;8. DBJE, \.0 GKJE, W. & WKA_XD_, B.R. (?>:8). Xkd Hjr` Xrijh, kjppiedss, jeh suofdgtivd wdccodieb. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, >>). ^sygkacabigjc jetdgdhdets
al vjrijtiae ie bircs’ puodrtjc timieb6 Mjtdrejc hdprdssiae, stdpljtkdr prdsdegd, jeh mjritjc jeh ljmicy strdss. Gkich Hdvdcapmdet , 2:, p. 8;4-4>:. DCCIW, O.F.0 MgLJHYDE-@DXGKTM, W.0 HAHBD, @.J.0 ^DXXIX, B.W. & OJXDW, F.D. (:999). Zujcity al djrcy ljmicy
rdcjtiaeskips jeh iehivihujc hidrdegds ie tkd timieb al puodrtjc mjturjtiae ie bircs6 J caebituhiejc tdst al je dvacutiaejry mahdc. Faurejc al ^drsaejcity jeh Wagijc ^sygkacaby , 22, p. 7;2-8>:. DW^D_BD_, V. & OD_DGV@DI, X. (?>:?) Mjgkijvdccijeism jeh spaetjedaus mdetjcizjtiae6 Aed stdp jkdjh al atkdrs. Durapdje Faurejc al ^drsaejcity , ?-4;2.
DX@IE, J.0 DBED_, X. & @JCIWGK, _. (?>::). Dmatiaejc pragdssieb ie jetdriar giebucjtdh jeh mdhijc prdlraetjc gartdx. Xrdehs ie Gabeitivd Wgidegds, :4, p. ;4-97. D\JEW, F.W.O.X. (?>:>). Xkie`ieb Xwigd6 Xwa Miehs ie Aed Orjie. Axlarh6 Axlarh Teivdrsity ^rdss. D[CIEED, _.\.0 XKIJOJTX, F.0 KIG@DY, G. & BTM^J_X, ^. (:92>). \isujc ietdrjgtiae ie rdcjtiae ta Mjgkijvdccijeism. Ie6 GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (dhs.). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss, p. 47-2). Xkd Wtrugturd al Kumje ^drsaejcity . Caehrds6 Mdtkude. LDK_, O.0 WJMWAM, O. & ^JTCKTW, H.C. (:99?). Xkd gaestrugt al Mjgkijvdccijeism6 ydjrs cjtdr. Ie6 W^IDCOD_BD_, G.H. & OTXGKD_, Xwdety F.E. (dhs.). Jhvjegds ie ^drsaejcity Jssdssmdet . Kiccshjcd, EF6 Drcojum, p. 22-::>4). Xkd @-ljgtar6 Iehivihujc hidrdegds ie cild kistary strjtdby strjtdby.. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 79, p. :.789-:.7.
LT_EKJM, J.0 _IGKJ_HW, W.G. & ^JTCKTW, H.C. (?>:7). Xkd Hjr` Xrijh pdrsaejcity6 J :> ydjr rdvidw. Wagijc jeh ^drsaejcity ^sygkacaby Gampjss, 2, p. :99-?:-:. BDIW, L. & GK_IWXID, _. (:92>). Avdrvidw al dxpdrimdetjc _dsdjrgk. Ie6 GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (dhs.). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss, p. ?;4-7:7. BDIW, L.0 GK_IWXID, _. & EDCWAE, G. (:92>). Ie sdjrgk al tkd Mjgkijvdcijeism. Ie6. Eavj GK_IWXID, & BDIW, L.C. (dhs.). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism Yar`6_.Jgjhdmig ^rdss, p. 2). Xkd dyd al tkd odkachdr. Ie6 GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (dhs.) Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss, p. ?:>-?74. BDIW, L.0 RDIEKDIMD_, W. & OD_BD_, H. (:92>). ^cjyieb cdbiscjturd6 Gaac kdjhs jeh kat issuds. Ie6 GK_IWXID, _. & BDIW, L. (dhs.). Wtuhids ie Mjgkijvdccijeism. Eavj Yar`6 Jgjhdmig ^rdss, ^rdss, p. :9>-?>9. :9>-?> 9. BDIW, L.C. (:92;). Mjgkijvdccijeism. Ie6 CAEHAE, K. & D[ED_, F.D. (dhs.). Himdesiaes al ^drsaejcity . Eavj Yar`6 Ricdy, p. 7>4-77). Dxpcjieieb jctruistig odkjviar ie kumjes. Dvacutiae jeh Kumje Odkjviar , ?8, p. :47-:2?. BAAHY, D.E. (:992). Wagijc ietdccibdegd jeh cjebujbd6 Jeatkdr _uoigae. Ie6 RKIXDE, J. & OY_ED, _.R. (dhs.). Mjgkijvdccije Ietdccibdegd II6 Dxtdesiaes jeh Dvjcujtiaes. Gjmorihbd6 Gjmorihbd Teivdrsity ^rdss, p. 7:7). Xkd dmatiaejc hdgits jssagijtdh witk tkd Hjr` Xrijh trjits6 Gabeitivd dmpjtky, jdgtivd dmpjtky, jeh jcdxitkymij. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 44, p. 47?-472. FAEJWAE, ^.@. & CJ\ CJ\D_ D_XT, XT, J.E. (?>:2). Xkd rdprahugtivd gasts jeh odedts jssagijtdh witk tkd Hjr` Xrijh trjits ie
wamde. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, ::>, p. 7;8>. FAEJWAE, ^
[email protected] CI, E.^ E.^.0 .0 RDOWXD_, B.H. & WGKMIXX, H.^ H.^.. (?>>9). Xkd Hjr` Xrijh6 Ljgicitjtieb j skart-tdrm mjtieb
strjtdby ie mde. Durapdje Faurejc al ^drsaejcity , ?7, p. 4:;. FAEJWAE, ^
[email protected] CTD\ TD\JEA, JEA, \.[. & JHJMW, K.M. (?>:?). Kaw tkd Hjr` Xrijh trjits prdhigt rdcjtiaeskip gkaigds. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 47, p. :;>-:;8. FAEJWAE, ^
[email protected] ^
[email protected] CY CYAEW, M.0 OJTBKMJE, K.M. & \D_EAE, _.J. (?>:8). Rkjt j tjebcdh wdo wd wdjvd6 Xkd Hjr` Xrijh trjits jeh hdgdptiae. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 2>, p. ::2-::9. FAEJWAE, ^
[email protected] ^
[email protected] CCY YAEW, M. & ODXKDCC, D. (?>:8). Xkd mj`ieb al Hjrtk \jhdr6 ^jrdet-gkich gjrd jeh tkd Hjr` Xrijh. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, -78. FAEJWAE, ^
[email protected] WX_AWWD_, B.C.0 @_ACC, G.K.0 HTIED\DCH, F.F. & OJ_TLLI , W. J. (?>:4). \jcuieb mysdcl avdr atkdr atkdrs6 s6 Xkd Hjr` Xrijh trjits jeh marjc jeh sagijc vjcuds. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, ;:, p. :>?-:>:?). J pratdje jpprajgk ta sagijc ieudegd6 Hjr` Xrijh pdrsaejcitids jeh sagijc ieudegd tjgtigs. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 4?, p. 4?:-4?:8). _is` ie tkd ljgd al rdtrioutiae6 ^sygkapjtkig iehivihujcs pdrsist ie ejegijc misodkjviar jmaeb Hjr` Xrijh. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 9-::7. FAEDW, H.E. & LIBTD_DHA, J.F. (?>:7). Xkd gard al hjr`edss6 Tegavdrieb tkd kdjrt al tkd Hjr` Xrijh. Durapdje Faurejc al
^drsaejcity , ?2, p. 4?:-47:.
FAEDW, H.E. & ^JTCKTW, H.C. (?>::). Xkd racd al impucsivity ie tkd Hjr` Xrijh al pdrsaejcity. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 4:, p. ). Hidrdet pravagjtiaes tribbdr jbbrdssiae ie ejrgissist jeh psygkapjtks. Wagijc ^sygkacaby jeh ^drsaejcity Wgidegd, :, p. :?-:;. QQQQQQ (?>>9). Mjgkijvdccijeism. Ie6 CDJ_ CDJ_Y, Y, M._. & KA KAYCD, YCD, _.K. (dhs.). Iehivihujc Hidrdegds ie Wagijc Odkjviar . Eavj Yar`6 Y ar`6 Buiclarh, p. 97-:>;. @DJXIEB, G.L. (?>>7). Gkjrismjtig ljgds6 Wagijc stjtus guds put ljgd jppdjc ie gaetdxt. Ie6 _KAHDW, B. & VDO_ARIXV, C.J. (dhs.). Ljgijc Jttrjgtivdedss6 Dvacutiaejry, Gabeitivd, jeh Wagijc ^drspdgtivds. Caehrds6 Jocdx, Jocdx, p. :4 :47-:9?. 7-:9?. @DDEJE, X. (?>>7). Iehivihujc hidrdegds ie tkdary al mieh6 Xkd prdsgkaac odyaeh. Ie6 _D^ _D^JGKACI, JGKACI, O. & WCJTBKXD_, \. ydjrs (dhs.). jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds ie tkd Xkdary al Mieh6 Impcigjtiaes lar Xypigjc jeh Jtypigjc Hdvdcapmdet. Kavd, T@6 ^sygkacaby ^rdss, p. :47-:2?. @IM, @. & WMIXK, ^.@. (:99;). _dtraspdgtivd survdy al pjrdetjc mjritjc rdcjtiaes jeh gkich rdprahugtivd hdvdcapmdet. Ietdrejtiaejc Faurejc al Odkjviarjc Hdvdcapmdet , ??, p. 2?9-24:. @EAGK, H.0 ^JWGTJC-CDJAED, J.0 MDYD_, @.0 X_DYD_, \. & LDK_, D. (?>>8, p. 87-82. @_JTX, _.D. & ^_IGD, F.H. (:924). Xkd kumje aroitalraetjc gartdx6 Cie`ieb rdwjrh ta kdhaeig dxpdridegd. Ejturd _dvidws Edurasgidegds, :4). Oarhdrcied pdrsaejcity arbjeizjtiae prdhigts Mjgkijvdccije ietdrpdrsaejc tjgtigs. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, ;>, p. ?;-7:. CÊEB, J. & OI_@ÊW, O. (?>:8). Mjgkijvdccijeism jeh pdrgdivdh ljmicy luegtiaeieb ie jhacdsgdegd. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, :7). Xkd pdrsaejcity trjits al war`pcjgd ouccids jrd altde skjrdh oy tkdir vigtims6 Is tkdrd j hjr` sihd ta vigtims1 ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 48, p. 27;-287. CIT, F.0 VKJEB, M.0 FAT, F.0 RT, [.0 CI, R. & ZIT, F. (?>:?). Edurjc ojsds al ljcsigjtiae ie gaehitiaejc prapasitiae tdstieb6 Dvihdegd lram je lM_I stuhy. Ietdrejtiaejc Faurejc al ^sygkapkysiacaby , ;4, p. ?89-?4::). Gammae jeh histiegt edtwar`s uehdrcyieb rdwjrh vjcdegd jeh pragdssieb J mdtj-jejcysis al luegtiaejc edura, imjbieb stuhids.stjbds6 Edurasgidegd jeh Oiaodkjviarjc _dvidws 74, p. :.?:9-:.?7:>). Miehrdjhieb jeh mjeipucjtiae6 Is Mjgkijvdccijeism rdcjtdh ta tkdary al mieh1 Faurejc al Dvacutiaejry ^sygkacaby , ; (7), p. ?>:. MJCDWVJ, M. & AWXJWVDRW@I, ^. (?>::. MJ_XIE, _.J.0 CJWXT@, F.M.0 FDLLD_Y, F.0 \D_EAE, ^. & \DWDC@J, C. (?>:?). _dcjtiaeskips odtwdde tkd Hjr` Xrijh jeh kumar stycds6 J rdpcigjtiae jeh dxtdesiae. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 4?, p. :2;-:;?. MgHAEJCH, M.0 HAEDCCJE, M.O. & EJ\J__DXD, G.H. (?>:?). J cild kistary jpprajgk ta uehdrstjehieb ie tkd Hjr` Xrijh. X rijh. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegd, 4?, p. :-4. MgKAW@DY, F.R. (?>>:j). Mjgkijvdccijeism jeh pdrsaejcity hysluegtiae. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 7:, p. 29:-29;. QQQQQQ (?>>:o). Mjgkijvdccijeism jeh sdxujcity6 sdxujcity6 Ae tkd mahdrjtieb racd al oiacabigjc sdx. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 7:, p. 229-2;9. QQQQQQ (:999). Mjgkijvdccijeism, ietriesig vdrsus dxtriesig
bajcs jeh sagijc ietdrdst6 J sdcl-hdtdrmiejtiae tkdary jejcysis. Mativjtiae jeh Dmatiae, ?7, p. ?>7). Oypjssieb dmpjtky6 J Mjgkijvdccije tkdary al mieh jeh sedj`y pawdr. Ie6 _D^JGKACI, O. & WCJTBKXD_, \. (dhs.). Iehivihujc Hidrdegds ie Xkdary al Mieh ‗ Mjgqujrid ie Gabeitivd Wgidegd. Kavd/D. Wussdx6 ^sygkacabyMaeabrjpks ^rdss, p. 79-;). ^rdhigtieb tkd jggdptjoicity jeh ci`dcikaah al cyieb6 Xkd ietdrjgtiae al pdrsaejcity witk typd al cid. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 84, p. 49:-49. MIXKDE, W. (?>>>). ^jcdajetkrapacabigjc pdrspdgtivds ae tkd tkdary al mieh. Ie6 OJ_AE-GAKDE, W.0 XJBD_-LCTWOD_B, K. & GAKDE, H.F. (dhs.). Tehdrstjehieb Atkdr Miehs6 ^drspdgtivds lram^rdss, Hdvdcapmdetjc Axlarh Teivdrsity p. 8;;-4>?. Edurasgidegd. Axlarh6 MAEXJB, G.0 KJCC, F.0 ^CIDBD_, X.0 LDCXDE, J.0 MJ_@DXX, W.0 MDCGKD_W, M. & _DTXD_, M. (?>:4). Xkd H_H7 Wdr9Bcy pacymarpkism, Mjgkijvdccijeism, jeh its cie` ta sgkizatypjc pdrsaejcity. Faurejc al Edurasgidegd, ^sygkacaby, ^sygkacaby, jeh Dgaeamigs, ;, p. 8;-42.
MT_^KY, ^._. (?>:?). Jttituhd, Mjgkijvdccijeism, jeh tkd rjtiaejcizjtiae al misrdpartieb. Jggauetieb Arbjeizjtiaes jeh Wagidty , 72, p. ?8?-?49.
EJBCD_,
[email protected] _DIXD_, @.F.0 LT_XED_, M._. & _JTXKMJEE, F.L.. (?>:8). Is tkdrd j –hjr` ietdccibdegd”1 ‗ Dmatiaejc F.L ietdccibdegd is usdh oy hjr` pdrsaejcitids ta dmatiaejccy mjeipucjtd >2). Iehivihujc hidrdegds. Ie6 HTEOJ_, H TEOJ_, _.I.M. & OJ__DXX, C. (dhs.). Axlarh Kjehoaa` al Dvacutiaejry ^sygkacaby . Axlarh6 Axlarh Teivdrsity ^rdss, p. 829-89>. QQQQQQ (?>>4-?:>;). J odkjviaurjc bdedtig ievdstibjtiae al tkd Hjr` Xrijh jeh tkd Oib 4. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 88, p. 884-84?.
\D_^CJDXWD, F.0 \JEEDWXD, W. & O_JDG@MJE, F. (?>>2). Yau gje fuhbd j oaa` oy its gavdr6 Xkd sdqudc ‗ J `dredc al trutk ie prdhigtivd gkdjtieb hdtdgtiae. Dvacutiae jeh Kumje, ?;, p. ?-?2:.
\DWDC@J, C.0 WGKD_MD_, F.J.0 MJ_XIE, _.J. & \D_EAE, ^.J. (?>:>). _dcjtiaes odtwdde kumar stycds jeh tkd Hjr` Xrijh trjits al pdrsaejcity. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 8;, p. 22?-228. \ACMD_, F.0 @AGK, I.@. & BA_IXV, J.W. (?>::, p. 8:7-8:;. \AE@, F.0 VDIBCD_-KICC, \.0 DRIEBJ, H.0 MD_GD_, W. & EAWD_, J.D. (?>:4). Miehrdjhieb ie tkd hjr`6 Hjr` pdrsaejcity ldjturds jeh tkdary al mieh. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, ;2, p. 4>-48. RJI, M. & XICIA^ATCAW, E. (?>:?). Xkd jdgtivd jeh gabeitivd dmpjtkig ejturd al tkd Hjr` Xrijh pdrsaejcity. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 4?, p. 298-299. RJWXDCC, G. & OAAXK, J. (?>>7j). Mjgkijvdccijeism6 Je jcdxitkymig pdrspdgtivd. Faurejc al Wagijc jeh Gcieigjc ^sygkacaby , ??, p. 7o). Mjgkijvdccijeism6 Je jcdxitkymig pdrspdgtivd. Faurejc al Wagijc jeh Gcieigjc ^sygkacaby , ??, p. 27>-288. RDWXAE, G.W.D. (?>::). Jeatkdr mjfar luegtiae al tkd jetdriar giebucjtdh gartdx6 Xkd rdprdsdetjtiae al rdquirdmdets. Edurasgidegd jeh Oiaodkjviarjc _dvidws. RKIXDE, J. & OY_ED, _. (dhs.) (:992). Mjgkijvdccije Ietdccibdegd II6 Dxtdesiaes jeh Dvjcujtiaes. Gjmorihbd6
Gjmorihbd Teivdrsity ^rdss. RICWAE, H.W.0 EDJ_, H. & MICCD_, _._. (:99;). Iehivihujc hidrdegds ie Mjgkijvdccijes js j mix al gaapdrjtivd jeh dxpcaitjtivd strjtdbids. Dvacutiae jeh Kumje Odkjviar , :9, p. ?>7-?:?.
QQQQQQ (:99:7). Xkd ieudegd al ris`y jeh gaesdrvjtivd mdetjc sdts ae gdrdorjc jgtivjtiaes al gabeitivd gaetrac. Ietdrejtiaejc Faurejc al ^sygkapkysiacaby , ;2, p. ?48-?:8). Xkd hjr` sihd al dquity sdesitivity. ^drsaejcity jeh Iehivihujc Hidrdegds, 7-:>;. RAACDXX, @. & MJBTI_D, D.J. (?>::). Jgquirieb –tkd `eawcdhbd” al Caehae’s cjyaut hrivds strugturjc orjie gkjebds. Gurrdet Oiacaby , ?:, p. ?.:>9-?.::8. VJFAEG, _.O. (:9
